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Oladzad, Abbasabadi Atena. "Identification and Validation of a New Source of Low Grain Cadmium Accumulation in Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L. Subsp. Durum (Defs.))." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25921.
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Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal with no known biological function. The maximum level of Cd concentration allowed in the international market for wheat grain is 0.2 mg kg-1. Higher Cd levels in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf) may threaten its export. To develop new durum wheat cultivars low in Cd uptake and speed up the selection process in breeding programs, this study attempted to identify SNP(s) associated with a low Cd uptake in the durum experimental line D041735. D041735 was developed from a cross between hexaploid (Sumai 3) and durum wheat by NDSU breeding program and has consistently shown low grain Cd levels. Therefore, this study sought 1) to identify SNP marker(s) tightly linked to Cd uptake and genetic dissection of the grain Cd content in a recombinant inbred line mapping population derived from D041735 and Divide (a high Cd accumulator cultivar) using wheat 90k SNP chips and 2) to test for alleles from detected Cd-linked markers among three sources of low Cd accumulators, including Strongfield, Haurani, and D041735. The QTL analysis performed in this study identified only a single major QTL for Cd uptake on chromosome arm 5BL. The QTL was detected in a 0.3 cM interval flanked by SNP markers RAC875_c20785_1219 and Kukri_c66357_357. Validation results using these flanking markers initially suggested the existence of a different gene or allele for low Cd uptake in the D041735 line as a new source for the durum breeding program at NDSU. The BLAST analysis of these flanking markers suggested the Aluminum Induced Protein Like Protein and heavy metal transporter ATPase 3 as candidate genes for the major QTL. Allelism testing revealed that the identified QTL in this study is novel and not the previously mapped QTL Cdu1on 5BL. This study therefore confirmed that the D041735 experimental line is a novel source of low Cd uptake in durum wheat germplasms, where the major QTL is most likely introduced from hexaploid wheat.
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Ben, Krima Safa. "Adaptation des champignons phytopathogènes à des peuplements hôtes génétiquement hétérogènes – cas du pathosystème blé dur – Zymoseptoria tritici." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB004.
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Les variétés traditionnelles sont génétiquement hétérogènes et constituent une source de diversité contribuant à la productivité et à la stabilité des agroécosystèmes. En effet, la diversité végétale fournit des services écosystémiques, dont la réduction globale des pressions parasitaires. Pour une meilleure gestion des maladies, la compréhension des mécanismes d’interaction plante-pathogène est primordiale. Dans cette optique, j’ai étudié l’adaptation entre variétés traditionnelles tunisiennes de blé dur et populations fongiques de Zymoseptoria tritici responsable de la septoriose. Dans un premier temps, le génotypage de 14 variétés traditionnelles dites «populations», à l'aide de 9 microsatellites, a montré que la diversité génétique était aussi importante au sein des populations (45%) qu'entre les populations (54%). Cette diversité est structurée en sept groupes génétiques qui s'expliquent en partie par la combinaison « nom de variété » x « localité ». La caractérisation de 15 traits phénotypiques, dont la résistance à la septoriose, a révélé que ces populations étaient également diversifiées phénotypiquement. La résistance à la septoriose est de nature qualitative (résistance majeure) dans deux populations mais plus généralement de nature quantitative dans les autres populations. Une comparaison Pst-Fst a démontré une adaptation locale des variétés traditionnelles, soulignant des trajectoires de sélection intimement liées au territoire et pratiques des agriculteurs les cultivant. Parallèlement, un génotypage SNP à haute densité (puce TaBW35K) d’un panel de 127 individus provenant de quatre populations portant le même nom de variété ‘Mahmoudi’ a mis en évidence deux groupes génétiques partagés par les quatre populations. Ce panel d’individus a été phénotypé au champ et en conditions contrôlées pour sa résistance à une souche tunisienne de Z. tritici, ce qui a permis de conduire une analyse GWAS. Cette analyse a mis en évidence 6 loci associés à la résistance contre la septoriose sur les chromosomes 1B, 4A, 5B et 7A, dont un locus sur le chromosome 1B associé à une résistance majeure de type qualitative. La fréquence des allèles favorables à la résistance oscille entre 6 et 46% dans le panel et est variable d’une population à une autre. Côté agent pathogène, quatre populations de Z. tritici collectées sur le cultivar moderne majoritaire en Tunisie ‘Karim’ et une population collectée sur une des variétés traditionnelles ‘Mahmoudi’ ont été génotypées à l'aide de 12 microsatellites. La faible différenciation génétique entre ces populations fongiques suggère l’existence de flux de gènes importants entre localités. La population collectée sur ‘Mahmoudi’ est apparue comme étant moins diversifiée et ayant une fraction clonale plus importante que les populations collectées sur ‘Karim’, suggérant un effet significatif de l’hôte sur la diversité de Z. tritici. Des tests d'inoculations croisées ont révélé une agressivité supérieure des isolats collectés sur ‘Mahmoudi’ sur les lignées de la variété ‘Mahmoudi’ que des isolats collectés sur le cultivar ‘Karim’, interprétée comme une adaptation locale des populations pathogènes à leur hôte sympatrique. Cette adaptation a été particulièrement marquée par la période de latence des isolats, soulignant à nouveau l’importance de la résistance quantitative dans les processus adaptatifs mis en évidence. Les variétés traditionnelles tunisiennes de blé dur sont des cas concrets de populations hôtes hétérogènes limitant efficacement les épidémies de l’agent pathogène responsable de la septoriose. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la combinaison de gènes de résistance, principalement à effet quantitatif et occasionnellement à effet majeur, à des fréquences variables d’une variété à une autre, est la clé de la robustesse sanitaire de ces variétés. Les enseignements acquis au cours de cette étude pourront être mobilisés pour améliorer la gestion de la diversité cultivée dans d’autres environnementsTraditional varieties are heterogeneous and constitute a source of diversity, which contributes to the productivity and the stability of agroecosystems. Indeed, plant diversity provides services to a given ecosystem, including reducing disease pressure. Understanding the mechanisms underlying plant-pathogen interactions is fundamental to improve disease management. With this in mind, I studied the adaptation between traditional Tunisian durum wheat varieties and populations of Zymoseptoria tritici, the fungus responsible for Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB). Firstly, genotyping 14 traditional varieties, considered as populations, using 9 SSR, showed that genetic diversity is equally important within a population (45%) as it is between populations (54%). This diversity is structured in seven genetic groups that can be explained in part by the nested effect of the « variety name » and the « location ». 15 phenotypic traits, including resistance to STB, were characterized and showed that the populations were also phenotypically diverse. Resistance to STB is qualitative (major resistance) for two of the populations, but generally more quantitative for the other populations. A Pst-Fst comparison demonstrated a local adaptation of traditional varieties, underlining selection trajectories that are closely linked to the territory and the agricultural practices in place. Meanwhile, a high density SNP genotyping (TaBW35K array) of a panel of 127 individuals hailing from four populations all carrying the same variety name ‘Mahmoudi’ brought to light two genetic groups shared by the four populations. This panel of individuals was phenotyped for resistance to a Tunisian Z. tritici strain in a field trial and in controlled conditions. The resulting data was used in a GWAS analysis. This analysis led to the detection of 6 loci associated to STB resistance on chromosomes 1B, 4A, 5B and 7A, including a locus on chromosome 1B associated to a qualitative major resistance. The frequency of the resistant alleles oscillates between 6 and 46% and is variable between populations. On the fungus side, four populations of Z. tritici collected on modern cultivar ‘Karim’ widely cultivated in Tunisia and one population collected on traditional variety ‘Mahmoudi’ were genotyped using 12 SSR. A low level of genetic differentiation was identified between these fungal populations suggesting a significant gene flow between locations. The population collected on ‘Mahmoudi’ was less diversified and had a higher clonal fraction than the populations collected on ‘Karim’. This points towards host-effect on Z. tritici diversity. Cross-inoculation tests highlighted a higher aggressiveness of isolates collected on ‘Mahmoudi’ to ‘Mahmoudi’ lines than that of isolates collected on ‘Karim’, interpreted as a local adaptation of pathogen populations to their sympatric host. This adaptation was especially pronounced for the latency period of isolates, once again underlining the importance of quantitative resistance in the adaptive processes evidenced here. Traditional Tunisian durum wheat varieties are practical cases of heterogeneous host populations effectively limiting STB epidemics. Our results suggest that a combination of resistance genes, mainly quantitative and occasionally with a major effect, with variable frequencies from one variety to another, is key to the sanitary success of these varieties. Findings from this study can be utilized to improve our management of crop diversity in other environments
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Sobottka, Renata Pinheiro. "Moduladores naturais na proteção genética de trigo (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) contra Fusarium spp. por técnica molecular e LC-MS. Aplicação de tecnologia NIR na predição de composição química de milho (Zea mays L.)." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, 2014. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000189591.
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O trigo (Triticum spp.) e o milho (Zea mays L.), pertencentes à Família Poaceae, são cereais fundamentais na alimentação mundial devido à importância socioeconômica, sendo amplamente utilizados para o consumo humano e animal. O trabalho avaliou o desenvolvimento fúngico, a produção de tricoteceno (desoxinivalenol, DON) e de moduladores naturais no contexto de proteção genética em cultivares de trigo. Em paralelo, foi avaliada a tecnologia NIR na predição de atividade de água, teor de proteína, umidade e cinzas em milho, visando aplicação de método rápido, capaz de subsidiar a técnica clássica (Capítulo 2). O capítulo 1 foi executado na França e consistiu em estudo com quatro cultivares de trigo com diferente sensibilidade à fusariose, procedendo com e sem inoculo de Fusarium culmorum, seguida de análise de grão em dois estágios de desenvolvimento (cinco dias após inoculação e na maturação). A análise em grãos de trigo consistiu na detecção de DON, composição em ácidos fenólicos (solúveis e ligados à parede celular) por LC/MS e determinação do gene Tri5 por PCR em tempo real. O cultivar de trigo resistente limitou significativamente o desenvolvimento de Fusarium culmorum e a contaminação por DON (p<0,05). Glumas de trigo de cultivar resistente apresentaram-se ricas em ácido clorogênico e flavonas, sugerindo participação na resistência contra Fusarium spp. e produção de DON. Estudo em moduladores naturais com potencial inibidor na biossíntese de tricotecenos deve ser prosseguido visando inocuidade de alimentos, enfocada também na minimização de agrotóxicos. O capítulo 2 avaliou a aplicação da tecnologia NIR na predição de atividade de água (aw), teor de proteína, umidade e cinzas de milho cultivado sob quatro diferentes populações de planta (densidade, 60, 75, 90 e 105 mil plantas ha-1) sob cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1). O teor de proteína em milho cultivado sob mesma densidade de planta aumentou com os níveis de adubação (dose de nitrogênio, p<0,05). No entanto, não se observou diferença significativa entre grãos de milho tratado com a mesma dose de nitrogênio, mas com diferente densidade de planta (p<0,05). As amostras de milho foram digitalizadas na faixa do visível / NIR de 400 2500 nm. O melhor coeficiente de predição foi obtido para a proteína (R2cv=0,90), revelando uma forte relação entre informação espectral e teor de proteína. Os modelos para três parâmetros (proteína, aw e umidade) apresentaram a razão de erro padrão de calibração e desvio padrão (RPD) entre 2,4 e 4,2. Com exceção de cinzas, os modelos obtidos apresentam perfil adequado para o rastreio de constituintes proteína, aw e umidade em milho, no contexto de monitoramento rápido em planta de processamento industrial.Wheat (Triticum sp.) and maize (Zea mays L.), belonging to the Poaceae family, are important cereals on the global socio-economy, being widely used for human and animal consumption. The study evaluated the fungal growth and trichothecene production (deoxynivalenol, DON) in wheat cultivars on the genetic protection context (Chapter 1). In parallel, it was evaluated the application of NIR technology for prediction of water activity, protein, moisture and ash contents in maize, seeking the application of this rapid method being capable for subsidizing the classical technique (Chapter 2). Chapter 1 was executed in France and evaluated four wheat cultivars with different sensitivity to Fusarium infection, with and without inoculum of Fusarium culmorum, followed by analysis of grains in two stages of development (five days after inoculation and at maturity stage). The analysis of wheat grains was the determination of DON, phenolic acids composition (soluble and bound to the cell wall) by LC/MS and the Tri5 gene determination by real-time PCR. The resistant wheat cultivar significantly limited the development of Fusarium culmorum and DON contamination (p <0.05). Glumes of resistant wheat cultivar showed high content on chlorogenic acid and flavones, suggesting involvement on resistance against Fusarium sp. and DON production. Study on natural modulators with potential inhibitor on the biosynthesis of trichothecenes should be pursued in order to ensure food safety, also focused on reduction of pesticide application. Chapter 2 evaluated the application of NIR technology for prediction of water activity (aw), protein, moisture and ash contents in maize from four different plant density (60, 75, 90 and 105 thousand plants ha-1) with five doses of nitrogen (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1). Maize samples from the same plant density had their protein content increased with levels of fertilization (doses of nitrogen, p <0.05). However, no significant difference was observed among maize treated with the same dose of nitrogen, but with different plant density (p <0.05). The maize samples were scanned in the visible / NIR range of 400 - 2500 nm. The best coefficient of prediction was obtained for protein (R2cv=0.90), which revealed a strong relationship between spectral information and protein content. The models for three parameters (protein, moisture and aw) showed the ratio of standard error of calibration and standard deviation (RPD) between 2.4 and 4.2. Except for ash, the models obtained showed satisfactory for screening purposes of constituents - protein, aw and moisture - in maize, under the context of rapid monitoring of industrial processing plant.
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Mir, Ali N. "Protein improvement in Triticum turgidum var. durum (Desf.) by induced mutations and hybridization with Triticum turgidum var. diccoides (Korn.)." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377457.
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Forster, Shana M. "Agronomic Practices that Impact Grain Quality Factors of Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L. Var. Durum Desf.)." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25850.
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Durum wheat is a type of wheat primarily used for pasta production. North Dakota is the leading producer of durum wheat in the US with average yields of 2700 kg ha-1. Durum wheat price discounts are common and occur due to disease, heavy metal contamination, and environmental issues that impact grain quality. Studies were conducted in order to determine how agronomic approaches might impact durum quality. Experiments were conducted in order to determine what impact planting date, cultivar, and seeding rate had on the agronomic performance and quality of end-use traits. In general, a delay in planting date resulted in a significant decrease in yield and test weight for all cultivars. Cultivars differed for many of the end-use traits evaluated such as protein content, falling number, and vitreous kernel. Seeding rate had little impact on the traits evaluated. No combination of planting date and cultivar was identified that consistently resulted in grain marketed as US Grade 1 hard amber durum (HAD), or ?choice durum?. Cultivar selection remains the best option for maintaining end-use traits. The effect of Zn fertilizer source and placement on grain Cd were evaluated. Treatments evaluated had no negative impact on grain yield or test weight. The foliar application of 1.1 kg Zn ha-1 Zn-EDTA in combination with 33 kg N ha-1 in the form of UAN applied at Feekes 10 growth stage (boot stage) resulted in the lowest grain Cd, and highest grain Zn, Fe and protein and represents an approach of biofortification for durum wheat.North Dakota Wheat Commission
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Salsman, Evan Lee. "Validation of Molecular Markers Associated with Grain Cadmium in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.)." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27980.
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Durum wheat is capable of accumulating cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, in the grain at levels that have been deemed unsafe. Previous studies have identified genetic variation in durum wheat that can be exploited to create low Cd cultivars. In this study, six KASP markers were validated on 4,178 durum wheat samples from preliminary and advanced yield trials grown in 2013 and 2014 at Langdon, Minot, and Williston, North Dakota. One marker on chromosome 5B was polymorphic in all crosses between high and low Cd parents and had r? values ranging from 0.38-0.85. Two other markers on the same chromosome predicted similar levels of variation in many trials; however these were not polymorphic in all populations. Two markers linked to the grain Cd locus on chromosome 5B are suitable for marker assisted selection due to the more widely shared polymorphism of one and the closer linkage distance of the other.
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AbuHammad, Wesam Ali. "Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with a Low Cadmium Uptake Gene in Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L. Var. Durum)." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27088.
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The main objective of durum wheat breeding is to identify lines that are low in Cadmium accumulation by using linkage mapping. 178 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from across between Grenora ? Haurani were used to identify QTL for Cadmium (Cd) tolerance. A total of 1,132 polymorphic loci (1,111 SNP and 21SSR loci) were used for linkage map analysis. Among these, 330 (29 percent) markers were successfully integrated into the linkage maps at a LOD score of 3.0. The linkage map had a total genetic distance of 720.2 cM with an average distance of 2.2 cM between adjacent markers distributed on 14 chromosomes. Quantitative trait loci analysis was conducted using composite interval mapping (CIM). A Single putative QTL associated with Cd uptake was detected on Chromosome 5B. This QTL increased Cd uptake by the presence of alleles from Grenora. The additive effect of the Grenora allele was 0.02 mg/kg. The variation in Cd accumulation explained by this QTL (r2) was 54.3 percent.
Association mapping was also used to analyze two durum wheat collections consisting of advanced breeding lines from the North Dakota wheat breeding program to discover markers associated with the amount of Cd accumulated in the grains. For the 2009 collection, one major QTL that explains 3 percent of phenotypic variation was identified on Chromosome 2B at 7.25 cM which could cosegregate with a height locus identified earlier. For the 2010 collection, one QTL that explains 34 percent of phenotypic variation was identified on Chromosome 5B at 165.7cM and one other at 178.3cM that explains 27 percent of phenotypic variation. Because of the complexity of Cd accumulation in wheat grains, the identification of additional QTL will require a better coverage of markers and a larger collection of genotypes. This will help breeding for low Cd using MAS.
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Johnson, Marina. "Association Mapping and Genetic Diversity Studies of Agronomic and Quality Traits in Durum Wheat [Triticum turgidum L. var. durum (Desf.)]." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27462.
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Genetic diversity studies in breeding programs are important to identify parental lines for hybridization and introgression of desirable alleles into elite germplasm. The genetic diversity analysis of 283 North Dakota State University (NDSU) advanced durum wheat breeding lines developed during the last 20 years indicated that the population was structured according to its breeding history. Total genetic diversity analysis (HT = 0.334) showed adequate level of genetic variation. The results will help in breeding efforts to broaden the genetic base and select lines for crossing as well as for genetic and genomic studies to facilitate the combination of desirable alleles. The quantitative nature of important target traits, combined with environmental effects, makes it difficult to bring the desirable improvement in durum wheat to meet the expectations of all the stakeholders involved in the durum wheat industry. With an objective to identify molecular markers for marker-assisted breeding (MAB), the present study attempted to identify marker-trait associations for six agronomic and 29 quality traits using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) mapping approach. The study used two types of phenotypic datasets, a historic unbalanced dataset belonging to a total of 80 environments collected over a period of 16 years and a balanced dataset collected from two environments, to identify the applicability of historic unbalanced phenotypic data for GWAS analysis. A total of 292 QTL were identified for agronomic and quality traits, with 10 QTL showing major effects (R2 >15%). Over 45% of QTL for agronomic and quality traits were present in both the unbalanced and balanced datasets, with about 50% of those present in both environments in the balanced dataset. Genome-wide association mapping studies identified several candidate markers for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS) for height, gluten strength, distribution of small kernels, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and yield.
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Berkelaar, Edward. "Accumulation of cadmium by durum wheat (Triticum turgidum), influence of solution chemistry and root morphology." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0025/NQ51031.pdf.
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DEGHATS, MAHMOUD. "Comparaison de methodes et d'itineraires de selection de ble (triticum turgidum l. Var. Durum et triticum aestivum) en conditions semi-arides." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA112216.
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L'efficacite de trois methodes de selection pour la resistance a la secheresse (pedigree, bulk modifiee et filiation unipare) a ete evaluee sur dix croisements de ble. Des itineraires differents, crees en alternant les stations, ont aussi permis d'etudier l'effet du milieu sur la valeur des lignees retenues. Les resultats indique que: -la methode pedigree a ete plus efficace que la methode bulk modifiee pour la selection de lignees productives; -la methode pedigree a ete efficace pour la selection sur la hauteur de la paille et la precocite de l'epiaison; -la methode fup est intermediaire entre la methode pedigree et la methode bulk modifiee pour la selection sur le rendement en grains; -l'effet de la methode fup sur la hauteur de la paille, la precocite de l'epiaison, l'indice de recolte, le poids specifique et le poids de mille grains varie d'un croisement a l'autre; -la correlation entre generations est tres frequente pour la precocite de l'epiaison, moins frequente et moins elevee pour la hauteur de la paille et plus ou moins elevee mais constante pour le poids de mille grains; -il n'y a pas de correlation entre rendements des bulks et rendements des lignees tirees de ces bulks; -les differents itineraires de selection ont eu en general le meme effet; -la selection en conditions seches est sujette a de grands risques
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Cortés, Bravo Pablo Francisco. "Efecto de la dosis de semilla y uso de camellón sobre el rendimiento de trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) en el secano mediterráneo." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116223.
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Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero AgrónomoEn Chile, el trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) está siendo desplazado hacia el secano de la Cordillera de la Costa. Esta zona se caracteriza por poseer una textura arcillosa de permeabilidad lenta favoreciendo problemas de anoxia, escenario que puede ser solucionado con el uso de camellones. Por otro lado, INIA recomienda una dosis de semilla de 200 Kg ha-1, pese a que se puede lograr los mismos rendimientos con bajas dosis de semilla, debido a la compensación de falta de plantas por el aumento de los macollos por planta. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la dosis de semilla en el rendimiento y la calidad de los granos del trigo candeal sembrado en camellones en condición de secano. Para estudiar dicho efecto, en la temporada 2010-2011 se sembró trigo candeal en plano y camellón con las variedades Llareta INIA y Corcolén INIA en tres dosis de semilla, 30, 100 y 200 kg ha-1, bajo condiciones de secano mediterráneo en la zona central de Chile. El rendimiento de trigo candeal en este experimento fue bajo (687 Kg ha-1), el cual se explica debido a la escasa precipitación (142 mm) durante la temporada del cultivo. Además, se observó un bajo índice de cosecha (0,11) y una alta biomasa (5.906 Kg ha-1) debido a la concentración de la precipitación en el periodo vegetativo del cultivo y el consumo total del agua disponible antes de floración, el cultivo permaneció sin agua durante el llenado de grano. Los resultados mostraron que al disminuir la dosis de semilla, el rendimiento en grano se mantiene constante debido a que la dosis menor registró 2,5 y 5 veces más macollos por plantas y macollos fértiles por planta, respectivamente. Por otro lado, el cultivo sembrado en plano logró un mayor rendimiento en grano (861 Kg ha-1) que el cultivo sembrado en camellón (513 Kg ha-1) debido a que en el cultivo sembrado en camellón se duplico el número de semillas sobre la hilera para mantener la misma dosis de semilla en camellón y en plano ya que en el primero existió un menor número de hileras por superficie, que genero una mayor competencia sobre la hilera y que generó un menor número de plantas establecidas. Se concluye que en clima mediterráneo con baja pluviometría (142 mm) y suelos de textura fina, el rendimiento de trigo candeal, de las variedades Llareta INIA y Corcolén INIA, no cambia con la dosis de semilla. E independiente de la dosis de semilla, el rendimiento disminuye cuando la siembra se realiza en camellones. En cuanto a calidad del grano de trigo candeal, los datos de este trabajo no son concluyentes.
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Nyachiro, Joseph Mogire. "Differential responses of wheat cultivars (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum and T. aestivum L.) to drought stress." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23047.pdf.
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Garrido, Salinas Marco. "Efecto de la fecha de siembra en coeficientes genéticos de trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116082.
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Tesis para optar al grado de magister en ciencias agropecuarias mención producción de cultivosMemoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo
El presente trabajo pretende evaluar la sensibilidad a la fecha de siembra de coeficientes genéticos relativos a desarrollo de trigo candeal. El ensayo se realizó en la Estación Experimental Antumapu de la Universidad de Chile en la temporada 2010-2011. Los coeficientes genéticos tiempo térmico fenológico y filocrono fueron determinados en las variedades Llareta INIA y Corcolén INIA en dos fechas de siembra: 19 de Mayo (F1) y 15 de Julio (F2). Los cultivos fueron regados. Los resultados mostraron un efecto significativo de la fecha de siembra en el tiempo térmico entre primer nudo y madurez fisiológica, en este caso el tiempo térmico fue mayor en F1 que en F2. El tiempo térmico para alcanzar primer nudo fue el mismo entre variedades y fechas de siembra. Llareta INIA tuvo un requerimiento térmico mayor que Corcolén INIA para alcanzar antesis, sin embargo Corcolén INIA tuvo un mayor requerimiento a madurez fisiológica. Ambas variedades tuvieron un filocrono similar en F1 (134,6°C día hoja -1 para Llareta INIA and 132,8°C día hoja-1 para Corcolén INIA) y F2 (116,7°C día hoja -1 para Llareta INIA y 114,5°C día hoja -1 para Corcolén INIA), La tendencia del filocrono a disminuir con la fecha de siembra tardía, no resultó ser significativa.
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Cifuentes, Cornejo María Soledad. "Efecto del estrés hídrico en el rendimiento y la calidad del trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. Durum)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/147860.
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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional
de Ingeniero Agrónomo.El trigo candeal posee características únicas que lo hacen un cultivo atractivo en precio, comercio y uso. En Chile existen condiciones climáticas favorables para su producción y la industria chilena de pastas establece diversos componentes de calidad para su grano. Los cinco más importantes son: proteínas, color, peso específico, amarengamiento y punta negra. Estos componentes son afectados por el estrés hídrico. La presente investigación recopila información relevante sobre el efecto del estrés hídrico en el rendimiento de la planta de trigo candeal y sobre los cinco componentes más importantes de la calidad del grano. En Chile, el estrés hídrico en trigo candeal se produce cuando se siembra en secano por las lluvias excesivas o por la ausencia de éstas y cuando se siembra bajo riego si éste es inadecuado. El estrés hídrico produce disminución del rendimiento, ya que si el trigo candeal se encuentra bajo estrés hídrico sostenido, se acelera su desarrollo. Este aceleramiento acorta las etapas fenológicas, por tanto también el llenado de granos propiamente tal y la planta produce menos granos y más pequeños. El rendimiento también disminuye al restringirse la fotosíntesis producto del cierre estomático, repercutiendo en un menor peso de los granos. No obstante el menor rendimiento, el estrés hídrico aumenta la calidad del grano al menos en cuatro de los componentes mencionados, puesto que el porcentaje de proteínas, el color del grano, en cambio, el peso específico se reduce al igual que el amarengamiento. Por tanto, en condiciones de secano mediterráneo, la calidad se optimiza puesto que, además, la punta negra está más controlada por menor humedad ambiental. El manejo apropiado del cultivo sumado al uso de nuevas variedades puede paliar los efectos indeseables del estrés hídrico.
Durum wheat has unique features that make it attractive because of its price trade and use. In Chile there are favorable climatic conditions for durum wheat production and Chilean pasta industry has set several quality parameters for its grain. The five most important parameters are: proteins, color, specific gravity, yellowberry and black tip. These parameters are affected by water stress. This research collects relevant information about the effect of water stress on the yield of durum wheat plant and on the five most important quality parameters of its grain. In Chile, water stress in durum wheat occurs when it is planted in rainfed by excessive rains or a lack of them, and also occurs when planted under irrigation if this is inadequate. Water stress causes a decrease of the yield, because if durum wheat is under sustained water stress, its development is accelerated. This acceleration shortens the phenological stages, thus also the grain filling stage itself, therefore the plant produces fewer and smaller grains. Despite the lower yield, water stress increases grain quality in at least four of the abovementioned parameters, since the protein percentage as the grain color increases and the specific gravity and yellowberry decreases. Therefore, in rainfed Mediterranean conditions, quality is optimized because, in addition, the black tip is more controlled because there is less humidity. Proper handling of the crop coupled to the use of new varieties can palliate the undesirable effects of water stress.
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Chan, Debbie Yvonne. "The influence of life stage and cultivar on the distribution of cadmium in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum, cvs Kyle and Arcola)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24451.pdf.
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Salis, Luigi. "Las chinches de los cereales (Eurygaster Fam. Scutelleridae; Aelia Fam. Pentatomidae): importancia y efectos en el trigo duro (Triticum turgidum var. durum L.), especialmente en Cerdeña (Italia) = Wheat bugs (Eurygaster Fam. Scutelleridae; Aelia Fam. Pentatomidae): importance and effects on durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum L.), especially in Sardinia (Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/127271.
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No existían estudios sobre la presencia de chinches en el trigo duro en Italia, incluida la Isla de Cerdeña. Según los niveles de infestación de las chinches de los cereales habrá un porcentaje más o menos alto de granos dañados por la actividad alimenticia de las chinches. Esta actividad implica la inyección de proteasas en los granos de trigo. Las proteasas atacan las proteínas, que son las que tienen mayor influencia en la calidad de la sémola y la pasta producida con el trigo duro. En este trabajo de tesis, se estudia la presencia de las chinches de los cereales en el cultivo de trigo duro de Cerdeña, así como la influencia de esta plaga en el trigo duro, en la fracción proteica, particularmente en las gliadinas y gluteninas, y en el comportamiento de la sémola y la pasta derivadas de trigo duro con distintos porcentajes de granos dañados por las chinches de los cereales. A continuación se exponen las conclusiones principales de la tesis:
1 – Se detecta en Cerdeña la presencia de chinches de los cereales en el cultivo de trigo duro, siendo 4 las especies encontradas E. austriaca, A. germari, E. maura y A. acuminata.
2 – Dado que en algunos campos, las densidades de chinches de los cereales sobrepasó el umbral de daño sería aconsejable un seguimiento para la evaluación y control razonado de la plaga.
3 – La actividad alimenticia de las chinches de los cereales tiene una fuerte influencia sobre las proteínas del trigo duro predominantemente sobre la fracción de gluteninas. Las gluteninas se despolimerizan rápidamente y casi en toda su totalidad de forma independiente de la temperatura. Las gliadinas se degradan con menor intensidad y de forma dependiente de la temperatura y del tiempo.
4 – La presencia de granos dañados por las chinches de los cereales afecta a la calidad del trigo duro de forma importante ya a partir de del 2,5% de granos dañados.
5 – La presencia de granos dañados por las chinches de los cereales, ya a partir del 2,5%, afecta significativamente y de forma negativa al test SDS de sedimentación, del peso hectolítrico y del peso de mil granos, parámetros que determinan las características físico-químicas del grano de trigo duro.
6 – La presencia de granos dañados por las chinches de los cereales afecta a la calidad reológica de las sémolas. Un 2,5 % de granos picados disminuye ya de forma significativa la tenacidad (P) y la fuerza (W) en el ensayo alveográfico. A partir de un 5% se observa un un debilitamiento de la fracción proteica en el ensayo del Mixolab.
7 – La calidad de la pasta alimenticia (“spaghetti”), considerando la absorción de agua en cocción, la pérdida en cocción, la materia orgánica total (TOM) y la evaluación sensorial, no se vio perjudicada por la presencia de granos picados por las chinches de los cereales.There were no studies on the presence of wheat bugs in durum wheat in Italy, including the island of Sardinia. Feeding activity of wheat bugs involves the injection of proteases in wheat grains. Proteins are the components that have the greatest influence on the quality of semolina and pasta. In this thesis, we study the presence of wheat bugs in durum wheat in Sardinia, and the influence of this pest in durum wheat protein fraction, particularly in the gliadin and glutenin. Also, we studied the influence in the behaviour and quality of semolina and pasta durum wheat derived from different percentages of damaged kernels by wheat bugs. 1 - The presence of wheat bugs is detected in Sardinia durum wheat fields. Four species were found: E. austriaca, A. germari, E. maura and A. acuminata. 2 – As in some fields, the damage threshold by wheat bugs was exceeded, it would be advisable to monitor the pest in order to assess an efficient control. 3 - Wheat bugs feeding activity has a strong influence on durum wheat proteins, predominantly on the glutenin fraction. Glutenins depolymerize rapidly and almost completely independently of temperature. Gliadins degrade less intensively, and their degradation depends on temperature and time. 4 - Grains damaged by the wheat bugs affect durum wheat quality significantly from 2.5% damaged kernels. 5 - The presence of wheat bugs damaged kernels from 2.5% significantly affects the SDS sedimentation test, test weight and thousand grain weight. Those parameters determine the physicochemical characteristics of durum wheat grain. 6 - The presence of damaged grain by wheat bugs affects semolina rheological quality. The alveographic indexes tenacity (P) and strength (W) significantly decrease from 2.5% of damaged grains. From 5% there is a weakening of the protein fraction in Mixolab test. 7 - The pasta quality, considering the absorption of water, cooking loss, total organic matter (TOM) and sensory evaluation was not affected by the presence of wheat bugs damaged grains.
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Guajardo, Colilef Ignacio Alejandro. "Rendimiento de genotipos de trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum I. var. durum) de alto y bajo vigor inicial en medioambiente mediterráneo." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151203.
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Memoria para optar al título Profesional de Ingeniero AgrónomoEl alto vigor inicial, definido a través de un mayor área foliar temprana (Zadoks 12 - 13) y del peso de semilla, es ventajoso al asociarse con una mayor biomasa y área foliar durante el estado de crecimiento en condiciones de medioambiente Mediterráneo, donde las precipitaciones son abundantes en etapas tempranas en el desarrollo del cultivo y ausentes al final del ciclo productivo. Debido a lo anterior, éste estudio analizó y comparó el efecto del vigor inicial en el rendimiento y crecimiento de trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) en un ambiente Mediterráneo y en condiciones de secano, además de asociar el rasgo a la interceptación de radiación.
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Vera, Abrilot Romina Elizabeth. "Efecto de la dosis de la siembra sobre el rendimiento y la calidad del trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. Durum) variedad llareta INIA, es condiciones de secano mediterráneo." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/148649.
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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención FitotecniaEn Chile el trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum) se ha cultivado tradicionalmente bajo riego, pero desde hace algunas temporadas comenzó a ser desplazado hacia zonas de secano en el centro sur del país. Históricamente los agricultores han sembrado altas dosis de semillas, situación que puede ser contraproducente bajo condiciones de secano mediterráneo llegando a afectar de manera significativa el rendimiento y la calidad de granos. En consecuencia, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de cinco dosis de siembra sobre el rendimiento y la calidad de granos producidos bajo secano mediterráneo. En el mes de mayo del año 2009 se sembró trigo candeal, variedad Llareta INIA en cinco dosis de siembra; 30, 60, 90, 120 y 150 kg ha-1, bajo condiciones de secano mediterráneo en la zona central de Chile, donde la precipitación alcanzó aproximadamente los 300 mm durante el período de crecimiento del cultivo. Los resultados mostraron que los tratamientos produjeron diferencias significativas para el número de macollos fértiles por planta y el número de espiguillas por espiga. Sin embargo, los tratamientos no produjeron diferencias significativas sobre el rendimiento, obteniéndose en promedio 33 qq ha-1. La calidad de los granos no tuvo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. Sin embargo, dada la sequía terminal experimentada en el ensayo, en todos los tratamientos el peso del hectólitro fue bajo para los requerimientos de la industria, obteniéndose en promedio 77,6 kg hL-1. El contenido de proteína promedio de los granos fue 13%, valor que se bonifica a nivel industrial. Finalmente se puede concluir que es posible reducir los costos de producción reduciendo la dosis de semilla a 100 kg ha-1, sin alterar el rendimiento ni la calidad de los granos de trigo candeal en condiciones de secano mediterráneo.
The cultivation of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum) in Chile has moved towards to rainfed areas. The selected cultivars and the studied sowing doses in the country has been developed under irrigated cultivar condition, this can be contrary to a management under rainfed mediterranean conditions, where the sowing doses are considered high for rainfed conditions, wich can affect in a significant way the performance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of sowing doses on mediterranean rainfed areas over the yield and grain quality of the durum wheat. In the year 2009 durum wheat (variety Llareta INIA) was sown in five different sowing doses 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1, under mediterranean rainfed condition. During the study period rainfall reached at 300 mm. The results showed significant differences in number of tillers per plant and number of spikelets per spikes. However, there was no effect on yields, averaging 33 qq ha-1. Likewise, no difference was observed in hectoliter weight and protein content in grain, reaching average of 77,6 kg hL-1 and 13%, respectively. Finally conclude that it is possible to reduce production cost by reducing the dose of seed to 100 kg ha-1; without affecting the yield and quality of the grains of wheat under Mediterranean rainfed conditions.
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Aillapan, Aravena Álvaro Gabriel. "Efecto del precultivo sobre el rendimiento y la calidad de trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) en medio ambientes mediterráneos en condiciones de cero labranza." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116061.
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Memoria para optar al título Profesional de: Ingeniero AgrónomoEn Chile, el trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum L. ssp durum) ha sido desplazado desde el área de riego de la zona central a áreas de secano de la zona centro sur, por frutales y cultivos de mayor rentabilidad. Históricamente, la producción y las investigaciones de este cereal se han llevado a cabo bajo condiciones de riego, labranza tradicional y con sistemas de rotaciones que han sido limitados incurriendo constantemente en monocultivos, situación que afecta negativamente el rendimiento y además la degradación del suelo debido al laboreo, reduciendo el contenido de carbono orgánico. En base a lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de los precultivos de arveja, haba, raps y trigo en el rendimiento y en la calidad del trigo candeal en condiciones de cero labranza. Para ello, se dispuso de 4 precultivos: trigo, arveja, haba y raps; 2 niveles de nitrógeno: 0 kg N ha-1 y 160 kg N ha-1 y 4 repeticiones. Se llevaron a cabo mediciones de información climática, contenido de agua y nitrógeno en el suelo, resistencia a la penetración y a nivel del cultivo se midió fenología, establecimiento, biomasa, rendimiento y sus componentes, contenido de proteína y peso hectolitro. Los rendimientos fueron bajos fundamentalmente en aquellos tratamientos que recibieron fertilización nitrogenada debido al efecto de “Haying off”. No hubo interacción entre nivel de nitrógeno y precultivos para el índice de cosecha, espiga por metro cuadrado, granos por espiga y granos por metro cuadrado. En términos de la calidad del grano, el contenido de proteína fue mayor en los tratamientos en que se aplicó fertilización nitrogenada variando en un rango entre 14-15%. El peso hectolitro tuvo una tendencia opuesta al contenido de proteína, debido a que los tratamientos sin fertilización nitrogenada tuvieron un mayor peso hectolitro debido también al efecto del “Haying off” que generó granos chupados y de bajo peso. La principal variable que influyó en este estudio fue el bajo monto de precipitación (230 mm) durante el periodo de crecimiento del cultivo que generó un estrés hídrico terminal.
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Vilmus, Ingrid. "Analyse des déterminants génétiques contrôlant la résorption d'azote, relations avec les paramètres quantitatifs et qualitatifs de la récolte." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0018/document.
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Le développement de variétés performantes de blé dur (Triticum turgidum durum) doit prendre en compte la corrélation négative entre rendement et teneur en protéines (GPC). Une meilleure compréhension de ce phénomène nécessite une connaissance de l'élaboration des composantes de ces variables. Au cours de cette thèse nous nous sommes focalisés sur l'étude du déterminisme de paramètres foliaires pendant le remplissage du grain (morphologie, résorption d'azote/senescence) ainsi que leurs relations avec les caractéristiques post-récolte (rendement, GPC). La population d'étude est constituée de 282 lignées recombinantes issues d'un croisement demi-diallèle entre quatre lignées élites. Les données proviennent d'expérimentations menées en milieu contrôlé (3 expérimentations) et en plein champ (2 essais).En milieu contrôlé, plusieurs variables (teneur en azote, masse surfacique) ont été prédites par spectrométrie infrarouge à raison de mesures régulières au cours de la période d'intérêt. La résorption d'azote de la dernière feuille a été modélisée pour chaque génotype dont les paramètres ont été analysés. Un lien négatif fort a été établi entre la date d'initiation de la résorption (t0) en temps thermique post-floraison et sa durée et un lien positif entre cette date clé et le poids individuel des grains. A l'échelle de la parcelle, le suivi dynamique de la senescence par la mesure d'évolution d'un indice de végétation, le NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) a montré une relation forte entre vitesse d'évolution de la senescence et son ordonnée à l'origine, suggérant que la fin de la senescence était un phénomène très contraint dans les conditions environnementales de plein champ.En absence de stress azoté, l'analyse des 4 géniteurs a montré que des combinaisons linéaires de paramètres foliaires permettaient d'expliquer environ 2/3 des variations de la production en grains d'un épi et de la GPC. En considérant l'ensemble de la population, les effets antagonistes d'une résorption tardive sur la production de grains et la teneur en protéines ont été établis. Une carence en azote appliquée post-floraison provoque une résorption précoce et longue, ce qui semble d'avantage affecter la GPC que le rendement. Une carence en azote appliqué pré-floraison réduit la quantité d'azote disponible dans les feuilles drapeau (et par conséquent leur potentiel photosynthétique) ainsi que le nombre de grains alors que les apports tardifs en azote réalisés dans ce traitement vont retarder la résorption donc augmenter le poids individuel des grains et la GPC. L'analyse génétique en modèle mixte a permis de prendre en compte un apparentement entre lignées, calculé grâce aux pedigrees ou aux marqueurs. Ces deux estimateurs de l'apparentement sont très fortement corrélés ; l'ordonnée à l'origine de la relation (0.3) pouvant être interprétée comme une mesure de l'identité par état de la population de base à partir de laquelle les géniteurs sont issus. Par conséquent, les variances additives issues d'un apparentement marqueurs sont systématiquement supérieures à celles d'un apparentement pedigree. Les valeurs d'héritabilité des variables étudiées caractérisant la morphologie de la feuille drapeau à floraison et des paramètres de résorption d'azote sont du même ordre de grandeur que celles du rendement d'un épi et de la teneur en protéines des grains.En conclusion, nous discutons des stratégies de sélection autour de la corrélation négative rendement/GPC en lien avec la résorption d'azote et la senescence, de l'intérêt de l'utilisation du modèle dit « animal » pour les analyses génétiques et la recherche de QTLPerforming cultivar development of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum durum) have to take in consideration the negative correlation existing between yield and grain protein content (GPC). A best comprehension of this phenomenon needs the knowledge of these variables elaboration. During this thesis, we focused on the study of foliar parameters determinism during the grain filling (morphology, nitrogen resorption/senescence) and their relations with post-harvest parameters (yield, GPC). The population was formed of 282 recombinant lines coming from a half-diallel cross between 4 elite lines. Data are from experimentations on controlled environment (3 experimentations) and on field (2 experimentations).In controlled environment, various variables (nitrogen content, mass area) were predicted using near-infrared spectroscopy and performing regular measures during the period of interest. Nitrogen resorptions of the last leaf were modeled for each genotype and parameters were analyzed. A strong negative correlation was established between the resorption initiation date (t0) in thermal time post-flowering and its duration and a positive correlation was established between t0 and the grain individual weight. At the plot scale, the dynamic monitoring of senescence through measures of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) evolution showed a strong relation between the senescence evolution rate and its intercept, suggesting the senescence end was a very constraint phenomenon in field.Without nitrogen stress, the analysis of the 4 genitors indicated that linear combinations of foliar parameters could explain around 2/3 of one-spike grain production and GPC variations. Considering the entire population, the antagonist effects of a late resorption on grain production and on the GPC were established. A post-flowering nitrogen stress causes an early and long resorption which seems to affect more GPC than yield. A pre-flowering nitrogen stress reduces nitrogen quantity available in flag leaves (and consequently their photosynthetic potential) and the grain number whereas late nitrogen inputs of this environment delay resorption and raise grain individual weight and GPC.The genetic analysis in mixed model allowed taking into account relatedness among lines, calculated with pedigrees or markers. Those 2 relatedness estimators are strongly correlated; the regression intercept (0.3) can be interpreted as an identity-by-state measure of the base population from which genitors are derived. Consequently, additive variances from a marker-relatedness model are always superior to additive variances form a pedigree-relatedness model. Heritability values of the study variables (flag leaf morphology and nitrogen resorption parameters) have the same order of magnitude than those of one-spike yield and GPC.Field experimentations allowed highlighting the flag leaf weight as a contributor organ to yield and GPC. Nitrogen balance showed a link between post-flowering nitrogen fluxes and nitrogen available at flowering. Genotype-phenotype association's research was realized through a simple-marker analysis for all the experimentations and a Composite Interval Mapping analysis only for data obtained in greenhouses. A stable QTL was detected on the 3 controlled environments for t0. QTL comparison on controlled environment QTL and field QTL highlighted various area containing QTL on certain chromosomes: an area of foliar nitrogen content at flowering QTL on the 1A, an area of GPC QTL, Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW) QTL and grain number QTL on the 2A, an area of foliar morphology QTL on the 2B, an area of TKW QTL on the 3B and an area of senescence variables QTL on the 7B.In conclusion, we discuss about breeding strategies around the negative correlation yield/GPC in relations with nitrogen resorption and senescence and about the interest to use the “animal” model for genetic analysis and QTL research
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González, Aguayo Carolina Marcela. "Efecto de los precultivos sobre el rendimiento y la calidad de trigo (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) en un ambiente de secano mediterráneo." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/147935.
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Memoria para optar por el título profesional de Ingeniera Agrónoma
Mención en FitotécniaEl uso de las rotaciones de cultivo bajo condiciones de secano es una alternativa empleada en la agricultura para generar sistemas agrícolas más sustentables y productivos. De estas se puede obtener beneficios como el aporte de nitrógeno al suelo y la interrupción en el ciclo de enfermedades. En la temporada 2010 se sembró trigo candeal variedad Llareta INIA posterior a arveja (Pisum sativum L.), haba (Vicia faba L.), raps (Brassica napus L.) y trigo candeal con el fin de estudiar el efecto de precultivos en la calidad y rendimiento de trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) en condiciones de secano mediterráneo de la zona central de Chile. La precipitación alcanzó 230 mm durante el ciclo del cultivo. Para aislar el efecto del precultivo asociado a nitrógeno se aplicó 2 dosis de fertilizante nitrogenado (0 y 160 Kg N ha -1 ). Los resultados mostraron que haba fue la leguminosa que aportó más nitrógeno a la siembra (44,4 kg N ha -1 ). El rendimiento se vio afectado de manera negativa principalmente por las bajas precipitaciones de la temporada y la aplicación de N, produciéndose un fenómeno de “haying-off”. El tratamiento de 160 Kg N ha -1 produjo una mayor biomasa, que se reflejó en mayor número de espigas por superficie, pero bajo rendimiento, producto de un menor peso de granos y menos granos por espiga. Los tratamientos sin fertilización nitrogenada tendieron a conservar más agua en el suelo durante la temporada, mientras que los distintos precultivos no generaron diferencias en el contenido de agua del suelo. Los precultivos sólo generaron diferencias significativas en el peso de los granos y el mayor peso se obtuvo con el precultivo haba, debido a un menor número de granos por superficie. Todos los tratamientos superaron el 12% de proteína, mínimo exigido por la industria, mientras que para peso del hectolitro sólo los tratamientos sin fertilización nitrogenada superaron 78 kg hL -1 que bonifica la industria. Se concluye que, bajo las condiciones extremadamente secas de la temporada el uso de precultivos no provocó diferencias en el rendimiento ni en la calidad del trigo candeal. El uso de haba como precultivo aportó el mayor contenido de nitrógeno disponible previo a la siembra de trigo candeal. La metodología aplicada no permitió detectar si el uso de precultivos tuvo efecto en el contenido de agua del suelo.
The use of crop rotations under rainfed conditions is an alternative used in agriculture to generate more sustainable agricultural and productive systems. The benefits that are generated from them may be soil nitrogen input and disrupt disease cycle. Season 2010 the variety Llareta INIA was planted after pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and durum wheat to study the effect of precultures in the quality and yield of wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) under central rainfed Mediterranean condition in Chile. The rainfall reached 230 mm during the crop cycle. To isolate the effect of pre-culture not associated with nitrogen was applied 2 doses of nitrogen fertilizer (0 and 160 kg N ha -1 ). The results showed that the legume faba bean provided more nitrogen at pre sowing (44,4 kg N ha -1 ). Yield was negatively affected mainly by low rainfall of the season and the application of N, leading to a phenomenon of "haying-off". The treatments of 160 kg N ha -1 produced greater biomass, which was reflected in a greater number of spikes per surface, but low yield, due to a lower grain weight and fewer grains per spike. Treatments without nitrogen fertilization tended to keep more water in the soil during the season, whereas preculture treatments didn’t generate different in soil water content. The precultures only generated significant differences in grain weight and greater weight was obtained with faba bean, due to a lower number of kernels per area. All treatments exceeded 12% of protein, minimum required by the industry, but only treatments without nitrogen fertilization exceeding 78 Kg hL -1 , that the industry subsidizes. Finally we can conclude that, under the extremely dry conditions of the season, the use of precultures did not improve the durum wheat yield nor the quality. The use of faba bean as preculture contributed the highest content of available nitrogen before sowing of wheat. The methodology applied does not allow detecting if the use of precultures causes effects in the soil water content.
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Becerra, Donoso Marcelo Segundo. "Efecto del rastrojo de trigo (Tritricum aestivum L.) sobre la germinación y crecimiento inicial de genotipos de lupino y capacidad alelopática de rastrojo de trigo (Tritricum turgidum L. spp. durum) en descomposición." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112246.
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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero AgrónomoEn Chile se ha observado problemas de establecimiento y rendimiento de lupino cuando se cultiva después de trigo en condiciones de cero labranza con rastrojos sobre el suelo. Esta inhibición ha sido descrita como efecto alelopático del rastrojo de trigo sobre lupino. Dado que en el país se cultivan dos especies de lupino (L. albus y L. angustifolius) y que el efecto del rastrojo sobre lupino puede ser modificado por las condiciones ambientales, es que los objetivos de este trabajo fueron determinar la sensibilidad intra e interespecífica de dos especies de lupino al extracto de rastrojo de trigo y determinar la capacidad alelopática del residuo de trigo sometido a diferente grado de descomposición. Se realizaron dos ensayos. El primer ensayo fue para determinar la sensibilidad intra e interespecífico de las dos especies de lupino al extracto de rastrojo de trigo y el segundo ensayo fue para evaluar la capacidad alelopática del residuo de trigo sometido a diferente grado de descomposición. Para el primer ensayo se embebió semillas de siete genotipos de Lupinus albus y nueve genotipos de Lupinus angustifolius con extracto de 0, 23, 47 y 70 g de rastrojo de trigo L-1. Se evaluó la capacidad germinativa (CG), valor máximo de germinación (VM), longitud de radícula e hipocotilo (LR y LH), peso fresco de radícula e hipocotilo (PR y PH), relación LR/LH y longitud de plántula (LP). Para el segundo ensayo se dejó 0, 5 y 10 Mg ha-1 de rastrojo sobre la superficie de un suelo que había tenido trigo la temporada anterior. Estas cantidades de rastrojo fueron sometidas a distintos grados de descomposición aplicando tres niveles hídricos mediante una línea de aspersión. Se evaluó la descomposición del rastrojo y su capacidad alelopática. Se encontraron diferencias entre especies. Lupinus angustifolius mostró una mayor sensibilidad al extracto de rastrojo, observándose reducción en el valor máximo de germinación. Esta variable permitió encontrar diferencias inter e intraespecíficas. Las diferencias intraespecíficas en L. albus fueron consecuencia de las diferencias entre genotipos, mientras que las diferencias entre los genotipos de L. angustifolius se debieron a la interacción genotipo * concentración de extracto, por lo que la selección de genotipos tolerantes al extracto de rastrojos debe ser distinta según la especie de lupino. La aplicación de riego, independiente de la cantidad, aumentó la descomposición del rastrojo, mientras que el establecimiento de lupino aumentó con la mayor cantidad de agua aplicada en el periodo de mayor temperatura. El efecto de la cantidad de rastrojo superficial en el establecimiento de lupino fue secundario. Se evidenció un importante efecto alelopático en el suelo que sólo tenía raíces de trigo de la temporada anterior. El bioensayo con extractos acuosos de rastrojo de trigo afectó la germinación de lupino, pero no identificó diferencias alelopáticas entre los residuos con distinto grado de descomposición.
Problems of lupine establishment and yield have been observed in Chile when this crop is grown following wheat under zero tillage conditions with stubble on the ground. This inhibition has been described as an allelopathic effect of wheat stubble on lupine. Since two species of lupine (L. albus and L. angustifolius) are grown in the country and the effect of stubble on lupine may be modified by environmental conditions, the objectives of this study were to determine the intra- and inter-sensitivity of these lupine species to wheat stubble extract and to determine the allelopathic capacity of wheat residue subjected to varying degrees of decomposition. Two tests were carried out for this purpose. The first one was to determine the intra-and interspecific sensitivity of the two lupine species to wheat stubble extract and the second one was to evaluate the allelopathic capacity of wheat residue subjected to varying degrees of decomposition. For the first trial seeds of seven genotypes of Lupinus albus and nine genotypes of Lupinus angustifolius were imbibed in 0, 23, 47 and 70g of wheat stubble extract L-1. Germinative capacity (CG), maximum germination (VM), radicle and hypocotyl length (RL and HL), fresh weight of radicle and hypocotyl (PR and PH), RL/HL ratio and seedling length (LP) were evaluated. For the second test, 0, 5 and 10 mg ha-1 of stubble were left on the soil surface which had had wheat the previous season. These amounts of stubble were subjected to different degrees of decomposition using three water levels through a spraying line. Stubble decomposition and its allelopathic capacity were evaluated. Differences were found between species. Lupinus angustifolius showed a greater sensitivity to stubble extract, with a decrease in the maximum germination value being observed. This variable allowed to find inter- and intraspecific differences. The instraspecific differences in L. albus resulted from the differences among genotypes, while differences among L. angustifolius genotypes were due to the genotype-extract interaction, for which reason the selection of genotypes tolerant to stubble extract must be different depending on the lupine species. Irrigation application, irrespective of its amount, increased stubble decomposition, whereas lupine establishment increased with the greatest amount of water applied at the time of highest temperature. The effect of surface stubble amount on lupine establishment was secondary. An important allelopathic effect was seen on the soil which only exhibited roots from the previous season’s wheat. The bioassay with aqueous extracts of wheat stubble affected lupine germination, but did not identify allelopathic differences among residues with different levels of decomposition.
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Regnier, Thierry. "Les composés phénoliques du blé dur (Triticum turgidum L. Var. Durum) : variations au cours du développement et de la maturation du grain, relations avec l'apparition de la moucheture." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20092.
Full textAbstract:
La moucheture du ble dur est l'un des facteurs depreciant la qualite des semoules. Les travaux ont pour objectif une meilleure connaissance de la moucheture a travers l'etude du metabolisme phenolique. La caracterisation des composes phenoliques du grain mur (cv arbois) a permis de confirmer les donnees preexistantes relatives au ble dur et d'apporter des donnees nouvelles. Des composes phenoliques fortement incrustes dans les parois et non detectes par l'analyse biochimique sont reveles in situ par les analyses histochimiques. Les differentes formes des acides ferulique et p-coumarique s'accumulent pendant la phase ii du developpement du grain. La mise en evidence d'une activite sequentielle de la phenylalanine et tyrosine ammonialyases indique clairement qu'il existe un metabolisme phenolique actif endogene dans le grain au cours de son developpement. Une difference varietale tres nette existe au niveau d'une proanthocyanidine. L'approche histochimique a permis de caracteriser des incrustations de nature flavonoidique et des derives cafeiques au niveau de l'assise tegumentaire des grains jeunes d'un cultivar resistant. La brumisation des epis durant le developpement du grain favorise le declenchement de la moucheture. Cette brumisation induit un ralentissement du developpement des grains accompagne par un decalage de l'accumulation phenolique vers un stade plus jeune. Les activites peroxydasiques et polyphenoloxydasiques mises en evidence dans les grains brumises mouchetes laissent penser a une intervention de ces enzymes dans le developpement de la moucheture
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Nguyen, Phuoc Xuan. "Intergenomic SNPs reveal putative spontaneous chromosomal interchanges between chromosomes 7A and 7D of wheat." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/112722.
Full textAbstract:
Title page, abstract and table of contents only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library.Langdon 7D(7A) and 7D(7B) durum substitution lines were crossed with DBA-Aurora durum wheat to introgress a lutein esterification gene,TaGelp1, from chromosome 7D onto its homoeologues 7A and 7B. Genotyping-by-sequencing based on DNA samples from durum wheat and bread wheat revealed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) among the group-7 chromosomes. Sixteen KASP markers were developed and to be able to differentiate among these chromosomes. Nine 7A-7D markers were used to characterise progeny populations to search for dissociation of molecular markers which may indicate chromosomal recombination. Evidence of possible 7A-7D recombination was found in a small number of progeny (less than 4%). Most of the putative marker dissociations were in the centromeric region but one plant was found to carry only a small distal fragment of 7DS including TaGelp1. The findings suggest crossing normal durum with Langdon 7D(7A) combined with KASP marker assistance can be applied as a method to introgress and assess genes from chromosome 7D onto its homoeologues without resorting to use of wheat with the Ph1 deletion.
Thesis (M.Bio.(PB)) -- University of Adelaide, Masters of Biotechnology (Plant Biotechnology), School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2016.
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Kopytko, Granda L. "The genetics of cadmium accumulation in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) grain." 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/18857.
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"Effect of Sm1 on End-use Quality of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum)." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-05-1043.
Full textAbstract:
Genetic resistance to the orange wheat blossom midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana; OWBM) is an important breeding target to prevent yield and quality losses of durum wheat produced in western Canada. To date, only a single characterized midge resistance gene, Sm1, has been identified. Sm1 confers antibiosis resistance to the OWBM. It has been genetically localized to chromosome 2BS of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sm1 has been introgressed into locally adapted germplasm. Currently, no Sm1 carrying durum wheat lines are available for commercial production, and no studies have characterized the influence of Sm1 on yield and end-use quality of durum wheat. The main objectives of this study were: 1) To determine the effect of Sm1 on grain yield and end-use quality. 2) To genetically map the Sm1 introgression. For this work, 122 F5:9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the midge susceptible durum wheat cultivar CDC Verona (Sm1 “-”) and resistant experimental line DT780 (Sm1 “+”). Agronomic and end-use quality traits of the mapping population were analyzed. The results from each environment were used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis at Kernen (SK) in 2009 and 2010, and at Indian Head (SK) in 2009. On average, the presence of Sm1 was associated with higher grain yield and yellow pigment content, but lower kernel weight, reduced grain protein content, and weaker gluten properties. However, it was possible to identify RIL lines carrying Sm1 that expressed higher kernel weight, grain protein content, and stronger gluten. A genetic linkage map spanning 58 cM on chromosome 2B near Sm1 was constructed. QTL mapping suggested that the total length of the Sm1 introgression into durum wheat was approximately 11cM. Nearly all traits measured showed QTLs associated with Sm1. For grain protein content, a QTL proximal to Sm1 was identified, suggesting that Sm1 per se may not be contributing to the reduced grain protein observed in the Sm1 carriers of the RIL mapping population. The results presented here suggest that on average, Sm1 is associated with higher grain yield and some reduced end-use quality factors, but that it may be possible to combine Sm1 with high grain yield and end-use quality equivalent to current check cultivars.
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Quinn, Michael Gavin. "Genetic and environmental control of yellow pigment in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum Durum) in Australia." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/81387.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental and genetic control of grain yellow pigment (YP) content of Australian durum cultivars has been investigated using large genotype x environment (including controlled environments) data sets and 2 large bi-parental recombinant inbred line durum wheat populations respectively. Non-genetic variation in YP concentration was shown to be highly complex. This complexity was simplified by showing that final YP concentration is a function of the negative relationship between YP concentration and thousand grain weight (TGW), possibly due to starch dilution, and the total YP content synthesised per grain (YP/grain). Non-genetic variation in YP/grain was, not surprisingly, shown to be dependent on final TGW; however, it was also shown to be independent of TGW. Limited plant available water during grain filling resulted in both lower YP/grain and lower TGW; the net result was a modestly higher grain YP concentration. An hypothesis based on endosperm cell number that attempts to explain the observations is proposed and the implications of non-genetic control of YP for breeding programs discussed. YP concentration and YP/grain were shown to be multi-genic traits and in both populations examined there was evidence of transgressive segregation. QTL on chromosomes 7AL, 7BL, 7BS, 6B, 1A and 3B in Wollaroi/Tamaroi and 7AL, 7BL, 7BS, 6BL, 6BS, 1A and 3B in WID22221/Tamaroi were additive and together explained >50% and >40% of the phenotypic variation respectively with 7AL and 7BS being the most important. Allelic variation at Psy1-A1, encoding phytoene synthase, was identified in both populations but contrary to expectation was not associated with significant differences in YP phenotype. Rather the effect of chromosome arm 7AL appeared to be contributed by a QLT located proximal to Psy1-A1. In contrast, association between YP concentration and allelic variation at Psy1-B1, which has been identified in international germplasm, was confirmed in Australian durum wheat.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2013
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Abdennadher, Mourad. "Estimates of genetic variability resulting from single, top, and double cross populations in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum)." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/38151.
Full textAbstract:
The success of a plant breeding program depends upon the availability of
useable genetic diversity. Such diversity may be enhanced depending on the type of
hybridization strategy employed. Segregating progenies resulting from F2
populations, a double cross, and a top cross were compared for the amount of
useable genetic diversity associated with six traits in durum wheat. The parental lines
were three winter selections, H7092-11, H7092-52, and WD5, and two spring
cultivars, WPB 881 and Altar 84. Traits evaluated were (1) plant height, (2) days to
maturity, (3) harvest index, (4) kernel weight, (5) grain yield, and (6) pigment
content.
Analysis of the population mean values suggested the superiority of the F1 top
cross for plant height, kernel weight, and grain yield. The F1 top cross progeny also
had the highest genetic variability for grain yield. F2 population of the cross Altar
84 I H7092-52 gave the highest mean values for days to maturity and harvest index,
and showed the highest genetic diversity for traits other than grain yield. The only
population showing detectable genetic variance for pigment content was the F2
progeny of the single cross WPB 881 / H7092-11. When genetic diversity was
detected, the double cross was approximately intermediate between the two F2
populations from which it was derived. Transgressive segregation was more frequent
in the top cross population for grain yield, kernel weight, and plant height.
No associations between grain yield and the other traits were noted for the F2
population of the single cross Altar 84 I H7092-52 and the top cross population. For
the second F2 population (WPB 881 / H7092-11) and the double cross population,
grain yield was found to be associated with harvest index and plant height.
The only consistent relationship across all segregating generations was a negative
correlation between plant height and harvest index.
Based on the genetic diversity and the transgressive segregation observed, top
crossing appears to be the more promising in improving grain yield in the
experimental material investigated. For specific traits other than grain yield, it would
appear that single crosses would be a more productive approach, however progress
would depend on the specific parental combination. The double cross was inferior
to the other crossing strategies for the traits measured.Graduation date: 1991
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"Molecular characterization of Cdu-B1, a major locus controlling cadmium accumulation in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) grain." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2012-09-621.
Full textAbstract:
A major gene controlling grain cadmium (Cd) concentration, designated as Cdu-B1, has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 5B, but the genetic factor(s) conferring the low Cd phenotype are currently unknown. Genetic mapping of markers linked to Cdu-B1 in a population of recombinant inbred substitution lines (RSLs) revealed that the gene(s) associated with variation in Cd concentration reside(s) in wheat deletion bin 5BL9 between fraction breakpoints 0.76 and 0.79, and linked to two candidate genes; PCS2 (phytochelatin synthetase) and Xwg644, which codes for a known ABC (ATP-binding cassette) protein. Genetic mapping and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of grain Cd concentration was performed in a doubled haploid (DH) population and revealed that these genes were not associated with Cdu-B1. Two expressed sequence markers (ESMs), and five sequence tagged site (STS) markers were identified that co-segregated with Cdu-B1, and explained >80% of the phenotypic variation in grain Cd concentration. A gene coding for a P1B-ATPase, designated as OsHMA3 (heavy metal associated), has recently been associated with phenotypic variation in grain Cd concentration in rice. Mapping of the orthologous gene to OsHMA3 in the DH population revealed complete linkage with Cdu-B1 and was designated as HMA3-B1. Fine mapping of Cdu-B1 in >4000 F2 plants localized Cdu-B1 to a 0.14 cM interval containing HMA3-B1. Two bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) containing full-length coding sequence for HMA3-B1 and HMA3-A1 (homoeologous copy from the A genome) were identified and sequenced. Sequencing of HMA3-B1 from high and low Cd accumulators of durum wheat revealed a 17 bp duplication in high accumulators that results in predicted pre-mature stop codon and thus, a severely truncated protein. Several DNA markers linked to Cdu-B1, including HMA3-B1, were successfully converted to high throughput markers and were evaluated for practical use in breeding programs. These markers were successful at classifying a collection of 96 genetically diverse cultivars and breeding lines into high and low Cd accumulators and will have broad application in breeding programs targeting selection for low grain Cd concentrations. Current results support HMA3-B1 as a candidate gene responsible for phenotypic differences in grain Cd concentrations in durum wheat.
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"Evaluating disease reaction of western Canadian spring wheat cultivars (Triticum spp.) to natural and artificial infection with Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-06-1097.
Full textAbstract:
Ergot, caused by the fungal pathogen Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul., attacks the floral organs of many grassy species resulting in sclerotia production rather than grain. Infection causes reduced yields, downgrading, and poisoning if consumed by humans or animals. Few recent studies have been conducted on ergot in wheat (Triticum spp.), and prevention is the only means of control. The objectives of this study were to determine if western Canadian spring wheat differed in reaction to infection with C. purpurea and if levels of inoculum would affect disease intensity in a field setting. Three variables were measured for the field experiments to determine disease reaction, including percent sclerotia by weight, number of sclerotia per spike, and weight per sclerotium. In the first experiment, nine wheat cultivars were tested using three inoculum levels. No significant differences were detected among inoculum levels. In the second and third experiments, ninety-two cultivars were studied in field and controlled conditions. Honeydew production, sclerotial size, and the percent of florets aborted were added as variables in the growth chamber experiment. Pearson correlations were calculated using cultivar means for the field and controlled environments. Results indicate that there are differences in disease reaction among cultivars and market classes, but these differences varied depending on the evaluation method used. In the field, CWAD wheat had the smallest sclerotia, but had more per spike compared to the CWRS and CWES market classes. There were no significant differences among these market classes for percent sclerotia by weight. In the growth chamber, CWAD wheat generally had the lowest ergot infection levels. When comparing the market classes within T. aestivum (CWRS, CPS, and CWES), there were no significant differences except for honeydew production. The correlation between environments was not significant for any of the variables, suggesting alternate resistance mechanism expression. In the field, reduced infection may be due to an escape mechanism, while artificial inoculation in a controlled environment may detect a physiological resistance mechanism. However, a group of cultivars with Grandin parentage showed promising results in both environments, and might confer resistance that could be integrated into disease resistance breeding programs.
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Ammar, Karim. "Gluten protein polymeric composition and allelic variation as related to bread-making quality in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum)." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/34213.
Full textAbstract:
Attempts to develop dual-purpose durum wheat cultivars for both pasta and bread-making
have been unsuccessful. To better understand this limitation, thirty durum
genotypes, selected based on their diverse geographical origin, and five bread wheat
cultivars were compared as to their flour mixing properties, dough physical characteristics
and baking performance. The polymeric composition of gluten protein was determined
using SE-HPLC of unreduced flour protein extracts and the size-distribution of the gluten
polymer was estimated by determining the SDS-unextractable polymer (macro-polymer)
content. Durum genotypes were characterized by a lower bread-making quality compared
to bread wheats, in spite of higher total flour protein and gluten polymer contents. This
was due to a weaker gluten and lack of dough extensibility. The stronger gluten
characteristics of bread wheats were associated with a greater ability to form macro-polymers.
However, two durum cultivars had a higher macro-polymer content than many
of the bread wheats, suggesting that an additional property, unrelated to size-distribution
of the gluten, contributes to the greater loaf volumes observed for bread wheats.
Considerable variability for most quality attributes was observed among durum genotypes.
Gluten strength and dough extensibility were the most important factors associated with
superior baking performance. These two parameters were not inter-related. Durum
genotypes expressing LMWG-1 had the weakest gluten and the poorest baking
performance. This allele contributed less protein to the glutenin fraction and the sub-units
produced exhibited a reduced ability to form macro-polymers. Among the durum
genotypes expressing LMWG-2, those carrying HMWG-(6+8) were characterized by a
better baking quality than genotypes carrying HMWG-(7+8) or HMWG-20. Genotypes
carrying HMWG-20 were characterized by a comparatively weaker gluten and a lower
macro-polymer content. The better baking performance of genotypes expressing HMWG-(6+8) relative to that of genotypes carrying HMWG-(7+8) was attributed to the greater
dough extensibility characterizing the former group, but not to differences in gluten
strength-related parameters. There was no indication of differences in the gluten
polymer's size-distribution between the two groups.Graduation date: 1997
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Dupont, Sarah. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities of 31 durum wheat cultivars (Triticum turgidum var. durum) under field conditions in Eastern Canadian province of Quebec." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22245.
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Rezgui, Salah. "Estimates of genetic variability and efficiency of early generation selection for grain yield and protein content in durum wheat crosses (Triticum turgidum. L. var. durum)." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35581.
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Ammar, Karim. "Nature of the inheritance of gluten strength and carotenoid pigment content in winter by spring and durum wheat crosses (Triticum turgidum L. Var. durum)." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/38041.
Full textAbstract:
Durum wheat cultivars for North-Eastern Oregon have to be competitive
in terms of their yield potential with soft white winter wheat cultivars and meet
strict quality requirements of the milling industry. Combining the high yield
potential of fall planted durum wheat cultivars which have an acceptable level of
winter hardiness with the good quality characteristics of the spring types through
winter by spring crosses is believed to be an appropriate strategy. However, to be
efficient, quality traits of the breeding lines and the nature of their inheritance
must be evaluated early in the breeding process. The primary objective of this
study was to investigate the nature of genetic variability involving two main quality
traits, namely gluten strength and carotenoid pigment content. These traits are
measured by the SDS sedimentation test and by spectrophotometric analysis of
pigment extracts, respectively. Total genetic variability involving grain yield,
kernel weight and protein content was also studied. Combining ability analysis of
a 4x4 diallel cross using two winter and two spring parents was performed
according to Griffing's (1956) Model 1, method 1.
Both additive and non additive type gene action controlled all traits
studied. Non additive type gene action was particularly important for grain yield
and kernel weight suggesting that selection for these traits should be delayed until
later generations (F5 or F6). Protein and pigment content were controlled
primarily by genes functioning in an additive manner although they are also
influenced by significant non additive type gene action. Reciprocal effects were
significant for pigment content suggesting that some maternal effect might be
involved. The predominance of additive type gene action for sedimentation
volume suggests that this trait can be used to screen early generation material
(F2, F3) for gluten strength.
F2 populations generated from the diallel cross were compared in terms of
their genetic variances, potential transgressive segregation and were used to
investigate the possible associations between the traits measured. Winter by
spring crosses were usually characterized by an enhanced genetic variability for
yield and gluten strength. Transgressive segregation for sedimentation volume
was present in these crosses. Protein content was negatively associated with grain
yield. No relationship between gluten strength and grain yield was observed.
Gluten strength did not appear to be associated with total protein content of the
grain. Sedimentation volume varied greatly, even in populations with low
variability in protein content. Consequently, selection on the basis of
sedimentation volume per se would not be result in selecting inadvertently
agronomically unsuitable types.Graduation date: 1991
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Maddocks, Leah Maree. "Molecular and physiological characterisation of alternative dwarfing genes Rht12 and Rht13 in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Rht18 in durum wheat (T. turgidum spp. durum)." Master's thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150040.
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Palmieri, Guido Ernesto. "Efecto de la fecha de siembra sobre el comportamiento agronómico de cinco cultivares de trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) y un cultivar de trigo pan (Triticum aestivum L.)." Bachelor's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/15059.
Full textAbstract:
Trabajo Final Integrador (Área de Consolidación Sistemas Agrícolas de Producción Extensivos - Ingeniería Agronómica) -- UNC- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 2019El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar en la región semiárida central de la provincia de Córdoba el comportamiento agronómico de cinco cultivares de trigo candeal conjuntamente con un cultivar comercial de trigo pan. El ensayo se condujo durante el año 2017 en el Campo Escuela de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Se evaluaron cinco cultivares de trigo candeal (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum): Cariló, Esmeralda, Facón, Quillén y Topacio, conjuntamente con el cultivar de trigo pan (Triticum aestivum L.) Algarrobo. Se realizaron tres fechas de siembra: 23-04-2017, 23-05-2017 y 22-06-2017. Se midieron el rendimiento en grano y en biomasa aérea, peso de mil granos (g) y el número de espigas m-2; se estimaron el número de granos m-2, el índice de cosecha (%) y el número de granos por espiga. La información fue analizada estadísticamente según dos aproximaciones. La primera tuvo en cuenta solo los datos obtenidos en las tres fechas de siembra para los cultivares Algarrobo y Quillén. El segundo análisis estadístico consideró los datos correspondientes a la totalidad de los cultivares de trigo evaluados en las restantes dos fechas de siembra (23 de mayo y 22 de junio). En cuanto al rendimiento en grano, el cultivar de trigo para pan Algarrobo rindió significativamente un 21 % más que el cultivar de trigo para fideos Quillén. Los valores medios del cultivar Algarrobo en cuanto al índice de cosecha, número de granos y de espigas m-2 fueron significativamente mayores a los puestos de manifiesto por el cultivar de trigo para fideos Quillén. Salvo el cultivar de trigo para fideos Facón que produjo más grano cuando sembrado el 22 de junio, los restantes materiales rindieron significativamente más cuando sembrados el 23 de mayo. El cultivar de trigo pan Algarrobo rindió un 24 % más que la media de los cinco cultivares de trigo para fideos evaluados. Los cultivares de trigo candeal no equipararon la producción del cultivar de trigo pan usado como testigo. Por otra parte, el cultivar de trigo candeal Esmeralda fue el que presentó mayor estabilidad en el rendimiento y peso de grano, estando un escalón por encima del resto de los cultivares de trigo candeal evaluados.
Fil: Palmieri, Guido Ernesto. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina.
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"FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH DURUM WHEAT ROOTS IN DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-06-1123.
Full textAbstract:
Differences in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) microbial compatibility and/ or their associated farming practices may influence root fungi of the following crop and affect the yield. The main objective of this research was to explain the difference in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) yield the year after pea and chickpea crops through changes in the functional diversity of wheat root fungi. The effect of fungicides used on chickpea on the root fungi of a following durum wheat crop was studied using plate culture and pyrosequencing. Pyrosequencing detected more Fusarium spp. in the roots of durum wheat after fungicide-treated chickpea than in non-fungicide treated chickpea. Plate culture revealed that the functional groups of fungi responded differently to fungicide use in the field but the effect on total community was non-significant. Highly virulent pathogens were not affected, but antagonists were suppressed. More fungal antagonists were detected after the chickpea CDC Luna than CDC Vanguard. Fungal species responded differently to the use of fungicides in vitro, but the aggregate inhibition effect on antagonists and highly virulent pathogens was similar.
The effect of chickpea vs. pea previous crop and different chickpea termination times on root fungi of a following durum wheat crop was studied. The abundance of Fusarium spp. increased after cultivation of both cultivars of chickpea as compared to pea according to pyrosequencing and was negatively correlated with durum yield. Plate culture analysis revealed that fungal antagonists were more prevalent after pea than both cultivars of chickpea and chickpea CDC Vanguard increased the abundance of highly virulent pathogens. The abundance of highly virulent pathogens in durum wheat roots was negatively correlated to durum yield. Early termination of chickpea did not change the community of culturable fungi in the roots of a following durum crop.
It is noteworthy that Fusarium redolens was identified for the first time in Saskatchewan and its pathogenicity was confirmed on durum wheat, pea and chickpea. The classical method of root disease diagnostics in cereals is based on the examination of the subcrown internode. I evaluated the method by comparing the fungal communities associated with different subterranean organs of durum wheat. The fungal community of the subcrown internode was different from that of roots and crown, suggesting cautious use of this method.