Journal articles: 'Tropical peat soil'

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Lim Kim Choo, Liza Nuriati, and Osumanu Haruna Ahmed. "Methane Emission from Pineapple Cultivation on a Tropical Peatland at Saratok, Malaysia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, no. 3 (June 18, 2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n3p64.

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Information on methane emission in pineapple cultivation on peatlands is scarce. Methane emission in pineapple cultivation is important as 90% of pineapples are grown on the peat soils of Malaysia. It is essential to determine methane emission in pineapple cultivation because pineapples are Crassulacean acid metabolism plants whose effects on methane could be different from other crops grown on tropical peat soils. Methane emissions from root respiration, microbial respiration, and oxidative peat decomposition were determined in a lysimeter experiment. There were three treatments: peat soil cultivated with pineapple, bare peat soil, and bare peat soil fumigated with chloroform. Methane emissions from peat soil cultivated with pineapple, bare peat soil, and bare peat soil fumigated with chloroform were 0.65 t/ha/yr, 0.75 t/ha/yr, and 0.75 t/ha/yr, respectively. The lower methane emissions are consistent with the general believe that methane emission from cultivated peat soils is lower than those of anaerobic or water logged peat soils. Soil methane emission was affected by nitrogen fertilization under pineapple cultivation but the converse was true for soil temperature nor soil moisture.

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Jeffary, Alicia Vanessa, Ahmed Osumanu Haruna, Roland Kueh Jui Heng, Liza Nuriati Lim Kim Choo, and Latifah Omar. "Horizontal and Vertical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide and Methane from a Tropical Peat Soil Cultivated with Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.)." Sustainable Agriculture Research 8, no. 3 (May 14, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v8n3p1.

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Peat soils have been developed for large scale plantations such as oil palm due to their positive contribution to Malaysia’s economic growth in agriculture sector. However, these developments contribute to the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) mainly carbon (CO2) and methane (CH4). To date, there were limited information of GHGs emissions from pineapple cultivation and also inadequate data on horizontally and vertically soil GHGs emissions in peat soil profile. Thus, this study was carried out to determine carbon CO2 and CH4 emissions horizontally and vertically from a drained tropical peat soils from a drained tropical peat soils cultivated with pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Horizontal and vertical movements of CO2 and CH4 were measured from a drained tropical peatland with Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Tropical peat soils cultivated with Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. contributed to 79.7 % of CO2, and 0.2 % of CH4 based on the yearly basis regardless of the differences in diurnal transportation; horizontal and vertical emission. Soil CO2 and CH4 were emitted the most through horizontal transportation with 70.84 % CO2, and 0.19 % CH4 compared to 8.85 % CO2, and 0.02 % CH4 in vertical transportation. The emission of CO2 was influenced by depth of water table and temperature. It is generally believed that lowering of peats water table leads to emission of higher CO2 emission because this process leads to exposure of peat soils to oxidation. Seasonal variation in CH4 flux was higher in the wet seasons due to rainfall; this might have increased the water table of the peat soil. The results suggest that CO2 and CH4 emissions occur both horizontally and vertically regardless of season. Therefore in order not to underestimate CO2 and CH4 emissions from peat soil, it is important to measure the emissions of this greenhouse gas which has been implicated in environmental pollution horizontally and vertically.

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Lim Kim Choo, Liza Nuriati, and Osumanu Haruna Ahmed. "Nitrous Oxide Emission of a Tropical Peat Soil Grown with Pineapple at Saratok, Malaysia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, no. 3 (June 18, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n3p75.

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Draining of peatland for agriculture could affect the release of nitrous oxide into the atmosphere. Presently, there is dearth of information on soil nitrous oxide emission from tropical peat soils cultivated with pineapples. Lysimeter and closed chamber methods were used to quantify nitrous oxide emission from root respiration, microbial respiration, and oxidative peat decomposition under controlled water table condition. Treatments evaluated were: peat soil grown with pineapple, uncultivated peat soils, and bare peat soil fumigated with chloroform. Cultivation of Moris pineapple on drained peat soils resulted in the higher release of nitrous oxide emission (15.7 t N2O ha/yr), followed by fumigated peat soil with chloroform (14.3 t N2O ha/yr), and uncultivated peat soil (10.2 t N2O ha/yr). Soil nitrous oxide emission was affected by nitrate fertilization but emission was not affected by soil temperature nor soil moisture.

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Simanjuntak, F., Darmawan, and B. Sumawinata. "The priming effect in compost amelioration of tropical peat soil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1025, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1025/1/012033.

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Abstract Utilization of peat land for agriculture in Indonesia is increasing and some efforts in improving the peat soil fertility is being highly concerned. In addition to fertilizers, farmers add some fresher organic matter as the ameliorants, such as compost to support better microbial growth in the soil for increasing the decomposition process. Theoretically the addition of compost onto peat soil would lead to priming effect, hence it would accelerate the decomposition of peat organic matter. This study was to observe the impact of decomposition process due to adding compost to respiratory CO2 of peat soil. Peat soil from Central Kalimantan was used for experiment, incubated with KOH and then the respiratory CO2 was measured with titration method. Two different sizes of peat soil materials obtained from sieving peat soils, i.e. 5 mm and > the 5 mm. Each peat soil materials were mixed with 10%, 25%, and 50% compost to the total 100 grams. Post the compost addition, the samples were incubated for 20 days, and the respiratory CO2 was gauged for 4 times at 5 days interval during the incubation. It was showed that the more compost mixed to the peat soil materials, the more CO2 produced. The highest CO2 was 912.00 mg/g/day from compost incubation and a mixture of 50 gram of compost and coarse peat soil material produced 460.8 mg/g/day.

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Krishnan, Kavinraj, Audrey Awing Ngerong, Karen Ahim, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed, Maru Ali, Latifah Omar, and Adiza Alhassan Musah. "Mitigating Potassium Leaching from Muriate of Potash in a Tropical Peat Soil Using Clinoptilolite Zeolite, Forest Litter Compost, and Chicken Litter Biochar." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101900.

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Using muriate of potash (MOP) as a source of potassium (K) is a cost-effective method for crop production in tropical peat soils. However, exchangeable K commonly leaches from tropical peat soils because of high rainfall and a lack of clay to retain this cation. Potassium retention as exchangeable K could inhibit K loss through leaching to increase K availability. Clinoptilolite zeolite (CZ), forest litter compost (FLC), and chicken litter biochar (CLB) can be used to retain K from MOP in tropical peat soils for crop use because of the high affinity of CZ, FLC, and CLB for K ions. These approaches can be used as innovative and sustainable alternatives for the frequently used lime (CaCO3). However, information on using CZ, FLC, and CLB for MOP K retention is limited. Thus, CZ, FLC, and CLB were tested in a leaching study to determine their effects on MOP K retention in tropical peat soil. The use of CZ and FLC at rates of 100% and 75% of the recommended rate for pineapple cultivation (a commonly grown fruit crop in tropical peat soils in Malaysia) improved the K availability, pH, and CEC of the peat soil because of the high CEC of CZ and the humic substances (humic acids, fulvic acids, and humin) of FLC, which have a high affinity for K ions. The CLB did not improve K retention because of the competition between K, Ca, Mg, and Na ions, which are inherently high in this soil amendment. Instead of liming, which only replaces a few of the leached cations, such as calcium, the results of this study suggest an alternative method of retaining peat cations, such as K, that reduce peat acidity. This alternative method of retaining peat soil cations, especially K ions, is a practical and sustainable approach for improving peat soil productivity.

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Jeffary, Alicia Vanessa, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed, Roland Kueh Jui Heng, Liza Nuriati Lim Kim Choo, Latifah Omar, Adiza Alhassan Musah, and Arifin Abdu. "Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on a Tropical Peat Soil." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 4928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094928.

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Farming systems on peat soils are novel, considering the complexities of these organic soil. Since peat soils effectively capture greenhouse gases in their natural state, cultivating peat soils with annual or perennial crops such as pineapples necessitates the monitoring of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, especially from cultivated peat lands, due to a lack of data on N2O emissions. An on-farm experiment was carried out to determine the movement of N2O in pineapple production on peat soil. Additionally, the experiment was carried out to determine if the peat soil temperature and the N2O emissions were related. The chamber method was used to capture the N2O fluxes daily (for dry and wet seasons) after which gas chromatography was used to determine N2O followed by expressing the emission of this gas in t ha−1 yr−1. The movement of N2O horizontally (832 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) during the dry period was higher than in the wet period (599 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) because of C and N substrate in the peat soil, in addition to the fertilizer used in fertilizing the pineapple plants. The vertical movement of N2O (44 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) was higher in the dry season relative to N2O emission (38 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) during the wet season because of nitrification and denitrification of N fertilizer. The peat soil temperature did not affect the direction (horizontal and vertical) of the N2O emission, suggesting that these factors are not related. Therefore, it can be concluded that N2O movement in peat soils under pineapple cultivation on peat lands occurs horizontally and vertically, regardless of season, and there is a need to ensure minimum tilling of the cultivated peat soils to prevent them from being an N2O source instead of an N2O sink.

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Luta, Wendy, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed, Latifah Omar, Roland Kueh Jui Heng, Liza Nuriati Lim Kim Choo, Mohamadu Boyie Jalloh, Adiza Alhassan Musah, and Arifin Abdu. "Water Table Fluctuation and Methane Emission in Pineapples (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Cultivated on a Tropical Peatland." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081448.

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Inappropriate drainage and agricultural development on tropical peatland may lead to an increase in methane (CH4) emission, thus expediting the rate of global warming and climate change. It was hypothesized that water table fluctuation affects CH4 emission in pineapple cultivation on tropical peat soils. The objectives of this study were to: (i) quantify CH4 emission from a tropical peat soil cultivated with pineapple and (ii) determine the effects of water table depth on CH4 emission from a peat soil under simulated water table fluctuation. Soil CH4 emissions from an open field pineapple cultivation system and field lysimeters were determined using the closed chamber method. High-density polyethylene field lysimeters were set up to simulate the natural condition of cultivated drained peat soils under different water table fluctuations. The soil CH4 flux was measured at five time intervals to obtain a 24 h CH4 emission in the dry and wet seasons during low- and high-water tables. Soil CH4 emissions from open field pineapple cultivation were significantly lower compared with field lysimeters under simulated water table fluctuation. Soil CH4 emissions throughout the dry and wet seasons irrespective of water table fluctuation were not affected by soil temperature but emissions were influenced by the balance between methanogenic and methanotrophic microorganisms controlling CH4 production and consumption, CH4 transportation through molecular diffusion via peat pore spaces, and non-microbial CH4 production in peat soils. Findings from the study suggest that water table fluctuation at the soil–water interface relatively controls the soil CH4 emission from lysimeters under simulated low- and high-water table fluctuation. The findings of this study provide an understanding of the effects of water table fluctuation on CH4 emission in a tropical peatland cultivated with pineapple.

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Husnain, Ibrahim Adamy Sipahutar, Joko Purnomo, Hery Widyanto, and Nurhayati. "CO2 Emissions from Tropical Peat Soil Affected by Fertilization." Journal of Tropical Soils 22, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2017.v22i1.1-9.

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The conversion of peat soils to agricultural uses has been thought to increase CO2 emission due to several factors, including fertilization. However, evidence on the effect of fertilization on CO2emissionsfrompeat soils is rareand often inconsistence. We measured the effects of different types of fertilizer, including N, P and K sources, and clay as an ameliorant on CO2 emission from a bare peat soil in Lubuk Ogong, Riau Province. Nutrients were added in the following combinations: 0 (unfertilized plot), N source (urea), slow-release N (slow release urea), N and Psource (Urea+SP-36), N, P and K sources (urea+SP-36+KCl) and combined NPK-Clay. Fertilization resulted in a decreasein CO2 emissions compared to that prior to fertilization except when slow-release urea was applied. Decreasing of CO2 emissions was probably due to pH-related effects because the pH in the N treatment was lower than in both the control and the unfertilized plot. A decreasein the level of CO2 emissions among the treatments followed the order NPK-Clay>NP>NPK>urea>slow-release urea. Covariance analyses showed that the difference in CO2 emissions prior to treatment was not significant. The application of individual and combined treatments of N, P, K and NPK mixed with 5 Mg ha-1 clay led to significantly reduced CO2 emissions from bare peat soil in Lubuk Ogong, Riau Province. In addition to fertilization, the water table depth was the only parameter that significantly affected the CO2 emissions (P<0.05). We conclude that the application of nutrient combinations, including N, P, K and clay, could reduce CO2 emissions because these treatments maintain a balanced nutritional condition in the soil with respect to the microbial activity.Keywords: Amelioration, CO2 emission, fertilization, tropical peat soils

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Kurnain, Ahmad. "MOISTURE RELEASE OF TROPICAL PEAT SOILS AS DECREASING WATER TABLE." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 1, no. 1 (August 30, 2019): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v1i1.15.

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Hydro-physics of peat soils varied with their peat decomposition degree. One of the important hydro-physics is ability of the peat soil to release water as decreasing water table. Potential of water availabilty to crop growth is evidently related to this behaviour. The present study was conducted to understand modes of moisture release of peat soils as decreasing water table. Water tables were simulated using a hanging column method. The water table was arranged at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 cm below peat column surfaces. Potential of moisture release or in oppositely potential of moisture retention could be modelled with the 3 parameter equation. Highly decomposed peat characterized by higher bulk density and lower total porosity stored less water but retained more water.

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KIN TAT, LEE, and YOUVENTHARAN DURAISAMY. "Shear Wave Velocity Measurements in Tropical Peat Using In-house Device." CONSTRUCTION 2, no. 1 (May 18, 2022): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/construction.v2i1.7404.

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Many people in the construction industry will agree that peat is a problematic material due to its compressibility behaviour. However, construction on these areas are inevitable because of the scarcity in space and suitable land for development. Hence, there is a need for proper in-situ testing on soil properties before any construction work can be carried out in peat. Shear wave (S-wave) velocity (Vs ) used to compute the small strain shear modulus, (Go ) which is an essential parameter to design structures in earthquake and vibration prone areas. The most versatile method to assess is by measuring shear wave propagation through soil samples using bender elements tests (BET). Currently, BET is limited to laboratory environments, which can be time consuming and expensive. Therefore, a portable device of BET for peat has been proposed in this research which is simple to use and economical. The proposed setup consists of an oscilloscope, digital multimeter, signal generator, signal amplifier, direct current generator and a pair of piezoelectric bender elements. Peak-to-peak method from time domain (TD) technique is implemented as the method to analyse shear waves. To validate the function of the proposed device, different types of soil samples including Ottawa sand, Kaolin S300, Silty loam, Hemic, and Fibric peat were prepared. The peat samples for this study were collected from Pekan and Maran districts in Pahang, Malaysia. With a suitable frequency input from the sine wave generated, the Vs determined from the device was used to compute Go. Results show there is only a less than 10% error in when it was compared with the typical values of tropical peat. The proposed device is also effective to differentiate the type of soil sample when tested. In summary, the proposed in-house device can be used as an indicator and to find out the initial value of Vs and Go in tropical peat soil.

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Comas, X., N. Terry, L. Slater, M. Warren, R. Kolka, A. Kristiyono, N. Sudiana, D. Nurjaman, and T. Darusman. "Imaging tropical peatlands in Indonesia using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity imaging (ERI): implications for carbon stock estimates and peat soil characterization." Biogeosciences 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2015): 2995–3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2995-2015.

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Abstract. Current estimates of carbon (C) storage in peatland systems worldwide indicate that tropical peatlands comprise about 15% of the global peat carbon pool. Such estimates are uncertain due to data gaps regarding organic peat soil thickness, volume and C content. We combined a set of indirect geophysical methods (ground-penetrating radar, GPR, and electrical resistivity imaging, ERI) with direct observations using core sampling and C analysis to determine how geophysical imaging may enhance traditional coring methods for estimating peat thickness and C storage in a tropical peatland system in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Both GPR and ERI methods demonstrated their capability to estimate peat thickness in tropical peat soils at a spatial resolution not feasible with traditional coring methods. GPR is able to capture peat thickness variability at centimeter-scale vertical resolution, although peat thickness determination was difficult for peat columns exceeding 5 m in the areas studied, due to signal attenuation associated with thick clay-rich transitional horizons at the peat–mineral soil interface. ERI methods were more successful for imaging deeper peatlands with thick organomineral layers between peat and underlying mineral soil. Results obtained using GPR methods indicate less than 3% variation in peat thickness (when compared to coring methods) over low peat–mineral soil interface gradients (i.e., below 0.02°) and show substantial impacts in C storage estimates (i.e., up to 37 MgC ha−1 even for transects showing a difference between GPR and coring estimates of 0.07 m in average peat thickness). The geophysical data also provide information on peat matrix attributes such as thickness of organomineral horizons between peat and underlying substrate, the presence of buried wood, buttressed trees or tip-up pools and soil type. The use of GPR and ERI methods to image peat profiles at high resolution can be used to further constrain quantification of peat C pools and inform responsible peatland management in Indonesia and elsewhere in the tropics.

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Lampela, Maija, Jyrki Jauhiainen, and Harri Vasander. "Surface peat structure and chemistry in a tropical peat swamp forest." Plant and Soil 382, no. 1-2 (July 2, 2014): 329–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2187-5.

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Warren, M. W., J. B. Kauffman, D. Murdiyarso, G. Anshari, K. Hergoualc'h, S. Kurnianto, J. Purbopuspito, et al. "A cost-efficient method to assess carbon stocks in tropical peat soil." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 6 (June 14, 2012): 7049–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-7049-2012.

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Abstract. Estimation of soil carbon stocks in tropical wetlands requires costly laboratory analyses and suitable facilities, which are often lacking in developing nations where most tropical wetlands are found. It is therefore beneficial to develop simple yet robust analytical tools to assess soil carbon stocks where financial and technical limitations are common. Here we use published and original data to describe soil carbon density (gC cm−3; Cd) as a function of bulk density (g dry soil cm−3; Bd), which can be used to estimate belowground carbon storage using Bd measurements only. Predicted carbon densities and stocks are compared with those obtained from direct carbon analysis for ten peat swamp forest stands in three national parks of Indonesia. Analysis of soil carbon density and bulk density from the literature indicated a strong linear relationship (Cd = Bd × 0.49 + 4.61, R2 = 0.96, n = 94) for soils with an organic C content >40%. As organic C content decreases, the relationship between Cd and Bd becomes less predictable as soil texture becomes an important determinant of Cd. The equation predicted soil C stocks to within 0.39% to 7.20% of observed values. When original data were included in the analysis, the revised equation: Cd = Bd × 0.48 + 4.28, R2 = 0.96, n = 678 was well within the 95% confidence intervals of the original equation, and tended to decrease Cd estimates slightly. We recommend this last equation for a rapid estimation of soil C stocks for well developed peat soils where C content >40%.

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Gusmawartati, Agustian, Herviyanti, and Jamsari. "Isolation of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Peat Soils as Decomposer of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch." Journal of Tropical Soils 22, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2017.v22i1.47-53.

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The aim of the research was to find out potential strainsof cellulolytic bacteria isolated from two tropical peat soils and to studythe potency of the isolated bacteria to decompose oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB). The research was carried out in two stages: (1) isolation of cellulolytic bacteria from peat soils and (2) testing the potency of isolated bacteria to decompose oil palm EFB. The cellulolytic bacteria were isolated from two peat soils, i.e. a natural peat soil (forest) and a cultivated peat soil (has been used as agriculture land). Isolation of cellulolytic bacteria was conducted by preparing a series dilution of culture solutions using a streak plate method in a carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) selective medium.Isolates that were able to form clear zones surrounding their bacterial colony were further tested to study the potency of the isolates to decompose cellulose in oil palm EFB. The cellulolytic activity of the selected isolates were further determined via production of reducing sugars in an oil palm EFB liquid medium using Nelson-Somogyi method. The results showed that there are six isolates of cellulolytic bacteria that have been identified in two tropical peat soils used in the current study. Two isolates are identified in a natural peat soil (forest) and four isolates are identified in a cultivated peat soil. The isolates collected are identified as Bacillus sp., Pseudomonassp. and Staphylococcus sp. Among the isolates, an isolate of GS II-1 produces the highest concentration of reducing sugars, namely 0.1012 unitmL-1or 101 ppm, indicating that the isolate of GS II-1 is highly potential to decompose oil palm EFB. Therefore, the isolate of GS II-1 can be used as a decomposer in the bio-conversion processes of oil palm EFB.Keywords: isolation, bacteria, cellulolytic, oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), peat soil

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Choo, Liza Nuriati Lim Kim, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed, Norfarhah Abdul Razak, and Shamsiah Sekot. "Improving Nitrogen Availability and Ananas comosus L. Merr var. Moris Productivity in a Tropical Peat Soil Using Clinoptilolite Zeolite." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 2750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112750.

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Pineapple cultivation in nitrogen deficient and acidic peat soils leads to poor growth, yield, and fruit quality of pineapples. A study was conducted to determine whether clinoptilolite zeolite (CZ) could improve soil nitrogen availability, growth, yield, and fruit quality of pineapples grown in drained peat soils. Laboratory leaching experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of CZ in controlling nitrogen loss from peat soils, whereas an ion-exchange resin method was used to determine nitrogen availability in pineapple cultivation. Treatments evaluated were: (i) different amounts of CZ (25, 50, 70, and 100%) + NPK fertilizer, (ii) NPK fertilizer, and (iii) peat soil only. The peat soils with CZ reduced ammonium and nitrate losses because of the sorption of ammonium within the lattices of the CZ via ion exchange. Co-application of CZ (25%) and NPK fertilizers was more effective in increasing soil ammonium availability, whereas the use of CZ (25% to 100%) improved nitrogen uptake and use efficiency, growth, yield, and fruit quality of pineapple because CZ could regulate the availability of nitrogen ions for pineapple uptake. The buffering capacity of CZ increased soil pH and facilitated organic nitrogen mineralization. The co-application of CZ and NPK fertilizers can be used to improve nitrogen availability and pineapple productivity in tropical peat soils.

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Irfan Pratantyo, Gatot Prayogo, Agus Sunjarianto Pamitran, and Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho. "Thermal Imaging Study on The Effect of Permeability on Smouldering Behaviour of a Tropical Peat." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 89, no. 1 (December 5, 2021): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.89.1.154159.

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Smouldering is a slow-burning, low-temperature, flameless combustion, and frequently happens in peatland fires. The smouldering spread occurs because of the parameter achievement in oxygen supply, generated heat, and heat released to the environment. The condition of porous and fibrous peat soils makes oxygen supply easily happens. The difficulty of getting to the location of the burning peatland is one of the problems to extinguish the fire. This study aims to observe with thermal imaging study the effect of peat permeability on smouldering behaviour of a tropical peat sample. Mechanical compaction was applied to reduce permeability and pore value in the central of the peat soil. Then, peat soil is ignited to create the smouldering propagation through the compacted peat area. The combustion process that occurs on the surface is observed by a visual camera and an Infrared FLIR Thermal Camera. The initial results showed a reduction in the smouldering spread rate on the compacted soil region as compared to the undisturbed peat smouldering region. Nevertheless, smouldering combustion of peat still occurred in all regions of the reactor, once the smouldering front could penetrate the compacted region.

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Duraisamy, Youventharan, Bujang B. K. Huat, and Azlan A. Aziz. "Engineering Properties and Compressibility Behavior of Tropical Peat Soil." American Journal of Applied Sciences 4, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2007.768.773.

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Murakami, Mio, Yuichiro Furukawa, and Kazuyuki Inubushi. "Methane Production after Liming to Tropical Acid Peat Soil." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 51, no. 5 (September 2005): 697–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00094.x.

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Wakhid, Nur. "Peat subsidence in a tropical rubber plantation during a strong El Niño year." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1025, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1025/1/012010.

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Abstract El Niño usually induces peat fires because dry season was prolonged and rainfall was low. This event potentially increases soil CO2 emissions and peat subsidence on tropical peat due to low groundwater level. Despite this, El Niño impacts on peat soil subsidence is understudied in Indonesia. To fill the gap, we measured peat surface elevation to determine peat soil subsidence at monthly basis during dry season, from June to November, in the strong El Niño year of 2015 and the normal year of 2014. A rubber plantation cultivated on peat soil was selected as a representative area for this research. Subsidence (in cm) was determined by calculating the difference in ground elevation between June and November for 2014 and 2015. Measurement was done by inserting three steel pipes vertically until underlying mineral substrate. We found that peat soil subsidence in strong El Niño year was larger than that of normal year. This finding can be further exploited as the baseline information for peatland management under climate change and or in extreme weather.

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Choo, Liza Nuriati Lim Kim, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed, Shaidatul Azdawiyah Abdul Talib, Mohamad Zabawi Abdul Ghani, and Shamsiah Sekot. "Clinoptilolite Zeolite on Tropical Peat Soils Nutrient, Growth, Fruit Quality, and Yield of Carica papaya L. cv. Sekaki." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091320.

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Papaya cultivation on nutrient deficient acidic peat soils causes poor growth, yield, and fruit quality of this crop. Alkalinity and the high affinity of clinoptilolite zeolite (CZ) for macronutrients could improve pH, nutrient availability, and papaya productivity on peat soils. A one-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of CZ on: (i) soil ammonium, nitrate, P, and K, and (ii) growth, yield, and fruit quality of papaya grown on a peat soil. Treatments evaluated were: (i) different amounts of CZ (25%, 50%, 70%, and 100% of the existing recommended rate of CZ) + NPK fertilizer, and (ii) NPK fertilizer alone. The peat soils with CZ improved pH, ammonium, nitrate, P, and K availability because of the sorption of these nutrients within the structured framework of the CZ. Co-applying CZ (70% to 100%) and NPK fertilizers improved the NPK contents in papaya leaves and the growth, yield, and fruit quality of papaya because of the significant availability of ammonium, nitrate, P, and K in the peat soil for their optimum uptake by the papaya plants. Ability of CZ to buffer the soil pH reduced the need for liming. It is possible to use CZ to improve papaya productivity because CZ can regulate nutrient availability.

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Choo, Liza Nuriati Lim Kim, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed, Nik Muhamad Nik Majid, and Zakry Fitri Abd Aziz. "Pineapple Residue Ash Reduces Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on Tropical Peat Soils at Saratok, Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031014.

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Burning pineapple residues on peat soils before pineapple replanting raises concerns on hazards of peat fires. A study was conducted to determine whether ash produced from pineapple residues could be used to minimize carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in cultivated tropical peatlands. The effects of pineapple residue ash fertilization on CO2 and N2O emissions from a peat soil grown with pineapple were determined using closed chamber method with the following treatments: (i) 25, 50, 70, and 100% of the suggested rate of pineapple residue ash + NPK fertilizer, (ii) NPK fertilizer, and (iii) peat soil only. Soils treated with pineapple residue ash (25%) decreased CO2 and N2O emissions relative to soils without ash due to adsorption of organic compounds, ammonium, and nitrate ions onto the charged surface of ash through hydrogen bonding. The ability of the ash to maintain higher soil pH during pineapple growth primarily contributed to low CO2 and N2O emissions. Co-application of pineapple residue ash and compound NPK fertilizer also improves soil ammonium and nitrate availability, and fruit quality of pineapples. Compound NPK fertilizers can be amended with pineapple residue ash to minimize CO2 and N2O emissions without reducing peat soil and pineapple productivity.

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Warren, M. W., J. B. Kauffman, D. Murdiyarso, G. Anshari, K. Hergoualc'h, S. Kurnianto, J. Purbopuspito, et al. "A cost-efficient method to assess carbon stocks in tropical peat soil." Biogeosciences 9, no. 11 (November 14, 2012): 4477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4477-2012.

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Abstract. Estimation of belowground carbon stocks in tropical wetland forests requires funding for laboratory analyses and suitable facilities, which are often lacking in developing nations where most tropical wetlands are found. It is therefore beneficial to develop simple analytical tools to assist belowground carbon estimation where financial and technical limitations are common. Here we use published and original data to describe soil carbon density (kgC m−3; Cd) as a function of bulk density (gC cm−3; Bd), which can be used to rapidly estimate belowground carbon storage using Bd measurements only. Predicted carbon densities and stocks are compared with those obtained from direct carbon analysis for ten peat swamp forest stands in three national parks of Indonesia. Analysis of soil carbon density and bulk density from the literature indicated a strong linear relationship (Cd = Bd × 495.14 + 5.41, R2 = 0.93, n = 151) for soils with organic C content > 40%. As organic C content decreases, the relationship between Cd and Bd becomes less predictable as soil texture becomes an important determinant of Cd. The equation predicted belowground C stocks to within 0.92% to 9.57% of observed values. Average bulk density of collected peat samples was 0.127 g cm−3, which is in the upper range of previous reports for Southeast Asian peatlands. When original data were included, the revised equation Cd = Bd × 468.76 + 5.82, with R2 = 0.95 and n = 712, was slightly below the lower 95% confidence interval of the original equation, and tended to decrease Cd estimates. We recommend this last equation for a rapid estimation of soil C stocks for well-developed peat soils where C content > 40%.

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Ahmed, Osumanu H., Husni M. H. Ahmad, Hanafi M. Musa, Anuar A. Rahim, and Syed Omar S. Rastan. "Applied K Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Pineapples Grown on a Tropical Peat Soil Under Residues Removal." Scientific World JOURNAL 5 (2005): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2005.9.

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In Malaysia, pineapples are grown on peat soils, but most K fertilizer recommendations do not take into account K loss through leaching. The objective of this study was to determine applied K use efficiency under a conventionally recommended fertilization regime in pineapple cultivation with residues removal. Results showed that K recovery from applied K fertilizer in pineapple cultivation on tropical peat soil was low, estimated at 28%. At a depth of 0–10 cm, there was a sharp decrease of soil total K, exchangeable K, and soil solution K days after planting (DAP) for plots with K fertilizer. This decline continued until the end of the study. Soil total, exchangeable, and solution K at the end of the study were generally lower than prior values before the study. There was no significant accumulation of K at depths of 10–25 and 25–45 cm. However, K concentrations throughout the study period were generally lower or equal to their initial status in the soil indicating leaching of the applied K and partly explained the low K recovery. Potassium losses through leaching in pineapple cultivation on tropical peat soils need to be considered in fertilizer recommendations for efficient recovery of applied K.

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Comas, X., N. Terry, L. Slater, M. Warren, R. Kolka, A. Kristijono, N. Sudiana, D. Nurjaman, and T. Darusman. "Imaging tropical peatlands in Indonesia using ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity imaging (ERI): implications for carbon stock estimates and peat soil characterization." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2015): 191–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-191-2015.

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Abstract. Current estimates of carbon (C) storage in peatland systems worldwide indicate tropical peatlands comprise about 15% of the global peat carbon pool. Such estimates are uncertain due to data gaps regarding organic peat soil thickness and C content. Indonesian peatlands are considered the largest pool of tropical peat carbon (C), accounting for an estimated 65% of all tropical peat while being the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions from degrading peat worldwide, posing a major concern regarding long-term sources of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. We combined a set of indirect geophysical methods (ground penetrating radar, GPR, and electrical resistivity imaging, ERI) with direct observations from core samples (including C analysis) to better understand peatland thickness in West Kalimantan (Indonesia) and determine how geophysical imaging may enhance traditional coring methods for estimating C storage in peatland systems. Peatland thicknesses estimated from GPR and ERI and confirmed by coring indicated variation by less than 3% even for small peat-mineral soil interface gradients (i.e. below 0.02°). The geophysical data also provide information on peat matrix attributes such as thickness of organomineral horizons between peat and underlying substrate, the presence of wood layers, buttressed trees and soil type. These attributes could further constrain quantification of C content and aid responsible peatland management in Indonesia.

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Talukder, MJH, and Hui Sun. "The microbial diversity and structure in peat land forest in Indonesia." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 5, no. 1 (July 13, 2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v5i1.42193.

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Soil of tropical forest ecosystem plays very crucial part in controlling the universal carbon cycle. The isolation of microorganisms and their identification are important for understanding their vital role on transformation of organic matter of this ecosystem. Soil storage maximum microbial genetic diversity because of it’s a multilayered environment. No complete methods were discovered yet to cultivate majority of soil microorganisms. A little is known about microbial structure and their essentiality in tropical peat lands compared to most other terrestrial and oceanic habitats. In providing insight to the impacts of land-use of peat land on microbes in Central Kalimantan, Borneo Indonesia, we examined the community structure and diversity of bacteria and fungi in different peat forest soil including: i) natural peat swamp forest (well mixed swamp forest type); ii) disturbed peat soil and iii) mineral soils by using 454 pyrosequencing technology. The results showed that no significant difference was found for diversity and evenness among the sites of fungal community. However, natural peat swamp forest had the highest species richness (Chao1), which was significantly higher than the other two sites (P<0.05 and P<0.05). According to the OTUs analysis four fungi phyla were obtained of which 45 species were classified. The Ascomycota was the most abundant phylum, followed by Basidiomycota, Zygomycota and Glomeromycota. The natural peat swamp forest and disturbed peat soil harbored the maximum number Ascomycota. On the other hand, mineral soil and natural peat soil contained the highest number of Basidiomycota. The top species in natural peat swamp forest included Sugiyamaella paludigena, Polyancora globosa and Ganoderma gibbosum. The mineral soil enriched the abundance of Penicillium herquei, Sugiyamaella paludigena and the disturbed peat soil contained the highest frequency of Polyancora globosa, Gymnopilus lepidotus. According to the PCoA analysis, the community structure of fungus in natural peat soil differed significantly from mineral soil (P=0.04) and disturbed peat soil (P=0.039). No significant difference was found for bacterial species richness (Chao1) among the sites. The diversity of bacteria in disturbed peat soil significantly differed from the other sites (P<0.05 and P<0.05). eleven bacterial phyla and 53 genera were examined. All of the three sites contained the similar abundance of Proteobacteria. The natural peat swamp forest and disturbed peat soil harbored the most abundant Acidobactria. Genera Mycobacterium, Gp1, Gp13, Gp2, Burkholderia, Actinospica, Aciditerrimonas were found in all the sites. Genera Granulibacter, Gp4, Acidisoma, Clostridium_sensu, Clostridium_ XI were only observed in natural peat swamp forest. Genera Rudaea, Rhodopila, Streptomycetes were found only mineral soil. The PCoA analysis showed that the structure of bacteria in natural peat swamp forest significantly differed from the disturbed peat soil (P=0.045). Overall, the bacterial species richness and diversity are more among the sites than of the fungi. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 133-144

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Kazemian, Sina, Arun Prasad, Vahed Ghiasi, and Bujang Bin Kim Huat. "Effect of Cement on Compressibility and Microstructure of Tropical Peat." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.33.

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Peats are geotechnically problematic soil due to their high compressibility and low shear strength. Cement is widely used for the stabilization of peat by deep mixing method (DMM). This paper presents the results of the model study of compressibility property of peats stabilized with cement columns formed by DMM. The results of consolidation test, scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDX) showed that the compressibility of peats can be improved significantly by the installation of cement stabilized columns. The amount of cement used to form the column was observed to influence the engineering behaviour of treated tropical peats and it had more influence on sapric peat than on hemic and fibrous peats.

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Nusantara, Rossie Wiedya, Sudarmadji Sudarmadji, Tjut S. Djohan, and Eko Haryono. "Impact of Land-Use Change on Soil Carbon Dynamics in Tropical Peatland, West Kalimantan- Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.48451.

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The conversion of tropical peat forest to other land uses can reduce organic carbon (C) and stable C isotope (δ13C) of peat soil. This research aimed at analyzing the soil organic-C and δ13C of peatland with respect to maturity (fibric, hemic and sapric) in five types of peatland use, which included primary peat forest, secondary peat forest, shrubs, oil palm plantations, and cornfield in West Kalimantan. Analysis of peat soil samples includes organic C with Loss in ignition method and δ13C using an isotope ratio mass spectrometry(IRMS) method. Organic-C at fibric was higher than hemic and sapric, respectively (57.2%, 57.0%, 56.4%), meanwhile, organic-C was the highest on primary peat forest, followed by on secondary peat forest, oil palm plantation, cornfield, and shrubs, respectively 57.1%, 57.0%, 56.4%, 56.0%. The cause of increasing and decreasing organic C and δ13C due to land-use change due to changes in vegetation, burning during tillage, and age of organic matter of peat soil. This condition causes the opening of natural peat ecosystems and changes in anaerobic to aerobic conditions.

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Nurzakiah, Siti, Atang Sutandi, Supiandi Sabiham, Gunawan Djajakirana, and Untung Sudadi. "Controls on the net dissolved organic carbon production in tropical peat." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 17, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v17i2.45123.

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Soil factors such as pH and the presence of polyvalent cations can influence the net production of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This study aimed to determine the main factors that control net DOC production. The study was conducted at Buatan Village, Siak Indrapura Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. Soil and water sampling were done every month for a year observation, from July 2018 to June 2019. Soil sampling was carried out to determine the concentration of C-organic acids, pH, N, P, K, Cu, and soil water content (SWC). Peat water sampling was carried out using modified pore water sampling to measure DOC concentration. Groundwater level (GWL) and soil temperature were also observed. Multiple regression analysis was performed to find out the soil and environmental factors controlling the net DOC production. The results showed that the net DOC production fluctuated with seasonal changes and soil pH was a significant controlling factor (P = 0.035) and positively correlated (P = 0.040) to the net DOC production. In addition, N-mineral, PO4, and Cu were positively correlated with net DOC production (P-value: 0.026; 0.033; and 0.028; respectively) while C-organic acids and SWC were negatively correlated (P-value: 0.033; and 0.020; respectively). There was no correlation between net DOC production with GWL, soil temperature, and K concentration. This finding confirmed that pH was the main factor controlling the net DOC production and reflects DOC contribution to the solution acidity.

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Sukarman and Rachmat Abdul Gani. "Tropical peatlands in North Kalimantan: characteristics, extent, and estimates of carbon stock." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1025, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1025/1/012020.

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Abstract North Kalimantan Province has the third largest tropical peatlands in Kalimantan Island. Despite this, a detailed data on the characteristics, extent, and carbon stock of tropical peatlands in North Kalimantan is currently not available. Therefore, BBSDLP has carried out a semi-detailed peatlands mapping on Nunukan and Tana Tidung Regencies and Tarakan City, North Kalimantan Province. Peat soil mapping refers to SNI 7925:2019, scale of 1:50,000. The study found that peatlands in North Kalimantan covered about 216.944 ha, with the majority extent in Tana Tidung Regency (71.512 ha), followed by Nunukan Regency (142.198 ha) and Tarakan City (3.233 ha). Peatlands in this area occupied fluvio-marine (B) and peat (G) landforms, with hemic and sapric decomposition levels, and a depth of 50 - < 700 cm (shallow to extra very deep). Substratum layer, i.e. mineral soils, comprised of clay to sandy clay soil texture. According to the Indonesian Soil Classification system, peat soil in the research area was categorized as Organosol Saprik, Organosol Hemik and Organosol Fibrik. Estimated carbon stock was about 328.80 M tons C, with an average of 1.516 tons ha−1. With this large figure, the results emphasize the importance of peatlands for land use and spatial planning.

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Cahyono, Bambang Kun, Trias Aditya, and Istarno. "The Least Square Adjustment for Estimating the Tropical Peat Depth Using LiDAR Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12050875.

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High-accuracy peat maps are essential for peatland restoration management, but costly, labor-intensive, and require an extensive amount of peat drilling data. This study offers a new method to create an accurate peat depth map while reducing field drilling data up to 75%. Ordinary least square (OLS) adjustments were used to estimate the elevation of the mineral soil surface based on the surrounding soil parameters. Orthophoto and Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) from LiDAR data of Tebing Tinggi Island, Riau, were used to determine morphology, topography, and spatial position parameters to define the DTM and its coefficients. Peat depth prediction models involving 100%, 50%, and 25% of the field points were developed using the OLS computations, and compared against the field survey data. Raster operations in a GIS were used in processing the DTM, to produce peat depth estimations. The results show that the soil map produced from OLS provided peat depth estimations with no significant difference from the field depth data at a mean absolute error of ±1 meter. The use of LiDAR data and the OLS method provides a cost-effective methodology for estimating peat depth and mapping for the purpose of supporting peat restoration.

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Darusman, Taryono, Daniel Murdiyarso, Impron Impron, Iswandi Anas Chaniago, and Dwi Puji Lestari. "Carbon Dynamics in Rewetted Tropical Peat Swamp Forests." Climate 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10030035.

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Degraded and drained peat swamp forests (PSFs) are major sources of carbon emissions in the forestry sector. Rewetting interventions aim to reduce carbon loss and to enhance the carbon stock. However, studies of rewetting interventions in tropical PSFs are still limited. This study examined the effect of rewetting interventions on carbon dynamics at a rewetted site and an undrained site. We measured aboveground carbon (AGC), belowground carbon (BGC), litterfall, heterotrophic components of soil respiration (Rh), methane emissions (CH4), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration at both sites. We found that the total carbon stock at the rewetted site was slightly lower than at the undrained site (1886.73 ± 87.69 and 2106.23 ± 214.33 Mg C ha−1, respectively). The soil organic carbon (SOC) was 1685 ± 61 Mg C ha−1 and 1912 ± 190 Mg C ha−1 at the rewetted and undrained sites, respectively, and the carbon from litterfall was 4.68 ± 0.30 and 3.92 ± 0.34 Mg C ha−1 year−1, respectively. The annual average Rh was 4.06 ± 0.02 Mg C ha−1 year−1 at the rewetted site and was 3.96 ± 0.16 Mg C ha−1 year−1 at the undrained site. In contrast, the annual average CH4 emissions were −0.0015 ± 0.00 Mg C ha−1 year−1 at the rewetted site and 0.056 ± 0.000 Mg C ha−1 year−1 at the undrained site. In the rewetted condition, carbon from litter may become stable over a longer period. Consequently, carbon loss and gain mainly depend on the magnitude of peat decomposition (Rh) and CH4 emissions.

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Ishikura, Kiwamu, Ryuichi Hirata, Takashi Hirano, Yosuke Okimoto, Guan Xhuan Wong, Lulie Melling, Edward Baran Aeries, et al. "Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions from Peat Soil in an Undrained Tropical Peat Swamp Forest." Ecosystems 22, no. 8 (April 10, 2019): 1852–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00376-8.

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Buessecker, Steffen, Kaitlyn Tylor, Joshua Nye, Keith E. Holbert, Jose D. Urquiza Muñoz, Jennifer B. Glass, Hilairy E. Hartnett, and Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz. "Effects of sterilization techniques on chemodenitrification and N2O production in tropical peat soil microcosms." Biogeosciences 16, no. 23 (December 5, 2019): 4601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4601-2019.

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Abstract. Chemodenitrification – the non-enzymatic process of nitrite reduction – may be an important sink for fixed nitrogen in tropical peatlands. Rates and products of chemodenitrification are dependent on O2, pH, Fe2+ concentration, and organic matter composition, which are variable across peat soils. Assessing abiotic reaction pathways is difficult because sterilization and inhibition agents can alter the availability of reactants by changing iron speciation and organic matter composition. We compared six commonly used soil sterilization techniques – γ irradiation, chloroform, autoclaving, and the use of three different chemical inhibitors (mercury, zinc, and azide) – for their compatibility with chemodenitrification assays for tropical peatland soils (organic-rich, low-pH soil from the eastern Amazon). Out of the six techniques, γ irradiation resulted in soil treatments with the lowest cell viability and denitrification activity and the least effect on pH, iron speciation, and organic matter composition. Nitrite depletion rates in γ-irradiated soils were highly similar to untreated (live) soils, whereas other sterilization techniques showed deviations. Chemodenitrification was a dominant process of nitrite consumption in tropical peatland soils assayed in this study. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one possible product of chemodenitrification reactions. Abiotic N2O production was low to moderate (3 %–16 % of converted nitrite), and different sterilization techniques lead to significant variations on production rates due to inherent processes or potential artifacts. Our work represents the first methodological basis for testing the abiotic denitrification and N2O production potential in tropical peatland soil.

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Muhardi, Gunawan Wibisono, and Harist Febrie R Z. "Peat soils stabilization using lime-cement mixture to prevent peat fires." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927605006.

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Peat fires in tropical peatland causes significant damage to peatland ecology and the landscape. Peat fires are usually occurred during the regular dry season for agricultural purposes such as oil palm plantation. Peat soils is one of the problematic soils due to its high water content, low shear strength, high organic, low bearing capacity and high compressibility. Because of these problems, improvement method such as compaction and stabilization are important when the peat soils use as a soil foundation. This paper describes laboratory research done on strength for stabilized of peat to evaluate their different physical and mechanical properties mainly compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and the California bearing ratio (CBR) test. Burning test was also conducted to observe the effect of stabilization of peat soils to prevent peat fires. The stabilizing agents used were 5% lime (CaCO3) and Portland Composite Cement (PCC). Different variation of PCC was used in experiments for the optimum variation. Optimum moisture content was taken 100% based on the other research. In UCS and CBR test, the highest of strength increase occurred in variations 15% PCC were equal to 59.44% and 100.17% respectively compare than the pure peat soils. While in burning test, stabilized peat soils has a burning point and ash point much longer time to start burning and completely become ash than pure peat soils. Stabilized peat soils can increase the burning process time and not easy to fire.

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YONEBAYASHI, Koyo. "Studies on sustainable land use and soil ecosystems in tropical peat land." Tropics 15, no. 3 (2006): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3759/tropics.15.313.

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Nuri. "Effect of Tropical Peat Swamp Forest Clearing on Soil Carbon Storage." American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2011.80.83.

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Miyamoto, E., H. Ando, K. Kakuda, F. S. Jong, and A. Watanabe. "Fate of Microelements Applied to a Tropical Peat Soil: Column Experiment." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 44, no. 17 (September 25, 2013): 2524–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2013.812734.

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Husni, M. H. A., Shanthi Devi, M. Peli, and A. R. Anuar. "Lime requirement determination of tropical peat soil using buffer‐pH methods." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 25, no. 13-14 (August 1994): 2467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629409369200.

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Kolay, P., and M. Aminur. "Physical and geotechnical characteristics of stabilized and unstabilized tropical peat soil." World Journal of Engineering 8, no. 3 (September 2011): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.8.3.223.

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Wakhid, Nur, Takashi Hirano, Yosuke Okimoto, Siti Nurzakiah, and Dedi Nursyamsi. "Soil carbon dioxide emissions from a rubber plantation on tropical peat." Science of The Total Environment 581-582 (March 2017): 857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.035.

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Kolay, P. K., M. R. Aminur, S. N. L. Taib, and M. I. S. Mohd Zain. "Stabilization of Tropical Peat Soil from Sarawak with Different Stabilizing Agents." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 29, no. 6 (August 31, 2011): 1135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9441-x.

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Sazawa, Kazuto, Takatoshi Wakimoto, Masami Fukushima, Yustiawati Yustiawati, M. Suhaemi Syawal, Noriko Hata, Shigeru Taguchi, Shunitz Tanaka, Daisuke Tanaka, and Hideki Kuramitz. "Impact of Peat Fire on the Soil and Export of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Tropical Peat Soil, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2, no. 7 (May 21, 2018): 692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00018.

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Jeffary, A. V., O. H. Ahmed, R. K. J. Heng, and L. N. L. K. Choo. "Horizontal and vertical emissions of methane from peat soils." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v17i3.43212.

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Methane emission depends on the rates of methane production, consumption and ability of soil and plants to transport the gas to the soil surface and also within soil particles. The objective of this study was to determine CH4 fluxes horizontally and vertically from the floor and wall of the pit of a tropical peat soil. The horizontal emissions in the dry and wet seasons were 2.96 t CH4 ha-1yr-1 and 4.27 t CH4 ha-1yr-1, respectively and the vertical emissions were 0.36 t CH4 ha-1yr-1 and 0.51 t CH4 ha-1yr-1, respectively. The total amount of the horizontal and vertical emissions in the dry and wet seasons were 3.32 t CH4 ha-1yr-1 and 4.78 t CH4 ha-1yr-1, respectively. Horizontal emission was higher in the wet season due to an increase in the water table which resulted in an increase of CH4 emission. Thus, there is a need for direct CH4 measurement from cultivated peat soils to ensure that CH4 emission is neither underestimated nor overestimated. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(3): 359–362, 2019

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Abbiramy, K. S., P. Ronald Ross, and Joothi Paramanandham. "Validation of Tropical Artificial Soil by Chronic Toxicity Studies on Eisenia fetida against Superphosphate." International Letters of Natural Sciences 13 (April 2014): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.13.31.

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The research methodology recommended by the OECD (Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) guidelines for testing of chemicals meets the most criteria expected for ecotoxicological testing except the testing condition and the organic matter. The guidelines were initially developed by temperate countries, with testing conditions as 20 °C and the organic matter as sphagnum peat which is commonly available in those countries. But these two criterions are difficult to be followed in tropical countries. Thus there arises a need of modifying these criterions for toxicity studied in tropical regions. In this study a trial was made for substituting the fermented coir pith for sphagnum peat and the validation of the modified tropical artificial soil (TAS) was done by conducting chronic toxicity studies on Eisenia fetida against an inorganic fertilizer, superphosphate (SP) under tropical condition, i.e., 28 ±2 °C. The performed study showed that the SP determined lower earthworm mortality in TAS comparing to OECD soil for all tested concentration levels. The number of juveniles produced in OECD soil was also significantly reduced (p < 0.05) than in TAS. This may be due to the production of large amount of hydrogen ions when the temperature increases and making the medium acidic. The fermented coir pith was more suitable for ecotoxicity studies under tropical condition than sphagnum peat.

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Abbiramy, K. S., P. Ronald Ross, and Joothi Pillai Paramanandham. "Validation of Tropical Artificial Soil by Chronic Toxicity Studies on Eisenia fetida against Superphosphate." International Letters of Natural Sciences 13 (April 12, 2014): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-291pma.

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The research methodology recommended by the OECD (Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) guidelines for testing of chemicals meets the most criteria expected for ecotoxicological testing except the testing condition and the organic matter. The guidelines were initially developed by temperate countries, with testing conditions as 20 °C and the organic matter as sphagnum peat which is commonly available in those countries. But these two criterions are difficult to be followed in tropical countries. Thus there arises a need of modifying these criterions for toxicity studied in tropical regions. In this study a trial was made for substituting the fermented coir pith for sphagnum peat and the validation of the modified tropical artificial soil (TAS) was done by conducting chronic toxicity studies on Eisenia fetida against an inorganic fertilizer, superphosphate (SP) under tropical condition, i.e., 28 ±2 °C. The performed study showed that the SP determined lower earthworm mortality in TAS comparing to OECD soil for all tested concentration levels. The number of juveniles produced in OECD soil was also significantly reduced (p < 0.05) than in TAS. This may be due to the production of large amount of hydrogen ions when the temperature increases and making the medium acidic. The fermented coir pith was more suitable for ecotoxicity studies under tropical condition than sphagnum peat.

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Adame, M. F., N. S. Santini, C. Tovilla, A. Vázquez-Lule, L. Castro, and M. Guevara. "Carbon stocks and soil sequestration rates of tropical riverine wetlands." Biogeosciences 12, no. 12 (June 23, 2015): 3805–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3805-2015.

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Abstract. Riverine wetlands are created and transformed by geomorphological processes that determine their vegetation composition, primary production and soil accretion, all of which are likely to influence C stocks. Here, we compared ecosystem C stocks (trees, soil and downed wood) and soil N stocks of different types of riverine wetlands (marsh, peat swamp forest and mangroves) whose distribution spans from an environment dominated by river forces to an estuarine environment dominated by coastal processes. We also estimated soil C sequestration rates of mangroves on the basis of soil C accumulation. We predicted that C stocks in mangroves and peat swamps would be larger than marshes, and that C, N stocks and C sequestration rates would be larger in the upper compared to the lower estuary. Mean C stocks in mangroves and peat swamps (784.5 ± 73.5 and 722.2 ± 63.6 MgC ha−1, respectively) were higher than those of marshes (336.5 ± 38.3 MgC ha−1). Soil C and N stocks of mangroves were highest in the upper estuary and decreased towards the lower estuary. C stock variability within mangroves was much lower in the upper estuary (range 744–912 MgC ha−1) compared to the intermediate and lower estuary (range 537–1115 MgC ha−1) probably as a result of a highly dynamic coastline. Soil C sequestration values were 1.3 ± 0.2 MgC ha−1 yr−1 and were similar across sites. Estimations of C stocks within large areas need to include spatial variability related to vegetation composition and geomorphological setting to accurately reflect variability within riverine wetlands.

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Bay, Yonodius Paskalis, Nina Yulianti, Suparno Suparno, Fengky Florante Adji, Zafrullah Damanik, and Sustiyah Sustiyah. "SIFAT FISIK GAMBUT PEDALAMAN PADA LABORATORIUM ALAM HUTAN GAMBUT SEBANGAU, KALIMANTAN TENGAHThe Physical Properties Of Inland Peat In Natural Laboratory Of Peat Swamp Forest (LAHG) Sebangau, Central Kalimantan." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 15, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jil.15.2.p.216-233.

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Indonesia has the largest peat area in the tropical zone, which estimated about 21 million ha, with a percentage of 70% of the peat area in Southeast Asia and 50% of the world's tropical peatlands. This study aims to evaluate the physical properties of soil in each layer of soil and land cover in inland peat swamp forests in LAHG in Central Kalimantan. The research used the profile method (minipit) measuring 120 cm x 120 cm. Each location is given 3 plots on 2 (two) land cover namely forest and burnt area. The research location is in LAHG. This research was conducted in July-December 2020. Samples were analyzed at the Banjarbaru Research and Development Laboratory. The parameters observed were bulk density, moisture content, fiber content, soil color, infiltration, and hydraulic conductivity. The research data were analyzed statistically by means of regression and correlation analysis. The results showed that the study of the physical properties of inland peat soil in the forest had bulk density ranging from 0.10 to 0.15 g / cm-3, moisture content 541.18-910.00%, fiber content 8-40%, infiltration -0 , 58-29.27 ml / hour, hydraulic conductivity 2.4-66.6 cm / hour with reddish black soil color. Whereas on burnt land, bulk density ranged from 0.10 to 0.15 g / cm-3, moisture content was 500.00-916.67%, fiber content was 12-52%, infiltration was -3.19-60.99 ml. / hr, hydraulic conductivity 2.4-30.6 cm / hr with dark black soil color. The study relationship pattern shows positive and negative.

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Funakawa, Shinya, Koyo Yonebayashi, Jong Foh Shoon, and Ernest Chai Oi Khun. "Nutritional Environment of Tropical Peat Soils in Sarawak, Malaysia Based on Soil Solution Composition." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 42, no. 4 (December 1996): 833–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1996.10416630.

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Dianti, Afiri, Nadhira Gilang Ratnasari, Pither Palamba, and Yulianto Nugroho. "Effect of Rewetting on Smouldering Combustion of a Tropical Peat." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 02042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186702042.

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Probability of land and forest fire in Indonesia is quite high. Peat land is one of the highest contribute of the fire disaster. Indonesia is the country with the highest peat land in Southeast Asia, with more than 50 % of tropical peat species. Combustion of peat produced carbon emission with large quantities and affect to global warming. Characteristic of smoldering combustion of peat cause detection and extinction be difficult. Moreover, there are another impact such as high erosion potential, structural collapse and soil layer damage. Flameless on peat smoldering causes peat restoration institution build fire prevention method. Regulation of water table on peat land with rewetting method aims to maintain and restore the moisture of peat. The experiment aims to understand characteristic of smoldering combustion of rewetting peat. Sample used in the experiments was taken from Bagaiserwar village, Sarmi, Papua (01°55’14, 11”, E: 138°6’17, 35”). A set of thermocouples were used to explore horizontal spread rate at 80 mm intervals. Mass loss rate indicates derivation caused by evaporation on wet peat. Author discovered a fire risk is higher than natural combustion in experiments with rewetting peat. Spread rate of smoldering is high on rewetting peat with initial MC before rewetting is ≤ 10 %. Hydrophobic of peat cause retention of water on peat changes. This phenomenon causes evaporation process being faster and total combustion time occur rapidly, start from preheating until self extinction.

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Pulunggono, Heru Bagus, Yusuf Azmi Madani Madani, Moh Zulfajrin, and Yusrizal Yusrizal. "Identifying the Underlying Factors and Variables Governing Macronutrients in Cultivated Tropical Peatland Using Regression Tree Approach." CELEBES Agricultural 3, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52045/jca.v3i1.353.

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The capability of machine learning/ML algorithms to analyze the effect of human and environmental factors and variables in controlling soil nutrients has been profoundly studied over the last decades. Unfortunately, ML utilization to estimate macronutrients and their governing factors in cultivated tropical peat soil are extremely scarce. In this study, we trained regression tree/RT, ML-based pedotransfer models to predict total N, P, and K in peat soils based on oil palm/OP and OP+bush datasets. Our results indicated that the dataset might contain outliers, non-linear relationships, and heteroscedasticity, allowing RT-based models to perform better compared to multiple linear regression/MLR models (as a benchmark) in estimating total N and P in both datasets, contrastingly, not in K. The difference of important variables in each RT-based model partially showed the vital role of land use in nutrient modeling in peat. The depth of sample collection, organic C, and ash content became the prominent factor and variables in regulating the entire predicted nutrients. Meanwhile, the distance from the oil palm tree and pH were the salient features of total P prediction models in OP and OP+bush sites, respectively. This study proposed employing ML-based pedotransfer models in analyzing and interpreting complex tropical peat data as an alternative to linear-based regression. Our initial study also shed more light on the development possibility of the pedotransfer models that agricultural practician, researchers, companies, and farmers can use to predict macronutrients, both in tabular and spatial terms, in cultivated tropical peatlands

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tropical peat soil'

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