Academic literature on the topic 'Triticum turgidum subsp'

Brigade durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines yield similar to the checks, very strong gluten, and low grain cadmium concentration. Brigade has better straw strength than Strongfield, slightly later maturity, and Fusarium head blight resistance better than other currently registered Canadian durum cultivars.Key words: Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn., durum wheat, cultivar description, yield, protein, disease resistance

Eurostar durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines high grain yield, high grain protein concentration, very strong gluten, and low grain cadmium concentration. Eurostar has similar straw strength to Strongfield, and slightly later maturity and similar disease resistance to other currently registered durum cultivars. Key words: Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn., durum wheat, cultivar description, yield, protein, disease resistance

Enterprise durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines high grain yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, yellow grain pigment, and low grain cadmium concentration. Enterprise has slightly weaker straw strength, similar days to maturity, and improved fusarium head blight resistance compared with strongfield. Key words: Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn., durum wheat, cultivar description, grain yield, yellow pigment, cadmium

The genetic relationships of A genomes of Triticum urartu (Au) and Triticum monococcum (Am) in polyploid wheats are explored and quantified by AFLP fingerprinting. Forty-one accessions of A-genome diploid wheats, 3 of AG-genome wheats, 19 of AB-genome wheats, 15 of ABD-genome wheats, and 1 of the D-genome donor Ae. tauschii have been analysed. Based on 7 AFLP primer combinations, 423 bands were identified as potentially A genome specific. The bands were reduced to 239 by eliminating those present in autoradiograms of Ae. tauschii, bands interpreted as common to all wheat genomes. Neighbour-joining analysis separates T. urartu from T. monococcum. Triticum urartu has the closest relationship to polyploid wheats. Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum and T. turgidum subsp. durum lines are included in tightly linked clusters. The hexaploid spelts occupy positions in the phylogenetic tree intermediate between bread wheats and T. turgidum. The AG-genome accessions cluster in a position quite distant from both diploid and other polyploid wheats. The estimates of similarity between A genomes of diploid and polyploid wheats indicate that, compared with Am, Au has around 20% higher similarity to the genomes of polyploid wheats. Triticum timo pheevii AG genome is molecularly equidistant from those of Au and Am wheats.Key words: A genome, Triticum, genetic relationships, AFLP.

The mechanism and course of Triticum plastome evolution is currently unknown; thus, it remains unclear how Triticum plastomes evolved during recent polyploidization. Here, we report the complete plastomes of two polyploid wheat species, Triticum sphaerococcum (AABBDD) and Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (AABB), and compare them with 19 available and complete Triticum plastomes to create the first map of genomic structural variation. Both T. sphaerococcum and T. turgidum subsp. durum plastomes were found to have a quadripartite structure, with plastome lengths of 134,531 bp and 134,015 bp, respectively. Furthermore, diploid (AA), tetraploid (AB, AG) and hexaploid (ABD, AGAm) Triticum species plastomes displayed a conserved gene content and commonly harbored an identical set of annotated unique genes. Overall, there was a positive correlation between the number of repeats and plastome size. In all plastomes, the number of tandem repeats was higher than the number of palindromic and forward repeats. We constructed a Triticum phylogeny based on the complete plastomes and 42 shared genes from 71 plastomes. We estimated the divergence of Hordeum vulgare from wheat around 11.04–11.9 million years ago (mya) using a well-resolved plastome tree. Similarly, Sitopsis species diverged 2.8–2.9 mya before Triticum urartu (AA) and Triticum monococcum (AA). Aegilops speltoides was shown to be the maternal donor of polyploid wheat genomes and diverged ~0.2–0.9 mya. The phylogeny and divergence time estimates presented here can act as a reference framework for future studies of Triticum evolution.

The important cyclic translocation 4AL–5AL–7BS is an evolutionary signature of polyploidy in wheat. This study aimed to determine its distribution within the subspecies of Triticum turgidum L., using genomic in situ hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization. As it exists in all eight subspecies, this translocation appeared before the differentiation of the subspecies of T. turgidum. This translocation probably first appeared in T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides and was then transmitted into the other subspecies. Its existence in all of the analyzed subspecies suggests that this translocation may confer an adaptive advantage during the course of evolution.

Several Triticum species spread in cultivation in Sicily and neighboring regions over the centuries, which led to the establishment of a large genetic diversity. Many ancient varieties were widely cultivated until the beginning of the last century before being replaced by modern varieties. Recently, they have been reintroduced in cultivation in Sicily. Here, the genetic diversity of 115 and 11 accessions from Sicily and Calabria, respectively, belonging to Triticum species was evaluated using a high-density SNP array. Einkorn, emmer, and spelta wheat genotypes were used as outgroups for species and subspecies; five modern varieties of durum and bread wheat were used as references. A principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) showed four distinct groups among Triticum species and T. turgidum subspecies. The population structure analysis distinguished five gene pools, among which three appeared private to the T. aestivum, T. turgidum subsp. Turgidum, and ‘Timilia’ group. The principal component analysis (PCA) displayed a bio-morphological trait relationship of a subset (110) of ancient wheat varieties and their wide variability within the T. turgidum subsp. durum subgroups. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and phylogenetic analyses applied to the four durum wheat subgroups revealed that the improved varieties harbored a different gene pool compared to the most ancient varieties. The ‘Russello’ and ‘Russello Ibleo’ groups were distinguished; both displayed higher genetic variability compared to the ‘Timilia’ group accessions. This research represents a comprehensive approach to fingerprinting the old wheat Sicilian germplasm, which is useful in avoiding commercial fraud and sustaining the cultivation of landraces and ancient varieties.

The aim of the research was to expand the genetic diversity of spelt wheat by introgression of genetic material of the species Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübl.) Thell. and to create on this basis new source material. Materials and methods. The study was conducted during 2016–2022 in the conditions of Uman National University of Horticulture, located in the zone of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, in the subzone of unstable moisture. The source material was winter spelt wheat variety Zoria Ukrainy (maternal form) and the sample Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübl.) Thell. (pollinator). The research used the common technology of growing winter cereals. Sowing was carried out in the optimal time for the zone – the third decade of September. All records and observations were performed in accordance with generally accepted methods. In work was used a systematic method of plot placement with four repetitions. Results. As a result of the conducted researches a number of introgressive lines of spelled wheat with different level of manifestation of morphological and economically valuable features was created. The created samples according to the morphology of the ear are divided into morphotypes of spelt, emmer and intermediate forms. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted researches the technology of creation of initial breeding material at distant hybridization of Triticum spelta L. × Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides. Valuable high-yielding samples were obtained using introgressive breeding. It was found that the highest frequency of transgression in the second and third generations was recor­ded by the weight of grain from the ear (19.1–20.0%). Materials with a yield (535.2 g/m2) and a weight of 1000 grains (44.8 g) significantly exceeded the standard (sample 230), as well as protein (20.4%) and gluten (44.0%) significantly exceeded the standard (sample 227). The selected samples will be used by donors of genes of econo­mically valuable traits in breeding schemes for the creation source material of spelt wheat.

Tamburic-Ilincic, L., Smid, A. and Griffey, C. 2012. OAC Amber winter durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 973–975. OAC Amber is the first winter durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum L.) cultivar registered for Ontario, Canada. It is an awned wheat with amber colored kernels, high test weight, kernel weight, and protein level with good winter hardiness. OAC Amber has good resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) but is moderately susceptible to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) and leaf blotch (Septoria tritici), and susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB). OAC Amber is well adapted for the winter wheat growing areas of Ontario.

The genetic diversity of 77 accessions of khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. turanicum Jakubz em. A. Löve & D. Löve) and 313 accessions of rivet wheat (T. turgidum L. subsp. turgidum) was assessed on the basis of analysis of several morphological traits and seed storage proteins. Eleven allelic variants were detected in khorasan wheat, three for the Glu-A1, one of them identified as novel; while two of the eight alleles detected for the Glu-B1 have not previously been described. A higher level of variability was observed in rivet wheat, with the detection of 20 allelic variants, five alleles at the Glu-A1 loci, two of them new, and 15 allelic variants at the Glu-B1 loci, six of these being novel. The khorasan wheat accessions derived from 22 different origins, while there were 39 origins for the rivet wheat accessions. Genetic diversity was lower among the khorasan (Ht = 0.395) than among the rivet wheat accessions (Ht = 0.545). Nevertheless, in both species, most of this diversity appeared between origins, with very low diversity observed within origins. The detected variation could be used for transfer new quality genes to durum wheat, thus enlarging the genetic pool of this species.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal with no known biological function. The maximum level of Cd concentration allowed in the international market for wheat grain is 0.2 mg kg-1. Higher Cd levels in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf) may threaten its export. To develop new durum wheat cultivars low in Cd uptake and speed up the selection process in breeding programs, this study attempted to identify SNP(s) associated with a low Cd uptake in the durum experimental line D041735. D041735 was developed from a cross between hexaploid (Sumai 3) and durum wheat by NDSU breeding program and has consistently shown low grain Cd levels. Therefore, this study sought 1) to identify SNP marker(s) tightly linked to Cd uptake and genetic dissection of the grain Cd content in a recombinant inbred line mapping population derived from D041735 and Divide (a high Cd accumulator cultivar) using wheat 90k SNP chips and 2) to test for alleles from detected Cd-linked markers among three sources of low Cd accumulators, including Strongfield, Haurani, and D041735. The QTL analysis performed in this study identified only a single major QTL for Cd uptake on chromosome arm 5BL. The QTL was detected in a 0.3 cM interval flanked by SNP markers RAC875_c20785_1219 and Kukri_c66357_357. Validation results using these flanking markers initially suggested the existence of a different gene or allele for low Cd uptake in the D041735 line as a new source for the durum breeding program at NDSU. The BLAST analysis of these flanking markers suggested the Aluminum Induced Protein Like Protein and heavy metal transporter ATPase 3 as candidate genes for the major QTL. Allelism testing revealed that the identified QTL in this study is novel and not the previously mapped QTL Cdu1on 5BL. This study therefore confirmed that the D041735 experimental line is a novel source of low Cd uptake in durum wheat germplasms, where the major QTL is most likely introduced from hexaploid wheat.

Les variétés traditionnelles sont génétiquement hétérogènes et constituent une source de diversité contribuant à la productivité et à la stabilité des agroécosystèmes. En effet, la diversité végétale fournit des services écosystémiques, dont la réduction globale des pressions parasitaires. Pour une meilleure gestion des maladies, la compréhension des mécanismes d’interaction plante-pathogène est primordiale. Dans cette optique, j’ai étudié l’adaptation entre variétés traditionnelles tunisiennes de blé dur et populations fongiques de Zymoseptoria tritici responsable de la septoriose. Dans un premier temps, le génotypage de 14 variétés traditionnelles dites «populations», à l'aide de 9 microsatellites, a montré que la diversité génétique était aussi importante au sein des populations (45%) qu'entre les populations (54%). Cette diversité est structurée en sept groupes génétiques qui s'expliquent en partie par la combinaison « nom de variété » x « localité ». La caractérisation de 15 traits phénotypiques, dont la résistance à la septoriose, a révélé que ces populations étaient également diversifiées phénotypiquement. La résistance à la septoriose est de nature qualitative (résistance majeure) dans deux populations mais plus généralement de nature quantitative dans les autres populations. Une comparaison Pst-Fst a démontré une adaptation locale des variétés traditionnelles, soulignant des trajectoires de sélection intimement liées au territoire et pratiques des agriculteurs les cultivant. Parallèlement, un génotypage SNP à haute densité (puce TaBW35K) d’un panel de 127 individus provenant de quatre populations portant le même nom de variété ‘Mahmoudi’ a mis en évidence deux groupes génétiques partagés par les quatre populations. Ce panel d’individus a été phénotypé au champ et en conditions contrôlées pour sa résistance à une souche tunisienne de Z. tritici, ce qui a permis de conduire une analyse GWAS. Cette analyse a mis en évidence 6 loci associés à la résistance contre la septoriose sur les chromosomes 1B, 4A, 5B et 7A, dont un locus sur le chromosome 1B associé à une résistance majeure de type qualitative. La fréquence des allèles favorables à la résistance oscille entre 6 et 46% dans le panel et est variable d’une population à une autre. Côté agent pathogène, quatre populations de Z. tritici collectées sur le cultivar moderne majoritaire en Tunisie ‘Karim’ et une population collectée sur une des variétés traditionnelles ‘Mahmoudi’ ont été génotypées à l'aide de 12 microsatellites. La faible différenciation génétique entre ces populations fongiques suggère l’existence de flux de gènes importants entre localités. La population collectée sur ‘Mahmoudi’ est apparue comme étant moins diversifiée et ayant une fraction clonale plus importante que les populations collectées sur ‘Karim’, suggérant un effet significatif de l’hôte sur la diversité de Z. tritici. Des tests d'inoculations croisées ont révélé une agressivité supérieure des isolats collectés sur ‘Mahmoudi’ sur les lignées de la variété ‘Mahmoudi’ que des isolats collectés sur le cultivar ‘Karim’, interprétée comme une adaptation locale des populations pathogènes à leur hôte sympatrique. Cette adaptation a été particulièrement marquée par la période de latence des isolats, soulignant à nouveau l’importance de la résistance quantitative dans les processus adaptatifs mis en évidence. Les variétés traditionnelles tunisiennes de blé dur sont des cas concrets de populations hôtes hétérogènes limitant efficacement les épidémies de l’agent pathogène responsable de la septoriose. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la combinaison de gènes de résistance, principalement à effet quantitatif et occasionnellement à effet majeur, à des fréquences variables d’une variété à une autre, est la clé de la robustesse sanitaire de ces variétés. Les enseignements acquis au cours de cette étude pourront être mobilisés pour améliorer la gestion de la diversité cultivée dans d’autres environnements
Traditional varieties are heterogeneous and constitute a source of diversity, which contributes to the productivity and the stability of agroecosystems. Indeed, plant diversity provides services to a given ecosystem, including reducing disease pressure. Understanding the mechanisms underlying plant-pathogen interactions is fundamental to improve disease management. With this in mind, I studied the adaptation between traditional Tunisian durum wheat varieties and populations of Zymoseptoria tritici, the fungus responsible for Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB). Firstly, genotyping 14 traditional varieties, considered as populations, using 9 SSR, showed that genetic diversity is equally important within a population (45%) as it is between populations (54%). This diversity is structured in seven genetic groups that can be explained in part by the nested effect of the « variety name » and the « location ». 15 phenotypic traits, including resistance to STB, were characterized and showed that the populations were also phenotypically diverse. Resistance to STB is qualitative (major resistance) for two of the populations, but generally more quantitative for the other populations. A Pst-Fst comparison demonstrated a local adaptation of traditional varieties, underlining selection trajectories that are closely linked to the territory and the agricultural practices in place. Meanwhile, a high density SNP genotyping (TaBW35K array) of a panel of 127 individuals hailing from four populations all carrying the same variety name ‘Mahmoudi’ brought to light two genetic groups shared by the four populations. This panel of individuals was phenotyped for resistance to a Tunisian Z. tritici strain in a field trial and in controlled conditions. The resulting data was used in a GWAS analysis. This analysis led to the detection of 6 loci associated to STB resistance on chromosomes 1B, 4A, 5B and 7A, including a locus on chromosome 1B associated to a qualitative major resistance. The frequency of the resistant alleles oscillates between 6 and 46% and is variable between populations. On the fungus side, four populations of Z. tritici collected on modern cultivar ‘Karim’ widely cultivated in Tunisia and one population collected on traditional variety ‘Mahmoudi’ were genotyped using 12 SSR. A low level of genetic differentiation was identified between these fungal populations suggesting a significant gene flow between locations. The population collected on ‘Mahmoudi’ was less diversified and had a higher clonal fraction than the populations collected on ‘Karim’. This points towards host-effect on Z. tritici diversity. Cross-inoculation tests highlighted a higher aggressiveness of isolates collected on ‘Mahmoudi’ to ‘Mahmoudi’ lines than that of isolates collected on ‘Karim’, interpreted as a local adaptation of pathogen populations to their sympatric host. This adaptation was especially pronounced for the latency period of isolates, once again underlining the importance of quantitative resistance in the adaptive processes evidenced here. Traditional Tunisian durum wheat varieties are practical cases of heterogeneous host populations effectively limiting STB epidemics. Our results suggest that a combination of resistance genes, mainly quantitative and occasionally with a major effect, with variable frequencies from one variety to another, is key to the sanitary success of these varieties. Findings from this study can be utilized to improve our management of crop diversity in other environments

O trigo (Triticum spp.) e o milho (Zea mays L.), pertencentes à Família Poaceae, são cereais fundamentais na alimentação mundial devido à importância socioeconômica, sendo amplamente utilizados para o consumo humano e animal. O trabalho avaliou o desenvolvimento fúngico, a produção de tricoteceno (desoxinivalenol, DON) e de moduladores naturais no contexto de proteção genética em cultivares de trigo. Em paralelo, foi avaliada a tecnologia NIR na predição de atividade de água, teor de proteína, umidade e cinzas em milho, visando aplicação de método rápido, capaz de subsidiar a técnica clássica (Capítulo 2). O capítulo 1 foi executado na França e consistiu em estudo com quatro cultivares de trigo com diferente sensibilidade à fusariose, procedendo com e sem inoculo de Fusarium culmorum, seguida de análise de grão em dois estágios de desenvolvimento (cinco dias após inoculação e na maturação). A análise em grãos de trigo consistiu na detecção de DON, composição em ácidos fenólicos (solúveis e ligados à parede celular) por LC/MS e determinação do gene Tri5 por PCR em tempo real. O cultivar de trigo resistente limitou significativamente o desenvolvimento de Fusarium culmorum e a contaminação por DON (p<0,05). Glumas de trigo de cultivar resistente apresentaram-se ricas em ácido clorogênico e flavonas, sugerindo participação na resistência contra Fusarium spp. e produção de DON. Estudo em moduladores naturais com potencial inibidor na biossíntese de tricotecenos deve ser prosseguido visando inocuidade de alimentos, enfocada também na minimização de agrotóxicos. O capítulo 2 avaliou a aplicação da tecnologia NIR na predição de atividade de água (aw), teor de proteína, umidade e cinzas de milho cultivado sob quatro diferentes populações de planta (densidade, 60, 75, 90 e 105 mil plantas ha-1) sob cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1). O teor de proteína em milho cultivado sob mesma densidade de planta aumentou com os níveis de adubação (dose de nitrogênio, p<0,05). No entanto, não se observou diferença significativa entre grãos de milho tratado com a mesma dose de nitrogênio, mas com diferente densidade de planta (p<0,05). As amostras de milho foram digitalizadas na faixa do visível / NIR de 400 – 2500 nm. O melhor coeficiente de predição foi obtido para a proteína (R2cv=0,90), revelando uma forte relação entre informação espectral e teor de proteína. Os modelos para três parâmetros (proteína, aw e umidade) apresentaram a razão de erro padrão de calibração e desvio padrão (RPD) entre 2,4 e 4,2. Com exceção de cinzas, os modelos obtidos apresentam perfil adequado para o rastreio de constituintes – proteína, aw e umidade – em milho, no contexto de monitoramento rápido em planta de processamento industrial.
Wheat (Triticum sp.) and maize (Zea mays L.), belonging to the Poaceae family, are important cereals on the global socio-economy, being widely used for human and animal consumption. The study evaluated the fungal growth and trichothecene production (deoxynivalenol, DON) in wheat cultivars on the genetic protection context (Chapter 1). In parallel, it was evaluated the application of NIR technology for prediction of water activity, protein, moisture and ash contents in maize, seeking the application of this rapid method being capable for subsidizing the classical technique (Chapter 2). Chapter 1 was executed in France and evaluated four wheat cultivars with different sensitivity to Fusarium infection, with and without inoculum of Fusarium culmorum, followed by analysis of grains in two stages of development (five days after inoculation and at maturity stage). The analysis of wheat grains was the determination of DON, phenolic acids composition (soluble and bound to the cell wall) by LC/MS and the Tri5 gene determination by real-time PCR. The resistant wheat cultivar significantly limited the development of Fusarium culmorum and DON contamination (p <0.05). Glumes of resistant wheat cultivar showed high content on chlorogenic acid and flavones, suggesting involvement on resistance against Fusarium sp. and DON production. Study on natural modulators with potential inhibitor on the biosynthesis of trichothecenes should be pursued in order to ensure food safety, also focused on reduction of pesticide application. Chapter 2 evaluated the application of NIR technology for prediction of water activity (aw), protein, moisture and ash contents in maize from four different plant density (60, 75, 90 and 105 thousand plants ha-1) with five doses of nitrogen (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1). Maize samples from the same plant density had their protein content increased with levels of fertilization (doses of nitrogen, p <0.05). However, no significant difference was observed among maize treated with the same dose of nitrogen, but with different plant density (p <0.05). The maize samples were scanned in the visible / NIR range of 400 - 2500 nm. The best coefficient of prediction was obtained for protein (R2cv=0.90), which revealed a strong relationship between spectral information and protein content. The models for three parameters (protein, moisture and aw) showed the ratio of standard error of calibration and standard deviation (RPD) between 2.4 and 4.2. Except for ash, the models obtained showed satisfactory for screening purposes of constituents - protein, aw and moisture - in maize, under the context of rapid monitoring of industrial processing plant.

Title page, abstract and table of contents only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library.
Langdon 7D(7A) and 7D(7B) durum substitution lines were crossed with DBA-Aurora durum wheat to introgress a lutein esterification gene,TaGelp1, from chromosome 7D onto its homoeologues 7A and 7B. Genotyping-by-sequencing based on DNA samples from durum wheat and bread wheat revealed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) among the group-7 chromosomes. Sixteen KASP markers were developed and to be able to differentiate among these chromosomes. Nine 7A-7D markers were used to characterise progeny populations to search for dissociation of molecular markers which may indicate chromosomal recombination. Evidence of possible 7A-7D recombination was found in a small number of progeny (less than 4%). Most of the putative marker dissociations were in the centromeric region but one plant was found to carry only a small distal fragment of 7DS including TaGelp1. The findings suggest crossing normal durum with Langdon 7D(7A) combined with KASP marker assistance can be applied as a method to introgress and assess genes from chromosome 7D onto its homoeologues without resorting to use of wheat with the Ph1 deletion.
Thesis (M.Bio.(PB)) -- University of Adelaide, Masters of Biotechnology (Plant Biotechnology), School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2016.

Abstract This chapter provides an outline of the mechanisms of wheat salinity tolerance and discusses the challenges of several breeding programmes that are in progress with regard to durum (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) and bread wheats using the integration of trait-based and molecular selection for delivering improved wheat varieties adapted to saline conditions.

Abstract This chapter aims at describing the main physiological mechanisms associated with aluminium (Al) resistance in wheat and how the research about these mechanisms has evolved to its current status. Practical aspects of phenotyping and using the molecular basis to increase Al resistance, which can be easily introduced in breeding programmes, are detailed. This chapter discusses the reliability of methods to screen root growth under Al stress, the allelic variation of genes associated with the main Al resistance mechanism in wheat, the quantitative trait loci and genomic regions that might contain minor Al tolerance genes, the use of wheat wild relatives, the uncertainties of developing transgenic wheat for greater Al resistance and the development of Al-resistant lines of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum).