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Journal articles on the topic 'Triticum turgidum subsp. durum'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Clarke, J. M., R. E. Knox, R. M. DePauw, F. R. Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, T. N. McCaig, and A. K. Singh. "Brigade durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08168.

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Brigade durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines yield similar to the checks, very strong gluten, and low grain cadmium concentration. Brigade has better straw strength than Strongfield, slightly later maturity, and Fusarium head blight resistance better than other currently registered Canadian durum cultivars.Key words: Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn., durum wheat, cultivar description, yield, protein, disease resistance
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2

Clarke, J. M., R. E. Knox, R. M. DePauw, F. R. Clarke, T. N. McCaig, M. R. Fernandez, and A. K. Singh. "Eurostar durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08129.

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Eurostar durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines high grain yield, high grain protein concentration, very strong gluten, and low grain cadmium concentration. Eurostar has similar straw strength to Strongfield, and slightly later maturity and similar disease resistance to other currently registered durum cultivars. Key words: Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn., durum wheat, cultivar description, yield, protein, disease resistance
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3

Singh, A. K., J. M. Clarke, R. M. DePauw, R. E. Knox, F. R. Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, and T. N. McCaig. "Enterprise durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09147.

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Enterprise durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines high grain yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, yellow grain pigment, and low grain cadmium concentration. Enterprise has slightly weaker straw strength, similar days to maturity, and improved fusarium head blight resistance compared with strongfield. Key words: Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn., durum wheat, cultivar description, grain yield, yellow pigment, cadmium
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4

Tamburic-Ilincic, Lily, Arend Smid, and Carl Griffey. "OAC Amber winter durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 5 (September 2012): 973–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-164.

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Tamburic-Ilincic, L., Smid, A. and Griffey, C. 2012. OAC Amber winter durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 973–975. OAC Amber is the first winter durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum L.) cultivar registered for Ontario, Canada. It is an awned wheat with amber colored kernels, high test weight, kernel weight, and protein level with good winter hardiness. OAC Amber has good resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) but is moderately susceptible to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) and leaf blotch (Septoria tritici), and susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB). OAC Amber is well adapted for the winter wheat growing areas of Ontario.
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5

Singh, A. K., J. M. Clarke, R. E. Knox, R. M. DePauw, T. N. McCaig, M. R. Fernandez, and F. R. Clarke. "Transcend Durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 4 (July 2012): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-255.

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Singh, A. K., Clarke, J. M., Knox, R. E., DePauw, R. M., McCaig, T. N., Fernandez, M. R. and Clarke, F. R. 2012. Transcend durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 809–813. Transcend durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines high grain yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, yellow grain and dough pigment, and low grain cadmium concentration. Transcend has strong straw, slightly more days to maturity, and improved Fusarium head blight resistance compared to Strongfield.
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6

Fiore, Maria Carola, Sebastiano Blangiforti, Giovanni Preiti, Alfio Spina, Sara Bosi, Ilaria Marotti, Antonio Mauceri, Guglielmo Puccio, Francesco Sunseri, and Francesco Mercati. "Elucidating the Genetic Relationships on the Original Old Sicilian Triticum Spp. Collection by SNP Genotyping." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 13378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113378.

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Several Triticum species spread in cultivation in Sicily and neighboring regions over the centuries, which led to the establishment of a large genetic diversity. Many ancient varieties were widely cultivated until the beginning of the last century before being replaced by modern varieties. Recently, they have been reintroduced in cultivation in Sicily. Here, the genetic diversity of 115 and 11 accessions from Sicily and Calabria, respectively, belonging to Triticum species was evaluated using a high-density SNP array. Einkorn, emmer, and spelta wheat genotypes were used as outgroups for species and subspecies; five modern varieties of durum and bread wheat were used as references. A principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) showed four distinct groups among Triticum species and T. turgidum subspecies. The population structure analysis distinguished five gene pools, among which three appeared private to the T. aestivum, T. turgidum subsp. Turgidum, and ‘Timilia’ group. The principal component analysis (PCA) displayed a bio-morphological trait relationship of a subset (110) of ancient wheat varieties and their wide variability within the T. turgidum subsp. durum subgroups. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and phylogenetic analyses applied to the four durum wheat subgroups revealed that the improved varieties harbored a different gene pool compared to the most ancient varieties. The ‘Russello’ and ‘Russello Ibleo’ groups were distinguished; both displayed higher genetic variability compared to the ‘Timilia’ group accessions. This research represents a comprehensive approach to fingerprinting the old wheat Sicilian germplasm, which is useful in avoiding commercial fraud and sustaining the cultivation of landraces and ancient varieties.
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7

Lubna, Lubna, Sajjad Asaf, Rahmatullah Jan, Abdul Latif Khan, Waqar Ahmad, Saleem Asif, Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Kyung-Min Kim, and In-Jung Lee. "The Plastome Sequences of Triticum sphaerococcum (ABD) and Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (AB) Exhibit Evolutionary Changes, Structural Characterization, Comparative Analysis, Phylogenomics and Time Divergence." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 2783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052783.

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The mechanism and course of Triticum plastome evolution is currently unknown; thus, it remains unclear how Triticum plastomes evolved during recent polyploidization. Here, we report the complete plastomes of two polyploid wheat species, Triticum sphaerococcum (AABBDD) and Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (AABB), and compare them with 19 available and complete Triticum plastomes to create the first map of genomic structural variation. Both T. sphaerococcum and T. turgidum subsp. durum plastomes were found to have a quadripartite structure, with plastome lengths of 134,531 bp and 134,015 bp, respectively. Furthermore, diploid (AA), tetraploid (AB, AG) and hexaploid (ABD, AGAm) Triticum species plastomes displayed a conserved gene content and commonly harbored an identical set of annotated unique genes. Overall, there was a positive correlation between the number of repeats and plastome size. In all plastomes, the number of tandem repeats was higher than the number of palindromic and forward repeats. We constructed a Triticum phylogeny based on the complete plastomes and 42 shared genes from 71 plastomes. We estimated the divergence of Hordeum vulgare from wheat around 11.04–11.9 million years ago (mya) using a well-resolved plastome tree. Similarly, Sitopsis species diverged 2.8–2.9 mya before Triticum urartu (AA) and Triticum monococcum (AA). Aegilops speltoides was shown to be the maternal donor of polyploid wheat genomes and diverged ~0.2–0.9 mya. The phylogeny and divergence time estimates presented here can act as a reference framework for future studies of Triticum evolution.
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Alfeo, Vincenzo, Barbara Jaskula-Goiris, Ginfranco Venora, Emanuele Schimmenti, Guido Aerts, and Aldo Todaro. "Screening of durum wheat landraces (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) for the malting suitability." Journal of Cereal Science 83 (September 2018): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2018.08.001.

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9

Ibba, Maria Itria, Alecia M. Kiszonas, Deven R. See, Daniel Z. Skinner, and Craig F. Morris. "Mapping kernel texture in a soft durum (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) wheat population." Journal of Cereal Science 85 (January 2019): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2018.10.006.

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10

Brandolini, A., P. Vaccino, G. Boggini, H. Özkan, B. Kilian, and F. Salamini. "Quantification of genetic relationships among A genomes of wheats." Genome 49, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g05-110.

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The genetic relationships of A genomes of Triticum urartu (Au) and Triticum monococcum (Am) in polyploid wheats are explored and quantified by AFLP fingerprinting. Forty-one accessions of A-genome diploid wheats, 3 of AG-genome wheats, 19 of AB-genome wheats, 15 of ABD-genome wheats, and 1 of the D-genome donor Ae. tauschii have been analysed. Based on 7 AFLP primer combinations, 423 bands were identified as potentially A genome specific. The bands were reduced to 239 by eliminating those present in autoradiograms of Ae. tauschii, bands interpreted as common to all wheat genomes. Neighbour-joining analysis separates T. urartu from T. monococcum. Triticum urartu has the closest relationship to polyploid wheats. Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum and T. turgidum subsp. durum lines are included in tightly linked clusters. The hexaploid spelts occupy positions in the phylogenetic tree intermediate between bread wheats and T. turgidum. The AG-genome accessions cluster in a position quite distant from both diploid and other polyploid wheats. The estimates of similarity between A genomes of diploid and polyploid wheats indicate that, compared with Am, Au has around 20% higher similarity to the genomes of polyploid wheats. Triticum timo pheevii AG genome is molecularly equidistant from those of Au and Am wheats.Key words: A genome, Triticum, genetic relationships, AFLP.
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11

González, Juan M., Rodrigo Cañas, Alejandra Cabeza, Magdalena Ruiz, Patricia Giraldo, and Yolanda Loarce. "Study of Variability in Root System Architecture of Spanish Triticum turgidum L. Subspecies and Analysis of the Presence of a MITE Element Inserted in the TtDro1B Gene: Evolutionary Implications." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112294.

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We analysed nine traits of the root system of 223 genotypes of Triticum turgidum (2n = 4x = AABB) subspecies dicoccoides, dicoccum, turgidum, durum and polonicum, finding a large intra and interspecific variability in both the number and size of roots, as well as in their spatial distribution. We studied the presence of an incomplete MITE (Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Element) inserted in the TtDro1B gene, which is present in some genotypes of dicoccoides, dicoccum, and turgidum, but not in polonicum and the 97.9% of the durum accessions. Comparison between genotypes shows that genotypes with the MITE element have smaller and shallower roots. Since Aegilops is considered to be the donor of the wheat B genome, the presence of the same MITE element was analysed in 55 accessions of the species Aegilops speltoides, searsii, bicornis and longissima, and in no case was it detected. We propose that after the emergence of T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides, the insertion of the MITE element probably occurred in a single plant. Subsequent domestication resulted in genotypes of dicoccum with and without the MITE element, which after selection gave rise to the subspecies turgidum, and durum and polonicum, respectively. The MITE element can be used to differentiate turgidum from the durum and polonicum with high reliability.
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12

Dias, Ana S., Ana S. Bagulho, and Fernando C. Lidon. "Ultrastructure and biochemical traits of bread and durum wheat grains under heat stress." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 20, no. 4 (December 2008): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202008000400008.

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The yield and grain quality (as well as technological traits) of two heat-stressed genotypes of bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) having different tolerance to high temperatures after anthesis were investigated. Heat stress, during grain filling, triggered grain shrinkage with a reduced weight and ultrastructural changes in the aleurone layer and in the endosperm cells. Heat stress also decreased the sedimentation index SDS, an effect associated with increased protein content in the grain but with decreased levels of essential amino acids. Although the responses to heat stress were similar among the Triticum genotypes, it is further suggested that during grain filling, high temperatures might affect gluten strength, diminishing the wheat flour quality.
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13

Hamdi, Suleiman, Hoogenboom, and Shelia. "Response of the Durum Wheat Cultivar Um Qais (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) to Salinity." Agriculture 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070135.

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The threat of land degradation by salinization in Jordan has been increasing over the last decades. Therefore, information about the response of local cultivars to salinity is needed to help farmers choose the most productive cultivars for areas with salt-affected soils. A recently released durum wheat cultivar Um Qais (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) has shown to be productive under normal conditions but to date there are no known studies on its tolerance to salinity. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the response of Um Qais cultivar to salinity. A field experiment was carried out in the Jordan Valley, which is known for its hot, dry climate during the summer and low rainfall and moderate temperature during the winter. Three water salinity levels (S): S1 (2 dS m−1), S2 (4 dS m−1), and S3 (8 dS m−1) with three irrigation amounts (R) (control = 120% (R1), 100% (R2), and 70% (R3)) were used in the field. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using four levels of saline water (S): S1 (0.65 dS m−1), S2 (4 dS m−1), S3 (8 dS m−1), and S4 (10 dS m−1). In both experiments, the leaf area index (LAI) and canopy height were measured during three growth stages, tillering, flag leaf, and maturity. The number of grains, grain yield, and above-ground biomass were measured after harvesting while soil salinity and pH were measured every three weeks during the growing season. The results showed that the maximum reduction in yield was of the 28% in the field experiment when the average soil salinity was of 6.8 ± 1.1 (standard error) dS m−1 at the middle stages of the season. Significant changes were shown in the treatments of the field experiments for maximum LAI, number of grains, and aboveground biomass, but not for plant height. For the greenhouse treatments, about 60% of the maximum grain yield was obtained when the average soil salinity was 9.94 ± 1.89 dS m−1 at the middle stage. Grain yield was the most sensitive parameter to the increase in soil salinity during the season. According to the findings of both experiments, Um Qais can be cultivated in moderately saline soils.
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Ruan, Y., A. K. Singh, R. M. DePauw, R. E. Knox, R. D. Cuthbert, B. McCallum, T. Fetch, and B. L. Beres. "AAC Stronghold durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0224.

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AAC Stronghold durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. Averaged over 3 yr, AAC Stronghold yielded significantly more grain than AC Navigator. AAC Stronghold had a protein concentration significantly less than Strongfield but significantly more than Brigade. AAC Stronghold had a plant height significantly shorter than Brigade, Strongfield, and AAC Cabri, with a lodging score significantly less than Strongfield and AAC Cabri. AAC Stronghold has a solid stem, which confers resistance to cutting by the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton). AAC Stronghold had low grain cadmium concentration and stronger gluten than Strongfield. AAC Stronghold is eligible for grades of Canada Western Amber Durum.
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MOHAMMADI, R., A. AMRI, H. AHMADI, and J. JAFARZADEH. "Characterization of tetraploid wheat landraces for cold tolerance and agronomic traits under rainfed conditions of Iran." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 4 (July 18, 2014): 631–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961400046x.

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SUMMARYAbiotic stresses such as cold and drought are major limiting factors of durum wheat production in the highlands of Iran. A total of 641 tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) accessions, selected from wheat collections conserved at ICARDA gene-bank, were evaluated under rainfed conditions at three highland research stations in cold and moderately cold areas of Iran. The main objectives were to (i) compare the different tetraploid wheats for cold tolerance and agronomic performance in relation to their growth habit (spring, facultative and winter) and (ii) examine the potential of accessions to combine cold and drought tolerance with high yield and good agronomic traits, for their further use in durum wheat breeding. Plant height, thousand-kernel weight and grain yield were the traits that best differentiated the accessions. The winter types had better agronomic performance, higher chlorophyll content (SPAD) and cold tolerance, compared to facultative and spring types. Most of the cold-tolerant accessions belonged to T. turgidum subsp. durum and T. turgidum subsp. carthalicum. Some of the accessions combined high yield with the level of cold and drought tolerance that is needed for the development of cultivars adapted to the highlands of Iran. The results indicated that related species could be used to improve winter hardness and cold tolerance in durum wheat and selection for earliness, high chlorophyll content and grain yield may lead to better cold tolerance and adaptation to the highland areas of Iran.
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Bobryk-Mamczarz, Aneta, Anna Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz, and Leszek Rachoń. "Usefulness of Hulled Wheats Grown in Polish Environment for Wholegrain Pasta-Making." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020458.

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The best pasta raw material is durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.). Recently, old wheat species have also attracted interest. The aim of the study was to evaluate their usefulness for industrial pasta production. The technological characteristics of grains and the organoleptic characteristics of pasta obtained from hulled emmer (T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum) and spelt (T. aestivum ssp. spelta) were determined and compared to durum wheat, as a standard pasta raw material, and common wheat (T. aestivum). All wheats were grown under identical conditions. The hardness of kernels was assessed using the practical size index, wheat hardness index, torque moment, milling work of 50 g of flour, semolina yield, and starch damage. The technological and nutritional values of semolina, i.e., protein and ash content, wet gluten yield and quality, and falling number, were determined. Moreover, the organoleptic characteristics of cooked pasta were analysed in terms of appearance, colour, taste, smell, and consistency. The milling parameters of emmer were comparable to those of durum wheat; moreover, the content of protein, gluten, and ash was higher in emmer. Spelt was found to be similar to common wheat. Hulled wheats, especially emmer, show good quality parameters and can be an alternative raw material for industrial pasta production.
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Aberkane, Hafid, Ahmed Amri, Bouchra Belkadi, Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf, Jan Valkoun, and Zakaria Kehel. "Contribution of Wild Relatives to Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) Yield Stability across Contrasted Environments." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101992.

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Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is mostly grown in Mediterranean type environments, characterized by unpredictable rainfall amounts and distribution, heat stress, and prevalence of major diseases and pests, all to be exacerbated with climate change. Pre-breeding efforts transgressing adaptive genes from wild relatives need to be strengthened to overcome these abiotic and biotic challenges. In this study, we evaluated the yield stability of 67 lines issued from interspecific crosses of Cham5 and Haurani with Triticum dicoccoides, T. agilopoides, T. urartu, and Aegilops speltoides, grown under 15 contrasting rainfed and irrigated environments in Morocco, and heat-prone conditions in Sudan. Yield stability was assessed using parametric (univariate (e.g., Bi, S2di, Pi etc) and multivariate (ASV, SIPC)) and non-parametric (Si1, Si2, Si3 and Si6) approaches. The combined analysis of variance showed the highly significant effects of genotypes, environments, and genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI). The environments varied in yield (1370–6468 kg/ha), heritability (0.08–0.9), and in their contribution to the GEI. Several lines derived from the four wild parents combined productivity and stability, making them suitable for unpredictable climatic conditions. A significant advantage in yield and stability was observed in Haurani derivatives compared to their recurrent parent. Furthermore, no yield penalty was observed in many of Cham5 derivatives; they had improved yield under unfavorable environments while maintaining the high yield potential from the recurrent parent (e.g., 142,026 and 142,074). It was found that a limited number of backcrosses can produce high yielding/stable germplasm while increasing diversity in a breeding pipeline. Comparing different stability approaches showed that some of them can be used interchangeably; others can be complementary to combine broad adaption with higher yield.
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Herrera-Foessel, S. A., R. P. Singh, J. Huerta-Espino, H. M. William, A. Djurle, and J. Yuen. "Molecular Mapping of a Leaf Rust Resistance Gene on the Short Arm of Chromosome 6B of Durum Wheat." Plant Disease 92, no. 12 (December 2008): 1650–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-12-1650.

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Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is an important disease of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) worldwide, and the most effective way to control it is through the use of resistant cultivars. A partially dominant leaf rust resistance gene present in the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center-derived Chilean cv. Guayacan INIA and its sister line Guayacan 2 was mapped to chromosome arm 6BS by identifying linked amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and mapping two of the molecular markers in common wheat (T. aestivum) linkage maps of the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative and Oligoculm × Fukuho-komugi populations. Comparison of infection type responses of the two resistant durums with common wheat testers carrying the previously mapped resistance genes Lr36 and Lr53 on 6BS, and their chromosomal positions, indicated that the resistance gene in durum wheat Guayacan INIA is a new leaf rust resistance gene, which was designated as Lr61. Gene Lr61 is effective against the P. triticina race BBG/BN predominant in northwestern Mexico and other races infecting durum wheat in various countries.
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Slama-Ayed, Olfa, Imen Bouhaouel, Sourour Ayed, Jacques De Buyser, Emmanuel Picard, and Hajer Slim Amara. "Efficiency of three haplomethods in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum Desf.): isolated microspore culture, gynogenesis and wheat × maize crosses." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 55, No. 3 (June 17, 2019): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/188/2017-cjgpb.

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This study presents the first report comparing the efficiency of microspore culture, gynogenesis and durum wheat × maize crosses for haploid plant production from three durum wheat genotypes (Razzek, Karim and Jneh Khotifa). The results showed that the best induction, calli or embryos formation and plant regeneration rates for the three genotypes were obtained with gynogenesis (47.2, 7.6, 0.8%), followed by interspecific crosses (33.1, 1.7, 0.4%) and isolated microspore culture (8.2, 0.05, 0.01%). Interestingly, all plants regenerated by gynogenesis and durum wheat × maize crosses were green whereas all plants obtained by isolated microspore culture were albino. In the haploid production system, all steps of the process are important for the three methods. The critical steps that have greatly reduced the number of regenerated haploid plants were induction, embryogenesis and regeneration for microspore culture, forming and regeneration of calli or embryo and haploid regeneration for interspecific crosses and gynogenesis. Genotypes with good capacity of induction have not necessarily a good capacity of haploid plantlets regeneration and vice-versa. However, calli or embryos formation seems to be an indicator of the haploid production. Overall, Razzek showed a good ability to produce haploids using the three methods. Each haplomethod showed a specific advantage. Although gynogenesis is the less used method for durum wheat, it has proved to be a successful approach for green haploid plant production.
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Del Coco, Laura, Barbara Laddomada, Danilo Migoni, Giovanni Mita, Rosanna Simeone, and Francesco Fanizzi. "Variability and Site Dependence of Grain Mineral Contents in Tetraploid Wheats." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030736.

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Crop production and natural resource use, especially in developing countries, represents one of the most important food sources for humans. In particular, two wheat species (tetraploid, which is mostly used for pasta and hexaploid, which is primarily used for bread) account for about 20% of the whole calories consumed worldwide. In order to assess the mineral accumulation capability of some popular tetraploid wheat genotypes, a metabolomic (metallomic) approach was used in this study. The metallomic profile related to micro- (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni and Cr), macro- (Ca, Mg and K) and toxic trace elements (Cd and Pb) was obtained by ICP-AES analysis in a large set of tetraploid wheat genotypes (Triticum turgidum L.) that were grown in two different experimental fields. Correlations and multivariate statistical analyses were performed, grouping the samples under two wheat sets, comprising cultivated durum cultivars (T. turgidum subsp. durum) and wild accessions (T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum and subsp. dicoccoides). The site dependence ranking for the selected genotypes with the highest nutrient accumulation was obtained. The significantly higher content of Mg (among the macronutrients) and the highest levels of Mn, Fe and Zn (among the micronutrients) were found for wild accessions with respect to durum cultivars. Moreover, the former genotypes were also the ones with the lowest level of accumulation of the trace toxic elements, in particular Cd. According to the performed statistical analyses, the wild accessions appeared also to be less influenced by the different environmental conditions. This is in accord with literature data, indicating the superiority of “old” with respect to modern wheat cultivars for mineral content. Although further studies are required on a wider range of genotypes to confirm these findings, the obtained results could be used to better select the less demanding and better performing cultivars in specific target wheat growing environments.
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Singh, A. K., J. M. Clarke, R. E. Knox, R. M. Depauw, T. N. McCaig, R. D. Cuthbert, F. R. Clarke, and M. R. Fernandez. "AAC Raymore durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 7 (September 2014): 1289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-048.

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Singh, A. K., Clarke, J. M., Knox, R. E., DePauw, R. M., McCaig, T. N., Cuthbert, R. D., Clarke, F. R. and Fernandez, M. R. 2014. AAC Raymore durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1289–1296. AAC Raymore durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. AAC Raymore is the first solid stem durum genotype registered for production in Canada for protection against wheat stem sawfly, and combines high grain yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, and low grain cadmium concentration. AAC Raymore has similar straw strength, plant height, and days to maturity as Strongfield. AAC Raymore is resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, common bunt, is moderately susceptible to loose smut, and has improved resistance to common root rot compared with the check cultivars. AAC Raymore has end use quality suitable for the Canada Western Amber Durum class.
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Singh, A. K., J. M. Clarke, R. E. Knox, R. M. DePauw, I. Wise, J. Thomas, T. N. McCaig, R. D. Cuthbert, F. R. Clarke, and M. R. Fernandez. "AAC Marchwell durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 1 (January 2015): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-223.

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Singh, A. K, Clarke, J. M., Knox, R. E., DePauw, R. M., Wise, I., Thomas, J., McCaig, T. N., Cuthbert, R. D., Clarke, F. R. and Fernandez, M.R. 2015. AAC Marchwell durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 189–195. AAC Marchwell durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of th Canadian prairies. AAC Marchwell is the first durum genotype registered for commercial production in Canada with the Sm1 gene for antibiosis-based resistance to orange wheat blossom midge [Sitodiplosis modellana (Gehin)]. It combines high grain yield, grain protein concentration, yellow pigment, test weight, and low grain cadmium concentration. AAC Marchwell has similar straw strength, plant height, and days to maturity as Strongfield. AAC Marchwell is resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, common bunt, loose smut, and common root rot. AAC Marchwell has end use quality suitable for the Canada Western Amber Durum class.
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23

Ramzi, Elnaz, Ali Asghari, Saeid Khomari, and Hamidreza Mohammaddoust e Chamanabad. "Investigation of Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum Desf) Lines for Tolerance to Aluminum Stress Condition." Journal of Crop Breeding 10, no. 25 (June 1, 2018): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jcb.10.25.63.

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24

Carrubba, Alessandra, Andrea Labruzzo, Andrea Comparato, Serena Muccilli, and Alfio Spina. "Use of Plant Water Extracts for Weed Control in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. Subsp. durum Desf.)." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030364.

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The use of plant water extracts to control weeds is gaining attention in environmentally-friendly agriculture, but the study of the effect that such extracts may exert on the yield of durum wheat is still unexplored. In 2014 and 2016, the herbicidal potential of several plant water extracts was field tested on durum wheat (cv Valbelice). In 2014, extracts obtained from Artemisia arborescens, Rhus coriaria, Lantana camara, Thymus vulgaris, and Euphorbia characias were used, whereas in 2016 only A. arborescens and R. coriaria were tested as “donor” plants. In both years, weed incidence was evaluated, together with the major yield parameters of wheat. None of the treatments (including chemicals) could eradicate weeds from the field. In 2014, dicots were in general prevailing in plots treated with extracts of E. characias, while monocots prevailed after treatments with L. camara and R. coriaria. In 2016, lower weed biomass and diversity level were found, and only Avena and Phalaris were detected at harvest time. Treatment with plant water extracts affected grain yields, but it seems likely that those effects are not due to the diverse incidence of weeds in treated and untreated plots, rather to some direct action exerted by allelopathic substances.
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Mzid, R., M. Ayadi, R. Ben Ayed, E. Menzli, E. Babay, and M. Hanana. "Molecular characterization of γ gliadin from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. Subsp. Durum ((Desf.) Husn.)." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (September 14, 2017): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i3.16.

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26

Makhloufi, Emna, Fatma-Ezzahra Yousfi, Julien Pirrello, Anne Bernadac, Abdelwahed Ghorbel, and Mondher Bouzayen. "TdERF1, an ethylene response factor associated with dehydration responses in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum)." Plant Signaling & Behavior 10, no. 10 (October 3, 2015): e1065366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2015.1065366.

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Rampino, Patrizia, Stefano Pataleo, Vittorio Falco, Giovanni Mita, and Carla Perrotta. "Identification of candidate genes associated with senescence in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) using cDNA-AFLP." Molecular Biology Reports 38, no. 8 (January 1, 2011): 5219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0673-2.

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Schnurbusch, Thorsten, Peter Langridge, and Tim Sutton. "The Bo1-specific PCR marker AWW5L7 is predictive of boron tolerance status in a range of exotic durum and bread wheats." Genome 51, no. 12 (December 2008): 963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g08-084.

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High soil boron (B) constitutes a major soil problem in many parts of the world, particularly in low-rainfall areas and land under irrigation. Low accumulation of B in the shoot or grain of cereal crops is correlated with the maintenance of biomass production and grain yield under high B conditions, suggesting that this trait is an important component of field tolerance. A novel screening protocol to measure B accumulation in aerated and supported hydroponics was validated using a set of known and exotic bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) accessions. Furthermore, B accumulation in two Triticum urartu Tumanian ex Gandilyan and 54 Triticum monococcum L. accessions was measured and showed considerable phenotypic variation. However, B accumulation in these lines was higher than that observed in the most tolerant durum or bread wheats. Mapping of high B tolerance in the durum population AUS14010/Yallaroi revealed a locus possibly allelic to Bo1, a major source of B toxicity tolerance previously identified in bread wheat. Here, we show that the Bo1-specific codominant PCR marker AWW5L7 is predictive of B tolerance status among exotic durum and bread wheat accessions. All tolerant durum accessions assayed carried very similar AWW5L7 marker fragments, indicating wide distribution of this allele among tolerant durum wheats. Three bread wheat accessions had tolerance that was independent of Bo1 and is probably located on chromosome 4A. These lines represent a valuable genetic resource for B toxicity tolerance breeding in wheat.
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Carmona, S., L. Caballero, L. M. Martín, and J. B. Alvarez. "Genetic diversity in khorasan and rivet wheat by assessment of morphological traits and seed storage proteins." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 11 (2010): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10228.

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The genetic diversity of 77 accessions of khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. turanicum Jakubz em. A. Löve & D. Löve) and 313 accessions of rivet wheat (T. turgidum L. subsp. turgidum) was assessed on the basis of analysis of several morphological traits and seed storage proteins. Eleven allelic variants were detected in khorasan wheat, three for the Glu-A1, one of them identified as novel; while two of the eight alleles detected for the Glu-B1 have not previously been described. A higher level of variability was observed in rivet wheat, with the detection of 20 allelic variants, five alleles at the Glu-A1 loci, two of them new, and 15 allelic variants at the Glu-B1 loci, six of these being novel. The khorasan wheat accessions derived from 22 different origins, while there were 39 origins for the rivet wheat accessions. Genetic diversity was lower among the khorasan (Ht = 0.395) than among the rivet wheat accessions (Ht = 0.545). Nevertheless, in both species, most of this diversity appeared between origins, with very low diversity observed within origins. The detected variation could be used for transfer new quality genes to durum wheat, thus enlarging the genetic pool of this species.
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Rojas-Padilla, Jonathan, Luz Estela de-Bashan, Fannie Isela Parra-Cota, Jorge Rocha-Estrada, and Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos. "Microencapsulation of Bacillus Strains for Improving Wheat (Triticum turgidum Subsp. durum) Growth and Development." Plants 11, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212920.

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Bio-formulation technologies have a limited impact on agricultural productivity in developing countries, especially those based on plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Thus, calcium alginate microbeads were synthesized and used for the protection and delivery of three beneficial Bacillus strains for agricultural applications. The process of encapsulation had a high yield per gram for all bacteria and the microbeads protected the Bacillus strains, allowing their survival, after 12 months of storage at room temperature. Microbead analysis was carried out by observing the rate of swelling and biodegradation of the beads and the released-establishment of bacteria in the soil. These results showed that there is an increase of around 75% in bead swelling on average, which allows for larger pores, and the effective release and subsequent establishment of the bacteria in the soil. Biodegradation of microbeads in the soil was gradual: in the first week, they increased their weight (75%), which consistently results in the swelling ratio. The co-inoculation of the encapsulated strain TRQ8 with the other two encapsulated strains showed plant growth promotion. TRQ8 + TRQ65 and TRQ8 + TE3T bacteria showed increases in different biometric parameters of wheat plants, such as stem height, root length, dry weight, and chlorophyll content. Thus, here we demonstrated that the application of alginate microbeads containing the studied strains showed a positive effect on wheat plants.
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Mangini, Giacomo, Benedetta Margiotta, Ilaria Marcotuli, Massimo Antonio Signorile, Agata Gadaleta, and Antonio Blanco. "Genetic diversity and phenetic analysis in wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum and Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum) landraces based on SNP markers." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 64, no. 6 (September 21, 2016): 1269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0435-7.

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32

Klay, Imen, Leila Riahi, Hajer Slim Amara, and Abderrazak Daaloul. "Genotypic variability for salt stress tolerance among wild and cultivated wheat germplasms at an early development stage." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (July 19, 2019): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0035.

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AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the variability of salt tolerance potentials among nine wheat genotypes representing wild and cultivated species namely Triticum turgidum subsp. durum, Triticum aestivum and Aegilops geniculata. Ionomic and photosynthetic traits were used for the screening of the studied samples when faced with four salinity levels of NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) under green house conditions at the seedling stage. The investigated genotypes exhibited different levels of salt stress tolerance. Ionomic and photosynthetic traits underline the distinctiveness of the common wheat varieties which highlighted particular performances under salt stress conditions and showed higher tolerance potentials among the studied genotypes. Interestingly, the Vaga variety showed more ability to maintain higher K+/Na+ ratios and Pq coefficients compared with the control conditions and stable Fv/F0 and Fv/Fm ratios. Stable behaviour was exhibited by wild Aegilops accessions while durum wheat varieties have been shown to be more sensitive to salt stress. Further investigations were required for the common wheat variety Vaga, which could be useful for successful breeding and biotechnological improvement strategies concerning wheat species.
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Soleimani, V. D., B. R. Baum, and D. A. Johnson. "Identification of Canadian durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] cultivars using AFLP and their STS markers." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-021.

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We have developed two identification schemes for currently registered Canadian cultivars of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf) Husn.] based on cultivar-specific amplified restriction fragment polymorphism (AFLPJ) and their sequence tagged sites (STS) markers. Each identification key required seven markers. Transformation of AFLPs into STS markers was done in order to develop a PCR-based identification assay, which was cost effective and required minimal technical expertise. A cultivar diagnostic PCR assay was carried out for each STS primer pair. Five STS primers showed polymorphism among cultivars, but 60% of STS primers (7 out of 12) did not produce any polymorphism. The PCR products of the latter primers were digested with selected restriction enzymes resulting in restriction fragment polymorphism for two more loci. An STS-based identification key was generated for cultivar identification based on either the presence/absence of a DNA band or the presence/absence of a restriction enzyme recognition site after digestion of the PCR products with a restriction enzyme. DNA-based markers can be used as an efficient alternative to morphological traits for cultivar identification and finger printing at any stage of plant development. Moreover, an STS-based assay can be used with a minute amount of plant tissue such as fraction of a seed. Key words: Amplified restriction fragment polymorphism (AFLP), sequence tagged sites (STS), cloning, identification, durum wheat
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Zalila-Kolsi, Imen, Afif Ben Mahmoud, Hacina Ali, Sameh Sellami, Zina Nasfi, Slim Tounsi, and Kaïs Jamoussi. "Antagonist effects of Bacillus spp. strains against Fusarium graminearum for protection of durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum )." Microbiological Research 192 (November 2016): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2016.06.012.

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35

Ayed-Slama, Olfa, Imen Bouhaouel, Zoubeir Chamekh, Youssef Trifa, Ali Sahli, Nadhira Ben Aissa, and Hajer Slim-Amara. "Genetic variation of salt-stressed durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum subsp. durum Desf.) genotypes under field conditions and gynogenetic capacity." Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 16, no. 1 (June 2018): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.11.004.

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36

Yilmaz, Volkan Arif, and Ahmet Faik Koca. "Effect of different production techniques on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) and durum (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum ) bulgur." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97, no. 1 (April 8, 2016): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7724.

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37

Herrera-Foessel, S. A., J. Huerta-Espino, V. Calvo-Salazar, C. X. Lan, and R. P. Singh. "Lr72 Confers Resistance to Leaf Rust in Durum Wheat Cultivar Atil C2000." Plant Disease 98, no. 5 (May 2014): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-13-0741-re.

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Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), has become a globally important disease for durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) since the detection of race group BBG/BN, which renders ineffective a widely deployed seedling resistance gene present in several popular cultivars including Mexican cultivars Altar C84 and Atil C2000. The resistance gene continues to play a key role in protecting durum wheat against bread wheat–predominant races since virulence among this race group has not been found. We developed F3 and F5 mapping populations from a cross between Atil C2000 and the susceptible line Atred #1. Resistance was characterized by greenhouse seedling tests using three Pt races. Segregation tests indicated the presence of a single gene, which was mapped to the distal end of 7BS by bulk segregant analysis. The closest marker, wmc606, was located 5.5 cM proximal to the gene. No known leaf rust resistance genes are reported in this region; this gene was therefore designated as Lr72. The presence of Lr72 was further investigated in greenhouse tests in a collection of durum wheat using 13 Pt races. It was concluded that at least one additional gene protects durum wheat from bread wheat–predominant Pt races.
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Chaparro-Encinas, Luis Abraham, Gustavo Santoyo, Juan José Peña-Cabriales, Luciano Castro-Espinoza, Fannie Isela Parra-Cota, and Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos. "Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic and Cellular Processes in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) in the Face of Temperature Increasing." Plants 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 2792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122792.

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The Yaqui Valley, Mexico, has been historically considered as an experimental field for semiarid regions worldwide since temperature is an important constraint affecting durum wheat cultivation. Here, we studied the transcriptional and morphometrical response of durum wheat at an increased temperature (+2 °C) for deciphering molecular mechanisms involved in the thermal adaptation by this crop. The morphometrical assay showed a significant decrease in almost all the evaluated traits (shoot/root length, biovolume index, and dry/shoot weight) except in the dry root weight and the root:shoot ratio. At the transcriptional level, 283 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained (False Discovery Rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05 and |log2 fold change| ≥ 1.3). From these, functional annotation with MapMan4 and a gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis with GOSeq were carried out to obtain 27 GO terms significantly enriched (overrepresented FDR ≤ 0.05). Overrepresented and functionally annotated genes belonged to ontologies associated with photosynthetic acclimation, respiration, changes in carbon balance, lipid biosynthesis, the regulation of reactive oxygen species, and the acceleration of physiological progression. These findings are the first insight into the regulation of the mechanism influenced by a temperature increase in durum wheat.
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Ladhari, Afef, Giandomenico Corrado, Youssef Rouphael, Francesca Carella, Giuseppina Rita Nappo, Cinzia Di Marino, Anna De Marco, and Domenico Palatucci. "Chemical, Functional, and Technological Features of Grains, Brans, and Semolina from Purple and Red Durum Wheat Landraces." Foods 11, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11111545.

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A main reason of the increasing interest in cereal landraces is their potential to offer more diversified and functional staple food. For instance, landraces are an underexploited resource of pigmented varieties, appreciated for the high accumulation of phytochemicals with known health benefits. This study characterized the chemical, functional, and technological features of the bran, semolina, and grains of two durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum, Desf.) landraces, named ‘Purple’ and ‘Red’ for their grain color, collected in Ethiopia and grown and sold in southern Italy as a niche product. Specifically, we analyzed the protein content, dry gluten, ash, total polyphenols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and specific phenolic acids. We also evaluated the antioxidant activity using DPPH- and ABTS-based methods. The two landraces had positive nutritional features, such as a high protein content, a rich and composite range of secondary metabolites (which include specific phenolic acids and anthocyanins), and antioxidant activities in all the fractions analyzed. The germplasm under investigation therefore has a well-justified potential to yield functional products and to diversify durum wheat-based foods.
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Rizzello, Carlo Giuseppe, Ivana Cavoski, Jelena Turk, Danilo Ercolini, Luana Nionelli, Erica Pontonio, Maria De Angelis, Francesca De Filippis, Marco Gobbetti, and Raffaella Di Cagno. "Organic Cultivation of Triticum turgidum subsp. durum Is Reflected in the Flour-Sourdough Fermentation-Bread Axis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 9 (February 27, 2015): 3192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.04161-14.

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ABSTRACTTriticum turgidumsubsp.durumwas grown according to four farming systems: conventional (CONV), organic with cow manure (OMAN) or green manure (OLEG), and without inputs (NOINPUT). Some chemical and technological characteristics differed between CONVand organic flours. As shown by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis, OMANand OLEGflours showed the highest number of gliadins, and OMANflour also had the highest number of high-molecular-mass glutenins. Type I sourdoughs were prepared at the laboratory level through a back-slopping procedure, and the bacterial ecology during sourdough preparation was described by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Before fermentation, the dough made with CONVflour showed the highest bacterial diversity. Flours were variously contaminated by genera belonging to theProteobacteria,Firmicutes, andActinobacteria. Mature sourdoughs were completely and stably dominated by lactic acid bacteria. The diversity ofFirmicuteswas the highest for mature sourdoughs made with organic and, especially, NOINPUTflours. Beta diversity analysis based on the weighted UniFrac distance showed differences between doughs and sourdoughs. Those made with CONVflour were separated from the other with organic flours. Lactic acid bacterium microbiota structure was qualitatively confirmed through the culturing method. As shown by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis, yeasts belonging to the generaSaccharomyces,Candida,Kazachstania, andRhodotorulaoccurred in all sourdoughs. Levels of bound phenolic acids and phytase and antioxidant activities differed depending on the farming system. Mature sourdoughs were used for bread making. Technological characteristics were superior in the breads made with organic sourdoughs. The farming system is another determinant affecting the sourdough microbiota. The organic cultivation of durum wheat was reflected along the flour-sourdough fermentation-bread axis.
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41

Herrera-Foessel, S. A., R. P. Singh, J. Huerta-Espino, H. M. William, V. Garcia, A. Djurle, and J. Yuen. "Identification and Molecular Characterization of Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Lr14a in Durum Wheat." Plant Disease 92, no. 3 (March 2008): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-3-0469.

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Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is an important disease of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) and only a few designated resistance genes are known to occur in this crop. A dominant leaf rust resistance gene in the Chilean durum cv. Llareta INIA was mapped to chromosome arm 7BL through bulked segregant analysis using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique, and by mapping three polymorphic markers in the common wheat (T. aestivum) International Triticeae Mapping Initiative population. Several simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, including Xgwm344-7B and Xgwm146-7B, were associated with the leaf rust resistance gene. Resistance response and chromosomal position indicated that this gene is likely to be Lr14a. The SSR markers Xgwm344-7B and Xgwm146-7B and one AFLP marker also differentiated common wheat cv. Thatcher from the near-isogenic line with Lr14a, as well as durum ‘Altar C84’ from durum wheat with Lr14a. This is the first report of the presence of Lr14a in durum wheat, although the gene originally was transferred from emmer wheat ‘Yaroslav’ to common wheat. Lr14a is also present in CIMMYT-derived durum ‘Somateria’ and effective against Mexican and other P. triticina races of durum origin. Lr14a should be deployed in combination with other effective leaf rust resistance genes to prolong its effectiveness in durum wheat.
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Soleimani, V. D., B. R. Baum, and D. A. Johnson. "AFLP and pedigree-based genetic diversity estimates in modern cultivars of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.]." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 104, no. 2 (February 2002): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220100714.

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43

Rebetzke, G. J., A. R. Rattey, W. D. Bovill, R. A. Richards, B. J. Brooks, and M. Ellis. "Agronomic assessment of the durum." Crop & Pasture Science 73, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp21645.

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The wheat Green Revolution Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b dwarfing alleles are associated with increased grain yields but also with reduced early growth and seedling emergence, especially if sowing conditions are unfavourable. The gibberellic acid-responsive, mutagen-derived Rht18 dwarfing gene was backcrossed from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum L.) cv. Icaro into tall bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Halberd using phenotypic selection for reduced plant height. The Rht18 allele was confirmed among homozygous BC1F2-derived, F5:7 recombinant inbred lines by using a chromosome 6AS-linked, microsatellite molecular marker (Xwms4608), and then assessed for agronomic performance across multiple field sites ranging in yield from 3.6 to 6.4 t/ha. The Rht18-containing lines were significantly (P < 0.05) shorter in height (−24%) and reduced in plant lodging (−51%) compared with tall sister lines. Reductions in plant height were associated with significant increases in grain yield (+16%), reflecting increases in grain number (+21%), number of spikes (+7%) and number of grains per spike (+12%). Coleoptile length, early shoot biomass and ground cover percentage were unaffected by the presence of the Rht18 dwarfing gene. Comparisons of effects of gibberellic acid-insensitive Rht-B1b and Rht18 on early growth and agronomic performance were assessed separately for a set of 30 BC5F6-derived Halberd near-isogenic lines in the field in 2015. Ground cover and coleoptile length were significantly greater for Rht18 lines, whereas plant height, lodging, harvest index, grain number and yield were similar for Rht-B1b and Rht18 sister lines. Reduced lodging and increased grain number and yield, together with greater coleoptile length, indicate a potentially useful role for Rht18 in improving wheat performance.
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Tiwari, Vijay K., Nidhi Rawat, Kumari Neelam, Gursharn S. Randhawa, Kuldeep Singh, Parveen Chhuneja, and Harcharan S. Dhaliwal. "Development of Triticum turgidum subsp. durum – Aegilops longissima amphiploids with high iron and zinc content through unreduced gamete formation in F1 hybrids." Genome 51, no. 9 (September 2008): 757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g08-057.

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Four different interspecific hybrids involving three different accessions of Aegilops longissima Schweinf. & Muschl. with high grain iron and zinc content and three Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn. cultivars with low micronutrient content were made for durum wheat biofortification and investigated for chromosome pairing, fertility, putative amphiploidy, and micronutrient content. The chromosome pairing in the 21-chromosome F1 hybrids (ABSl) consisted of 0–6 rod bivalents and occasionally 1 trivalent. All the F1 hybrids, however, unexpectedly showed partial but variable fertility. The detailed meiotic investigation indicated the simultaneous occurrence of two types of aberrant meiotic divisions, namely first-division restitution and single-division meiosis, leading to regular dyads and unreduced gamete formation and fertility. The F2 seeds, being putative amphiploids (AABBSlSl), had nearly double the chromosome number (40–42) and regular meiosis and fertility. The F1 hybrids were intermediate between the two parents for different morphological traits. The putative amphiploids with bold seed size had higher grain ash content and ash iron and zinc content than durum wheat cultivars, suggesting that Ae. longissima possesses a better genetic system(s) for uptake and seed sequestration of iron and zinc, which could be transferred to elite durum and bread wheat cultivars and exploited.
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Cotrozzi, Lorenzo, Giacomo Lorenzini, Cristina Nali, Claudia Pisuttu, Silvia Pampana, and Elisa Pellegrini. "Transient Waterlogging Events Impair Shoot and Root Physiology and Reduce Grain Yield of Durum Wheat Cultivars." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 2357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112357.

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Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn) is a staple crop of the Mediterranean countries, where more frequent waterlogging events are predicted due to climate change. However, few investigations have been conducted on the physiological and agronomic responses of this crop to waterlogging. The present study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of two waterlogging durations (i.e., 14 and 35 days) on two durum wheat cultivars (i.e., Svevo and Emilio Lepido). An integrated analysis of an array of physiological, biochemical, biometric, and yield parameters was performed at the end of the waterlogging events, during recovery, and at physiological maturity. Results established that effects on durum wheat varied depending on waterlogging duration. This stress imposed at tillering impaired photosynthetic activity of leaves and determined oxidative injury of the roots. The physiological damages could not be fully recovered, subsequently slowing down tiller formation and crop growth, and depressing the final grain yield. Furthermore, differences in waterlogging tolerance between cultivars were discovered. Our results demonstrate that in durum wheat, the energy maintenance, the cytosolic ion homeostasis, and the ROS control and detoxification can be useful physiological and biochemical parameters to consider for the waterlogging tolerance of genotypes, with regard to sustaining biomass production and grain yield.
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FOLINA, Antigolena, Ioanna KAKABOUKI, Ioannis ROUSSIS, Antonis MAVROEIDIS, Stella KARYDOGIANNI, Varvara KOYNELI, Aspasia EFTHIMIADOU, Nikolaos KATSENIOS, Vasilis TSOUKANAS, and Dimitrios BILALIS. "EFFECT OF FERTILIZERRS WITH UREASE AND NITRIFICATION INHIBITORS ON DURUM WHEAT CROP ON YIELD AND QUALITY (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum)." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 78, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2021.0029.

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Conventional agricultural has a significant role in climate change. For this reason, farmers choose more innovative practices such as fertilizers inhibitors. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) is the most cultivated winter crop in the Mediterranean basin. The scope of this study is to determine the improvement of the fertilizer yield by adding nitrification (DMPSA) and urease (NBPT) inhibitor in urea in durum wheat crop. Meridiano variety was evaluated for one growing period through 2019–2020 under two basic fertilization (20-20-0 and 12-40-0 (+10S +Zn). The experiments were designed according to split-plot design, 2 main plots (basic fertilization) and 7 subplots (top fertilization). The top fertilization were the various urea combination treatments (urea, urea + urease inhibitor thiophosphoric-triamide (NBPT) (UI), urea + nitrogen inhibitor 3,4- dimethylpyrazole succinic (DMPSA) and control. Nitrogen markers, such as nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) were used to evaluate nitrogen release. The length of the inflorescences was over 20 cm for all fertilizations. Regarding basic fertilization, larger inflorescences were recorded with 12-40-0 (+10S +Zn). The grain protein content and nitrogen were higher by 1-2% under basic basic fertilization 20-20-0. Grain and biomass production were increased with both fertilizers’ inhibitors (NBPT and DMPSA). Between two inhibitors, urease inhibitor (NBPT) yielded higher than DMPSA.
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47

Qureshi, Naeela, Harbans Bariana, James A. Kolmer, Hanif Miah, and Urmil Bansal. "Genetic and Molecular Characterization of Leaf Rust Resistance in Two Durum Wheat Landraces." Phytopathology® 107, no. 11 (November 2017): 1381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-17-0005-r.

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Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is a constraint to durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) production, and landraces are reported to be an important source of resistance. Two Portuguese landraces (Aus26582 and Aus26579) showed resistance against durum-specific P. triticina races and were crossed with a susceptible landrace (Bansi) to develop recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. Monogenic segregation for leaf rust resistance was observed among both RIL populations. The underlying locus, temporarily named LrAW2, was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 6B in the Aus26582/Bansi population and five DArTseq markers cosegregated with LrAW2. Simple sequence repeat markers sun683 and sun684, developed from the chromosome survey sequence (CSS) contig 6BS_2963854, identified through BlastN search of cosegregating DArTseq markers in the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium database, cosegregated with LrAW2. Comparison of the CSS contig 6BS_2963854-based sequences amplified from parental genotypes led to the development of marker sunKASP_60, which also showed close linkage with LrAW2. Markers sun684 and sunKASP_60 showed close association with LrAW2 in both RIL populations. The amplification of LrAW2-specific products by linked markers in Aus26582, Aus26579, and Guayacan (Lr61) indicated that LrAW2 may be Lr61. The alternate amplicon or haplotype produced with LrAW2-linked markers in Australian durum cultivars demonstrated their effectiveness in marker-assisted selection.
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Li, Lin, Yining Niu, Yuefeng Ruan, Ron DePauw, Asheesh Singh, and Yantai Gan. "Agronomic Advancement in Tillage, Crop Rotation, Soil Health, and Genetic Gain in Durum Wheat Cultivation: A 17-Year Canadian Story." Agronomy 8, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8090193.

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The global demands for various grains, including durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.), are expected to increase substantially in the coming years, due to the ever-growing human population’s needs for food, feed, and fuel. Thus, providing consistent or increased durum grain to the world market is one of the priorities for policy-makers, researchers, and farmers. What are the major achievements in agronomic advancement for durum wheat cultivation in recent decades? How might the current cropping systems be improved to increase crop yield and quality and improve resource use efficiencies while minimizing input costs and decreasing negative impact on the environment? Canada is one of the major durum wheat producers in the world, as Canada contributes about 50% to global trade of durum grain. Canada’s research achievements in durum wheat might serve as a guide for advancing the cultivation of the crop in other regions/countries on the planet. This review summarizes the major Canadian research findings in the aspects of durum wheat agronomics during the period 2001 to 2017 years. It highlights the main advancements in seeding and tillage, crop rotation and diversification, and use of pulse-induced microbiomes to improve soil health and feedback mechanisms. The genetic gain and breeding for resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses are discussed. Finally, we identified the main constraints and suggested some near-term research priorities. The research findings highlighted in this review will be of use for other areas on the planet to increase durum wheat productivity, improve soil fertility and health, and enhance long-term sustainability.
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Djemal, Rania, and Habib Khoudi. "Isolation and molecular characterization of a novel WIN1/SHN1 ethylene-responsive transcription factor TdSHN1 from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum. L. subsp. durum)." Protoplasma 252, no. 6 (February 17, 2015): 1461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0775-8.

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Fetati, Aicha, Rida Mohammed Mediouni, Benchohra Benseddik, Abdelkader Abbache, and Mansour Zaagane. "Effect of water stress on the behavior of six durum wheat genotypes in a semi-arid region of western Algeria." GABJ 5, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.46325/gabj.v5i2.75.

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Six genotypes of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) were investigated under different watering regimes. Phenological and morphological parameters as well as some yield components were monitored. The results showed that: (1) the water deficit significantly affects the height of the plants, the length and the weight of the spikes. (2) Irrigation has a significant effect on all of the yield components. Doses of 39mm at tillering, 60mm at stem elongation and 30mm at heading stage achieved the best yields. (3) Earliness at heading and at maturity is an important factor in determining the adaptation to water stress and in obtaining a good yield. (4) Under favorable irrigation conditions precocious and semi-precocious selected varieties have been shown to be more productive and even adapted to the water stress of the region. (5) The productivity of the durum wheat crop is imperatively based on the choice of a tolerant genotype to the conditions of the region on the one hand and on the use of supplementary irrigation on the other hand, especially at the vegetative stage where the yield component is the most determining, in our case it seems to be the populating spike carried out at the booting stage.
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