Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tropical trees

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tropical trees'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Tropical trees"

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Hall, John B. "Tropical trees." Forest Ecology and Management 82, no. 1-3 (April 1996): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(95)03686-5.

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Stevens, Peter F. "Naming tropical trees." Trends in Plant Science 2, no. 4 (April 1997): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(97)80986-7.

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de Sloover, J. R., and M. Fagnant. "Buttresses of tropical forest trees and spatial competition." Phytocoenologia 24, no. 1-4 (April 8, 1994): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/24/1994/573.

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Gasson, Peter, Pieter Baas, and Roland E. Vetter. "Growth Rings in Tropical Trees." Kew Bulletin 45, no. 4 (1990): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4113891.

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Mariaux, Alain. "Growth Periodicity in Tropical Trees." IAWA Journal 16, no. 4 (1995): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001422.

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Gasson, Peter, Dieter Eckstein, Ute Sass, and Pieter Baas. "Growth Periodicity in Tropical Trees." Kew Bulletin 52, no. 3 (1997): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4110313.

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van der Werff, Henk, B. P. M. Hyland, T. Whiffin, and D. C. Christophel. "Australian Tropical Rain Forest Trees." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81, no. 4 (1994): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2399926.

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Sugden, Andrew M. "Thermal sensitivity of tropical trees." Science 368, no. 6493 (May 21, 2020): 840.1–840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.368.6493.840-a.

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Sugden, A. M. "Size distributions of tropical trees." Science 351, no. 6269 (January 7, 2016): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.351.6269.134-g.

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ALEXANDER, I. J., and P. HOGBERG. "ECTOMYCORRHIZAS OF TROPICAL ANGIOSPERMOUS TREES." New Phytologist 102, no. 4 (April 1986): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1986.tb00830.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tropical trees"

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Manokaran, N. "Population dynamics of tropical forest trees." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 1988. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=59678.

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Paine, C. E. Timothy. "Ecological factors affecting the diversity of tropical tree seedlings /." View online, 2007. http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-06272007-084024/unrestricted/CETP_diss_2007_06_21.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-106). Also available via the World Wide Web: http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-06272007-084024/unrestricted/CETP_diss_2007_06_21.pdf
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Smyth, Susannah. "The role of trees in tropical agroforestry." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308355.

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Ramos-Prado, J. M. "Ecophysiological studies on four species of tropical trees." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14245.

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Turner, I. M. "The response of tree species to canopy gaps in a tropical forest." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235070.

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R, Villalba, Jose A. Boninsegna, and Richard L. Holmes. "Cedrela Angustifolia and Juglans Australis: Two New Tropical Species Useful in Dendrochronology." Tree-Ring Society, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/261332.

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Dendrochronological problems in dating tropical tree species are responsible for a large gap in global dendroclimatic reconstructions. Study of Cedrela and Juglans in the low-latitude forests of northern Argentina and Bolivia has resulted in development of four chronologies. These genera have good tree-ring characteristics, and statistics indicate that they have good potential for dendroclimatology. Longer series should be obtained from older stands.
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Pushpakumara, D. K. N. G. "The reproductive biology of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339053.

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Ellis, Alexander 1972. "Global change and tropical forests : functional groups and responses of tropical trees to elevated CO." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27312.

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The paradox of tropical forests is that they are simultaneously the most diverse, the least understood, and the most imperiled terrestrial ecosystem in the world. Dramatic increases in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO$ sb2$) concentration threaten to adversely affect fundamental climatic and ecosystem processes, gradually changing many things which we do not yet understand. Although the impacts of this rise have been studied in temperate areas, little research has investigated tree responses in the tropics, especially under natural frost conditions. This thesis examines three central issues in tropical ecophysiology and global change. First, it investigates the feasibility of in-situ measurements of several physiological traits under heterogeneous environmental conditions in a Panamanian rainforest. Second, it studies whether physiological traits differ among species and which traits are most consistent with ecological niche. Finally, it explores how variable species are in response to elevated CO$ sb2$. If ecologically-defined functional groups were to remain physiologically similar under increased CO$ sb2$, they could be used in accurately representing the variation at the species level in a global change model of system-level responses. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Nakai, Wataru. "Examination of stable oxygen isotope as a tree ring proxy of tropical ring-less trees." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242922.

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Metcalf, Daniel James. "Seed size, litter and regeneration in tropical rain forest trees." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336743.

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Books on the topic "Tropical trees"

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Opeke, Lawrence K. Tropical tree crops. Jersey: Safari Books, 1987.

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Mendonça, Magliano Mauro, Camargos José Arlete Alves, and Souza Mário Rabelo de, eds. Madeiras tropicais brasileiras =: Brazilian tropical woods. Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, dos Recursos Hídricos e da Amazônia Legal, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Diretoria de Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Diretoria de Incentivo à Pesquisa e Divulgação, Laboratório de Produtos Florestais, 1997.

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Cochrane, Jennifer. Trees of the tropics. Austin, Tex: Steck-Vaughn, 1991.

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Centre, World Agroforestry. Molecular markers for tropical trees. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre, 2009.

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Raising seedlings of tropical trees. London: Commonwealth Science Council, 2003.

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Upton, David. Planting and Establishment of Tropical Trees. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2008.

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Cumes, José María Aguilar. Dendrología tropical: Manual para guarda recursos. Guatemala: Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas, 1992.

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Tropical trees & shrubs planting: A practical guide. Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications, 1997.

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Wee, Yeow Chin. Tropical trees and shrubs: A selection for urban plantings. Singapore: Sun Tree Pub., 2003.

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Rai, S. N. Nursery and planting techniques of forest trees in tropical South-Asia. Dharwad, India: Punarvasu Publications, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tropical trees"

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Jacobs, Marius. "The Trees." In The Tropical Rain Forest, 60–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72793-1_5.

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Condit, Richard. "Censusing Trees." In Tropical Forest Census Plots, 37–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03664-8_4.

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Roy, Sudipta, and Debdulal Banerjee. "Diversity of Endophytes in Tropical Forests." In Endophytes of Forest Trees, 43–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9_3.

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Ramírez, Fernando, and Jose Kallarackal. "Phenology of Tropical Fruit Trees." In Responses of Fruit Trees to Global Climate Change, 27–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14200-5_8.

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Karlinasari, Lina, and Dodi Nandika. "Acoustic-Based Technology for Agarwood Detection in Aquilaria Trees." In Tropical Forestry, 137–48. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0833-7_9.

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Suryanarayanan, Trichur S. "Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Tropical Trees." In Endophytes of Forest Trees, 67–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1599-8_4.

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Niklas, Karl J. "Tree Biomechanics with Special Reference to Tropical Trees." In Tree Physiology, 413–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27422-5_19.

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Rodriguez, Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli, and Wagner Aparecido Vendrame. "Micropropagation of Tropical Woody Species." In Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits, 153–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0125-0_6.

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Santiago, Louis S., Damien Bonal, Mark E. De Guzman, and Eleinis Ávila-Lovera. "Drought Survival Strategies of Tropical Trees." In Tree Physiology, 243–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27422-5_11.

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Richter, Christoph. "Wood Characteristics Inherent in a Trees Natural Growth." In Tropical Forestry Handbook, 2785–838. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3_216.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tropical trees"

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Joshi, Sunil, and Sandeep Sancheti. "Foliage loss measurements of tropical trees at 35 GHz." In 2008 International Conference on Recent Advances in Microwave Theory and Applications (MICROWAVE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/amta.2008.4763121.

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Sulistyorini, Iin Sumbada, Erny Poedjirahajoe, Lies Rahayu Wijayanti Faida, and Ris Hadi Purwanto. "Composition, Importance Value and Diversity of Mangrove Trees in Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan." In Joint Symposium on Tropical Studies (JSTS-19). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.210408.032.

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Firdausy, Maya Safira, Ani Mardiastuti, and Yeni Aryati Mulyani. "The Community of Ardeidae Family and Distribution of Nest Trees in Pulau Rambut Wildlife Sanctuary, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia." In Joint Symposium on Tropical Studies (JSTS-19). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.210408.040.

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Christian, Binal, Manjit Saini, Nikita Joshi, and N. S. R. Krishnayya. "Endmember extraction and classification of tropical trees (India) using SFF & SAM algorithm." In 2013 5th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whispers.2013.8080627.

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Cerón, R. M., J. G. Cerón, J. J. Guerra, E. López, E. Endañu,, M. Ramírez, M. García, R. Sánchez, and S. Mendoza. "Effects of simulated acid rain on tropical trees of the coastal zone of Campeche, Mexico." In COASTAL PROCESSES 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/cp090231.

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Ferraz, Antonio, Sassan Saatchi, James Kellner, and David Clark. "Improving Carbon Estimation of Large Tropical Trees by Linking Airborne Lidar Crown Size to Field Inventory." In IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2018.8518246.

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Ayodele, Emmanuel, Victoria Ezeagwula, and Precious Igbokwubiri. "Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Using Activated Carbon From Agro Waste-Waste Bamboo." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207182-ms.

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Abstract Bamboo trees are one of the fastest growing trees in tropical rainforests around the world, they have various uses ranging from construction to fly ash generation used in oil and gas cementing, to development of activated carbon which is one of the latest uses of bamboo trees. This paper focuses on development of activated carbon from bamboo trees for carbon capture and sequestration. The need for improved air quality becomes imperative as the SDG Goal 12 and SDG Goal13 implies. One of the major greenhouse gases is CO2 which accounts for over 80% of greenhouse gases in the environment. Eliminating the greenhouse gases without adding another pollutant to the environment is highly sought after in the 21st century. Bamboo trees are mostly seen as agricultural waste with the advent of scaffolding and other support systems being in the construction industry. Instead of burning bamboo trees or using them for cooking in the local communities which in turn generates CO2 and fly ash, an alternative was considered in this research work, which is the usage of bamboo trees to generate activated, moderately porous and high surface area carbon for extracting CO2 from various CO2 discharge sources atmosphere and for water purification. This paper focuses on the quality testing of activated carbon that can effectively absorb CO2. The porosity, pore volume, bulk volume, and BET surface area were measured. The porosity of the activated carbon is 27%, BET surface area as 1260m²/g. Fixed carbon was 11.7%, Volatility 73%, ash content 1.7%.
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de Oliveira e Sousa, Frederico Ricardo F. R., Amanda Almeida Rocha, and Welitom Rodrigues Borges. "Use of ground-penetrating radar as a non invasive method to study the growth, dynamic and biomass contained in the roots of typical trees of tropical rainforest." In 12th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society & EXPOGEF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 15-18 August 2011. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Brazilian Geophysical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sbgf2011-100.

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Rajan, Parisutha, Alphonse Marianadin, Minakshi Jain, and Abdul Razak Mohamad. "A Comparative empirical assessment of native deciduous and evergreen trees on carbon stock potential for regulating ecosystem services in tropical dry evergreen forest, Coromandel coast, Tamil Nadu, India." In Countermeasures to Urban Heat Islands. BS Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/bsp.ic2uhi.50.

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Christie, Nanette. "A geme-wide 50K SNP getyping array for tropical and sub-tropical pine tree species." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1053018.

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Reports on the topic "Tropical trees"

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Kindt, Roeland, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, and James M Roshetko. The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21001.pdf.

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A systematic approach to tree planting and management globally is hindered by the limited synthesis of information sources on tree uses and species priorities. To help address this, the authors ‘mined’ information from 23 online global and regional databases to assemble a list of the most frequent tree species deemed useful for planting according to database mentions, with a focus on tropical regions. Using a simple vote count approach for ranking species, we obtained a shortlist of 100 trees mentioned in at least 10 of our data sources (the ‘top-100’ species). A longer list of 830 trees that were mentioned at least five times was also compiled. Our ‘top-100’ list indicated that the family Fabaceae (syn. Leguminosae) was most common. The information associated with our mined data sources indicated that the ‘top-100’ list consisted of a complementary group of species of differing uses. These included the following: for wood (mostly for timber) and fuel production, human nutrition, animal fodder supply, and environmental service provision (varied services). Of these uses, wood was most frequently specified, with fuel and food use also highly important. Many of the ‘top-100’ species were assigned multiple uses. The majority of the ‘top-100’ species had weediness characteristics according to ‘attribute’ invasiveness databases that were also reviewed, thereby demonstrating potential environmental concerns associated with tree planting that need to be balanced against environmental and livelihood benefits. Less than half of the ‘top-100’ species were included in the OECD Scheme for the Certification of Forest Reproductive Material, thus supporting a view that lack of germplasm access is a common concern for trees. A comparison of the ‘top-100’ species with regionally-defined tree inventories indicated their diverse continental origins, as would be anticipated from a global analysis. However, compared to baseline expectations, some geographic regions were better represented than others. Our analysis assists in priority-setting for research and serves as a guide to practical tree planting initiatives. We stress that this ‘top-100’ list does not necessarily represent tree priorities for the future, but provides a starting point for also addressing representation gaps. Indeed, our primary concern going forward is with the latter.
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Corriveau-Bourque, Alexandre, Fernanda Almeida, and Alain Frechette. Uncertainty and Opportunity: The Status of Forest Carbon Rights and Governance Frameworks in Over Half of the World’s Tropical Forests. Rights and Resources Initiative, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/fnpn5361.

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Most of the world’s remaining tropical forests lie in areas that are customarily managed and/or legally owned by Indigenous Peoples and local communities. In the context of climate change and global efforts to protect and enhance the capacity of forests to capture and store greenhouse gas emissions, the question of who owns the trees and the carbon stored therein is paramount. Clarifying this question is crucial, both for the future of the planet, and for up to 1.7 billion people worldwide who rely on forests for their livelihoods. This brief presents a review of the nominal progress made in the national-level laws and regulations that govern the carbon trade and define the rights of parties —across a sample of 24 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. These countries collectively hold more than 50 percent of global tropical and subtropical forests. This brief also examines the design and establishment of safeguard mechanisms concerning benefit sharing, providing redress and resolution to disputes related to carbon-based schemes, and the operationalization of carbon registries for each of these countries.
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Reyes, Gisel, Sandra Brown, Jonathan Chapman, and Ariel E. Lugo. Wood Densities of Tropical Tree Species. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-gtr-088.

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Reyes, Gisel, Sandra Brown, Jonathan Chapman, and Ariel E. Lugo. Wood Densities of Tropical Tree Species. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-gtr-88.

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Vargas, Kelaine E., Gregory E. McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, and Qingfu Xiao. Tropical community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-216.

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Toutin, Th, and S. Amaral. Measuring Clearings and Tree Heights with Stereo RADARSAT Data in a Tropical Environment. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219007.

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Gómez Guerrero, Blanca Mercedes, Janer Eugenio Payares Guerrero, Alexander Salazar Montoya, and Flora Manuel Ariza Molina. Características agronómicas del pimentón (capsicum annuum L.) de 3 variedades en el municipio de Valledupar - Cesar. Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/ecapma.4234.

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El departamento del Cesar, tiene un gran potencial para la producción de hortalizas y entre ellas están el pimentón según (ASOHOFRUCOL, 2006), que apoyaría la diversificación y generación de ingresos a pequeñas familias productoras, pero hay muy poca investigación sobre hortalizas en la región Caribe, que hace necesario impulsar este tipo de estudios que generen conocimiento y transferencia de tecnología para estos cultivos. Por lo anterior la presente investigación está orientada a determinar las características agronómicas del cultivo de ají pimentón (Capsicum annuum), de 3 variedades Cortes, Zapata y 14pe9572 bajo las condiciones climáticas de bosque seco tropical del municipio de Valledupar – Cesar, El desarrollo de esta investigación se realizó bajo la implementación de un cultivo tecnificado con riego por goteo, buenas prácticas agrícolas que incluyen un plan de fertilización, manejo integrado de malezas y el manejo integrado de plagas y enfermedades. El estudio se realizó en unidades experimentales de 20 metros cuadrados con un diseño experimental de bloques completamente al azar con tres variedades y tres réplicas, que permitió el seguimiento y evaluación de las variables agronómicas (Número de frutos, peso en kilogramos, diámetro polar y ecuatorial) de las tres variedades de pimentón. Los resultados obtenidos de las tres variedades, a partir del análisis estadístico con base en cada una de las variables, no reportaron diferencias significativas entre ellas, pero si se observó una buena adaptabilidad de las tres variedades bajo las condiciones agroclimáticas de Valledupar.
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Lugo, Ariel E., James E. Smith, Kegvin M. Potter, H. Marcano Vega, and Cassandra M. Kurtz. The contribution of nonnative tree species to the structure and composition of forests in the conterminous United States in comparison with tropical islands in the Pacific and Caribbean. Río Piedras, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/iitf-gtr-54.

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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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10

How to salvage fallen trees after Hurricane Maria. USDA Caribbean Climate Hub, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6941251.ch.

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Abstract:
Hurricanes Irma and Maria have left thousands of fallen trees in our streets, yards, farms, and forests. One of the most important tasks after a hurricane is to clear the streets and remove downed tres. However, this also presents an opportunity to take advantage of the high economic value that can be recovered by salvaging the tropical wood of our downed trees.
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