Journal articles: 'Triticum turgidum subsp'

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Clarke, J. M., R. E. Knox, R. M. DePauw, F. R. Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, T. N. McCaig, and A. K. Singh. "Brigade durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08168.

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Brigade durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines yield similar to the checks, very strong gluten, and low grain cadmium concentration. Brigade has better straw strength than Strongfield, slightly later maturity, and Fusarium head blight resistance better than other currently registered Canadian durum cultivars.Key words: Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn., durum wheat, cultivar description, yield, protein, disease resistance

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Clarke, J. M., R. E. Knox, R. M. DePauw, F. R. Clarke, T. N. McCaig, M. R. Fernandez, and A. K. Singh. "Eurostar durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08129.

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Eurostar durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines high grain yield, high grain protein concentration, very strong gluten, and low grain cadmium concentration. Eurostar has similar straw strength to Strongfield, and slightly later maturity and similar disease resistance to other currently registered durum cultivars. Key words: Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn., durum wheat, cultivar description, yield, protein, disease resistance

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Singh, A. K., J. M. Clarke, R. M. DePauw, R. E. Knox, F. R. Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, and T. N. McCaig. "Enterprise durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09147.

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Enterprise durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines high grain yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, yellow grain pigment, and low grain cadmium concentration. Enterprise has slightly weaker straw strength, similar days to maturity, and improved fusarium head blight resistance compared with strongfield. Key words: Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn., durum wheat, cultivar description, grain yield, yellow pigment, cadmium

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Brandolini, A., P. Vaccino, G. Boggini, H. Özkan, B. Kilian, and F. Salamini. "Quantification of genetic relationships among A genomes of wheats." Genome 49, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g05-110.

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The genetic relationships of A genomes of Triticum urartu (Au) and Triticum monococcum (Am) in polyploid wheats are explored and quantified by AFLP fingerprinting. Forty-one accessions of A-genome diploid wheats, 3 of AG-genome wheats, 19 of AB-genome wheats, 15 of ABD-genome wheats, and 1 of the D-genome donor Ae. tauschii have been analysed. Based on 7 AFLP primer combinations, 423 bands were identified as potentially A genome specific. The bands were reduced to 239 by eliminating those present in autoradiograms of Ae. tauschii, bands interpreted as common to all wheat genomes. Neighbour-joining analysis separates T. urartu from T. monococcum. Triticum urartu has the closest relationship to polyploid wheats. Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum and T. turgidum subsp. durum lines are included in tightly linked clusters. The hexaploid spelts occupy positions in the phylogenetic tree intermediate between bread wheats and T. turgidum. The AG-genome accessions cluster in a position quite distant from both diploid and other polyploid wheats. The estimates of similarity between A genomes of diploid and polyploid wheats indicate that, compared with Am, Au has around 20% higher similarity to the genomes of polyploid wheats. Triticum timo pheevii AG genome is molecularly equidistant from those of Au and Am wheats.Key words: A genome, Triticum, genetic relationships, AFLP.

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Lubna, Lubna, Sajjad Asaf, Rahmatullah Jan, Abdul Latif Khan, Waqar Ahmad, Saleem Asif, Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Kyung-Min Kim, and In-Jung Lee. "The Plastome Sequences of Triticum sphaerococcum (ABD) and Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (AB) Exhibit Evolutionary Changes, Structural Characterization, Comparative Analysis, Phylogenomics and Time Divergence." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 2783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052783.

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The mechanism and course of Triticum plastome evolution is currently unknown; thus, it remains unclear how Triticum plastomes evolved during recent polyploidization. Here, we report the complete plastomes of two polyploid wheat species, Triticum sphaerococcum (AABBDD) and Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (AABB), and compare them with 19 available and complete Triticum plastomes to create the first map of genomic structural variation. Both T. sphaerococcum and T. turgidum subsp. durum plastomes were found to have a quadripartite structure, with plastome lengths of 134,531 bp and 134,015 bp, respectively. Furthermore, diploid (AA), tetraploid (AB, AG) and hexaploid (ABD, AGAm) Triticum species plastomes displayed a conserved gene content and commonly harbored an identical set of annotated unique genes. Overall, there was a positive correlation between the number of repeats and plastome size. In all plastomes, the number of tandem repeats was higher than the number of palindromic and forward repeats. We constructed a Triticum phylogeny based on the complete plastomes and 42 shared genes from 71 plastomes. We estimated the divergence of Hordeum vulgare from wheat around 11.04–11.9 million years ago (mya) using a well-resolved plastome tree. Similarly, Sitopsis species diverged 2.8–2.9 mya before Triticum urartu (AA) and Triticum monococcum (AA). Aegilops speltoides was shown to be the maternal donor of polyploid wheat genomes and diverged ~0.2–0.9 mya. The phylogeny and divergence time estimates presented here can act as a reference framework for future studies of Triticum evolution.

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Hao, Ming, Jiangtao Luo, Lianquan Zhang, Zhongwei Yuan, Youliang Zheng, Huaigang Zhang, and Dengcai Liu. "In situ hybridization analysis indicates that 4AL–5AL–7BS translocation preceded subspecies differentiation of Triticum turgidum." Genome 56, no. 5 (May 2013): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2013-0049.

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The important cyclic translocation 4AL–5AL–7BS is an evolutionary signature of polyploidy in wheat. This study aimed to determine its distribution within the subspecies of Triticum turgidum L., using genomic in situ hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization. As it exists in all eight subspecies, this translocation appeared before the differentiation of the subspecies of T. turgidum. This translocation probably first appeared in T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides and was then transmitted into the other subspecies. Its existence in all of the analyzed subspecies suggests that this translocation may confer an adaptive advantage during the course of evolution.

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Fiore, Maria Carola, Sebastiano Blangiforti, Giovanni Preiti, Alfio Spina, Sara Bosi, Ilaria Marotti, Antonio Mauceri, Guglielmo Puccio, Francesco Sunseri, and Francesco Mercati. "Elucidating the Genetic Relationships on the Original Old Sicilian Triticum Spp. Collection by SNP Genotyping." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 13378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113378.

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Several Triticum species spread in cultivation in Sicily and neighboring regions over the centuries, which led to the establishment of a large genetic diversity. Many ancient varieties were widely cultivated until the beginning of the last century before being replaced by modern varieties. Recently, they have been reintroduced in cultivation in Sicily. Here, the genetic diversity of 115 and 11 accessions from Sicily and Calabria, respectively, belonging to Triticum species was evaluated using a high-density SNP array. Einkorn, emmer, and spelta wheat genotypes were used as outgroups for species and subspecies; five modern varieties of durum and bread wheat were used as references. A principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) showed four distinct groups among Triticum species and T. turgidum subspecies. The population structure analysis distinguished five gene pools, among which three appeared private to the T. aestivum, T. turgidum subsp. Turgidum, and ‘Timilia’ group. The principal component analysis (PCA) displayed a bio-morphological trait relationship of a subset (110) of ancient wheat varieties and their wide variability within the T. turgidum subsp. durum subgroups. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and phylogenetic analyses applied to the four durum wheat subgroups revealed that the improved varieties harbored a different gene pool compared to the most ancient varieties. The ‘Russello’ and ‘Russello Ibleo’ groups were distinguished; both displayed higher genetic variability compared to the ‘Timilia’ group accessions. This research represents a comprehensive approach to fingerprinting the old wheat Sicilian germplasm, which is useful in avoiding commercial fraud and sustaining the cultivation of landraces and ancient varieties.

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Diordiieva, I. P., L. O. Riabovol, and Ya S. Riabovol. "Creation and breeding value of introgressive forms, obtained by hybridizations of Triticum Spelta L. × Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübl.) Thell." Agriculture and plant sciences: theory and practice, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54651/agri.2022.01.07.

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The aim of the research was to expand the genetic diversity of spelt wheat by introgression of genetic material of the species Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübl.) Thell. and to create on this basis new source material. Materials and methods. The study was conducted during 2016–2022 in the conditions of Uman National University of Horticulture, located in the zone of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, in the subzone of unstable moisture. The source material was winter spelt wheat variety Zoria Ukrainy (maternal form) and the sample Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübl.) Thell. (pollinator). The research used the common technology of growing winter cereals. Sowing was carried out in the optimal time for the zone – the third decade of September. All records and observations were performed in accordance with generally accepted methods. In work was used a systematic method of plot placement with four repetitions. Results. As a result of the conducted researches a number of introgressive lines of spelled wheat with different level of manifestation of morphological and economically valuable features was created. The created samples according to the morphology of the ear are divided into morphotypes of spelt, emmer and intermediate forms. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted researches the technology of creation of initial breeding material at distant hybridization of Triticum spelta L. × Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides. Valuable high-yielding samples were obtained using introgressive breeding. It was found that the highest frequency of transgression in the second and third generations was recorded by the weight of grain from the ear (19.1–20.0%). Materials with a yield (535.2 g/m2) and a weight of 1000 grains (44.8 g) significantly exceeded the standard (sample 230), as well as protein (20.4%) and gluten (44.0%) significantly exceeded the standard (sample 227). The selected samples will be used by donors of genes of economically valuable traits in breeding schemes for the creation source material of spelt wheat.

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Tamburic-Ilincic, Lily, Arend Smid, and Carl Griffey. "OAC Amber winter durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 5 (September 2012): 973–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-164.

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Tamburic-Ilincic, L., Smid, A. and Griffey, C. 2012. OAC Amber winter durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 973–975. OAC Amber is the first winter durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum L.) cultivar registered for Ontario, Canada. It is an awned wheat with amber colored kernels, high test weight, kernel weight, and protein level with good winter hardiness. OAC Amber has good resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) but is moderately susceptible to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) and leaf blotch (Septoria tritici), and susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB). OAC Amber is well adapted for the winter wheat growing areas of Ontario.

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Carmona, S., L. Caballero, L. M. Martín, and J. B. Alvarez. "Genetic diversity in khorasan and rivet wheat by assessment of morphological traits and seed storage proteins." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 11 (2010): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10228.

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The genetic diversity of 77 accessions of khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. turanicum Jakubz em. A. Löve & D. Löve) and 313 accessions of rivet wheat (T. turgidum L. subsp. turgidum) was assessed on the basis of analysis of several morphological traits and seed storage proteins. Eleven allelic variants were detected in khorasan wheat, three for the Glu-A1, one of them identified as novel; while two of the eight alleles detected for the Glu-B1 have not previously been described. A higher level of variability was observed in rivet wheat, with the detection of 20 allelic variants, five alleles at the Glu-A1 loci, two of them new, and 15 allelic variants at the Glu-B1 loci, six of these being novel. The khorasan wheat accessions derived from 22 different origins, while there were 39 origins for the rivet wheat accessions. Genetic diversity was lower among the khorasan (Ht = 0.395) than among the rivet wheat accessions (Ht = 0.545). Nevertheless, in both species, most of this diversity appeared between origins, with very low diversity observed within origins. The detected variation could be used for transfer new quality genes to durum wheat, thus enlarging the genetic pool of this species.

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Dias, Ana S., Ana S. Bagulho, and Fernando C. Lidon. "Ultrastructure and biochemical traits of bread and durum wheat grains under heat stress." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 20, no. 4 (December 2008): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202008000400008.

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The yield and grain quality (as well as technological traits) of two heat-stressed genotypes of bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) having different tolerance to high temperatures after anthesis were investigated. Heat stress, during grain filling, triggered grain shrinkage with a reduced weight and ultrastructural changes in the aleurone layer and in the endosperm cells. Heat stress also decreased the sedimentation index SDS, an effect associated with increased protein content in the grain but with decreased levels of essential amino acids. Although the responses to heat stress were similar among the Triticum genotypes, it is further suggested that during grain filling, high temperatures might affect gluten strength, diminishing the wheat flour quality.

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Mangini, Giacomo, Benedetta Margiotta, Ilaria Marcotuli, Massimo Antonio Signorile, Agata Gadaleta, and Antonio Blanco. "Genetic diversity and phenetic analysis in wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum and Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum) landraces based on SNP markers." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 64, no. 6 (September 21, 2016): 1269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0435-7.

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González, Juan M., Rodrigo Cañas, Alejandra Cabeza, Magdalena Ruiz, Patricia Giraldo, and Yolanda Loarce. "Study of Variability in Root System Architecture of Spanish Triticum turgidum L. Subspecies and Analysis of the Presence of a MITE Element Inserted in the TtDro1B Gene: Evolutionary Implications." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112294.

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We analysed nine traits of the root system of 223 genotypes of Triticum turgidum (2n = 4x = AABB) subspecies dicoccoides, dicoccum, turgidum, durum and polonicum, finding a large intra and interspecific variability in both the number and size of roots, as well as in their spatial distribution. We studied the presence of an incomplete MITE (Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Element) inserted in the TtDro1B gene, which is present in some genotypes of dicoccoides, dicoccum, and turgidum, but not in polonicum and the 97.9% of the durum accessions. Comparison between genotypes shows that genotypes with the MITE element have smaller and shallower roots. Since Aegilops is considered to be the donor of the wheat B genome, the presence of the same MITE element was analysed in 55 accessions of the species Aegilops speltoides, searsii, bicornis and longissima, and in no case was it detected. We propose that after the emergence of T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides, the insertion of the MITE element probably occurred in a single plant. Subsequent domestication resulted in genotypes of dicoccum with and without the MITE element, which after selection gave rise to the subspecies turgidum, and durum and polonicum, respectively. The MITE element can be used to differentiate turgidum from the durum and polonicum with high reliability.

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Alfeo, Vincenzo, Barbara Jaskula-Goiris, Ginfranco Venora, Emanuele Schimmenti, Guido Aerts, and Aldo Todaro. "Screening of durum wheat landraces (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) for the malting suitability." Journal of Cereal Science 83 (September 2018): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2018.08.001.

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Ibba, Maria Itria, Alecia M. Kiszonas, Deven R. See, Daniel Z. Skinner, and Craig F. Morris. "Mapping kernel texture in a soft durum (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) wheat population." Journal of Cereal Science 85 (January 2019): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2018.10.006.

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Boscato, Paola, Christian Carioni, Andrea Brandolini, Laura Sadori, and Mauro Rottoli. "Molecular markers for the discrimination of Triticum turgidum L. subsp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübl.) Thell. and Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. subsp. timopheevii." Journal of Archaeological Science 35, no. 2 (February 2008): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.03.003.

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Singh, A. K., J. M. Clarke, R. E. Knox, R. M. DePauw, T. N. McCaig, M. R. Fernandez, and F. R. Clarke. "Transcend Durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 4 (July 2012): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-255.

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Singh, A. K., Clarke, J. M., Knox, R. E., DePauw, R. M., McCaig, T. N., Fernandez, M. R. and Clarke, F. R. 2012. Transcend durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 809–813. Transcend durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines high grain yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, yellow grain and dough pigment, and low grain cadmium concentration. Transcend has strong straw, slightly more days to maturity, and improved Fusarium head blight resistance compared to Strongfield.

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MOHAMMADI, R., A. AMRI, H. AHMADI, and J. JAFARZADEH. "Characterization of tetraploid wheat landraces for cold tolerance and agronomic traits under rainfed conditions of Iran." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 4 (July 18, 2014): 631–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961400046x.

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SUMMARYAbiotic stresses such as cold and drought are major limiting factors of durum wheat production in the highlands of Iran. A total of 641 tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) accessions, selected from wheat collections conserved at ICARDA gene-bank, were evaluated under rainfed conditions at three highland research stations in cold and moderately cold areas of Iran. The main objectives were to (i) compare the different tetraploid wheats for cold tolerance and agronomic performance in relation to their growth habit (spring, facultative and winter) and (ii) examine the potential of accessions to combine cold and drought tolerance with high yield and good agronomic traits, for their further use in durum wheat breeding. Plant height, thousand-kernel weight and grain yield were the traits that best differentiated the accessions. The winter types had better agronomic performance, higher chlorophyll content (SPAD) and cold tolerance, compared to facultative and spring types. Most of the cold-tolerant accessions belonged to T. turgidum subsp. durum and T. turgidum subsp. carthalicum. Some of the accessions combined high yield with the level of cold and drought tolerance that is needed for the development of cultivars adapted to the highlands of Iran. The results indicated that related species could be used to improve winter hardness and cold tolerance in durum wheat and selection for earliness, high chlorophyll content and grain yield may lead to better cold tolerance and adaptation to the highland areas of Iran.

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Lack, Hans Walter, and Michiel Van Slageren. "The discovery, typification and rediscovery of wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides (Poaceae)." Willdenowia 50, no. 2 (May 22, 2020): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3372/wi.50.50206.

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Hamdi, Suleiman, Hoogenboom, and Shelia. "Response of the Durum Wheat Cultivar Um Qais (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) to Salinity." Agriculture 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070135.

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The threat of land degradation by salinization in Jordan has been increasing over the last decades. Therefore, information about the response of local cultivars to salinity is needed to help farmers choose the most productive cultivars for areas with salt-affected soils. A recently released durum wheat cultivar Um Qais (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) has shown to be productive under normal conditions but to date there are no known studies on its tolerance to salinity. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the response of Um Qais cultivar to salinity. A field experiment was carried out in the Jordan Valley, which is known for its hot, dry climate during the summer and low rainfall and moderate temperature during the winter. Three water salinity levels (S): S1 (2 dS m−1), S2 (4 dS m−1), and S3 (8 dS m−1) with three irrigation amounts (R) (control = 120% (R1), 100% (R2), and 70% (R3)) were used in the field. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using four levels of saline water (S): S1 (0.65 dS m−1), S2 (4 dS m−1), S3 (8 dS m−1), and S4 (10 dS m−1). In both experiments, the leaf area index (LAI) and canopy height were measured during three growth stages, tillering, flag leaf, and maturity. The number of grains, grain yield, and above-ground biomass were measured after harvesting while soil salinity and pH were measured every three weeks during the growing season. The results showed that the maximum reduction in yield was of the 28% in the field experiment when the average soil salinity was of 6.8 ± 1.1 (standard error) dS m−1 at the middle stages of the season. Significant changes were shown in the treatments of the field experiments for maximum LAI, number of grains, and aboveground biomass, but not for plant height. For the greenhouse treatments, about 60% of the maximum grain yield was obtained when the average soil salinity was 9.94 ± 1.89 dS m−1 at the middle stage. Grain yield was the most sensitive parameter to the increase in soil salinity during the season. According to the findings of both experiments, Um Qais can be cultivated in moderately saline soils.

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Rojas-Padilla, Jonathan, Luz Estela de-Bashan, Fannie Isela Parra-Cota, Jorge Rocha-Estrada, and Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos. "Microencapsulation of Bacillus Strains for Improving Wheat (Triticum turgidum Subsp. durum) Growth and Development." Plants 11, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212920.

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Bio-formulation technologies have a limited impact on agricultural productivity in developing countries, especially those based on plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Thus, calcium alginate microbeads were synthesized and used for the protection and delivery of three beneficial Bacillus strains for agricultural applications. The process of encapsulation had a high yield per gram for all bacteria and the microbeads protected the Bacillus strains, allowing their survival, after 12 months of storage at room temperature. Microbead analysis was carried out by observing the rate of swelling and biodegradation of the beads and the released-establishment of bacteria in the soil. These results showed that there is an increase of around 75% in bead swelling on average, which allows for larger pores, and the effective release and subsequent establishment of the bacteria in the soil. Biodegradation of microbeads in the soil was gradual: in the first week, they increased their weight (75%), which consistently results in the swelling ratio. The co-inoculation of the encapsulated strain TRQ8 with the other two encapsulated strains showed plant growth promotion. TRQ8 + TRQ65 and TRQ8 + TE3T bacteria showed increases in different biometric parameters of wheat plants, such as stem height, root length, dry weight, and chlorophyll content. Thus, here we demonstrated that the application of alginate microbeads containing the studied strains showed a positive effect on wheat plants.

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Del Coco, Laura, Barbara Laddomada, Danilo Migoni, Giovanni Mita, Rosanna Simeone, and Francesco Fanizzi. "Variability and Site Dependence of Grain Mineral Contents in Tetraploid Wheats." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030736.

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Crop production and natural resource use, especially in developing countries, represents one of the most important food sources for humans. In particular, two wheat species (tetraploid, which is mostly used for pasta and hexaploid, which is primarily used for bread) account for about 20% of the whole calories consumed worldwide. In order to assess the mineral accumulation capability of some popular tetraploid wheat genotypes, a metabolomic (metallomic) approach was used in this study. The metallomic profile related to micro- (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni and Cr), macro- (Ca, Mg and K) and toxic trace elements (Cd and Pb) was obtained by ICP-AES analysis in a large set of tetraploid wheat genotypes (Triticum turgidum L.) that were grown in two different experimental fields. Correlations and multivariate statistical analyses were performed, grouping the samples under two wheat sets, comprising cultivated durum cultivars (T. turgidum subsp. durum) and wild accessions (T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum and subsp. dicoccoides). The site dependence ranking for the selected genotypes with the highest nutrient accumulation was obtained. The significantly higher content of Mg (among the macronutrients) and the highest levels of Mn, Fe and Zn (among the micronutrients) were found for wild accessions with respect to durum cultivars. Moreover, the former genotypes were also the ones with the lowest level of accumulation of the trace toxic elements, in particular Cd. According to the performed statistical analyses, the wild accessions appeared also to be less influenced by the different environmental conditions. This is in accord with literature data, indicating the superiority of “old” with respect to modern wheat cultivars for mineral content. Although further studies are required on a wider range of genotypes to confirm these findings, the obtained results could be used to better select the less demanding and better performing cultivars in specific target wheat growing environments.

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Bobryk-Mamczarz, Aneta, Anna Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz, and Leszek Rachoń. "Usefulness of Hulled Wheats Grown in Polish Environment for Wholegrain Pasta-Making." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020458.

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The best pasta raw material is durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.). Recently, old wheat species have also attracted interest. The aim of the study was to evaluate their usefulness for industrial pasta production. The technological characteristics of grains and the organoleptic characteristics of pasta obtained from hulled emmer (T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum) and spelt (T. aestivum ssp. spelta) were determined and compared to durum wheat, as a standard pasta raw material, and common wheat (T. aestivum). All wheats were grown under identical conditions. The hardness of kernels was assessed using the practical size index, wheat hardness index, torque moment, milling work of 50 g of flour, semolina yield, and starch damage. The technological and nutritional values of semolina, i.e., protein and ash content, wet gluten yield and quality, and falling number, were determined. Moreover, the organoleptic characteristics of cooked pasta were analysed in terms of appearance, colour, taste, smell, and consistency. The milling parameters of emmer were comparable to those of durum wheat; moreover, the content of protein, gluten, and ash was higher in emmer. Spelt was found to be similar to common wheat. Hulled wheats, especially emmer, show good quality parameters and can be an alternative raw material for industrial pasta production.

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Maxwell, J. J., J. H. Lyerly, G. Srnic, R. Parks, C. Cowger, D. Marshall, G. Brown-Guedira, and J. P. Murphy. "MlAB10 : A Triticum turgidum Subsp. dicoccoides Derived Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene Identified in Common Wheat." Crop Science 50, no. 6 (November 2010): 2261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2010.04.0195.

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Ruan, Y., A. K. Singh, R. M. DePauw, R. E. Knox, R. D. Cuthbert, B. McCallum, T. Fetch, and B. L. Beres. "AAC Stronghold durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0224.

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AAC Stronghold durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. Averaged over 3 yr, AAC Stronghold yielded significantly more grain than AC Navigator. AAC Stronghold had a protein concentration significantly less than Strongfield but significantly more than Brigade. AAC Stronghold had a plant height significantly shorter than Brigade, Strongfield, and AAC Cabri, with a lodging score significantly less than Strongfield and AAC Cabri. AAC Stronghold has a solid stem, which confers resistance to cutting by the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton). AAC Stronghold had low grain cadmium concentration and stronger gluten than Strongfield. AAC Stronghold is eligible for grades of Canada Western Amber Durum.

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Aberkane, Hafid, Ahmed Amri, Bouchra Belkadi, Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf, Jan Valkoun, and Zakaria Kehel. "Contribution of Wild Relatives to Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) Yield Stability across Contrasted Environments." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101992.

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Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is mostly grown in Mediterranean type environments, characterized by unpredictable rainfall amounts and distribution, heat stress, and prevalence of major diseases and pests, all to be exacerbated with climate change. Pre-breeding efforts transgressing adaptive genes from wild relatives need to be strengthened to overcome these abiotic and biotic challenges. In this study, we evaluated the yield stability of 67 lines issued from interspecific crosses of Cham5 and Haurani with Triticum dicoccoides, T. agilopoides, T. urartu, and Aegilops speltoides, grown under 15 contrasting rainfed and irrigated environments in Morocco, and heat-prone conditions in Sudan. Yield stability was assessed using parametric (univariate (e.g., Bi, S2di, Pi etc) and multivariate (ASV, SIPC)) and non-parametric (Si1, Si2, Si3 and Si6) approaches. The combined analysis of variance showed the highly significant effects of genotypes, environments, and genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI). The environments varied in yield (1370–6468 kg/ha), heritability (0.08–0.9), and in their contribution to the GEI. Several lines derived from the four wild parents combined productivity and stability, making them suitable for unpredictable climatic conditions. A significant advantage in yield and stability was observed in Haurani derivatives compared to their recurrent parent. Furthermore, no yield penalty was observed in many of Cham5 derivatives; they had improved yield under unfavorable environments while maintaining the high yield potential from the recurrent parent (e.g., 142,026 and 142,074). It was found that a limited number of backcrosses can produce high yielding/stable germplasm while increasing diversity in a breeding pipeline. Comparing different stability approaches showed that some of them can be used interchangeably; others can be complementary to combine broad adaption with higher yield.

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Slama-Ayed, Olfa, Imen Bouhaouel, Sourour Ayed, Jacques De Buyser, Emmanuel Picard, and Hajer Slim Amara. "Efficiency of three haplomethods in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum Desf.): isolated microspore culture, gynogenesis and wheat × maize crosses." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 55, No. 3 (June 17, 2019): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/188/2017-cjgpb.

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This study presents the first report comparing the efficiency of microspore culture, gynogenesis and durum wheat × maize crosses for haploid plant production from three durum wheat genotypes (Razzek, Karim and Jneh Khotifa). The results showed that the best induction, calli or embryos formation and plant regeneration rates for the three genotypes were obtained with gynogenesis (47.2, 7.6, 0.8%), followed by interspecific crosses (33.1, 1.7, 0.4%) and isolated microspore culture (8.2, 0.05, 0.01%). Interestingly, all plants regenerated by gynogenesis and durum wheat × maize crosses were green whereas all plants obtained by isolated microspore culture were albino. In the haploid production system, all steps of the process are important for the three methods. The critical steps that have greatly reduced the number of regenerated haploid plants were induction, embryogenesis and regeneration for microspore culture, forming and regeneration of calli or embryo and haploid regeneration for interspecific crosses and gynogenesis. Genotypes with good capacity of induction have not necessarily a good capacity of haploid plantlets regeneration and vice-versa. However, calli or embryos formation seems to be an indicator of the haploid production. Overall, Razzek showed a good ability to produce haploids using the three methods. Each haplomethod showed a speciﬁc advantage. Although gynogenesis is the less used method for durum wheat, it has proved to be a successful approach for green haploid plant production.

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Rizzello, Carlo Giuseppe, Ivana Cavoski, Jelena Turk, Danilo Ercolini, Luana Nionelli, Erica Pontonio, Maria De Angelis, Francesca De Filippis, Marco Gobbetti, and Raffaella Di Cagno. "Organic Cultivation of Triticum turgidum subsp. durum Is Reflected in the Flour-Sourdough Fermentation-Bread Axis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 9 (February 27, 2015): 3192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.04161-14.

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ABSTRACTTriticum turgidumsubsp.durumwas grown according to four farming systems: conventional (CONV), organic with cow manure (OMAN) or green manure (OLEG), and without inputs (NOINPUT). Some chemical and technological characteristics differed between CONVand organic flours. As shown by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis, OMANand OLEGflours showed the highest number of gliadins, and OMANflour also had the highest number of high-molecular-mass glutenins. Type I sourdoughs were prepared at the laboratory level through a back-slopping procedure, and the bacterial ecology during sourdough preparation was described by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Before fermentation, the dough made with CONVflour showed the highest bacterial diversity. Flours were variously contaminated by genera belonging to theProteobacteria,Firmicutes, andActinobacteria. Mature sourdoughs were completely and stably dominated by lactic acid bacteria. The diversity ofFirmicuteswas the highest for mature sourdoughs made with organic and, especially, NOINPUTflours. Beta diversity analysis based on the weighted UniFrac distance showed differences between doughs and sourdoughs. Those made with CONVflour were separated from the other with organic flours. Lactic acid bacterium microbiota structure was qualitatively confirmed through the culturing method. As shown by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis, yeasts belonging to the generaSaccharomyces,Candida,Kazachstania, andRhodotorulaoccurred in all sourdoughs. Levels of bound phenolic acids and phytase and antioxidant activities differed depending on the farming system. Mature sourdoughs were used for bread making. Technological characteristics were superior in the breads made with organic sourdoughs. The farming system is another determinant affecting the sourdough microbiota. The organic cultivation of durum wheat was reflected along the flour-sourdough fermentation-bread axis.

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Klay, Imen, Leila Riahi, Hajer Slim Amara, and Abderrazak Daaloul. "Genotypic variability for salt stress tolerance among wild and cultivated wheat germplasms at an early development stage." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (July 19, 2019): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0035.

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AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the variability of salt tolerance potentials among nine wheat genotypes representing wild and cultivated species namely Triticum turgidum subsp. durum, Triticum aestivum and Aegilops geniculata. Ionomic and photosynthetic traits were used for the screening of the studied samples when faced with four salinity levels of NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) under green house conditions at the seedling stage. The investigated genotypes exhibited different levels of salt stress tolerance. Ionomic and photosynthetic traits underline the distinctiveness of the common wheat varieties which highlighted particular performances under salt stress conditions and showed higher tolerance potentials among the studied genotypes. Interestingly, the Vaga variety showed more ability to maintain higher K+/Na+ ratios and Pq coefficients compared with the control conditions and stable Fv/F0 and Fv/Fm ratios. Stable behaviour was exhibited by wild Aegilops accessions while durum wheat varieties have been shown to be more sensitive to salt stress. Further investigations were required for the common wheat variety Vaga, which could be useful for successful breeding and biotechnological improvement strategies concerning wheat species.

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Ramzi, Elnaz, Ali Asghari, Saeid Khomari, and Hamidreza Mohammaddoust e Chamanabad. "Investigation of Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum Desf) Lines for Tolerance to Aluminum Stress Condition." Journal of Crop Breeding 10, no. 25 (June 1, 2018): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jcb.10.25.63.

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Carrubba, Alessandra, Andrea Labruzzo, Andrea Comparato, Serena Muccilli, and Alfio Spina. "Use of Plant Water Extracts for Weed Control in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. Subsp. durum Desf.)." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030364.

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The use of plant water extracts to control weeds is gaining attention in environmentally-friendly agriculture, but the study of the effect that such extracts may exert on the yield of durum wheat is still unexplored. In 2014 and 2016, the herbicidal potential of several plant water extracts was field tested on durum wheat (cv Valbelice). In 2014, extracts obtained from Artemisia arborescens, Rhus coriaria, Lantana camara, Thymus vulgaris, and Euphorbia characias were used, whereas in 2016 only A. arborescens and R. coriaria were tested as “donor” plants. In both years, weed incidence was evaluated, together with the major yield parameters of wheat. None of the treatments (including chemicals) could eradicate weeds from the field. In 2014, dicots were in general prevailing in plots treated with extracts of E. characias, while monocots prevailed after treatments with L. camara and R. coriaria. In 2016, lower weed biomass and diversity level were found, and only Avena and Phalaris were detected at harvest time. Treatment with plant water extracts affected grain yields, but it seems likely that those effects are not due to the diverse incidence of weeds in treated and untreated plots, rather to some direct action exerted by allelopathic substances.

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Mzid, R., M. Ayadi, R. Ben Ayed, E. Menzli, E. Babay, and M. Hanana. "Molecular characterization of γ gliadin from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. Subsp. Durum ((Desf.) Husn.)." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (September 14, 2017): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i3.16.

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van Slageren, Michiel, and Thomas Payne. "Concepts and nomenclature of the Farro wheats, with special reference to Emmer, Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Poaceae)." Kew Bulletin 68, no. 3 (June 22, 2013): 477–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12225-013-9459-8.

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Makhloufi, Emna, Fatma-Ezzahra Yousfi, Julien Pirrello, Anne Bernadac, Abdelwahed Ghorbel, and Mondher Bouzayen. "TdERF1, an ethylene response factor associated with dehydration responses in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum)." Plant Signaling & Behavior 10, no. 10 (October 3, 2015): e1065366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2015.1065366.

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Rampino, Patrizia, Stefano Pataleo, Vittorio Falco, Giovanni Mita, and Carla Perrotta. "Identification of candidate genes associated with senescence in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) using cDNA-AFLP." Molecular Biology Reports 38, no. 8 (January 1, 2011): 5219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0673-2.

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Yilmaz, Volkan Arif, and Ahmet Faik Koca. "Effect of different production techniques on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) and durum (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum ) bulgur." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97, no. 1 (April 8, 2016): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7724.

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Sofi, Francesco, Anne Whittaker, Anna Maria Gori, Francesca Cesari, Elisabetta Surrenti, Rosanna Abbate, Gian Franco Gensini, Stefano Benedettelli, and Alessandro Casini. "Effect of Triticum turgidum subsp. turanicum wheat on irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blinded randomised dietary intervention trial." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 11 (February 13, 2014): 1992–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451400018x.

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The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a replacement diet with organic, semi-whole-grain products derived from Triticum turgidum subsp. turanicum (ancient) wheat on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms and inflammatory/biochemical parameters. A double-blinded randomised cross-over trial was performed using twenty participants (thirteen females and seven males, aged 18–59 years) classified as having moderate IBS. Participants received products (bread, pasta, biscuits and crackers) made either from ancient or modern wheat for 6 weeks in a random order. Symptoms due to IBS were evaluated using two questionnaires, which were compiled both at baseline and on a weekly basis during the intervention period. Blood analyses were carried out at the beginning and end of each respective intervention period. During the intervention period with ancient wheat products, patients experienced a significant decrease in the severity of IBS symptoms, such as abdominal pain (P< 0·0001), bloating (P= 0·004), satisfaction with stool consistency (P< 0·001) and tiredness (P< 0·0001). No significant difference was observed after the intervention period with modern wheat products. Similarly, patients reported significant amelioration in the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms only after the ancient wheat intervention period, as measured by the intensity of pain (P= 0·001), the frequency of pain (P< 0·0001), bloating (P< 0·0001), abdominal distension (P< 0·001) and the quality of life (P< 0·0001). Interestingly, the inflammatory profile showed a significant reduction in the circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-17, interferon-γ, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor after the intervention period with ancient wheat products, but not after the control period. In conclusion, significant improvements in both IBS symptoms and the inflammatory profile were reported after the ingestion of ancient wheat products.

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Schnurbusch, Thorsten, Peter Langridge, and Tim Sutton. "The Bo1-specific PCR marker AWW5L7 is predictive of boron tolerance status in a range of exotic durum and bread wheats." Genome 51, no. 12 (December 2008): 963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g08-084.

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High soil boron (B) constitutes a major soil problem in many parts of the world, particularly in low-rainfall areas and land under irrigation. Low accumulation of B in the shoot or grain of cereal crops is correlated with the maintenance of biomass production and grain yield under high B conditions, suggesting that this trait is an important component of field tolerance. A novel screening protocol to measure B accumulation in aerated and supported hydroponics was validated using a set of known and exotic bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) accessions. Furthermore, B accumulation in two Triticum urartu Tumanian ex Gandilyan and 54 Triticum monococcum L. accessions was measured and showed considerable phenotypic variation. However, B accumulation in these lines was higher than that observed in the most tolerant durum or bread wheats. Mapping of high B tolerance in the durum population AUS14010/Yallaroi revealed a locus possibly allelic to Bo1, a major source of B toxicity tolerance previously identified in bread wheat. Here, we show that the Bo1-specific codominant PCR marker AWW5L7 is predictive of B tolerance status among exotic durum and bread wheat accessions. All tolerant durum accessions assayed carried very similar AWW5L7 marker fragments, indicating wide distribution of this allele among tolerant durum wheats. Three bread wheat accessions had tolerance that was independent of Bo1 and is probably located on chromosome 4A. These lines represent a valuable genetic resource for B toxicity tolerance breeding in wheat.

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Tereso, João Pedro, and Vítor Manuel Fontes Silva. "Fruits and seeds from an Iron Age ritual of commensality in Frijão (Braga, NW Portugal)." Estudos do Quaternário / Quaternary Studies, no. 11 (December 21, 2014): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30893/eq.v0i11.93.

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Frijão is a peculiar Iron Age place in Northwest Portugal. Its peculiarity derives mostly from what appears to be the remains of a ritual of commensality found in a pit or ditch.Structures in Frijão were exclusively made of perishable materials. These were destroyed by an apparently man-made and ritual fire that appears to be articulated with a riveted cauldron. In the main structure of the site – a large pit or ditch – several ceramic vessels of different typologies, including several inner-wing pots seem to have been disposed and sealed quickly after being used. In this same structure, fruits of different species were found in association with frequent charcoal and ashes. The analysis that were carried out led to the identification of Quercus acorns and three crops: naked wheat (Triticum aestivum / durum), emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum).Unfortunately no sampling strategy was implemented during the field work which makes it impossible to evaluate whether the carpological remains that were studied are representative of what was actually there. It is clear that this context is of the utmost relevance for the understanding of social practices in the regional Iron Age, but unsuitable field work makes its interpretation more difficult.

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Zhao, Na, Liying Xu, Bo Zhu, Mingjiu Li, Huakun Zhang, Bao Qi, Chunming Xu, Fangpu Han, and Bao Liu. "Chromosomal and genome-wide molecular changes associated with initial stages of allohexaploidization in wheat can be transit and incidental." Genome 54, no. 8 (August 2011): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g11-028.

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Genomic instability can be induced by nascent allopolyploidization in plants. However, most previous studies have not defined to what extent the allopolyploidy-induced rapid genomic instability represents a general response, and hence important to evolution, or merely incidental events occurring stochastically in a limited number of individuals. We report here that in a newly formed allohexaploid wheat line between tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (genome BBAA) and Aegilops tauschii (genome DD) a great majority of individual plants showed chromosomal stability and exhibited a genomic constitution similar to that of the present-day Triticum aestivum (genome BBAADD). In contrast, a single individual plant was identified at S2, which exhibited chromosomal instability in both number and structure based on multicolor genomic in situ hybridization (mc-GISH) analysis. Accordingly, this plant also manifested extensive changes at the molecular level including loss and gain of DNA segments and DNA methylation repatterning. Remarkably, the chromosomal and molecular instabilities that presumably occurred at S0 to S1 and (or) in the F1 hybrid were rapidly quenched by S2 and followed by stable transgenerational inheritance. Our results suggest that these stochastic and individual-specific rapid genomic changes, albeit interesting, probably have not played a major role in the speciation and evolution of common wheat, T. aestivum.

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Singh, A. K., J. M. Clarke, R. E. Knox, R. M. Depauw, T. N. McCaig, R. D. Cuthbert, F. R. Clarke, and M. R. Fernandez. "AAC Raymore durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 7 (September 2014): 1289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-048.

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Singh, A. K., Clarke, J. M., Knox, R. E., DePauw, R. M., McCaig, T. N., Cuthbert, R. D., Clarke, F. R. and Fernandez, M. R. 2014. AAC Raymore durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1289–1296. AAC Raymore durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. AAC Raymore is the first solid stem durum genotype registered for production in Canada for protection against wheat stem sawfly, and combines high grain yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, and low grain cadmium concentration. AAC Raymore has similar straw strength, plant height, and days to maturity as Strongfield. AAC Raymore is resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, common bunt, is moderately susceptible to loose smut, and has improved resistance to common root rot compared with the check cultivars. AAC Raymore has end use quality suitable for the Canada Western Amber Durum class.

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Singh, A. K., J. M. Clarke, R. E. Knox, R. M. DePauw, I. Wise, J. Thomas, T. N. McCaig, R. D. Cuthbert, F. R. Clarke, and M. R. Fernandez. "AAC Marchwell durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 1 (January 2015): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-223.

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Singh, A. K, Clarke, J. M., Knox, R. E., DePauw, R. M., Wise, I., Thomas, J., McCaig, T. N., Cuthbert, R. D., Clarke, F. R. and Fernandez, M.R. 2015. AAC Marchwell durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 189–195. AAC Marchwell durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of th Canadian prairies. AAC Marchwell is the first durum genotype registered for commercial production in Canada with the Sm1 gene for antibiosis-based resistance to orange wheat blossom midge [Sitodiplosis modellana (Gehin)]. It combines high grain yield, grain protein concentration, yellow pigment, test weight, and low grain cadmium concentration. AAC Marchwell has similar straw strength, plant height, and days to maturity as Strongfield. AAC Marchwell is resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, common bunt, loose smut, and common root rot. AAC Marchwell has end use quality suitable for the Canada Western Amber Durum class.

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Soleimani, V. D., B. R. Baum, and D. A. Johnson. "Identification of Canadian durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] cultivars using AFLP and their STS markers." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-021.

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We have developed two identification schemes for currently registered Canadian cultivars of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf) Husn.] based on cultivar-specific amplified restriction fragment polymorphism (AFLPJ) and their sequence tagged sites (STS) markers. Each identification key required seven markers. Transformation of AFLPs into STS markers was done in order to develop a PCR-based identification assay, which was cost effective and required minimal technical expertise. A cultivar diagnostic PCR assay was carried out for each STS primer pair. Five STS primers showed polymorphism among cultivars, but 60% of STS primers (7 out of 12) did not produce any polymorphism. The PCR products of the latter primers were digested with selected restriction enzymes resulting in restriction fragment polymorphism for two more loci. An STS-based identification key was generated for cultivar identification based on either the presence/absence of a DNA band or the presence/absence of a restriction enzyme recognition site after digestion of the PCR products with a restriction enzyme. DNA-based markers can be used as an efficient alternative to morphological traits for cultivar identification and finger printing at any stage of plant development. Moreover, an STS-based assay can be used with a minute amount of plant tissue such as fraction of a seed. Key words: Amplified restriction fragment polymorphism (AFLP), sequence tagged sites (STS), cloning, identification, durum wheat

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44

Figliuolo, Giovanni, and Pietro Perrino. "Genetic diversity and intra-specific phylogeny of Triticum turgidum L. subsp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell. revealed by RFLPs and SSRs." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51, no. 5 (August 2004): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:gres.0000024153.75636.6f.

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Zhou, Wei, Yurong Jiang, Wei Zhang, Guifang Xu, and Junkang Rong. "Characterization of Large Chromosome Segment Introgressions from Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides into Bread Wheat with Simple Sequence Repeat Markers." Crop Science 53, no. 4 (July 2013): 1555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2012.05.0287.

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Ibarra-Villarreal, Arlett L., Azucena Gándara-Ledezma, América Dafne Godoy-Flores, Angélica Herrera-Sepúlveda, Alondra María Díaz-Rodríguez, Fannie Isela Parra-Cota, and Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos. "Salt-tolerant Bacillus species as a promising strategy to mitigate the salinity stress in wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum)." Journal of Arid Environments 186 (March 2021): 104399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104399.

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Zalila-Kolsi, Imen, Afif Ben Mahmoud, Hacina Ali, Sameh Sellami, Zina Nasfi, Slim Tounsi, and Kaïs Jamoussi. "Antagonist effects of Bacillus spp. strains against Fusarium graminearum for protection of durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum )." Microbiological Research 192 (November 2016): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2016.06.012.

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Ayed-Slama, Olfa, Imen Bouhaouel, Zoubeir Chamekh, Youssef Trifa, Ali Sahli, Nadhira Ben Aissa, and Hajer Slim-Amara. "Genetic variation of salt-stressed durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum subsp. durum Desf.) genotypes under field conditions and gynogenetic capacity." Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 16, no. 1 (June 2018): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.11.004.

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Chaparro-Encinas, Luis Abraham, Gustavo Santoyo, Juan José Peña-Cabriales, Luciano Castro-Espinoza, Fannie Isela Parra-Cota, and Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos. "Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic and Cellular Processes in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) in the Face of Temperature Increasing." Plants 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 2792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122792.

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The Yaqui Valley, Mexico, has been historically considered as an experimental field for semiarid regions worldwide since temperature is an important constraint affecting durum wheat cultivation. Here, we studied the transcriptional and morphometrical response of durum wheat at an increased temperature (+2 °C) for deciphering molecular mechanisms involved in the thermal adaptation by this crop. The morphometrical assay showed a significant decrease in almost all the evaluated traits (shoot/root length, biovolume index, and dry/shoot weight) except in the dry root weight and the root:shoot ratio. At the transcriptional level, 283 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained (False Discovery Rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05 and |log2 fold change| ≥ 1.3). From these, functional annotation with MapMan4 and a gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis with GOSeq were carried out to obtain 27 GO terms significantly enriched (overrepresented FDR ≤ 0.05). Overrepresented and functionally annotated genes belonged to ontologies associated with photosynthetic acclimation, respiration, changes in carbon balance, lipid biosynthesis, the regulation of reactive oxygen species, and the acceleration of physiological progression. These findings are the first insight into the regulation of the mechanism influenced by a temperature increase in durum wheat.

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Guo, Xiao-Hui, Ji-Liang Hu, Bi-Hua Wu, Zhen-Zhen Wang, Dong Wang, Deng-Cai Liu, and You-Liang Zheng. "Special HMW-GSs and their genes of Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides accession D141 and the potential utilization in common wheat." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 63, no. 5 (July 15, 2015): 833–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-015-0287-6.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Triticum turgidum subsp'

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