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Academic literature on the topic 'Tritici'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Tritici"

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Zhao, J., X. J. Wang, C. Q. Chen, L. L. Huang, and Z. S. Kang. "A PCR-Based Assay for Detection of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Wheat." Plant Disease 91, no. 12 (December 2007): 1669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-12-1669.

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Monitoring the pathogenic fungus of wheat stripe rust, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, plays a key role in effective control of the disease. In the present study, we developed a specific and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detecting the pathogen in wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves. A pair of primers (PSF and PSR) was designed based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequence of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. PCR products that were amplified with universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 were cloned into pGEM-T Easy vectors and sequenced. The ITS sequence was compared with those of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, P. triticina, P. graminis f. sp. tritici, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, Fusarium graminearum, Rhizoctonia cerealis, and Bipolaris sorokiniana, which are associated with early symptoms of foliar diseases on wheat. Specificity of the primers was tested in the PCR assays using DNA extracted from all tested P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates, other fungal species, and healthy and infected wheat leaves sampled around stripe rust foci in wheat fields, different days after inoculation with P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, as well as asymptomatic wheat leaves sampled around stripe rust foci in the fields. A PCR product of 169 bp was amplified from DNA of all P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates. The primers did not amplify DNA from the other tested fungal species. The pathogen was detected from asymptomatic wheat leaves inoculated with P. striiformis f. sp. tritici under greenhouse conditions, as well as leaves sampled around stripe rust foci in wheat fields. Under optimum conditions, the PCR assay was highly sensitive and required only 0.1 pg of the target DNA for a detectable and reliable amplification with the PSF and PSR primers.
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Nielsen, J. "Ustilago spp. pathogenic on Aegilops. II. Ustilago tritici." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-097.

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Examination of 53 herbarium specimens of Ustilago spp. collected on Aegilops L. showed that U. passerinii, U. schumanniana, U. ehrenbergiana, and U. aegilopidis (sic) are synonyms of U. tritici. From published descriptions it was concluded that U. ugamica, too, is synonymous with U. tritici. Morphology and hybridization studies showed that eight field collections of Ustilago from Aegilops cylindrica, A. kotschyi, A. lorentii, A. tauschii, and A. triuncialis from Iran, Iraq, and the U.S.S.R. are U. tritici. The large proportion of U. tritici among herbarium specimens and field collections indicates that it is the most common Ustilago sp. on Aegilops. Thirty species of Aegilops and Triticum were inoculated with five collections from Aegilops and two races from Triticum. Aegilops bicornis was susceptible, and three Aegilops and six Triticum species were resistant to all inocula. On the remaining hosts the pathogen showed specialization at the species and genus level; specialization at the genus level depended in part on the karyotype of the host. This specialization and the low compatibility between certain collections or races as determined by crosses probably are due to evolution during long-term association with isolated host populations. The use of a trinomial system for U. tritici is rejected because of the multitude of possible formae speciales and the overlapping of pathogenicity by races on several host species.
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Gao, L., H. X. Yu, X. H. Kang, H. M. Shen, C. Li, T. G. Liu, B. Liu, and W. Q. Chen. "Development of SCAR Markers and an SYBR Green Assay to Detect Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Infected Wheat Leaves." Plant Disease 100, no. 9 (September 2016): 1840–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-15-0693-re.

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Stripe rust, caused by the pathogenic fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is an important disease of wheat worldwide. A rapid and reliable detection of the pathogen in latent infected wheat leaves is useful for accurate and early forecast of outbreaks and timely application of fungicides for managing the disease. Using the previously reported primer pair Bt2a/Bt2b, a 362-bp amplicon was obtained from P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and a 486-bp amplicon was obtained from both P. triticina (the leaf rust pathogen) and P. graminis f. sp. tritici (the stem rust pathogen). Based on the sequence of the 362-bp fragment, two pairs of sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers were designed. PSTF117/PSTR363 produced a 274-bp amplicon and TF114/TR323 produced a 180-bp amplicon from P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, whereas they did not produce any amplicon from P. triticina, P. graminis f. sp. tritici, or any other wheat-infecting fungi. The detection limit of PSTF117/PSTR363 was 1 pg/µl and TF114/TR323 was 100 fg/µl. Both SCAR markers could be detected in wheat leaves 9 h post inoculation. An SYBR Green RT-PCR method was also developed to detect P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in infected leaves with the detection limit of 1.0 fg DNA from asymptomatic leaf samples of 6 h after inoculation. These methods should be useful for rapid diagnosis and accurate detection of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in infected wheat leaves for timely control of the disease.
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Knott, D. R. "The transfer of stem rust resistance from the Ethiopian durum wheat St. 464 to common wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-054.

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Two genes for stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn.) resistance were transferred from the Ethiopian durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L) accession St. 464 to Thatcher and Prelude/8* Marquis common wheat. One gene was shown by monosomic analysis to be on chromosome 4B and proved to be Sr7a. Monosomic analysis failed to locate the second gene. It is only partially dominant and conditions resistance to a range of races. Key words: Rust resistance, stem rust, wheat, Puccinia graminis tritici, Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum
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De Pace, Ciro, Marina Pasquini, Patrizia Vaccino, Marco Bizzarri, Francesca Nocente, Maria Corbellini, Maria Eugenia Caceres, Pier Giorgio Cionini, Doriano Vittori, and Gyula Vida. "Deployment of either a whole or dissected wild nuclear genome into the wheat gene pool meets the breeding challenges posed by the sustainable farming systems." Plant Genetic Resources 9, no. 2 (March 15, 2011): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000141.

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Deploying whole and dissected nuclear genome of wild Triticeae species in the homoeologous wheat genetic background through inter-specific hybridization and introgression is a lower cost and effective option to prepare wheat germplasm with unexploited genes for disease resistance and enhanced grain yield and quality traits. The whole nuclear genomes of Dasypyrum villosum (Dv) and T. turgidum var durum have been combined, and an homoploid derivative of the original amphiploid displayed typical ‘farro’ spike morphology, tough rachis and the adaptive traits of Dv such as high resistance to diseases (caused by Tilletia tritici, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, Puccinia triticina and P. graminis f. sp. tritici), heading earliness and fortified caryopses (high protein and micronutrient contents). The dissection of the Dv genome by either ‘Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring (CS) × hexaploid amphiploid’ or ‘(CS × Dv) × CS’ hybridization and backcrossing provided wheat introgression breeding lines (IBLs) expressing one or more of the Dv adaptive traits. Molecular analyses revealed that either cryptic or Genomic In-situ Hybridization (GISH) detectable Dv chromatin introgression occurred in those IBLs. The IBLs, after 2 years of low-input field tests and genetic analyses in Italy and Hungary, showed simple inheritance, dominance and stability of the adaptive and disease resistance traits.
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Hagerty, Christina H., Ann M. Klein, Catherine L. Reardon, Duncan R. Kroese, Caroline J. Melle, Kaci R. Graber, and Christopher C. Mundt. "Baseline and Temporal Changes in Sensitivity of Zymoseptoria tritici Isolates to Benzovindiflupyr in Oregon, U.S.A., and Cross-Sensitivity to Other SDHI Fungicides." Plant Disease 105, no. 1 (January 2021): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-19-2125-re.

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Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), a disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) that results in significant yield loss worldwide. Z. tritici’s life cycle, reproductive system, effective population size, and gene flow put it at high likelihood of developing fungicide resistance. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides (FRAC code 7) were not widely used to control STB in the Willamette Valley until 2016. Field isolates of Z. tritici collected in the Willamette Valley at dates spanning the introduction of SDHI (2015 to 2017) were screened for sensitivity to four SDHI active ingredients: benzovindiflupyr, penthiopyrad, fluxapyroxad, and fluindapyr. Fungicide sensitivity changes were determined by the fungicide concentration at which fungal growth is decreased by 50% (EC50) values. The benzovindiflupyr EC50 values increased significantly, indicating a reduction in sensitivity, following the adoption of SDHI fungicides in Oregon (P < 0.0001). Additionally, significant reduction in cross-sensitivity among SDHI active ingredients was also observed with a moderate and significant relationship between penthiopyrad and benzovindiflupyr (P = 0.0002) and a weak relationship between penthiopyrad and fluxapyroxad (P = 0.0482). No change in cross-sensitivity was observed with fluindapyr, which has not yet been labeled in the region. The results document a decrease in SDHI sensitivity in Z. tritici isolates following the introduction of the active ingredients to the Willamette Valley. The reduction in cross-sensitivity observed between SDHI active ingredients highlights the notion that careful consideration is required to manage fungicide resistance and suggests that within-group rotation is insufficient for resistance management.
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DEPAUW, R. M., T. F. TOWNLEY-SMITH, T. N. McCAIG, and J. M. CLARKE. "LAURA HARD RED SPRING WHEAT." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-020.

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Laura hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) combines higher grain yield than currently registered cultivars with very good bread-making properties. Laura has resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust caused by Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm. f. sp. tritici and stem rust caused by P. graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. and E. Henn. It was registered on 23 December 1986. Breeder seed of Laura will be maintained by Agriculture Canada Experimental Farm, Indian Head, Saskatchewan.Key words: Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description
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Ben-David, Roi, Ryan Parks, Amos Dinoor, Evsey Kosman, Thomas Wicker, Beat Keller, and Christina Cowger. "Differentiation Among Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Isolates Originating from Wild Versus Domesticated Triticum Species in Israel." Phytopathology® 106, no. 8 (August 2016): 861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-15-0177-r.

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Israel and its vicinity constitute a center of diversity of domesticated wheat species (Triticum aestivum and T. durum) and their sympatrically growing wild relatives, including wild emmer wheat (T. dicoccoides). We investigated differentiation within the forma specialis of their obligate powdery mildew pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. A total of 61 B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates were collected from the three host species in four geographic regions of Israel. Genetic relatedness of the isolates was characterized using both virulence patterns on 38 wheat lines (including 21 resistance gene differentials) and presumptively neutral molecular markers (simple-sequence repeats and single-nucleotide polymorphisms). All isolates were virulent on at least some genotypes of all three wheat species tested. All assays divided the B. graminis f. sp. tritici collection into two distinct groups, those from domesticated hosts and those from wild emmer wheat. One-way migration was detected from the domestic wheat B. graminis f. sp. tritici population to the wild emmer B. graminis f. sp. tritici population at a rate of five to six migrants per generation. This gene flow may help explain the overlap between the distinct domestic and wild B. graminis f. sp. tritici groups. Overall, B. graminis f. sp. tritici is significantly differentiated into wild-emmer and domesticated-wheat populations, although the results do not support the existence of a separate f. sp. dicocci.
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Wamalwa, Mercy N., Ruth Wanyera, Julian Rodriguez-Algaba, Lesley A. Boyd, James Owuoche, Joshua Ogendo, Sridhar Bhavani, Cristobal Uauy, Annemarie F. Justesen, and Mogens Hovmøller. "Distribution of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Races and Virulence in Wheat Growing Regions of Kenya from 1970 to 2014." Plant Disease 106, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-20-2341-re.

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Stripe rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a major threat to wheat (Triticum spp.) production worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the virulence of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races prevalent in the main wheat growing regions of Kenya, which includes Mt. Kenya, Eastern Kenya, and the Rift Valley (Central, Southern, and Northern Rift). Fifty P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates collected from 1970 to 1992 and from 2009 to 2014 were virulence phenotyped with stripe rust differential sets, and 45 isolates were genotyped with sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to differentiate the isolates and identify aggressive strains PstS1 and PstS2. Virulence corresponding to stripe rust resistance genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr3, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr25, and Yr27 and the seedling resistance in genotype Avocet S were detected. Ten races were detected in the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici samples obtained from 1970 to 1992, and three additional races were detected from 2009 to 2014, with a single race being detected in both periods. The SCAR markers detected both Pst1 and Pst2 strains in the collection. Increasing P. striiformis f. sp. tritici virulence was found in the Kenyan P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population, and different P. striiformis f. sp. tritici race groups were found to dominate different wheat growing regions. Moreover, recent P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races in East Africa indicated possible migration of some race groups into Kenya from other regions. This study is important in elucidating P. striiformis f. sp. tritici evolution and virulence diversity and useful in breeding wheat cultivars with effective resistance to stripe rust.
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Knott, D. R. "The mode of inheritance of a type of dwarfism in common wheat." Genome 32, no. 5 (October 1, 1989): 932–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-533.

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A type of dwarfism found in crosses involving the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Webster and a stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici Erik. &Henn.) susceptible line, LMPG, proved to be due to a dominant gene from cv. Webster and a recessive gene from LMPG. The dominant gene is closely linked to the gene Sr30, which conditions stem rust resistance in cv. Webster and is on chromosome 5D. The dwarf plants have short, dark green, stiff leaves and rarely develop more than two leaves before dying.Key words: dwarfism, Triticum aestivum, Puccinia graminis tritici, stem rust.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tritici"

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Collin, François. "The tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Septori tritici blotch." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49156/.

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The Septoria tritici blotch disease (STB, pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici) is the most damaging foliar infection of wheat crops in Europe. Disease management strategies include cultivar resistance, disease escape strategy and fungicides. However, these strategies have failed to provide a complete protection of wheat crops. The STB tolerance is a complementary approach which aims to maintain yield in the presence of the symptoms. The tolerance of STB relies on plant physiology and source/sink balance: the sink demand (the grain growth) must be satisfied in spite of reduced source availability (photosynthetic capacity as affected by the STB symptoms on the leaves). The green canopy area, the senescence timing and the grain yield components are interesting potential sources of tolerance that were studied in this project. A data-mining study, one glasshouse experiment and two field experiments were carried out providing complementary insights on STB tolerance mechanisms. The genotype/environment interaction effects on tolerance traits were investigated for two seasons five locations/nine cultivars datasets. The nitrogen nutrition and metabolism of four doubled-haploid (DH) lines contrasting for STB tolerance were examined in a controlled glasshouse experiment at UMR ECOSYS (INRA,AgroParisTech) Grignon, France. The source/sink balance of six DH lines contrasting for STB tolerance was also examined according to their responses to a spikelet removal treatment, applied in a field experiment in Hereford, UK. Finally, a field experiment with two fungicide regimes (full disease control and non-target (STB) disease control) probed the STB tolerance of six modern UK winter wheat cultivars in Leicestershire, UK. The main objective was to verify identified potential STB tolerance traits in commercial cultivars. Putative STB tolerance traits have been identified such as the early heading date, the low degree of grain-source availability of healthy crops during the grain filling phase, the vertical canopy distribution favouring a relatively larger flag-leaf. Results showed these traits might be selectable in wheat breeding without a trade-off with the potential yield. Finally, the project also discussed the need for alternative STB tolerance quantification methods, as well as the importance of environmental variations which have to be taken into account to study genetic variation in tolerance, but which could also be used to discriminate tolerant environment.
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Marques, Leandro Nascimento. "Fertilizante foliar em associação com fungicida em trigo." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5110.

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The Chemical control of diseases is the most used practice in wheat. The increase in mineral nutrition with foliar fertilizers has been a promising alternative for the plant resistance against leaf diseases. However, foliar fertilizers have been applied in association with fungicides and can change the performance of the fungicide on diseases control. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of foliar fertilizer in combination with azoxystrobin + cyproconazole fungicide in wheat, based on biochemical, physiological , nutritional and yield parameters and determine the interference caused by the fertilizer on the evolution of leaf diseases in wheat. Isolated application rates of fertilizer and application in combination with the fungicide were performed on field and in the greenhouse works. The application of fertilizer increased the plant growth, green leaves and enhanced pigments levels (Chl a, Chl b and carotenoids). When the fungicide was applied with fertilizer, it reduced the stresses effect generated by fungicide application; it increased parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence, Fv / Fm and ETR. The levels of N, P and K in the leaves increased after fertilizer application. The fertilizer mixed with fungicide did not reduce the fungicide uptake. The diseases control was better when fertilizer was mixed with fungicide. The fertilizer applied alone had no effect on the diseases. Yield parameters were increased due to application of fungicide and foliar fertilizer.
O controle químico de doenças com o uso de fungicidas é umas das práticas mais empregadas na cultura do trigo em função da eficácia de controle. Incrementos na adubação mineral com fertilizantes foliares tem sido uma alternativa promissora em busca de maior resistência as doenças. Entretanto, fertilizantes foliares são comumente aplicados associados a fungicidas e podem interferir no desempenho de controle do produto. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a aplicabilidade do fertilizante foliar em mistura com o fungicida azoxistrobina + ciproconazol na cultura do trigo, com base em parâmetros bioquímicos, fisiológicos, nutricionais e produtivos e determinar a interferência causada pelo fertilizante sobre a evolução de doenças foliares na cultura. A partir da aplicação isolada de doses do fertilizante e da aplicação em associação com o fungicida foram realizados trabalhos a campo e em casa de vegetação. A aplicação do fertilizante refletiu em maior crescimento das plantas, manutenção de folhas verdes e maiores teores de pigmentos (Chl a, Chl b e carotenóides). Quando aplicado junto ao fungicida, o fertilizante teve efeito mitigatório dos estresses gerados pela aplicação do fungicida, com reflexos positivos em parâmetros da fluorescência da clorofila a, Fv/Fm e ETR. Houve aumento dos teores de N, P e K nas folhas em função do fertilizante foliar. Não houve redução da absorção do ingrediente ativo azoxistrobina + ciproconazol em mistura com o fertilizante. Houve melhor resposta de controle das doenças em função da mistura do fertilizante com o fungicida. O fertilizante isolado não teve nenhum efeito sobre as doenças. Parâmetros produtivos foram incrementados em função da aplicação do fungicida e do fertilizante foliar.
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Jordan, Faron. "Strobilurin resistance in Septoria tritici." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.478958.

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Nashaat, N. I. "Resistance mechanisms to Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici in Triticum timopheevii and a hexaploid derivative." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371772.

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Ali, Solaf Jawhar. "Investigating secondary metabolism in Zymoseptoria tritici." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687598.

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One of the most serious fungal diseases of wheat is Septoria tritici Blotch caused by Zymoseptoria tritici. This disease is typified by an asymptomatic latent phase, followed by a rapid onset on host-cell necrosis. There has long been debate about whether the necrosis is due to production of secondary metabolite toxins or other effects of the fungus such as use of small protein effectors thereby providing nutrients for fungal growth. Secondary metabolites are mainly classified into polyketides (PKs), non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs), alkaloids and terpenes. Genome analysis of Z. tritici identified nine PKS and two hybrid PKS NRPS pathways in addition to the NRPS believed to be responsible for siderophore biosynthesis. Promoter: GFP fusions were made for all of these candidate toxin synthase genes and their expression followed in vitro and through the disease cycle by confocal microscopy, however only pPKS3 gave any apparent GFP expression in planta. Disruption of PKS3 did not generate any mutant phenotype. In fungi, the phosphopantetheine transferase (PPTase) is needed not only for the PKS and NRPS activation, but also both lysine and siderophore synthesis and its disruption in Z. tritici is reported to have very reduced virulence. The Z. tritici alpha-aminoadipate reductase (Lys2) gene was disrupted and the ZtΔlys2 mutant was auxotrophic for lysine. Furthermore, the pathogenicity testing of ZtΔlys2 on wheat showed a significant reduction in symptom development and the pycnidia and spore number compared with a wild type. In a parallel experiment, ornithine N hydroxylase (SidA) was disrupted to prevent hydroxamate siderophore synthesis. The resulting ZtΔlys2 mutant was unable to synthesise ferrichrome and required supplementation with a high concentration of iron. It was more sensitive to oxidative stress compared with wild type and showed reduction of pycnidia and spore numbers. Whilst L1PPTstrain shows reduced virulence, the impacts of lysine and iron uptake are sufficient to account for the reduction in virulence so given that these genes also had very low if any expression in planta, it is unlikely that PKS and hybrid PKS NRPS play a major role in disease of Z. tritici.
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Kankwatsa, Peace. "Genetic Studies of Rust Resistance in the Triticum spp., and Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Pathosystem." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15805.

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The challenge posed by rapidly changing wheat rust pathogens in both pathogenicity and environmental adaptation calls for the application of advanced techniques, so that efforts to breed for durable disease resistance can be sped up. This study was carried out to examine genetic variability among Australian pathotypes of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), and to identify leaf rust, stem rust and stripe rust resistance genes in Africa wheat germplasm and spring wheat landraces. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of Pgt isolates representing two putative clonal lineages determined that pathotypes 326-1,2,3,5,6 (founding pathotype of Lineage 3) and 194-1,2,3,5,6, (Lineage 4) had a common genetic background. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis showed clearly high similarity among isolates from Lineages 2, 3 and 4. Thirty-four SSR genotypes characterised by low genetic variation (FST = 0.042) were identified among 142 isolates. Genetic variation among genotypes in such clonal pathogen populations are believed to arise principally from single-step mutation. Both known and unknown seedling and APR genes functioning either singly or in combinations were detected in African germplasm and landraces. Presence of resistance genes effective against multiple rust pathogens is an asset for gene pyramiding. Known adult plant resistance (APR) genes including the pleiotropic linked genes [Lr34/Yr18/Sr57; Lr46/Yr29/Sr58; Lr67/Yr46/Sr55 and Sr2/Lr27/Yr30], Lr68 and Lr74 were identified. A genome-wide association study detected 77 SNP markers significantly associated with rust resistance genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in landraces. Finally, SNPs associated with resistance to multiple pathogens, SNPs mapped in chromosome positions not previously known for rust resistance and landraces/lines carrying USR and UAPR are promising new sources of resistance.
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Aung, Theingi Soe Taing. "Molecular polymorphism and virulence in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62687.pdf.

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Pijls, C. F. N. R. M. J. "Population genetics of fungicide resistance in Septoria tritici." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308103.

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Kock, Appelgren Petra S. "Investigating disease tolerance to Zymoseptoria tritici in wheat." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41161/.

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Disease tolerance is defined as the ability to maintain grain yield in the presence of disease and could be a potential defence mechanism to be incorporated into breeding programmes. It is an attractive goal, as disease tolerance has the potential to be a broad-spectrum, durable defence mechanism while exerting little selection pressure on pathogen populations. Relatively little is known about how disease tolerance is conferred, but most of the hypotheses suggest resource capture and resource-use traits such as large green canopy area, increased light extinction coefficient and a high source to sink balance. Disease tolerance in current wheat genotypes is generally associated with low yield potential, and for disease tolerance to be incorporated into commercial breeding it is important to determine whether this link can be disassociated. In this study, an attempt was made to identify physiological traits conferring disease tolerance to Septoria tritici blotch (STB) in winter wheat. Wheat genotypes contrasting in disease tolerance were selected for in-depth phenotyping of selected physiological traits to determine their association with disease tolerance. A number of publications have attempted to link disease tolerance to physiological traits in wheat, based on their yield loss to disease symptom relationship. However, in this study it was proposed that variation in non-symptomatic disease could influence the appearance of disease tolerance which has not previously been investigated. The ratio of in-leaf pathogen biomass to visual disease symptoms was studied in both controlled-environment experiments and in field experiments to determine whether a high in-leaf pathogen biomass was associated with disease tolerance. Two field experiments were conducted during the field seasons 2011/12 and 2013/14 at Teagasc Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland and ADAS Rosemaund, Herefordshire, UK, respectively. A field experiment was also conducted in 2012/13 at Teagasc Oak Park, but due to dry conditions and little disease presence this field experiment was excluded from nearly all experimental analyses. In each experiment, there were two fungicide treatments, non-target disease control and full disease control. In order to increase genetic variability, 38 selected lines from a L14 x Rialto doubled-haploid (DH) mapping population developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) were screened alongside 10 UK-adapted reference genotypes for contrasting disease tolerance in 2012. Tolerance was quantified as yield loss per unit of green lamina area index (GLAI) loss to disease. L14 is a CIMMYT spring wheat large-ear phenotype advanced line and Rialto is a UK winter wheat which has high radiation-use efficiency and stem soluble carbohydrate. The DH lines displayed an increased range of disease tolerance compared to the UK-adapted reference genotypes. Selected genotypes were subjected to in-depth phenotyping for an extended range of physiological traits in 2014 to identify traits associated with increased disease tolerance. The traits measured included pre- and post- anthesis radiation interception, light extinction coefficient at anthesis, pre- and post anthesis radiation-use efficiency and stem water soluble carbohydrate accumulation at ear emergence + 7 days. In general, there was a wide range of physiological traits displaying weak associations with disease tolerance. The main traits associated with disease tolerance were related to large and/or maintained source capacity in the presence of disease, such as increased GLAI at anthesis and increased post-anthesis light interception. There was also a general association with low grain yield in the absence of disease and decreased harvest index. Increased disease tolerance was associated with high source capacity and low sink capacity, and there was an association between a high source to sink balance, measured as increased Healthy Area Duration (HAD) per grain, and disease tolerance. The impact of genotype variation on the amount of non-symptomatic disease to visual disease expression was investigated in controlled-environment (CE) experiments. In-leaf Zymoseptoria tritici fungal biomass (pathogen load) was quantified by a Real Time qPCR assay targeting the β-tubulin gene (Accession no. AY547264) and compared to visual disease expression. In the first CE experiment, two wheat genotypes were exposed to increasing concentrations of Z. tritici inoculum. There were differences in rates of pathogen development and pathogen presence between inoculum concentrations in both visual disease symptoms and pathogen loads. In the following CE experiment, a wider range of genotypes exposed to a high inoculum level were shown to differ significantly in the relationship between visual disease symptoms and pathogen loads. In order to determine the impact of genotype variation on the visual disease symptoms to pathogen load ratio, flag leaves of genotypes screened for in-field disease tolerance in 2012 and 2014 were analysed. Large variations in the disease symptoms to pathogen load ratio were identified, which has not previously been shown in wheat experiments. An attempt was made to relate the visual symptoms – pathogen load ratio to non-lesion green area loss as a measure of a potential metabolic cost of increased pathogen pressure, but no such relationship was found. An increased pathogen load per unit visual symptoms did not account for larger yield losses than predicted for a given disease level and there was no direct relationship between symptom expression - pathogen load ratios and disease tolerance. The consistency of high/low displays of disease tolerance calculated by different disease measures was investigated using three different ways of measuring disease; HAD, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and pathogen DNA quantified by qPCR. In general, the two measures of pathogen presence (AUDPC and pathogen load) tended to quantify disease tolerance similarly, while the HAD-based tolerance contrasted. There were also differences in which traits were associated with disease tolerance for the different methods of calculating tolerance; the calculations based on AUDPC and pathogen DNA tended to associate a decreased source capacity to disease tolerance while the HAD-based tolerance indicated an association with increased source capacity. All methods, however, indicated that a low yield potential was associated with disease tolerance. In conclusion, there was a large range of disease tolerance found in the field experiments compared to previous investigations. The HAD-based disease tolerance seems to be mainly related to a large source capacity and a low sink capacity. However, the genotype ratings of high/low disease tolerance and associated physiological traits seem to vary according to the method of calculating tolerance. There were large differences in the ratio of visual symptoms-pathogen load between genotypes; even though this did not have a direct impact on disease tolerance or yield loss it could potentially be associated with increased metabolic costs.
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Sidhu, Yaadwinder Singh. "Molecular tools for functional genomic analyses of the stealth pathogenesis of wheat by Zymoseptoria tritici." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/20219.

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Zymoseptoria tritici is an ascomycete fungus that causes Septoria tritici leaf blotch disease, which is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat. The lack of molecular tools has withheld functional genomics and consequently has left extensive gaps in the knowledge of the biology of infection by Z. tritici. The current research was conducted to develop molecular tools in order to facilitate forward and reserves genetic screens in Z. tritici. These tools include an optimised genetic manipulation protocol, the Z. tritici strains that provide high frequency targeted genome manipulations, a strategy for gene overexpression and protein tagging, and regulatable promoters for controlled gene expression in Z. tritici. The regulatable promoters served to reveal that the Z. tritici β-(1,3)- glucan synthase (BGS1) gene encoded an essential protein, which regulated cell wall stress tolerance and was therefore, a potential drug target. In addition, these molecular tools revealed a virulence-associated role of the glyoxylate cycle in Z. tritici as inactivation of this pathway impeded pre-penetration morphogenesis, which was restored by exogenous glucose application. This result implied that Z. tritici engaged the glyoxylate cycle to produce energy though gluconeogenesis by channelling the by-products of lipolysis. This significance of the glyoxylate cycle during initiation of the bi-phasic infection cycle suggests that Z. tritici is not a hemibiotroph, but a necrotrophic pathogen with an extended asymptomatic phase of infection. Overall, the molecular tools developed in this study will facilitate large-scale functional genomic analyses to interrogate the biology of infection by Z. tritici. The resulting data will inform the development of durable control strategies to combat Z. tritici outbreaks.
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Books on the topic "Tritici"

1

Mann, Ruth Louise. Suppression of Septoria Tritici by foliar applied potassium chloride in winter wheat. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton, 1999.

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Bannon, Finian J. Effects of a wheat clover intercrop on the development of septoria tritici blotch. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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Mielke, Horst. Studien zur Biologie des Erregers Drechslera tritici-repentis, zur Anfälligkeit des Weizens und verschiedener Artverwandten sowie zur Bekämpfung der DTR-Weizenblattdürre. Berlin: Parey Buchverlag, 1999.

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Z, Eyal, and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center., eds. The Septoria diseases of wheat: Concepts and methods of disease management. Mexico, D.F: CIMMYT, 1987.

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Puccini, Giacomo. Trittico. Firenze: Teatro Comunale di Firenze, 1988.

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Frabotta, Biancamaria. Trittico dell'obbedienza. Palermo: Sellerio, 1996.

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Giachery, Emerico. Trittico pascoliano. Roma: Bulzoni, 1989.

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Puccini, Giacomo. Il trittico. Milano: Ricordi, 1997.

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Kar, Bimal. Tritia. Calcutta: Sahityam, 1985.

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Zinna, Lucio. Trittico clandestino: Racconti. Siracusa: Ediprint, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tritici"

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Chow, Y. S., Virendra K. Gupta, Sue W. Nicolson, Harley P. Brown, Vincent H. Resh, David M. Rosenberg, Edward S. Ross, et al. "Wheat Jointworm, Tetramesa tritici (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae)." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 4220. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2659.

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He, Xinyao, Navin C. Gahtyari, Chandan Roy, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, Gurcharn Singh Brar, and Pawan Kumar Singh. "Globally Important Non-rust Diseases of Wheat." In Wheat Improvement, 143–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_9.

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AbstractWhile the three rusts are the most predominant wheat diseases in the global scale, various other diseases dominate in different geographical regions. In this chapter, some major non-rust diseases of wheat with global and/or regional economic importance are addressed, including three spike diseases (Fusarium head blight, wheat blast, and Karnal bunt), four leaf spotting diseases (tan spot, Septoria nodorum blotch, spot blotch, and Septoria tritici blotch), and several root diseases.
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Cordo, C. A., A. E. Perrelló, H. O. Arriaga, and H. E. Alippi. "Bobwhite’s’ Germplasm Selection Pressure Upon Septoria Tritici Pathogenicity." In Durability of Disease Resistance, 313. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2004-3_41.

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Pasquini, M., and F. Casulli. "Durable Resistance to Leaf Rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) and Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici) in Italian Durum Wheat Cultivars." In Durability of Disease Resistance, 338. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2004-3_65.

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Shankar, Manisha, Diane Mather, Dorthe Jorgensen, Hossein Golzar, Ken Chalmers, Grant Hollaway, Mark McLean, Stephen Neate, and Rob Loughman. "Germplasm Enhancement for Resistance to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in Wheat." In Advances in Wheat Genetics: From Genome to Field, 193–99. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55675-6_21.

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Ciuffetti, Lynda M., Viola A. Manning, Iovanna Pandelova, Justin D. Faris, Timothy L. Friesen, Stephen E. Strelkov, Genevieve L. Weber, Stephen B. Goodwin, Thomas J. Wolpert, and Melania Figueroa. "Pyrenophora tritici-repentis: A Plant Pathogenic Fungus with Global Impact." In Genomics of Plant-Associated Fungi: Monocot Pathogens, 1–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44053-7_1.

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Arama, P. F. "Breeding and Selection of Bread Wheat for Resistance to Septoria Tritici." In Durability of Disease Resistance, 191–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2004-3_16.

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Goodwin, Stephen B. "Advances in understanding the epidemiology of Septoria tritici blotch in cereals." In Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals, 245–61. London: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003180715-10.

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Petit-Houdenot, Y., M. H. Lebrun, and G. Scalliet. "Understanding plant-pathogen interactions in Septoria tritici blotch infection of cereals." In Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals, 263–302. London: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003180715-11.

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Simón, M. R., A. J. Worland, C. A. Cordo, and P. C. Struik. "Chromosomal Location of Resistance to Septoria Tritici in Seedlings of a Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat, Triticum Spelta and Two Cultivars of Triticum Aestivum." In Wheat in a Global Environment, 405–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3674-9_52.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tritici"

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Kaneps, Janis, Biruta Bankina, and Inga Moročko-Bičevska. "Virulence of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis: a minireview." In Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.003.

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Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is a major wheat pathogen in all wheat (Triticum spp.) growing areas worldwide. Up to date, eight P. tritici-repentis races have been described based on chlorosis, necrosis, or both symptoms caused on race differential wheat genotypes: ‘Glenlea’, 6B662, 6B365, and ‘Salamouni’. Symptom development on differential genotypes depends on the interaction of the pathogen’s necrotrophic effectors named Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB, and Ptr ToxC with host susceptibility genes. Ptr ToxA is encoded by the single copy gene ToxA and induces necrosis on sensitive wheat cultivars. Ptr ToxB causes chlorosis and is encoded by the multicopy gene ToxB. The Ptr ToxC is the non-proteinaceous, polar, low molecular mass molecule that also induces chlorosis, but up to date, the gene encoding this toxin is unknown. Races producing Ptr ToxA are predominant in the global Ptr population. There are several reports about new putative races of P. tritici-repentis that do not conform with the current race system, so further research is required. This study aims to collect and systematise available information about the virulence and races of P. tritici-repentis.
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Zeleneva J.V., J. V., and V. P. Sudnikova V.P. "Characteristic of the zimoseptoria tritici population by virulence in the of the Central Black Soil region of Russia." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-16.

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Based on the analysis of the intraspecific structure of the fungus Zimoseptoria. tritici, it was found that this species has significant polymorphism. Using monogenic wheat lines (Oasis (Stb1), Veranopolis (Stb2), Israel (Stb3), Tadinia (Stb4), CS / Synthetic (Stb5), Estanzuela Federal (Stb7)), the population of Z. tritici in the Central Black Earth region was tested. High heterogeneity of monosporous isolates of Z. tritici by virulence was revealed.
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"Генетическая изменчивость изолятов пыльной головни пшеницы Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Jens." In ГЕНОФОНД И СЕЛЕКЦИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ. Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/gpb2024-62.

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Bivol, Alexei, Sergiu Badarau, Stefan Rusu, Nicola Sasanelli, Elisaveta Bivol, and Elena Iurcu-Straistaru. "Măsuri de protecţie integrată asupra maladiilor foliare la cerealele de toamnă." In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.30.

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This work presents the results of investigations in the frame state testing the products for phytosanitary use Lab 05-F, SC, Lab 06–F, SE, Duo SCC, Virtuoz EC, Mirage 45 EC as fungicides on autumn cereals crops during the period of vegetation of 2017-2018 years. It was established the ethyological component, grade of intensity and the frequency of the phytopathogenic agents in the period of vegetation at autumn wheat and barley as they are: Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici, s.p. hordei, Puccinia anomala, Puccinia recondita, Helminthosporium gramineum, Helminthosporium tritici-repentiss Helminthosporium teres, Septoria graminum, Septoria nodorum anomala, Fusarium graminearum. On the base of the experimental results obtained the preparations tested had a high biological effiency in the combat of leaf diseases at autumn cereals in critical phases of the periods of vegetation. have been included in the integrate protection system.
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"Race composition of the loose smut (Ustilago tritici) in Western Siberia." In Current Challenges in Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/icg-plantgen2019-23.

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"Оценка на устойчивость казахстанских образцов пшеницы к патогену Pyrenophora Tritici-repentis." In ГЕНОФОНД И СЕЛЕКЦИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ. Институт цитологии и генетики СО РАН, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/gpb2020-44.

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"Microsatellite markers for regional differentiation of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici populations." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-120.

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"The pathotype structure of the causative agent Puccinia sp. tritici in Kazakhstan." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-172.

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Neshumaeva, N. A., and A. V. Sidorov. "Comparison of methods of artificial inoculation of wheat with the loose smut pathogen U. tritici." In All-Russian Scientific Conference "Russian Science, Innovation, Education - 2022". Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/rosnio.2022.3.36-40.

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Two methods of artificial inoculation of wheat samples Novosibirskaya 15, Kuraginskaya 2, Kanskaya, K-712-4, Svirel, K-696-6, K-733-3, Altaiskaya 70 with the agent of loose smut U. tritici were compared in the conditions of the infectious nursery of the Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agriculture. The syringe method proved to be more effective as an inoculation.
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"The virulence of isolates of Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Jens. collected in Western Siberia." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-133.

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Reports on the topic "Tritici"

1

Bostock, Richard M., Dov Prusky, and Martin Dickman. Redox Climate in Quiescence and Pathogenicity of Postharvest Fungal Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586466.bard.

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Monilinia fructicola causes brown rot blossom blight and fruit rot in stone fruits. Immature fruit are highly resistant to brown rot but can become infected. These infections typically remain superficial and quiescent until they become active upon maturation of the fruit. High levels of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and related compounds occur in the peel of immature fruit but these levels decline during ripening. CGA inhibits cutinase expression, a putative virulence factor, with little or no effect on spore germination or hyphal growth. To better understand the regulation of cutinase expression by fruit phenolics, we examined the effect of CGA, caffeic acid (CA) and related compounds on the redox potential of the growth medium and intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels. The presence of CA in the medium initially lowered the electrochemical redox potential of the medium, increased GSH levels and inhibited cutinase expression. Conidia germinated in the presence of CA, CGA, or GSH produced fewer appressoria and had elongated germ tubes compared to the controls. These results suggest that host redox compounds can regulate fungal infectivity. In order to genetically manipulate this fungus, a transformation system using Agrobacterium was developed. The binary transformation vector, pPTGFPH, was constructed from the plasmid pCT74, carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the ToxA promoter of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) under control of the trpC promoter of from Aspergillus nidulans, and the binary vector pCB403.2, carrying neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) between the T-DNA borders. Macroconidia of M. fructicola were coincubated with A. tumefaciens strain LBA 4404(pPTGFPH) on media containing acetosyringone for two days. Hygromycin- and G418-resistant M. fructicola transformants were selected while inhibiting A. tumefaciens with cefotaxime. Transformants expressing GFP fluoresced brightly, and were formed with high efficiency and frequency of T-DNA integration frequency. The use of these transformants for in situ studies on stone fruit tissues is discussed.
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Van Blarigan, Peter, Andrew D. Shugard, and R. Tom Walters. Titanium tritide radioisotope heat source development : palladium-coated titanium hydriding kinetics and tritium loading tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1035341.

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Wermer, J. R., J. S. Holder, and W. C. Mosley. Analysis of LaNi{sub 4.25}Al{sub 0.75} (LANA.75) tritide after five years of tritium exposure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10176785.

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Solomon, Kip, and Troy Gilmore. Age Dating Young Groundwater. The Groundwater Project, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/liiu2727.

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This book provides an overview of common tracer methods that can be used to estimate the age of young groundwater that recharged less than about 60 years ago. In this book, applications of tracers to address hydrogeologic problems are only mentioned briefly because such problems are the topic of the Groundwater Project Book titled Introduction to Isotopes and Environmental Tracers as Indicators of Groundwater Flow (Cook, 2020) which readers are encouraged to review. The dating tracer methods include tritium (3H), tritium/helium-3 (3H/3He), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). All these methods except 3H involve the occurrence and transport of dissolved gases and thus the basic concepts of dissolved gases are discussed in this book. The authors are hydrogeologists interested in solving both groundwater quality and quantity issues in a world in which the availability of high-quality groundwater is diminishing. The goal of this book is to inform researchers and policy makers about the concepts and underlying assumptions involved in groundwater dating methods with the aim of increasing the application of these powerful methods while informing readers of their inherent limitations.
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Author, Not Given. Development of Tritide Dose Assumptions for Tritium Processing and Extraction Facilities MACCS2 Consolidated Hazard Analysis and Documented Safety Analysis Revision. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1476263.

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Moore, M. Development of Tritide Dose Assumptions for Tritium Processing and Extraction Facilities MACCS2 Consolidated Hazard Analysis and Documented Safety Analysis Revision. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1482192.

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Goff, F., A. I. Aams, G. M. McMurtry, L. Shevenell, D. R. Pettit, J. A. Stimac, and C. Werner. Magmatic tritium. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/505274.

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Hsu, R. H., and L. K. Heung. Confinement and Tritium Stripping Systems for APT Tritium Processing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/610615.

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Kidman, R. B. Tritium implantation in the accelerator production of tritium device. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/629330.

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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, and Ann Blechl. Molecular characterization and deployment of the high-temperature adult plant stripe rust resistance gene Yr36 from wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699860.bard.

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Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat. Virulent races that appeared within the last decade caused drastic cuts in yields. The incorporation of genetic resistance against this pathogen is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution to this problem. However, race specific seedling resistance genes provide only a temporary solution because fungal populations rapidly evolve to overcome this type of resistance. In contrast, high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance genes provide a broad spectrum resistance that is partial and more durable. The cloning of the first wheat HTAP stripe rust resistance gene Yr36 (Science 2009, 323:1357), funded by our previous (2007-2010) BARD grant, provided us for the first time with an entry point for understanding the mechanism of broad spectrum resistance. Two paralogous copies of this gene are tightly linked at the Yr36 locus (WKS1 and WKS2). The main objectives of the current study were to characterize the Yr36 (WKS) resistance mechanism and to identify and characterize alternative WKSgenes in wheat and wild relatives. We report here that the protein coded by Yr36, designated WKS1, that has a novel architecture with a functional kinase and a lipid binding START domain, is localized to chloroplast. Our results suggest that the presence of the START domain may affect the kinase activity. We have found that the WKS1 was over-expressed on leaf necrosis in wheat transgenic plants. When the isolated WKS1.1 splice variant transcript was transformed into susceptible wheat it conferred resistance to stripe rust, but the truncated variant WKS1.2 did not confer resistance. WKS1.1 and WKS1.2 showed different lipid binding profiling. WKS1.1 enters the chloroplast membrane, while WKS1.2 is only attached outside of the chloroplast membrane. The ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity of the recombinant protein of TmtAPXwas found to be reduced by WKS1.1 protein in vitro. The WKS1.1 mature protein in the chloroplast is able to phosphorylate TmtAPXprotein in vivo. WKS1.1 induced cell death by suppressing APX activity and reducing the ability of the cell to detoxify reactive oxygen. The decrease of APX activity reduces the ability of the plant to detoxify the reactive H2O2 and is the possible mechanism underlying the accelerated cell death observed in the transgenic plants overexpressing WKS1.1 and in the regions surrounding a stripe rust infection in the wheat plants carrying the natural WKS1.1 gene. WKS2 is a nonfunctional paralog of WKS1 in wild emmer wheat, probably due to a retrotransposon insertion close to the alternative splicing site. In some other wild relatives of wheat, such as Aegilops comosa, there is only one copy of this gene, highly similar to WKS2, which is lucking the retrotransposon insertion. WKS2 gene present in wheat and WKS2-Ae from A. showed a different pattern of alternative splice variants, regardless of the presence of the retrotransposon insertion. Susceptible Bobwhite transformed with WKS2-Ae (without retrotansposon insertion in intron10), which derived from Aegilops comosaconferred resistance to stripe rust in wheat. The expression of WKS2-Ae in transgenic plants is up-regulated by temperature and pathogen infection. Combination of WKS1 and WKS2-Ae shows improved stripe rust resistance in WKS1×WKS2-Ae F1 hybrid plants. The obtained results show that WKS1 protein is accelerating programmed cell death observed in the regions surrounding a stripe rust infection in the wheat plants carrying the natural or transgenic WKS1 gene. Furthermore, characterization of the epistatic interactions of Yr36 and Yr18 demonstrated that these two genes have additive effects and can therefore be combined to increase partial resistance to this devastating pathogen of wheat. These achievements may have a broad impact on wheat breeding efforts attempting to protect wheat yields against one of the most devastating wheat pathogen.
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