Journal articles: 'Tropics'

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Henderson, L. "Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions." Bothalia 36, no. 2 (August 21, 2006): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v36i2.362.

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A subset of invasive alien plant species in southern Africa was analysed in terms of their history of introduction, rate of spread, countries/region of origin, taxonomy, growth forms, cultivated uses, weed status and current distribution in southern Africa, and comparisons made of those originating from south of the tropic of Capricorn, north of the tropic of Cancer and from the tropics. The subset of 233 species, belonging to 58 families, includes all important declared species and some potentially important species. Almost as many species originate from temperate regions (112) as from the tropics (121). Most southern temperate species came from Australia (28/36), most tropical species from tropical America (92/121) and most northern temperate species from Europe (including the Mediterranean) and Asia (58/76). Transformers account for 33% of all species. More transformers are of tropical origin (36) than of northern temperate (24) and southern temperate origin (18). However. 50% of southern temperate species are transformers, compared to 32% of northern temperate and 29% of tropical species. Southern temperate transformer species are mainly woody trees and shrubs that were established on a grand scale as silvicultural crops, barriers (hedges, windbreaks and screens) and cover/binders. Most aquatics, herbs, climbers and succulent shrubs an. trom the tropics. Ornamentals are the single largest category of plants from all three regions, the tropics having contributed twice as many species as temperate regions.

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Rayner, Thomas S., Bradley J. Pusey, Richard G. Pearson, and Paul C. Godfrey. "Food web dynamics in an Australian Wet Tropics river." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 8 (2010): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09202.

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In Australia’s Wet Tropics rivers, perennial base flows punctuated by wet season floods drive instream responses across a range of spatial and temporal scales. We combined gut-content and stable-isotope analyses to produce preliminary webs depicting trophic links between fish, their main prey items and basal productivity sources. We then used these webs to test the applicability of general food web principles developed in other tropical systems. Although a range of sources appeared to underpin fish productivity, a large portion of total energy transfer occurred through a subset of trophic links. Variability in food web structure was negatively correlated with spatial scale, being seasonally stable at river reaches and variable at smaller scales. Wet Tropics rivers are similar to those in other tropical areas, but exhibit some unique characteristics. Their high degree of channel incision improves longitudinal connectivity, thereby allowing fish to move between mesohabitats and target their preferred prey items, rather than shifting their diet as resources fluctuate. However, this also inhibits lateral connectivity and limits terrestrial energy inputs from beyond the littoral zone.

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Lundberg, Anita, Kalala Ngalamulume, Jean Segata, Arbaayah Ali Termizi, and Chrystopher J. Spicer. "Pandemic, Plague, Pestilence and the Tropics: Critical Inquiries from Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 20, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.20.1.2021.3802.

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The Tropics have long been associated with exotic diseases and epidemics. This historical imaginary arose with Aristotle’s notion of the tropics as the ‘torrid zone’, a geographical region virtually uninhabitable to temperate peoples due to the hostility of its climate, and persisted in colonial imaginaries of the tropics as pestilential latitudes requiring slave labour. The tropical sites of colonialism gave rise to urgent studies of tropical diseases which lead to (racialised) changes in urban planning. The Tropics as a region of pandemic, plague and pestilence has been challenged during the COVID-19 pandemic. The novel coronavirus did not (simply) originate in the tropics, nor have peoples of the tropics been specifically or exclusively infected. The papers collected in this Special Issue disrupt the imaginary of pandemics, plague and pestilence in association with the tropics through critical, nuanced, and situated inquiries from cultural history, ethnography, cultural studies, science and technology studies, Indigenous knowledge, philosophy, anthropology, urban studies, cultural geography, literature and film analyses, and expressed through distinctive academic articles, poetry and speculative fiction.

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Tostões, Ana. "Tropical Architecture, South of Cancer in the Modern Diaspora." Tropical Architecture in the Modern Diaspora, no. 63 (2020): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/63.a.9y0ptl3f.

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Getting back to the point of “Tropical architecture,” architecture in the humid tropics is collaboration with nature to establish a new order in which human beings may live in harmony with their surroundings. As publications at the time concentrated on French and British colonies, to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the Modern Movement diaspora, it is essential to revisit, analyse, and document the important heritage built south of the Tropic of Cancer, where the debate took place and architectonic models were reproduced, and in many cases subjected to metamorphoses stemming from their antipodal geography. Notable for the modernity of its social, urban, and architectonic programs, and also its formally and technologically sustained research, the modern architecture of these latitudes below the tropics constitutes a distinctive heritage.

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Yoshida, K., and K. Yamazaki. "Tropical cooling in the case of stratospheric sudden warming in January 2009: focus on the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 1 (January 21, 2011): 2263–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-2263-2011.

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Abstract. Temperature changes in the tropics, especially in the tropical tropopause layer, are investigated at the time of a major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) event that started on about 16 January 2009. During the SSW, the temperature in the tropical upper stratosphere declined and the cold anomaly propagated downward, while the tropics between 150 and 100 hPa started to cool from 18 January, prior to a temperature drop at 70 hPa. We performed thermodynamical and dynamical analyses with ERA-Interim data. During the SSW event, the tropical stratosphere was cooled by upwelling, and the upwelling was induced by wave forcing in the northern extratropical stratosphere. However, the stratospheric wave forcing generated only weak upwelling in the tropics below 100 hPa. During the cooling period at around 18 January, tropical ascent was the main contributor to cooling of the tropics between 150 and 100 hPa. Subsequently, vertical convergence of the vertical heat flux, which is closely tied to the convection structure, resulted in a gradual decrease in temperature within the tropical uppermost troposphere. Waves that had same source region with the upward-propagating waves that caused the SSW event, propagated from Alaska to the tropics of Eastern South America and Eastern Africa at around 100 hPa, and dissipated in these areas; the associated wave forcing drove the tropical ascent between 150 and 100 hPa.

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Yoshida, K., and K. Yamazaki. "Tropical cooling in the case of stratospheric sudden warming in January 2009: focus on the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 13 (July 5, 2011): 6325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6325-2011.

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Abstract. Temperature changes in the tropics, especially in the tropical tropopause layer, are investigated at the time of a major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) event that started on about 16 January 2009. During the SSW, the temperature in the tropical upper stratosphere declined and the cold anomaly propagated downward, while the tropics between 150 and 100 hPa started to cool from 18 January, prior to a temperature drop at 70 hPa. We performed thermodynamical and dynamical analyses with ERA-Interim data. During the SSW event, the tropical stratosphere was cooled by upwelling, and the upwelling was induced by wave forcing in the northern extratropical stratosphere. However, the stratospheric wave forcing generated only weak upwelling in the tropics below 100 hPa. During the cooling period at around 18 January, tropical ascent was the main contributor to cooling of the tropics between 150 and 100 hPa. Subsequently, vertical convergence of the vertical heat flux, which is closely tied to the convection structure, resulted in a gradual decrease in temperature within the tropical uppermost troposphere. Waves that had same source region with the upward-propagating waves that caused the SSW event, propagated from Alaska to the tropics of eastern South America and eastern Africa at around 100 hPa, and dissipated in these areas; the associated wave forcing drove the tropical ascent between 150 and 100 hPa.

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Diomandé, GF, PFEK Bile, FH Koffi, MP Konan, T. Kouaibi, AM Goule, KE Assua, et al. "Epidemio-Clinical, Therapeutic and Evolving Aspects of Tropical Endemic Limboconjunctivitis in Children in the Ophthalmology Department of the Bouake University Hospital Center." Journal of Ophthalmology & Clinical Research 8, no. 3 (October 21, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/ocr-8887/100088.

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Farisi, Faiz Al, and Anggana Fitri Satwikasari. "KAJIAN KONSEP ARSITEKTUR TROPIS PADA BANGUNAN PUSAT PERBELANJAAN MODERN TRANSMART CIBUBUR." PURWARUPA Jurnal Arsitektur 7, no. 2 (September 30, 2023): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/purwarupa.7.2.31-36.

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ABSTRAK. Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki iklim tropis. Iklim tropis terdiri atas musim kemarau dan musim hujan. Di wilayah tropis memiliki suhu yang lumayan panas dan juga meiliki curah hujan yang tinggi sehingga hal ini dapat berdampak pada bentuk adaptasi bangunan di wilayah tropis. Salah satu bangunan yang lumayan penting pada era modern ini adalah Pusat Perbelanjaan atau Mall yang menjadi tempat transaksi dan jual beli. Untuk membuat sebuah mall juga harus memperhatikan kenyamanan terutama di iklim tropis sehingga dibutuhkan kajian mengenai arsitektur modern di bangunan Pusat perbelanjaaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ddan memahami tentang konsep arsitektur tropis pada bangunan Mall. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan studi kasus Transmart Cibubur. Hasilnya Transmart Cibubur terdapat sebuah kanopi dan double façade pada muka bangunan, untuk menciptakan sistem penghawaan yang menyilang dilakukan dengan menerapkan dua bukaan pada sisi bangunan terdapat pula void untuk penghawaan. Kata Kunci: arsitektur, mall, tropisABSTRACT.. Indonesia is a country that has a tropical climate. The tropical climate consists of a dry season and a rainy season. In the tropics, the temperature is quite hot and also has high rainfall, so this can have an impact on the adaptation of buildings in the tropics. One of the buildings that is quite important in this modern era is the Shopping Center or Mall which is the place for transactions and buying and selling. To make a mall you also have to pay attention to comfort, especially in a tropical climate, so you need a study of modern architecture in shopping center buildings. This study aims to find out and understand the concept of tropical architecture in Mall buildings. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method with a case study of Transmart Cibubur. As a result, Transmart Cibubur has a canopy and double façade on the front of the building. To create a cross ventilation system, it is done by applying two openings on the sides of the building, there are also voids for ventilation.Keywords: architecture, mall, tropical

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Norman, Francesca F., Ana Pérez de Ayala, José-Antonio Pérez-Molina, Begoña Monge-Maillo, Pilar Zamarrón, and Rogelio López-Vélez. "Neglected Tropical Diseases outside the Tropics." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4, no. 7 (July 27, 2010): e762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000762.

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Xie, F., W. Tian, J. Austin, J. Li, H. Tian, J. Shu, and C. Chen. "The effect of ENSO activity on lower stratospheric water vapor." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 4, 2011): 4141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-4141-2011.

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Abstract. Using the ECMWF/NCEP reanalysis data, satellite observations from AURA MLS and UARS HALOE, and Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) data, the effects of El Niño and La Niña events on the stratospheric water vapor changes are investigated. Overall, El Niño events tend to moisten the lower stratosphere but dry the middle stratosphere. La Niña events are likely to dry the lower stratosphere over a narrow band of tropics (5° S–5° N) but have a moistening effect on the whole stratosphere when averaged over a broader region of tropics between 25° S–25° N. The moistening effect of La Niña events mainly occurs in lower stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere tropics where a significant 20% increase in the tropical upwelling is caused by La Niña events. El Niño events have a more significant effect on the tropical upwelling in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics than in Southern Hemisphere extratropics. The net effect of ENSO activities on the lower stratospheric water vapor is stronger in the Southern Hemisphere tropics than in the Northern Hemisphere tropics.

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Cadena, Carlos Daniel, Kenneth H. Kozak, Juan Pablo Gómez, Juan Luis Parra, Christy M. McCain, Rauri C. K. Bowie, Ana C. Carnaval, et al. "Latitude, elevational climatic zonation and speciation in New World vertebrates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1726 (June 2011): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0720.

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Many biodiversity hotspots are located in montane regions, especially in the tropics. A possible explanation for this pattern is that the narrow thermal tolerances of tropical species and greater climatic stratification of tropical mountains create more opportunities for climate-associated parapatric or allopatric speciation in the tropics relative to the temperate zone. However, it is unclear whether a general relationship exists among latitude, climatic zonation and the ecology of speciation. Recent taxon-specific studies obtained different results regarding the role of climate in speciation in tropical versus temperate areas. Here, we quantify overlap in the climatic distributions of 93 pairs of sister species of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles restricted to either the New World tropics or to the Northern temperate zone. We show that elevational ranges of tropical- and temperate-zone species do not differ from one another, yet the temperature range experienced by species in the temperate zone is greater than for those in the tropics. Moreover, tropical sister species tend to exhibit greater similarity in their climatic distributions than temperate sister species. This pattern suggests that evolutionary conservatism in the thermal niches of tropical taxa, coupled with the greater thermal zonation of tropical mountains, may result in increased opportunities for allopatric isolation, speciation and the accumulation of species in tropical montane regions. Our study exemplifies the power of combining phylogenetic and spatial datasets of global climatic variation to explore evolutionary (rather than purely ecological) explanations for the high biodiversity of tropical montane regions.

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Armstrong, Anna, I.-han Chou, Juliane Mossinger, Clare Thomas, Christina Tobin Kårlström, and Michael White. "Tropics." Nature 559, no. 7715 (July 2018): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05770-1.

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Mehta, Diane. "Tropics." Prairie Schooner 87, no. 3 (2013): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2013.0109.

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Lowen, Anice C., John Steel, Samira Mubareka, and Peter Palese. "High Temperature (30°C) Blocks Aerosol but Not Contact Transmission of Influenza Virus." Journal of Virology 82, no. 11 (March 26, 2008): 5650–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00325-08.

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ABSTRACT Influenza causes significant morbidity in tropical regions; however, unlike in temperate zones, influenza in the tropics is not strongly associated with a given season. We have recently shown that influenza virus transmission in the guinea pig model is most efficient under cold, dry conditions, which are rare in the tropics. Herein, we report the lack of aerosol transmission at 30°C and at all humidities tested. Conversely, transmission via the contact route was equally efficient at 30°C and 20°C. Our data imply that contact or short-range spread predominates in the tropics and offer an explanation for the lack of a well-defined, recurrent influenza season affecting tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

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Chan, Joleen, Yiwen Zeng, and Darren C. J. Yeo. "Invasive species trait-based risk assessment for non-native freshwater fishes in a tropical city basin in Southeast Asia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): e0248480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248480.

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Biological invasions have created detrimental impacts in freshwater ecosystems. As non-native freshwater species include economically beneficial, but also harmful, species, trait-based risk assessments can be used to identify and prevent the import of potentially invasive species. Freshwater fishes are one of the most evaluated freshwater taxa to date. However, such assessments have mostly been done in sub-temperate to temperate regions, with a general lack of such research in the tropics. In view of this knowledge gap, this study aims to determine if a different set of traits are associated with successful establishment of non-native fishes within the tropics. In tropical Southeast Asia, Singapore represents a suitable model site to perform an invasive species trait-based risk assessment for the tropical region given its susceptibility to the introduction and establishment of non-native freshwater fishes and lack of stringent fish import regulation. A quantitative trait-based risk assessment was performed using random forest to determine the relative importance of species attributes associated with the successful establishment of introduced freshwater fishes in Singapore. Species having a match in climate, prior invasion success, lower absolute fecundity, higher trophic level, and involvement in the aquarium trade were found to have higher establishment likelihood (as opposed to native distributional range and maximum size being among the commonly identified predictors in subtropical/temperate trait-based risk assessments). To minimize invasive risk, incoming freshwater fishes could be screened in future for such traits, allowing lists of prohibited or regulated species to be updated. The findings could also potentially benefit the development of invasive species action plans and inform management decisions in the Southeast Asian region. Considering a geographical bias in terms of having relatively less documentation of biological invasions in the tropics, particularly Asia, this study highlights the need to perform more of such risk assessments in other parts of the tropics.

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YU, DAOYUAN, XIAODONG YANG, and MANQIANG LIU. "Three new species of Tomocerus from tropical zone of China (Collembola, Tomoceridae)." Zootaxa 4508, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4508.2.5.

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Tomocerids are world-widely distributed, but were seldom reported from tropics. In the present paper, three new species of Tomocerus Nicolet are described from Hainan and Yunnan Provinces, tropical zone of China. All three species have compound-type dental spines and belong to Tomocerus ocreatus species-group. Tomocerus tropicus sp. nov. resembles Tomocerus pseudocreatus Yu, but differs from the latter in mesothoracic macrochaetotaxy, manubrial dorsal scales and denticles on the dental spines. Tomocerus nan sp. nov. resembles Tomocerus virgatus Yu, but differs from the latter in colour pattern, cephalic dorsal macrochaetotaxy, manubrial dorsal scales and denticles on the dental spines. Tomocerus nabanensis sp. nov. resembles T. postantennalis Yu, Zhang & Deharveng, Tomocerus dong Yu & Li and Tomocerus deharvengi Yu & Li, but differs from the three species in PAO, cephalic and tergal dorsal macrochaetotaxy and tenent hairs. Our studies including the present work indicate the importance of future survey on Tomocerinae in and near tropics where diversity of this group was historically underestimated.

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Vitz, Matthew. "Bonanza o Falsas Riquezas: Cambiantes Imaginarios Mexicanos del Trópico y el Impulso Civilizatorio." Historia Ambiental Latinoamericana y Caribeña (HALAC) revista de la Solcha 12, no. 2 (August 16, 2022): 325–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32991/2237-2717.2022v12i2.p325-358.

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Existing scholarship on “tropicality” emphasizes how Europeans and US-Americans constructed the tropics discursively and visually in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Scientists, investors, and travelers denigrated tropical spaces to legitimize imperialism, labeling them backwards, racially degenerative, disease-ridden, and unconducive to civilization without white European intervention These works unwittingly reproduce a central assumption of the very imperialists they critique: namely, that North Atlantic elites controlled knowledge production. They thus marginalize the important theorizing and conceptualizing that transpired in tropical spaces. Following independence, Latin American national elites agonized over how to integrate their tropical territories, many of which remained isolated, and make them legible for economic modernization. This article uses Mexico as a case study for Latin American representations about the tropics given its diverse temperate and tropical geography, its key role in the global commercial economy, and its robust intellectual production. I argue that the ways in which Mexican intellectuals—public officials, geographers, philosophers, and others—thought about their low-lying tropical lands molded nation-building projects and contributed to the global production of environmental knowledge at a time when notions of tropical peril and degeneracy were giving way to the promise of tropical bonanza. By tracing the changes and continuities of Mexicans’ tropical discourses in a global context, I underscore the underappreciated environmental and geographic thought of influential Mexicans—from Matías Romero and Francisco Bulnes to José Vasconcelos—who rarely appear in environmental historiography. A focus on these different imaginaries regarding the significance, purpose, and place of Mexico’s tropical lands also reveals the extent to which material interventions in the tropics and discursive representations of the tropics have co-constituted each other.

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Ishii, M., R. A. Feely, K. B. Rodgers, G. H. Park, R. Wanninkhof, D. Sasano, H. Sugimoto, et al. "Air-sea CO2 flux in the Pacific Ocean for the period 1990–2009." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2013): 12155–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-12155-2013.

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Abstract. Air-sea CO2 fluxes over the Pacific Ocean are known to be characterized by coherent large-scale structures that reflect not only ocean subduction and upwelling patterns, but also the combined effects of wind-driven gas exchange and biology. On the largest scales, a large net CO2 influx into the extra-tropics is associated with a robust seasonal cycle, and a large net CO2 efflux from the tropics is associated with substantial inter-annual variability. In this work, we have synthesized estimates of the net air-sea CO2 flux from a variety of products drawing upon a variety of approaches in three sub-basins of the Pacific Ocean, i.e., the North Pacific extra-tropics (18° N–66° N), the tropical Pacific (18° S–18° N), and the South Pacific extra-tropics (44.5° S–18° S). These approaches include those based on the measurements of CO2 partial pressure in surface seawater (pCO2sw), inversions of ocean interior CO2 data, forward ocean biogeochemistry models embedded in the ocean general circulation models (OBGCMs), a model with assimilation of pCO2sw data, and inversions of atmospheric CO2 measurements. Long-term means, inter-annual variations and mean seasonal variations of the regionally-integrated fluxes were compared in each of the sub-basins over the last two decades, spanning the period from 1990 through 2009. A simple average of the long-term mean fluxes obtained with surface water pCO2 diagnostics and those obtained with ocean interior CO2 inversions are –0.47 ± 0.13 Pg C yr–1 in the North Pacific extra-tropics, +0.44 ± 0.14 Pg C yr–1 in the tropical Pacific, and –0.37 ± 0.08 Pg C yr–1 in the South Pacific extra-tropics, where positive fluxes are into the atmosphere. This suggests that approximately half of the CO2 taken up over the North and South Pacific extra-tropics is released back to the atmosphere from the tropical Pacific. These estimates of the regional fluxes are also supported by the estimates from OBGCMs after adding the riverine CO2 flux, i.e., –0.49 ± 0.02 Pg C yr–1 in the North Pacific extra-tropics, +0.41 ± 0.05 Pg C yr–1 in the tropical Pacific, and –0.39 ± 0.11 Pg C yr–1 in the South Pacific extra-tropics. The estimates from the atmospheric CO2 inversions show large variations amongst different inversion systems, but their median fluxes are consistent with the estimates from climatological pCO2sw data and pCO2sw diagnostics. In the South Pacific extra-tropics, where CO2 variations in the surface and ocean interior are severely under-sampled, the difference in the air-sea CO2 flux estimates between the diagnostic models and ocean interior CO2 inversions is larger (0.18 Pg C yr–1). The range of estimates from forward OBGCMs is also large (−0.19 to −0.72 Pg C yr–1). Regarding inter-annual variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes, positive and negative anomalies are evident in the tropical Pacific during the cold and warm events of the El Niño Southern Oscillation in the estimates from pCO2sw diagnostic models and from OBGCMs. They are consistent in phase with the Southern Oscillation Index, but the peak-to-peak amplitudes tend to be higher in OBGCMs (0.40 ± 0.09 Pg C yr–1) than in the diagnostic models (0.27 ± 0.07 Pg C yr–1).

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Hsiang, Solomon M., and Kyle C. Meng. "Tropical Economics." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151030.

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Why wealth is systematically lower in the tropics remains a puzzle. We point out that latitude may have fundamental economic consequence because it plays a key role in how countries experience geophysical processes that have economic implications. We demonstrate that annual fluctuations in the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) leads to hotter and dryer local weather across tropical countries and subsequently to substantial losses in agricultural yields, output, and value-added. If volatility in agricultural production impedes economic growth, the relatively stronger influence of ENSO on the tropics may offer yet another partial explanation for slower historical growth in the tropics.

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Azzali, Simona, Lisa Law, and Anita Lundberg. "Sustainable Tropical Urbanism: Insights from Cities of the Monsoonal Asia-Pacific." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the tropics 19, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.19.2.2020.3777.

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The Tropics is experiencing the fastest growing urbanisation on the planet and faces serious sustainability issues. This introduction to the eTropic Special Issue on ‘Sustainable Tropical Urbanism’ calls for a notion of plural sustainabilities in order to critique how urban sustainability has mainly been developed in temperate zones and transferred to tropical regions; but also, to recognise shared aspects of the Tropics, including climate change and environmental challenges, as well as histories of colonialism and their continuing postcolonial cultural and socioeconomic effects on peoples of the Tropics and their futures. These threads are drawn together under a conceptual trio of Place, Past, and People in order to further explore these similarities and differences. Narrowing the focus to the monsoonal Asia-Pacific region, this Special Issue presents case studies from Khulna and Chittagong in Bangladesh; Singapore and the Indonesian city of Semarang in Southeast Asia; and the regional city of Cairns in tropical northeast Australia. This Special Issue of eTropic brings together research articles, scoping reviews and viewpoints from multiple disciplines and interdisciplines to explore the dynamics of sustainable tropical urbanism.

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Roh, Woosub, Masaki Satoh, and Tomoe Nasuno. "Improvement of a Cloud Microphysics Scheme for a Global Nonhydrostatic Model Using TRMM and a Satellite Simulator." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0027.1.

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Abstract The cloud and precipitation simulated by a global nonhydrostatic model with a 3.5-km horizontal resolution, the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM), are evaluated using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and a satellite simulator. A previous study by Roh and Satoh evaluated the single-moment bulk microphysics and established the modified microphysics scheme for the specific tropical open ocean using a regional version of NICAM. In this study, the authors expanded the evaluation over the entire tropics and parts of the midlatitude areas (20°–36°S, 20°–36°N) using a joint histogram of the cloud-top temperature and precipitation echo-top heights and contoured frequency by altitude diagrams of the deep convective systems. The modified microphysics simulation improves the joint probability density functions of the cloud-top temperatures and precipitation cloud-top heights over not only the tropical ocean but also the land and midlatitude areas. Compared with the default microphysics simulation, the modified microphysics simulation shows a clearer distinction between the land and ocean in the tropics, which is related to the contrast between the shallow and the deep clouds. In addition, the two microphysics simulation methods were also compared over the tropics using joint histograms of the cloud-top and precipitation cloud-top heights on the basis of CloudSat measurements. It was found that the microphysics scheme that was modified for the tropical ocean displayed general cloud and precipitation improvements in the global domain over the tropics.

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Kaser, Georg. "Glacier-climate interaction at low latitudes." Journal of Glaciology 47, no. 157 (2001): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756501781832296.

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AbstractIn the low latitudes there is an absence of major thermal seasonality, yet there are three different climate regimes related to global circulation patterns and their seasonal oscillation: the humid inner tropics, the dry subtropics and, intermediate between these two, the outer tropics. For the respective glacier regimes the vertical profiles of specific mass balance (VBPs) are modeled considering vertical gradients of accumulation, air temperature and albedo, the duration of the ablation period and a factor for the ratio between melting and sublimation. The model is first calibrated with data from Hintereisferner, Austrian Alps, and is then applied to tropical conditions. The simulated VBP matches well the measured profiles from Irian jaya and Mount Kenya. Due to lack of field evidence, the subtropical VBP cannot be verified directly. However, application of the respective model versions separately to the humid and dry seasons of the outer-tropical Glaciar Uruashraju, Cordillera Blanca, Peru, provides reasonable results. Glaciers in the humid inner tropics are considered to be most sensitive to variations in air temperature, while dry subtropical glaciers are most sensitive to changes in air humidity. The two seasons of the outer tropics have to be viewed from these different perspectives.

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Michael, Predith, Clement Roy de Cruz, Norhariani Mohd Nor, Saadiah Jamli, and Yong Meng Goh. "The Potential of Using Temperate–Tropical Crossbreds and Agricultural by-Products, Associated with Heat Stress Management for Dairy Production in the Tropics: A Review." Animals 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12010001.

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The demand and consumption of dairy products are expected to increase exponentially in developing countries, particularly in tropical regions. However, the intensification of dairy production to meet this increasing demand has its challenges. The challenges ranged from feed costs, resources, and their utilization, as well as the heat stress associated with rearing temperate–tropical crossbred cattle in the tropics. This article focused on key nutritional and environmental factors that should be considered when temperate–tropical crossbred cattle are used in the tropics. The article also describes measures to enhance the utilization of regional feed resources and efforts to overcome the impacts of heat stress. Heat stress is a major challenge in tropical dairy farming, as it leads to poor production, despite the genetic gains made through crossbreeding of high production temperate cattle with hardy tropical animals. The dependence on imported feed and animal-man competition for the same feed resources has escalated feed cost and food security concerns. The utilization of agricultural by-products and production of stable tropical crossbreds will be an asset to tropical countries in the future, more so when scarcity of feed resources and global warming becomes a closer reality. This initiative has far-reaching impacts in the tropics and increasingly warmer areas of traditional dairying regions in the future.

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Callaghan, Jeff. "East coast lows and extratropical transition of tropical cyclones, structures producing severe events and their comparison with mature tropical cyclones." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 71, no. 3 (2021): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es21003.

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Examination of events occurring over the last 53 years in the Australian Region have revealed in the minds of forecasters a common pattern in the development of severe extratropical cyclones which have affected the sub-tropical and temperate East Coast. To evaluate this theory 20 years of data were systematically examined and showed that this was true. To represent these many cases nine such events which delivered the largest impacts over the 53 years were chosen for study. These extratropical cyclones formed downstream of a tropopause undulation which can be easily identified as a warm region at the 200 hPa-level and the formation zone was in a region of heavy rain embedded in a region of warm air advection at 700 hPa. There were hardly any exceptions to this general rule, and one that occurred is presented and was also one of the most rapidly developing systems. This pattern is then evaluated against tropical cyclone events which move in the Australasian sub tropics and three different scenarios are described and compared with a mature severe tropical cyclone which intensified as it moved into the Australia sub tropics. Hurricane Sandy due to its devastating effect on the US sub-tropics in 2012 is examined as a benchmark case whose impact could affect the Australasian sub tropics in the future as sea levels rise with higher density populations.

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Satoh, Masaki. "Numerical Simulations of Heavy Rainfalls by a Global Cloud-Resolving Model." Journal of Disaster Research 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2008.p0033.

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The Global Cloud-Resolving Model is a next-generation atmospheric global model with potential to open up new areas in numerical weather forecasting and climate simulation. The new model, called NICAM, has shown realistic behavior for precipitation systems over the global domain, particularly over the tropics. One impact of the global cloud-resolving model is the attainment of realistic simulation of rainfall in the tropics realizing a multiscale nature from kilometer to planetary, because rainfall in the tropics affects short-term local tropical weather and the long-term global climate. We review the global cloud-resolving model using simulation results from NICAM, and discuss its applicability in reducing natural weather disasters.

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Pyron, R. Alexander, and John J. Wiens. "Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal the causes of high tropical amphibian diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1770 (November 7, 2013): 20131622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1622.

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Many groups show higher species richness in tropical regions but the underlying causes remain unclear. Despite many competing hypotheses to explain latitudinal diversity gradients, only three processes can directly change species richness across regions: speciation, extinction and dispersal. These processes can be addressed most powerfully using large-scale phylogenetic approaches, but most previous studies have focused on small groups and recent time scales, or did not separate speciation and extinction rates. We investigate the origins of high tropical diversity in amphibians, applying new phylogenetic comparative methods to a tree of 2871 species. Our results show that high tropical diversity is explained by higher speciation in the tropics, higher extinction in temperate regions and limited dispersal out of the tropics compared with colonization of the tropics from temperate regions. These patterns are strongly associated with climate-related variables such as temperature, precipitation and ecosystem energy. Results from models of diversity dependence in speciation rate suggest that temperate clades may have lower carrying capacities and may be more saturated (closer to carrying capacity) than tropical clades. Furthermore, we estimate strikingly low tropical extinction rates over geological time scales, in stark contrast to the dramatic losses of diversity occurring in tropical regions presently.

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Blight, G. E. "Theme lecture: Tropical processes causing rapid geological change." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, no. 1 (1991): 459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.43.

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AbstractGeological conditions and processes in the tropics may differ considerably from those in temperate climates. After briefly considering the nature of tropical soils, the paper describes some of the geological processes, occurring in the tropics, that may result in rapid geological change. These processes may act sufficiently quickly to produce significant change in a lifetime or at the very least, in a few centuries.

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IWATSUKI, Kunio. "Systematic Botany in the Tropics." Tropics 1, no. 2/3 (1991): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3759/tropics.1.179.

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SATO, Yo-Ichiro. "Genetic Erosion in the Tropics." Tropics 3, no. 1 (1994): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3759/tropics.3.33.

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Chará-Serna, Ana M., Julián D. Chará, María Del Carmen Zúñiga, Gloria X. Pedraza, and Lina P. Giraldo. "Clasificación trófica de insectos acuáticos en ocho quebradas protegidas de la ecorregión cafetera colombiana." Universitas Scientiarum 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc15-1.tcoa.

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Objective. To determine the trophic structure of an aquatic insect assembly associated to eight streams in the Colombian coffee-growing ecoregion. Materials and methods. Aquatic insects were collected in eight forested streams located in La Vieja river basin. The taxa collected were assigned to dietary groups according to a regional classification based on the gut content analysis of aquatic insects associated to forested streams of the Otún river basin. Results. 2019 individuals belonging to 73 taxa were collected and 60 were classified into dietary groups. The most abundant group was collectors (55%), followed by shredders (31%) and predators (10%). Scrapers represented only 0.05% of the sample and the remaining 3.95% could not be classified due to lack of information. Conclusions. The dominance of collectors and shredders reveals the importance of coarse particulate organic matter (leaf litter) as a food resource for the insect fauna. Similarities between the trophic structure of this community and other communities studied in similar streams, suggest the possibility of a common pattern for Andean streams. This study evidenced the absence of knowledge on trophic ecology of tropical aquatic insects; 50% of the taxa collected had no associated information for the tropics and 20% had no information neither for the tropics nor temperate zones. Key words: Andean streams, aquatic insects, dietary groups, trophic structure, tropical ecosystems.

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Stolarski, Richard S., Darryn W. Waugh, Lei Wang, Luke D. Oman, Anne R. Douglass, and Paul A. Newman. "Seasonal variation of ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere: Southern tropics are different from northern tropics." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 10 (May 20, 2014): 6196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jd021294.

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Snyder, Peter K. "The Influence of Tropical Deforestation on the Northern Hemisphere Climate by Atmospheric Teleconnections." Earth Interactions 14, no. 4 (June 1, 2010): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010ei280.1.

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Abstract Numerous studies have identified the regional-scale climate response to tropical deforestation through changes to water, energy, and momentum fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere. There has been little research, however, on the role of tropical deforestation on the global climate. Previous studies have focused on the climate response in the extratropics with little analysis of the mechanisms responsible for propagating the signal out of the tropics. A climate modeling study is presented of the physical processes that are important in transmitting a deforestation signal out of the tropics to the Northern Hemisphere extratropics in boreal winter. Using the Community Climate System Model, version 3 Integrated Biosphere Simulator (CCM3–IBIS) climate model and by imposing an exaggerated land surface forcing of complete tropical forest removal, the thermodynamic and dynamical atmospheric response is evaluated regionally within the tropics, globally as the climate signal propagates to the Northern Hemisphere, and then regionally in Eurasia where land–atmosphere feedbacks contribute to amplifying the climate signal and warming the surface and lower troposphere by 1–4 K. Model results indicate that removal of the tropical forests causes weakening of deep tropical convection that excites a Rossby wave train emanating northeastward away from the South American continent. Changes in European storm-track activity cause an intensification and northward shift in the Ferrel cell that leads to anomalous adiabatic warming over a broad region of Eurasia. Regional-scale land–atmosphere feedbacks are found to amplify the warming. While hypothetical, this approach illustrates the atmospheric mechanisms linking the tropics with Eurasia that may otherwise not be detectable with more realistic land-use change simulations.

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Diamond, Howard J., Carl J. Schreck, Adam Allgood, Emily J. Becker, Eric S. Blake, Francis G. Bringas, Suzana J. Camargo, et al. "The Tropics." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 103, no. 8 (August 2022): S193—S256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-22-0069.1.

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Diamond, Howard J., Carl J. Schreck, Emily J. Becker, Gerald D. Bell, Eric S. Blake, Stephanie Bond, Francis G. Bringas, et al. "The Tropics." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): S199—S262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-21-0080.1.

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Mrázek, Jan. "Czech Tropics." Archipel 86, no. 1 (2013): 155–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arch.2013.4438.

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Baxter, Stephen, Gerald D. Bell, Eric S. Blake, Francis G. Bringas, Suzana J. Camargo, Lin Chen, Caio A. S. Coelho, et al. "The Tropics." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): S185—S238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-20-0077.1.

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Diamond, Howard J., Carl J. Schreck, Adam Allgood, Emily J. Becker, Eric S. Blake, Francis G. Bringas, Suzana J. Camargo, et al. "The Tropics." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 104, no. 9 (September 2023): S207—S270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0078.1.

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38

Gebhardt, C., A. Rozanov, R. Hommel, M. Weber, H. Bovensmann, J. P. Burrows, D. Degenstein, L. Froidevaux, and A. M. Thompson. "Stratospheric ozone trends and variability as seen by SCIAMACHY during the last decade." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 4 (April 26, 2013): 11269–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-11269-2013.

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Abstract. Vertical profiles of the rate of linear change (trend) in the altitude range 15–50 km are determined from decadal O3 time series obtained from SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT measurements in limb viewing geometry. The trends are calculated by using a multivariate linear regression in the zonal bands 5° S–5° N (tropics), 50–60° N, and 50–60° S (mid- to high latitudes). Seasonal terms, the quasi-biennial oscillation, and solar cycle variations are accounted for in the regression. In the tropics, positive trends between 15 and 30 km and negative trends between 30 and 35 km are identified. Moderately positive O3 trends are found in the upper stratosphere of the tropics and midlatitudes. The explanation favoured for the observed positive and negative trends in the tropical lower and middle stratosphere is NOx chemistry. Comparisons between SCIAMACHY and EOS MLS in the tropics and at midlatitudes show good agreement. In the tropics, measurements from OSIRIS/Odin and SHADOZ are analysed resulting in very similar vertical profiles of the rate of linear change of O3. Observed trends in the stratospheric column derived from integrated SCIAMACHY limb O3 profiles and nadir total columns are found to be consistent.

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Callander, Emily J., and Stephanie M. Topp. "Health inequality in the tropics and its costs: a Sustainable Development Goals alert." International Health 12, no. 5 (January 17, 2020): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz112.

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Abstract Background It is known that health impacts economic performance. This article aims to assess the current state of health inequality in the tropics, defined as the countries located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, and estimate the impact of this inequality on gross domestic product (GDP). Methods We constructed a series of concentration indices showing between-country inequalities in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), taken from the Global Burden of Disease Study. We then utilized a non-linear least squares model to estimate the influence of health on GDP and counterfactual analysis to assess the GDP for each country had there been no between-country inequality. Results The poorest 25% of the tropical population had 68% of the all-cause DALYs burden in 2015; 82% of the communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional DALYs burden; 55% of the non-communicable disease DALYs burden and 61% of the injury DALYs burden. An increase in the all-cause DALYs rate of 1/1000 resulted in a 0.05% decrease in GDP. If there were no inequality between countries in all-cause DALY rates, most high-income countries would see a modest increase in GDP, with low- and middle-income countries estimated to see larger increases. Conclusions There are large and growing inequalities in health in the tropics and this has significant economic cost for lower-income countries.

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Getter, Charles D., Bart J. Baca, Thomas G. Ballou, Melvin S. Brown, Anthony H. Knap, Richard E. Dodge, and Thomas D. Sleeter. "TROPICAL OIL POLLUTION INVESTIGATIONS IN COASTAL SYSTEMS (TROPICS)." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-639b.

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Weatherall, D. J., DavidA K. Watters, Surinder Kaul, DavidA Warrell, NicholasJ White, François Nosten, Nicholas Day, et al. "Tropical medicine in and out of the tropics." Lancet 347, no. 9008 (April 1996): 1111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90309-8.

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Burns, Stephen J. "Speleothem records of changes in tropical hydrology over the Holocene and possible implications for atmospheric methane." Holocene 21, no. 5 (March 21, 2011): 735–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683611400194.

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Recent speleothem records from the tropics of both hemispheres document a gradual decrease in the intensity of the monsoons in the Northern Hemisphere and increase in the Southern Hemisphere monsoons over the Holocene. These changes are a direct response of the monsoons to precession-driven insolation variability. With regard to atmospheric methane, this shift should result in a decrease in Northern Hemisphere tropical methane emissions and increase in Southern Hemisphere emissions. It is plausible that that overall tropical methane production experienced a minimum in the mid-Holocene because of decreased seasonality in rainfall at the margins of the tropics. Changes in tropical methane production alone might, therefore, explain many of the characteristics of Holocene methane concentrations and isotopic chemistry.

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Basu, Gopal. "Infections After Kidney Transplantation: The Bug Bear Of Kidney Transplantation In Tropics." Open Urology & Nephrology Journal 8, no. 1 (August 31, 2015): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874303x01508010076.

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Infections are the bugbear of kidney transplantation in the tropics, being responsible for majority of the deaths. Despite the several challenges posed by infections in kidney transplant recipient in the tropics, various developments have resulted in a decline in the rate of infections as well as their consequences. This review aims to be a basic overview of the common infections in KTR with an attempt to provide a unique tropical country perspective.

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Carminati, F., P. Ricaud, J. P. Pommereau, E. Rivière, S. Khaykin, J. L. Attié, and J. Warner. "Impact of tropical land convection on the water vapour budget in the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 12 (June 23, 2014): 6195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6195-2014.

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Abstract. The tropical deep overshooting convection is known to be most intense above continental areas such as South America, Africa, and the maritime continent. However, its impact on the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) at global scale remains debated. In our analysis, we use the 8-year Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) water vapour (H2O), cloud ice-water content (IWC), and temperature data sets from 2005 to date, to highlight the interplays between these parameters and their role in the water vapour variability in the TTL, and separately in the northern and southern tropics. In the tropical upper troposphere (177 hPa), continents, including the maritime continent, present the night-time (01:30 local time, LT) peak in the water vapour mixing ratio characteristic of the H2O diurnal cycle above tropical land. The western Pacific region, governed by the tropical oceanic diurnal cycle, has a daytime maximum (13:30 LT). In the TTL (100 hPa) and tropical lower stratosphere (56 hPa), South America and Africa differ from the maritime continent and western Pacific displaying a daytime maximum of H2O. In addition, the relative amplitude between day and night is found to be systematically higher by 5–10% in the southern tropical upper troposphere and 1–3% in the TTL than in the northern tropics during their respective summer, indicative of a larger impact of the convection on H2O in the southern tropics. Using a regional-scale approach, we investigate how mechanisms linked to the H2O variability differ in function of the geography. In summary, the MLS water vapour and cloud ice-water observations demonstrate a clear contribution to the TTL moistening by ice crystals overshooting over tropical land regions. The process is found to be much more effective in the southern tropics. Deep convection is responsible for the diurnal temperature variability in the same geographical areas in the lowermost stratosphere, which in turn drives the variability of H2O.

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Jones, Kegan, and Gary Garcia. "Endoparasites of Domesticated Animals That Originated in the Neo-Tropics (New World Tropics)." Veterinary Sciences 6, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6010024.

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This review serves to summarize parasites found in Domesticated animals which were found in the Neo-Tropics. Indigenous domesticated Neo-tropical animals include South American camelids, (Lama gunacoa, Lama glama, Lama pacos, Vicuna vicuna), guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera), turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and ducks (Cairina moschata, Anas platyrhynchos, Dendrocyga autumnalis). These animals were chosen due to their origin of existence (Neo-tropics) and over time these animals became domesticated and were distributed throughout the world. Over eighty (80) references were collected for this review and the papers spanned over eighty (80) years from 1934 to 2018. The gastrointestinal parasites reported for each animal were tabulated and their effects in the animal noted. Parasites reported in domesticated Neo-tropical animals had little to no effect on wild and free ranging animals with a few cases of illness and decreased productivity. The majority of articles viewed these animals as reservoir host which can infect humans and other domesticated livestock. It must also be noted that research done in the past did not focus on the effect these parasites had on these animals but only observed their potential as reservoirs for parasitic diseases.

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Jones, Charles, and Jimy Dudhia. "Potential Predictability during a Madden–Julian Oscillation Event." Journal of Climate 30, no. 14 (July 2017): 5345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0634.1.

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The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is an important source of predictability. The boreal 2004/05 winter is used as a case study to conduct predictability experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. That winter season was characterized by an MJO event, weak El Niño, strong North Atlantic Oscillation, and extremely wet conditions over the contiguous United States (CONUS). The issues investigated are as follows: 1) growth of forecast errors in the tropics relative to the extratropics, 2) propagation of forecast errors from the tropics to the extratropics, 3) forecast error growth on spatial scales associated with MJO and non-MJO variability, and 4) the relative importance of MJO and non-MJO tropical variability on predictability of precipitation over CONUS. Root-mean-square errors in forecasts of normalized eddy kinetic energy (NEKE) (200 hPa) show that errors in initial conditions in the tropics grow faster than in the extratropics. Potential predictability extends out to about 4 days in the tropics and 9 days in the extratropics. Forecast errors in the tropics quickly propagate to the extratropics, as demonstrated by experiments in which initial conditions are only perturbed in the tropics. Forecast errors in NEKE (200 hPa) on scales related to the MJO grow slower than in non-MJO variability over localized areas in the tropics and short lead times. Potential predictability of precipitation extends to 1–5 days over most of CONUS but to longer leads (7–12 days) over regions with orographic precipitation in California. Errors in initial conditions on small scales relative to the MJO quickly grow, propagate to the extratropics, and degrade forecast skill of precipitation.

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Evans, David, Navjit Sagoo, Willem Renema, Laura J. Cotton, Wolfgang Müller, Jonathan A. Todd, Pratul Kumar Saraswati, et al. "Eocene greenhouse climate revealed by coupled clumped isotope-Mg/Ca thermometry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 6 (January 22, 2018): 1174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714744115.

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Past greenhouse periods with elevated atmospheric CO2 were characterized by globally warmer sea-surface temperatures (SST). However, the extent to which the high latitudes warmed to a greater degree than the tropics (polar amplification) remains poorly constrained, in particular because there are only a few temperature reconstructions from the tropics. Consequently, the relationship between increased CO2, the degree of tropical warming, and the resulting latitudinal SST gradient is not well known. Here, we present coupled clumped isotope (Δ47)-Mg/Ca measurements of foraminifera from a set of globally distributed sites in the tropics and midlatitudes. Δ47 is insensitive to seawater chemistry and therefore provides a robust constraint on tropical SST. Crucially, coupling these data with Mg/Ca measurements allows the precise reconstruction of Mg/Casw throughout the Eocene, enabling the reinterpretation of all planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca data. The combined dataset constrains the range in Eocene tropical SST to 30–36 °C (from sites in all basins). We compare these accurate tropical SST to deep-ocean temperatures, serving as a minimum constraint on high-latitude SST. This results in a robust conservative reconstruction of the early Eocene latitudinal gradient, which was reduced by at least 32 ± 10% compared with present day, demonstrating greater polar amplification than captured by most climate models.

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Lundberg, Anita, André Vasques Vital, and Shruti Das. "Tropical Imaginaries and Climate Crisis: Embracing Relational Climate Discourses." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 20, no. 2 (September 10, 2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.20.2.2021.3803.

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In this Introduction, we set the Special Issue on 'Tropical Imaginaries and Climate Crisis' within the context of a call for relational climate discourses as they arise from particular locations in the tropics. Although climate change is global, it is not experienced everywhere the same and has pronounced effects in the tropics. This is also the region that experienced the ravages – to humans and environments – of colonialism. It is the region of the planet’s greatest biodiversity; and will experience the largest extinction losses. We advocate that climate science requires climate imagination – and specifically a tropical imagination – to bring science systems into relation with the human, cultural, social and natural. In short, this Special Issue contributes to calls to humanise climate change. Yet this is not to place the human at the centre of climate stories, rather we embrace more-than-human worlds and the expansion of relational ways of knowing and being. This paper outlines notions of tropicality and rhizomatics that are pertinent to relational discourses, and introduces the twelve papers – articles, essays and speculative fiction pieces – that give voice to tropical imaginaries and climate change in the tropics.

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Gibson, A., EP Bachelard, and KT Hubick. "Relationship Between Climate and Provenance Variation in Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehnh." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 3 (1995): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950453.

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The morphology and physiology of Eucalyptus camaldulensis seedlings grown from seed collected from two locations in the dry tropics, two in the humid tropics and two in semi-arid Northern Australia were compared in phytotron growth cabinets under well-watered and water-limited conditions and diurnal temperature ranges of 30-25 and 22-15�C. Seedlings from the two locations in each climate resembled each other more closely than they resembled seedlings from the other climates across the range of conditions tested. When water-limited, seedlings from the dry tropical and semi-arid climates had a higher allocation of dry matter to roots than seedlings from the humid tropics. However, those from the dry tropics shed their lower leaves and initiated small-leaved axillary shoots while those from the semi-arid climate retained their leaves and did not produce axillary shoots. In contrast, seedlings from the humid tropics responded by reduced gas (CO2 and H2O) exchange without changes in morphology or allocation of dry matter. These responses are appropriate for growth in each climate and are consistent with observations made on wild trees in the field, on trees in plantations overseas and also with data from seedlings grown in earlier glasshouse experiments.

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Ruamcharoen, Boyd. "Tropicalizing the Portable Radio: Electronics and the U.S. Military's Battle against Fungi in the Pacific War." Technology and Culture 65, no. 2 (April 2024): 497–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2024.a926313.

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abstract: As the U.S. military became embroiled in "jungle warfare" across the Pacific during World War II, it was caught off guard by the rapid deterioration of materials and equipment in the tropics, where the air was hot, humid, and teeming with fungal spores. This article tells the story of how American scientists and engineers understood the "tropical deterioration" of portable radios and electronics and developed techniques to counteract it. Examining scientific efforts to prevent tropical decay reveals how exposure to tropical conditions during World War II shaped the development of portable electronics. Contributing to envirotech history and environmental media studies, this article uncovers the importance of climate proofing to the history of electronics miniaturization. Tropical deterioration, furthermore, provides a technology-focused lens for enriching our historical understanding of the tropics as an environmental imaginary.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tropics'

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