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1
Wen, Cuiping, Zhong Zhang, Qianqian Shi, Xiaoshan Duan, Jiangtao Du, Cuiyun Wu, and Xingang Li. "Methyl Jasmonate- and Salicylic Acid-Induced Transcription Factor ZjWRKY18 Regulates Triterpenoid Accumulation and Salt Stress Tolerance in Jujube." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 3899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043899.
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Triterpenoids are important, pharmacologically active substances in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), and play an important role in the plant’s resistance to abiotic stress. However, regulation of their biosynthesis, and the underlying mechanism of their balance with stress resistance, remain poorly understood. In this study, we screened and functionally characterized the ZjWRKY18 transcription factor, which is associated with triterpenoid accumulation. The transcription factor is induced by methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid, and its activity was observed by gene overexpression and silencing experiments, combined with analyses of transcripts and metabolites. ZjWRKY18 gene silencing decreased the transcription of triterpenoid synthesis pathway genes and the corresponding triterpenoid content. Overexpression of the gene promoted the biosynthesis of jujube triterpenoids, as well as triterpenoids in tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, ZjWRKY18 binds to W-box sequences to activate promoters of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, suggesting that ZjWRKY18 positively regulates the triterpenoid synthesis pathway. Overexpression of ZjWRKY18 also increased tolerance to salt stress in tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana. These results highlight the potential use of ZjWRKY18 to improve triterpenoid biosynthesis and salt stress tolerance in plants, and provide a strong basis for metabolic engineering to improve the content of triterpenoids and breeding of jujube varieties that are resistant to stress.
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Sun, Caowen, Shengzuo Fang, and Xulan Shang. "Triterpenoids Biosynthesis Regulation for Leaf Coloring of Wheel Wingnut (Cyclocaryapaliurus)." Forests 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121733.
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Cyclocaryapaliurus leaves are rich in triterpenoids with positive results in the treatment of diabetes, antioxidation, and scavenging free radicals. C. paliurus red leaves have been found to contain higher flavonoids including anthocyanin, however, the triterpenoids accumulation pattern is still unclear. For the purpose of researching the triterpenoid accumulating mechanism during red new leaf development, transcriptome and metabolome analysis was conducted during C. paliurus the red leaf development process. The results uncovered that most triterpenoid ingredients were found to accumulate during leaves turning green, while the unique ingredients content including cyclocaric acid A, cyclocarioside I, cyclocarioside Ⅱand cyclocarioside Ⅲ decreased or remained unchanged. Functional structure genes (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, and farnesyl-diphosphate synthase) were identified for promoting triterpenoids accumulation mainly in the mevalonic acid pathway (MVA). Moreover, glycosyltransferase (UGT73C, UGT85A, and UGT85K) was also found attributed to triterpenoids accumulation. These findings provide information for a better understanding of the triterpenoid biosynthesis mechanism during leaf development and will be useful for targeted breeding.
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Kim, Jaecheol, Si Chang Yang, Ah Young Hwang, Hyunnho Cho, and Keum Taek Hwang. "Composition of Triterpenoids in Inonotus obliquus and Their Anti-Proliferative Activity on Cancer Cell Lines." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 6, 2020): 4066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184066.
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The objective of this study was to determine the composition of triterpenoids in the extracts from the inner and outer parts of Inonotus obliquus and to evaluate their anti-proliferative activity against cancer cell lines (HT-29, AGS, MCF-7, and PC3). Inner and outer parts of I. obliquus were extracted with 80% methanol for 24 h. The extract was fractionated by Diaion HP-20 resin to obtain the triterpenoid fraction. Composition of triterpenoids in the fraction was analyzed by HPLC and LC-ESI-MS. Anti-proliferative activity was evaluated by MTT assay against cancer cell lines. Inotodiol and trametenolic acid were major triterpenoids in both of the inner and outer parts of I. obliquus. Inotodiol in triterpenoid fractions from the inner and outer parts of I. obliquus was 153.9 ± 15.4 mg/g (dry basis (db)) and 194.1 ± 11.5 mg/g, respectively. Trametenolic acid in triterpenoid fractions from the inner and outer parts of I. obliquus was 94.5 ± 9.15 mg/g (db) and 106.3 ± 8.23 mg/g, respectively. Triterpenoids in the outer part were significantly higher than those in the inner part. Anti-proliferative activity of the triterpenoid fraction from the outer part against AGS, MCF-7, and PC3 was also significantly higher than that of the inner part.
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Aliffia Dwi Rahma, Hanifah Ismayfatin, Yulianti Khasanah, Aditiya Rizky Putra Abimanyu, and Himyatul Hidayah. "Identification of Tannin, Triterpenoid, and Flavonoid Function Groups of Jamblang Plants (Syzygium cumini): A Systematic Literature Review." Eureka Herba Indonesia 5, no. 1 (December 15, 2023): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/ehi.v5i1.102.
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Identification of the functional groups of tannins, triterpenoids, and flavonoids in jamblang is important to determine the type and content of bioactive compounds found in jamblang. By knowing the type and content of these bioactive compounds, the potential of jamblang as a traditional medicine can be further optimized. This study aims to explore the identification of tannin, triterpenoid, and flavonoid functional groups in jamblang. The literature search process was carried out on various databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, and Google Scholar) regarding the identification of tannin, triterpenoid, and flavonoid functional groups in jamblang (Syzygium cumini). This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) recommendations. Jamblang contains various types of tannins, including catechins, gallotanins, and proanthocyanidins. Jamblang contains various types of triterpenoids, including phytosterols, triterpenoid saponins, and other triterpenoids. Jamblang contains various types of flavonoids, including flavonols, flavanones, and anthocyanins.
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Chang, Te-Sheng, Chien-Min Chiang, Tzi-Yuan Wang, Yu-Li Tsai, Yu-Wei Wu, Huei-Ju Ting, and Jiumn-Yih Wu. "One-Pot Bi-Enzymatic Cascade Synthesis of Novel Ganoderma Triterpenoid Saponins." Catalysts 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11050580.
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Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus whose numerous triterpenoids are its main bioactive constituents. Although hundreds of Ganoderma triterpenoids have been identified, Ganoderma triterpenoid glycosides, also named triterpenoid saponins, have been rarely found. Ganoderic acid A (GAA), a major Ganoderma triterpenoid, was synthetically cascaded to form GAA-15-O-β-glucopyranoside (GAA-15-G) by glycosyltransferase (BtGT_16345) from Bacillus thuringiensis GA A07 and subsequently biotransformed into a series of GAA glucosides by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (Toruzyme® 3.0 L) from Thermoanaerobacter sp. The optimal reaction conditions for the second-step biotransformation of GAA-15-G were found to be 20% of maltose; pH 5; 60 °C. A series of GAA glucosides (GAA-G2, GAA-G3, and GAA-G4) could be purified with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by mass and nucleic magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analysis. The major product, GAA-15-O-[α-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-glucopyranoside] (GAA-G2), showed over 4554-fold higher aqueous solubility than GAA. The present study demonstrated that multiple Ganoderma triterpenoid saponins could be produced by sequential actions of BtGT_16345 and Toruzyme®, and the synthetic strategy that we proposed might be applied to many other Ganoderma triterpenoids to produce numerous novel Ganoderma triterpenoid saponins in the future.
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Liu, Zengcai, Ruipeng Liu, Xinyu Tong, and Li Zou. "New Insights into Methyl Jasmonate Regulation of Triterpenoid Biosynthesis in Medicinal Fungal Species Sanghuangporusbaumii (Pilát) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8090889.
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Triterpenoids are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus Sanghuangporus baumii that have important pharmacological activities. However, the yield of triterpenoids is low and cannot meet market demand. Here, we treated S. baumii with several concentrations of MeJA (methyl jasmonate) and found that the total triterpenoid content was highest (23.31 mg/g) when the MeJA concentration was 250 μmol/L. qRT-PCR was used to quantify the transcription of five key genes involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis. The results showed that the relative transcription of most genes increased with increasing MeJA concentration, indicating that MeJA is a potent inducer of triterpenoid biosynthesis in S. baumii. To further explore whether other terpenoid biosynthesis pathways are also involved in the accumulation of triterpenoids induced by MeJA, we measured the contents of cis-Zeatin (cZ), gibberellins (GAs), and the transcript levels of related biosynthesis genes. We found that MeJA significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of cZ, GAs, and the transcription of related genes. The repressive effects of MeJA on cZ and GA accumulation were further confirmed by growth rate and biomass assays. In conclusion, our study provides an effective method to enhance the triterpenoid content of S. baumii, and also provides novel insights into the mechanism of MeJA-induced triterpenoid biosynthesis.
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Numonov, Sodik, Farukh Sharopov, Muhammad Nasimullah Qureshi, Latofat Gaforzoda, Isomiddin Gulmurodov, Qosimjon Khalilov, William N. Setzer, Maidina Habasi, and Haji Akber Aisa. "The Ursolic Acid-Rich Extract of Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth. with Potent Antidiabetic and Cytotoxic Activities." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 6505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186505.
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Pentacyclic triterpenoids are one of the main functional components in Dracocephalum heterophyllum. In this study the optimal process, the fairly simple and accessible extraction and purification of triterpenoids of D. heterophyllum, was developed by a remaceration method. Remaceration is characterized by minimal loss of biologically active compounds on diffusion, which contributes to the largest depletion of raw materials. The triterpenoid yield was 2.4% under optimal conditions which was enhanced to 98.03% after purification. The triterpenoid profiles and their anticancer and antidiabetic activities were further analyzed. GC-MS analysis of triterpenoidal extract of D. heterophyllum resulted ursolic acid (71.9%) and oleanolic acid (18.1%) as the major components. Additionally, total purified triterpenoid contents of D. heterophyllum and its main components were shown to possess significant cytotoxic activity against three human breast cancer cell lines (SK-Br-3, T47D, and MCF-7). The purification of triterpenoids influenced their biological activity. The antidiabetic effect, as measured by inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP-1B), of the purified fraction of triterpenoids of D. heterophyllum increased by five-fold against the enzyme. The results provide important guidance for the industrial application of D. heterophyllum confirming the prospect of developing plant extracts into effective drugs and health foods for human applications.
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Si, Longlong, Kun Meng, Zhenyu Tian, Jiaqi Sun, Huiqiang Li, Ziwei Zhang, Veronica Soloveva, et al. "Triterpenoids manipulate a broad range of virus-host fusion via wrapping the HR2 domain prevalent in viral envelopes." Science Advances 4, no. 11 (November 2018): eaau8408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau8408.
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A trimer-of-hairpins motif has been identified in triggering virus-cell fusion within a variety of viral envelopes. Chemically manipulating such a motif represents current repertoire of viral fusion inhibitors. Here, we report that triterpenoids, a class of natural products, antagonize this trimer-of-hairpins via its constitutive heptad repeat-2 (HR2), a prevalent α-helical coil in class I viral fusion proteins. Triterpenoids inhibit the entry of Ebola, Marburg, HIV, and influenza A viruses with distinct structure-activity relationships. Specifically, triterpenoid probes capture the viral envelope via photocrosslinking HR2. Profiling the Ebola HR2-triterpenoid interactions using amino acid substitution, surface plasmon resonance, and nuclear magnetic resonance revealed six residues accessible to triterpenoids, leading to wrapping of the hydrophobic helix and blocking of the HR1-HR2 interaction critical in the trimer-of-hairpins formation. This finding was also observed in the envelopes of HIV and influenza A viruses and might potentially extend to a broader variety of viruses, providing a mechanistic insight into triterpenoid-mediated modulation of viral fusion.
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Xu, Hou-Chao, Kun Hu, Xiao-Huo Shi, Jian-Wei Tang, Xiao-Nian Li, Han-Dong Sun, and Pema-Tenzin Puno. "Synergistic use of NMR computation and quantitative interproton distance analysis in the structural determination of neokadcoccitane A, a rearranged triterpenoid featuring an aromatic ring D from Kadsura coccinea." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 6, no. 10 (2019): 1619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9qo00281b.
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Liang, Xiaoqin, Peng Niu, Jun Li, Xinlan Guan, Yanjun Zhang, and Jian Li. "Discovery of Anti-Inflammatory Triterpenoid Glucosides from the Heritiera littoralis Dryand." Molecules 28, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041658.
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Two new triterpenoid glucosides, Heritiera A (1) and Heritiera B (2), and six known triterpenoid analogs (3–8) were isolated from Heritiera littoralis Dryand. Their structures were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and comparisons with the literature. The anti-inflammatory activity of the isolates from H. littoralis was evaluated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells model. The result showed that four triterpenoids exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity. Among these compounds, compound 2 substantially inhibits the release of nitric oxide (NO) with an IC50 value of 10.33 μM. The triterpenoids from H. littoralis could be used as potential candidates for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.
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Baek, Seungeun, Jong-Eun Han, Thanh-Tam Ho, and So-Young Park. "Development of Hairy Root Cultures for Biomass and Triterpenoid Production in Centella asiatica." Plants 11, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11020148.
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Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) is a tropical/subtropical medicinal plant, which contains a variety of triterpenoids, including madecassoside, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, and asiatic acid. In this study, we tested the efficiency of hairy root (HR) induction in C. asiatica from leaf and petiole explants. Leaves and petioles collected from C. asiatica plants were suspended in agro-stock for 30 min and co-cultured with Agrobacterium rhizogenes for 3 days to induce HR formation. The transformation efficiency of leaf and petiole explants was approximately 27% and 12%, respectively. A total of 36 HR lines were identified by PCR-based amplification of rol genes, and eight of these lines were selected for further analysis. Among all eight HR lines, the petiole-derived lines HP4 and HP2 displayed the highest growth index (37.8) and the highest triterpenoids concentration (46.57 mg∙g−1), respectively. Although triterpenoid concentration was >2-fold higher in leaves than in petioles of C. asiatica plants, the accumulation of triterpenoids in petiole-derived HR cultures was 1.4-fold higher than that in leaf-derived HR cultures. Additionally, in both leaf- and petiole-derived HR cultures, terpenoid production was higher in HRs than in adventitious roots. These results demonstrate that the triterpenoid content in the explant does not affect the triterpenoid content in the resultant HRs. The HR culture of C. asiatica could be scaled up to enable the mass production of triterpenoids in bioreactors for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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Chang, Te-Sheng. "Glycosylation of Ganoderic Acid F by Bacillus Glycosyltransferase." Agrochemicals 1, no. 1 (September 22, 2022): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals1010003.
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Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus and has been used for improvements of health or prevention of certain diseases in Asia for thousands of years. Despite numerous kinds of triterpenoids having been identified from G. lucidum, few natural Ganoderma triterpenoids exist in the form of glycosides (saponins). To expand the diversity of Ganoderma triterpenoids and find rare Ganoderma saponins, ganoderic acid F (GAF), a Ganoderma triterpenoid, was biotransformed by a glycosyltransferase (BsGT110) from Bacillus subtilis ATCC (American type culture collection) 6633. The results showed that BsGT110 catalyzed biotransformation of GAF to produce a metabolite, which was confirmed as a GAF glucoside by mass–mass spectroscopy. The GAF glucoside showed 89-fold higher aqueous solubility than that of GAF. The present study highlights the utility of BsGT110 in the production of novel Ganoderma triterpenoid saponins, and the newly identified and highly soluble GAF glucoside can be studied for its bioactivity in the future.
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Khwaza, Vuyolwethu, Sithenkosi Mlala, Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji, and Blessing A. Aderibigbe. "Pentacyclic Triterpenoids with Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Moiety, Privileged Hybrids in Anticancer Drug Discovery." Molecules 26, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 2401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092401.
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Pentacyclic triterpenoids are well-known phytochemicals with various biological activities commonly found in plants as secondary metabolites. The wide range of biological activities exhibited by triterpenoids has made them the most valuable sources of pharmacological agents. A number of novel triterpenoid derivatives with many skeletal modifications have been developed. The most important modifications are the formation of analogues or derivatives with nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffolds. The derivatives with nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds are among the most promising candidate for the development of novel therapeutic drugs. About 75% of FDA-approved drugs are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moieties. The unique properties of heterocyclic compounds have encouraged many researchers to develop new triterpenoid analogous with pharmacological activities. In this review, we discuss recent advances of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic triterpenoids as potential therapeutic agents. This comprehensive review will assist medicinal chemists to understand new strategies that can result in the development of compounds with potential therapeutic efficacy.
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Shende, Mulchand A., Minakshi S. More, and Rajendra P. Marathe. "Development and Evaluation of Terminalia Arjuna Loaded Phytosome for Bioavailability Enhancement." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 11, no. 2 (March 31, 2018): 4012–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2018.11.2.2.
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Present work was aimed to develop and investigate phosphatidylcholinatedphytosome system based on triterpenoid fraction of Terminalia Arjuna (TFTA) for secure and efficient delivery of triterpenoid to enhanced bioavailability. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) a green method with a significant reduction in extraction time and organic solvent consumption has been selected and successful extraction of triterpenoids with good yield. Planterosomes a novel carrier for drug delivery of triterpenoid fraction of Terminalia Arjuna were effectively fabricated with a specified molar ratio of 7:3 of TFTA-PC complex and cholesterol in chloroform: methanol (3:1) by the thin layer film hydration method and examined for particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, scanning electron microscopy, FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry study. Formulation of planterosomes showed a narrow size distribution with an average diameter of 381.2 ± 1.82 nm. The entrapment efficiency (EE) of TFTA was 87.94 ± 0.41%. Release study demonstrated prolonged triterpenoid release from phytosomes following higuchi release kinetics with r2 = 0.995. Ex-vivo permeation studies demonstrated the presence of significant absorption of TFTA-PC complex as compared to the TFTA and thereby, the superiority of complex which may be due to the amphiphilic nature of complex which greatly enhance the lipid miscibility of TFTA. From stability studies it was conclude that drug leakage was not significant at storage condition which suitable for vesicles. Conclusively, TFTA loaded planterosomes might be an efficient carrier for triterpenoids which enhance the absorption triterpenoids across the biological membrane for effective management of curing various diseases.
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Vilkickyte, Gabriele, Vilma Petrikaite, Mindaugas Marksa, Liudas Ivanauskas, Valdas Jakstas, and Lina Raudone. "Fractionation and Characterization of Triterpenoids from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Cuticular Waxes and Their Potential as Anticancer Agents." Antioxidants 12, no. 2 (February 12, 2023): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020465.
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Fruit and leaf cuticular waxes are valuable source materials for the isolation of triterpenoids that can be applied as natural antioxidants and anticancer agents. The present study aimed at the semi-preparative fractionation of triterpenoids from cuticular wax extracts of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (lingonberry) leaves and fruits and the evaluation of their cytotoxic potential. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of obtained extracts and triterpenoid fractions was performed using HPLC-PDA method, followed by complementary analysis by GC-MS. For each fraction, cytotoxic activities towards the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29), malignant melanoma cell line (IGR39), clear renal carcinoma cell line (CaKi-1), and normal endothelial cells (EC) were determined using MTT assay. Furthermore, the effect of the most promising samples on cancer spheroid growth and viability was examined. This study allowed us to confirm that particular triterpenoid mixtures from lingonberry waxes may possess stronger cytotoxic activities than crude unpurified extracts. Fractions containing triterpenoid acids plus fernenol, complexes of oleanolic:ursolic acids, and erythrodiol:uvaol were found to be the most potent therapeutic candidates in the management of cancer diseases. The specificity of cuticular wax extracts of lingonberry leaves and fruits, leading to different purity and anticancer potential of obtained counterpart fractions, was also enclosed. These findings contribute to the profitable utilization of lingonberry cuticular waxes and provide considerable insights into the anticancer effects of particular triterpenoids and pharmacological interactions.
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Mierina, Inese, Reinis Vilskersts, and Māris Turks. "Delivery Systems for Birch-bark Triterpenoids and their Derivatives in Anticancer Research." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 8 (March 26, 2020): 1308–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180530095657.
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Birch-bark triterpenoids and their semi-synthetic derivatives possess a wide range of biological activities including cytotoxic effects on various tumor cell lines. However, due to the low solubility and bioavailability, their medicinal applications are rather limited. The use of various nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems is a rapidly developing approach to the solubilization of insufficiently bioavailable pharmaceuticals. Herein, the drug delivery systems deemed to be applicable for birch-bark triterpenoid structures are reviewed. The aforementioned disadvantages of birch-bark triterpenoids and their semi-synthetic derivatives can be overcome through their incorporation into organic nanoparticles, which include various dendrimeric systems, as well as embedding the active compounds into polymer matrices or complexation with carbohydrate nanoparticles without covalent bonding. Some of the known triterpenoid delivery systems consist of nanoparticles featuring inorganic cores covered with carbohydrates or other polymers. Methods for delivering the title compounds through encapsulation and emulsification into lipophilic media are also suitable. Besides, the birch-bark triterpenoids can form self-assembling systems with increased bio-availability. Even more, the self-assembling systems are used as carriers for delivering other chemotherapeutic agents. Another advantage besides increased bioavailability and anticancer activity is the reduced overall systemic toxicity in most of the cases, when triterpenoids are delivered with any of the carriers.
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Nguyen Duc Tien and Nguyen Thi Huyen. "EFFECT OF SOLVENT IN COMBINATION WITH ULTRASONIC WAVE ASSISTANCE ON TRITERPENOID EXTRACTION FROM RED LINGZHI MUSHROOM (Ganodermalucidum)." Pakistan Journal of Biotechnology 19, no. 1 (July 11, 2022): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34016/pjbt.2022.19.1.23.
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Triterpenoid is one of the compounds that contribute tored lingzhi mushroom's major significant therapeutic activities (G. lucidum). Triterpenoids have anti-allergic, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, and anti-aging effects, enhance oxygen utilization, free radical scavenging, lowerblood pressure, inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, and enhance liver function and blood pressure, inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, and improve liver functionetc. The beneficial effects of triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum on human health have generated interest in developing methods for extracting them from the fruit bodies of G. lucidum. This article presents the effect of solvent in combination with ultrasonic wave assistance in triterpenoid extraction ability from red lingzhi mushroom. Before carrying out triterpenoid extraction; Red lingzhi mushroom was ground 2mm in size. Four parameters of the extraction process, including the ethanol concentration, ratio (v:w) between ethanol solvent and mushroom, extraction time, , extraction temperature, ultrasonic time and ultrasonic intensity were determined. The extraction without ultrasonic waves for 180 minutes was used as a control. The total triterpenoid content was collected during the extraction process. The results showed that red lingzhi mushroom was extracted by ethanol solvent at a concentration of 85%, the ratio between ethanol solvent and mushroom was 3:1 (v:w), ultrasound intensity was 58 W/cm2, frequency was 20 kHz), extracting temperature was 55°C, removing time was 5 min had total triterpenoid content 3.06 times higher than the control.
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Dashbaldan, Soyol, Cezary Pączkowski, and Anna Szakiel. "Variations in Triterpenoid Deposition in Cuticular Waxes during Development and Maturation of Selected Fruits of Rosaceae Family." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 9762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249762.
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The process of fruit ripening involves many chemical changes occurring not only in the mesocarp but also in the epicarp, including changes in the triterpenoid content of fruit cuticular waxes that can modify the susceptibility to pathogens and mechanical properties of the fruit surface. The aim of the study was the determination of the ripening-related changes in the triterpenoid content of fruit cuticular waxes of three plant species from the Rosaceae family, including rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa), black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa var. “Galicjanka”) and apple (Malus domestica var. “Antonovka”). The triterpenoid and steroid content in chloroform-soluble cuticular waxes was determined by a GC-MS/FID method at four different phenological stages. The profile of identified compounds was rather similar in selected fruit samples with triterpenoids with ursane-, oleanane- and lupane-type carbon skeletons, prevalence of ursolic acid and the composition of steroids. Increasing accumulation of triterpenoids and steroids, as well as the progressive enrichment of the composition of these compounds in cuticular wax during fruit development, was observed. The changes in triterpenoid content resulted from modifications of metabolic pathways, particularly hydroxylation and esterification, that can alter interactions with complementary functional groups of aliphatic constituents and lead to important changes in fruit surface quality.
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Huo, Yonghong, Dongchao Liu, Qin Yang, Changyan Sun, Zhanbin Wang, and Dehai Li. "Transcriptional Responses for Biosynthesis of Triterpenoids in Exogenous Inducers Treated Inonotus Hispidus Using RNA-Seq." Molecules 27, no. 23 (December 4, 2022): 8541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238541.
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Inonotus hispidus is a traditional medicinal that grows in Northeast China and produces various economically important compounds, including polysaccharide compounds and terpenoids; triterpenoid saponins is the main bioactive component. Our research group has found that the accumulation of triterpenoid was affected by exogenous inducers. Experimental results showed that treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and oleic acid significantly increased the triterpenoid content of I. hispidus. However, how exogenous inducers enhance production of secondary metabolites in I. hispidus is not well understood. In this study, metabolite changes were further investigated with UPLC-TOF/MS following exogenous inducer treatment. As a result, a total of eight types of triterpenoids in I. hispidus were identified. The RNA-seq analysis was used to evaluate the effects of exogenous inducers on the expression of triterpenoid-synthesis-related genes in I. hispidus in liquid fermentation. This study is the first exploration to profile the transcriptome of I. hispidus after adding exogenous inducers; the generated data and gene will facilitate further molecular studies on the physiology and metabolism in this fungi. By comparative transcriptomic analysis, a series of candidate genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoids are identified, providing new insights into their biosynthesis at the transcriptome level.
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Zheng, Shizhong, Weirui Zhang, and Shengrong Liu. "Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides and triterpenoids from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum and evaluation of their in vitro antioxidant capacities." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0244749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244749.
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Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Krast, commonly known as “Lingzhi” in Chinese, is a medicinal mushroom that is rich in biologically active substances. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the two major components responsible for the bioactivity of this fungus. In the present study, the ultrasonic-assisted co-extraction (UACE) of polysaccharides and triterpenoids from G. lucidum was optimized using response surface methodology with a desirability function, with the equal importance for the two components. Following single factor experiments, the optimal conditions were determine as ultrasonic power of 210 W, extraction temperature of 80C, ratio of liquid to solid of 50 mL/g, and 100 min extraction time, using aqueous ethanol (50%, v/v) as the extracting solvent. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction yields of polysaccharides and triterpenoids reached 0.63% and 0.38%, respectively. On the basis of the scavenging capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and evaluation of reducing power, the antioxidant capacities of the polysaccharides obtained by optimal UACE process were higher than those of polysaccharides extracted using traditional hot water extraction, whereas the triterpenoid-rich extracts showed antioxidant activities similar to those obtained using the ethanol maceration method. The present study is the first report on the simultaneous extraction of polysaccharides and triterpenoids from G. lucidum. The developed UACE process could be useful in preparation of a polysaccharide- and triterpenoid-rich ingredient that holds great promise for application in the Ganoderma industry.
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Edorh Tossa, Pauline, Morgan Belorgey, Soyol Dashbaldan, Cezary Pączkowski, and Anna Szakiel. "Flowers and Inflorescences of Selected Medicinal Plants as a Source of Triterpenoids and Phytosterols." Plants 12, no. 9 (April 29, 2023): 1838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12091838.
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Steroids and triterpenoids are compounds valued for their various biological and pharmacological properties; however, their content in medicinal and edible plants is often understudied. Flowers have been consumed since the ancient times as a part of traditional cuisine and as alternative medicines. Currently, the interest in medicinal and edible flowers is growing since contemporary consumers are incessantly seeking innovative natural sources of bioactive compounds. The aim of this report was the GC-MS (gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis of steroid and triterpenoid content in flowers, inflorescences and leaves of several plants (Berberis vulgaris L., Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC., Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill., Rosa rugosa Thunb., Sambucus nigra L. and Vinca minor L.), applied in herbal medicine in various forms, including isolated flowers (Flos), inflorescences (Inflorescentia) or aerial parts (Herba, i.e., combined flowers, leaves and stems). The most abundant source of triterpenoids was V. minor flowers (6.3 mg/g d.w.), whereas the steroids were prevailing in P. vulgaris flowers (1.8 and 1.1 mg/g). The profiles of triterpenoid acids and neutral triterpenoids in C. laevigata and S. nigra inflorescences were particularly diverse, involving compounds belonging to lupane-, oleanane- and ursane-type skeletons. The obtained results revealed that some flowers can constitute an abundant source of phytosterols and bioactive triterpenoids, valuable for utilization in functional foods, dietary supplements and cosmetic products.
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Fang, Zhu-Jun, Sheng-Nan Shen, Jia-Min Wang, Yong-Jiang Wu, Chang-Xin Zhou, Jian-Xia Mo, Li-Gen Lin, and Li-She Gan. "Triterpenoids from Cyclocarya paliurus that Enhance Glucose Uptake in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes." Molecules 24, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010187.
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Four previously undescribed compounds, including three rarely occurring seco-dammarane triterpenoid glycosides and a pentacyclic triterpenic acid, were isolated from a 70% ethanol extract of the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Juglandaceae), along with eleven known triterpenoids. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques, including 2D NMR and HRESIMS, as well as chemical methods. Among them, several triterpenoids enhanced insulin stimulated glucose uptake in both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes. Furthermore, compound 1 dose-dependently increased glucose uptake through activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-p38 pathway. Collectively, triterpenoids from C. paliurus could be developed as insulin sensitizers, which might have therapeutic potential for insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.
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Wu, Jiumn-Yih, Hsiou-Yu Ding, Tzi-Yuan Wang, Yun-Rong Zhang, and Te-Sheng Chang. "Glycosylation of Ganoderic Acid G by Bacillus Glycosyltransferases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 9744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189744.
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Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus abundant in triterpenoids, its primary bioactive components. Although numerous Ganoderma triterpenoids have already been identified, rare Ganoderma triterpenoid saponins were recently discovered. To create novel Ganoderma saponins, ganoderic acid G (GAG) was selected for biotransformation using four Bacillus glycosyltransferases (GTs) including BtGT_16345 from the Bacillus thuringiensis GA A07 strain and three GTs (BsGT110, BsUGT398, and BsUGT489) from the Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 strain. The results showed that BsUGT489 catalyzed the glycosylation of GAG to GAG-3-o-β-glucoside, while BsGT110 catalyzed the glycosylation of GAG to GAG-26-o-β-glucoside, which showed 54-fold and 97-fold greater aqueous solubility than that of GAG, respectively. To our knowledge, these two GAG saponins are new compounds. The glycosylation specificity of the four Bacillus GTs highlights the possibility of novel Ganoderma triterpenoid saponin production in the future.
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Faustino, Célia, Noélia Duarte, and Lídia Pinheiro. "Triterpenes Drug Delivery Systems, a Modern Approach for Arthritis Targeted Therapy." Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph17010054.
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Arthritis is a major cause of disability. Currently available anti-arthritic drugs, such as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), have serious side-effects associated with long-term use. Triterpenoids are natural products with known anti-inflammatory properties, and many have revealed efficiency against arthritis both in vitro and in vivo in several animal models, with negligible cytotoxicity. However, poor bioavailability due to low water solubility and extensive metabolism upon oral administration hinder the therapeutic use of anti-arthritic triterpenoids. Therefore, drug delivery systems (DDSs) able to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of triterpenoids and achieve sustained drug release are useful alternatives for targeted delivery in arthritis treatment. Several DDSs have been described in the literature for triterpenoid delivery, including microparticulate and nanoparticulate DDSs, such as polymeric micro and nanoparticles (NPs), polymeric micelles, liposomes, micro and nanoemulsions, and hydrogels. These systems have shown superior therapeutic effects in arthritis compared to the free drugs and are similar to currently available anti-arthritic drugs without significant side-effects. This review focuses on nanocarriers for triterpenoid delivery in arthritis therapy, including osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and gout that appeared in the literature in the last ten years.
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Wimmerová, Martina, Uladzimir Bildziukevich, and Zdeněk Wimmer. "Selected Plant Triterpenoids and Their Derivatives as Antiviral Agents." Molecules 28, no. 23 (November 22, 2023): 7718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237718.
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The results of the most recent investigation of triterpenoid-based antiviral agents namely in the HIV-1 and HSV-1 treatment were reviewed and summarized. Several key historical achievements are included to stress consequences and continuity in this research. Most of the agents studied belong to a series of compounds derived from betulin or betulinic acid, and their synthetic derivative is called bevirimat. A termination of clinical trials of bevirimat in Phase IIb initiated a search for more successful compounds partly derived from bevirimat or designed independently of bevirimat structure. Surprisingly, a majority of bevirimat mimics are derivatives of betulinic acid, while other plant triterpenoids, such as ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, or other miscellaneous triterpenoids, are relatively rarely involved in a search for a novel antiviral agent. Therefore, this review article is divided into three parts based on the leading triterpenoid core structure.
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Konda, Josepin P., Jainer P. Siampa, Trina E. Tallei, Billy J. Kepel, and Fatimawali Fatimawali. "Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Metanol Biji Langsat (Lansium domesticum var. pubescens) dan Duku (Lansium domesticum var. domesticum) dengan Metode DPPH." JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 20, no. 2 (October 8, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.20.2.2020.28835.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak biji langsat dan duku dengan metode DPPH. Biji buah langsat dan buah duku diekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut metanol. Skrining fitokimia yang dilakukan meliputi uji alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, triterpenoid, steroid dan saponin secara kualitatif dengan metode uji warna. Uji aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH dan vitamin C sebagai pembanding, serapan diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 517 nm. Skrining fitokimia pada ekstrak metanol biji langsat menunjukkan hasil positif terhadap alkaloid, triterpenoid dan saponin, sementara pada ekstrak metanol biji duku menunjukkan hasil positif terhadap alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, triterpenoid, steroid dan saponin. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak biji langsat dianalisis menggunakan persamaan garis regresi y = 0,2922x + 33,143, diperoleh IC₅₀ 57,69 μg/mL. Sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak biji duku dianalisis menggunakan persamaan garis regresi y = 0.6554x + 29.421, diperoleh IC₅₀ 31,40 μg/mL dan pembanding vitamin C diperoleh IC₅₀ 8,03 μg/mL. Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak metanol biji buah langsat memiliki kandungan alkaloid, triterpenoid dan saponin serta memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat sedangkan ekstrak metanol biji buah duku memiliki kandungan alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, triterpenoid dan saponin serta memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat.Kata Kunci: Antioksidan, biji duku, biji langsat Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Extract of Langsat Seeds (Lansium domesticum var. pubescens) and Duku Seeds (Lansium domesticum var. domesticum) by Using DPPH Method ABSTRACTThis study aimed to determine the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of langsat seed extract and duku seed extract by using the DPPH method. Langsat seeds and duku seeds were extracted by using maceration method with methanol as the solvent. Phytochemical screening was carried out including a qualitative test of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/triterpenoids, saponins, and tannins by using the color test method. Antioxidant activity was tested by using the DPPH method and vitamin C used as comparison, the absorption was measured by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 517 nm wavelength. The result of phytocemical screening on methanol extract of langsat seeds showed positive results on alkaloids, triterpenoids, and saponins, meanwhile methanol extract of duku seeds showed positive results on alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannin and saponins. The antioxidant activity of methanol extract of langsat seeds was analyzed by using the equation of the regression line y = 0.2922x + 33.143, which obtained IC₅₀ value of 57.69 μg/mL. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity of methanol extract of duku seeds was analyzed by using the equation of the regression line y = 0.6554x + 29.421, obtained IC₅₀ 31,40 μg/mL. Vitamin C obtained IC₅₀ 8.03 μg/mL. On the basis of all results, it can be concluded that the methanol extract of langsat seeds contained alkaloids, saponins and triterpenoid and has a strong antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, the methanol extract of duku seeds contained alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannin and saponins and has a very strong antioxidant activity.Keywords: Antioxidants, duku seeds, langsat seeds
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Rogowska, Agata, Małgorzata Stpiczyńska, Cezary Pączkowski, and Anna Szakiel. "The Influence of Exogenous Jasmonic Acid on the Biosynthesis of Steroids and Triterpenoids in Calendula officinalis Plants and Hairy Root Culture." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 12173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012173.
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The interplay between steroids and triterpenoids, compounds sharing the same biosynthetic pathway but exerting distinctive functions, is an important part of the defense strategy of plants, and includes metabolic modifications triggered by stress hormones such as jasmonic acid. Two experimental models, Calendula officinalis hairy root cultures and greenhouse cultivated plants (pot plants), were applied for the investigation of the effects of exogenously applied jasmonic acid on the biosynthesis and accumulation of steroids and triterpenoids, characterized by targeted GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy) metabolomic profiling. Jasmonic acid elicitation strongly increased triterpenoid saponin production in hairy root cultures (up to 86-fold) and their release to the medium (up to 533-fold), whereas the effect observed in pot plants was less remarkable (two-fold enhancement of saponin biosynthesis after a single foliar application). In both models, the increase of triterpenoid biosynthesis was coupled with hampering the biomass formation and modifying the sterol content, involving stigmasterol-to-sitosterol ratio, and the proportions between ester and glycoside conjugates. The study revealed that various organs in the same plant can react differently to jasmonic acid elicitation; hairy root cultures are a useful in vitro model to track metabolic changes, and enhanced glycosylation (of both triterpenoids and sterols) seems to be important strategy in plant defense response.
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Woźniak, Łukasz, Anna Szakiel, Agnieszka Głowacka, Elżbieta Rozpara, Krystian Marszałek, and Sylwia Skąpska. "Triterpenoids of Three Apple Cultivars—Biosynthesis, Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties, and Fate during Processing." Molecules 28, no. 6 (March 13, 2023): 2584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062584.
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Triterpenoids are a group of secondary plant metabolites, with a remarkable pharmacological potential, occurring in the cuticular waxes of the aerial parts of plants. The aim of this study was to analyze triterpenoid variability in the fruits and leaves of three apple cultivars during the growing season and gain new insights into their health-promoting properties and fate during juice and purée production. The identification and quantification of the compounds of interest were conducted using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The waxes of both matrices contained similar analytes; however, their quantitative patterns varied: triterpenic acids prevailed in the fruits, while higher contents of steroids and esterified forms were observed in the leaves. The total triterpenoid content per unit area was stable during the growing season; the percentage of esters increased in the later phases of growth. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated with a series of in vitro assays. Triterpenoids were found to be the main anti-inflammatory compounds in the apples, while their impact on antioxidant capacity was minor. The apples were processed on a lab scale to obtain juices and purées. The apple purée and cloudy juice contained only some of the triterpenoids present in the raw fruit, while the clear juices were virtually free of those lipophilic compounds.
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Zhou, Linjiang, Yan Fu, Xinyuan Zhang, Tong Wang, Guangyuan Wang, Liwei Zhou, Hailong Yu, and Xuemei Tian. "Transcriptome and Metabolome Integration Reveals the Impact of Fungal Elicitors on Triterpene Accumulation in Sanghuangporus sanghuang." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 6 (May 24, 2023): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9060604.
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Sanghuangporus sanghuang is a large wood-decaying mushroom highly valued in traditional Chinese medicine due to its medicinal properties, including hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial properties effects. Its key bioactive compounds include flavonoids and triterpenoids. Specific fungal genes can be selectively induced by fungal elicitors. To investigate the effect of fungal polysaccharides derived from Perenniporia tenuis mycelia on the metabolites of S. sanghuang, we conducted metabolic and transcriptional profiling with and without elicitor treatment (ET and WET, respectively). Correlation analysis showed significant differences in triterpenoid biosynthesis between the ET and WET groups. In addition, the structural genes associated with triterpenoids and their metabolites in both groups were verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Through metabolite screening, three triterpenoids were identified: betulinol, betulinic acid, and 2-hydroxyoleanolic acid. Excitation treatment increased the level of betulinic acid by 2.62-fold and 2-hydroxyoleanolic acid by 114.67-fold compared to WET. The qRT-PCR results of the four genes expressed in secondary metabolic pathways, defense gene activation, and signal transduction showed significant variation between the ET and WET groups. Overall, our study suggests that the fungal elicitor induced the aggregation of pentacyclic triterpenoid secondary metabolites in S. sanghuang.
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Rahman, Rahman, Gusti Abdul Rahmat Thamrin, and Kurdiansyah Kurdiansyah. "UJI FITOKIMIA TUMBUHAN JELATANG GAJAH (Dendrocnide stimulans) DI KAWASAN HUTAN DENGAN TUJUAN KHUSUS UNIVERSITAS LAMBUNG MANGKURAT." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 4, no. 3 (July 10, 2021): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v4i3.3751.
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The purpose of this study was to qualitatively identify active chemical compounds, namely the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, and quinones, in the roots, bark and leaves of Jelatang Gajah. The method used is phytochemical screening by identifying using various active compounds in the simplicia of the Jelatang Gajah plant. Flavonoid chemical compounds in this test were not detected, because the solution did not change color. Steroid chemical compounds from 3 (three) times the repetition of the section show a strong / sharp indication value (++) which is indicated by a dark red color change in the phytrate. Triterpenoids were not detected in the three simplicia, the phytrate that had been made did not change color, indicating the presence of triterpenoid compounds. The result of the (+) value in triterpenoid compounds was indicated by a change in green color. Tests for tannin compounds in the elephant nettle plant study found a weak indication (+) in leaf and bark simplicia, while in the simplicia of tannin roots it was not detected (-). Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi secara kualitatif kandungan alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, triterpenoid, tanin, saponin, dan quinon, pada bagian akar, kulit, dan daun jelatang gajah. Metode yang digunakan yaitu skrining fitokimia dengan mengidentifikasi menggunakan berbagai senyawa aktif pada simplisia tumbuhan Jelatang Gajah. Senyawa kimia flavonoid pada pengujian ini tidak terdeteksi, karena larutan tersebut tidak terjadi perubahan warna. Senyawa kimia steroid dari 3 (tiga) kali ulangan bagian tersebut menunjukkan nilai indikasi kuat/tajam (++) yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya perubahan berwana merah pekat pada fitrat tersebut. Triterpenoid tidak terdektesi pada ketiga simplisia, fitrat yang telah dibuat tidak terjadi perubahan warna yang menunjukkan adanya senyawa triterpenoid. Hasil nilai (+) pada senyawa triterpenoid ditandai dengan terjadinya perubahan warna hijau.Pengujian senyawa tanin pada penelitian tumbuhan jelatang gajah ini ditemukannya indikasi lemah (+) pada simplisia daun dan kulit, sedangkan pada simplisia akar tanin tidak terdeteksi (-).
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Minh, Tran Thi, Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh, Vu Dao Thang, and Tran Van Sung. "Study on Chemical Constituents and Cytotoxic Activities of Salacia chinensis Growing in Vietnam." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 65, no. 10 (October 1, 2010): 1284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2010-1017.
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Two new triterpenoids, named 7α,21α-dihydroxyfriedelane-3-one (1) and 7α,29-dihydroxyfriedelane- 3-one (2) have been isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the stems of Salacia chinensis besides the known triterpenoid 21α,30-dihydroxyfriedelane-3-one (3). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis. Eight triterpenoids from this plant have been tested against the four cancer cell lines Hep-G2, LU, KB, and MCF-7. The new compound 1 showed good activity against all four tested cell lines.
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Claereboudt, Emily J. S., Guillaume Caulier, Corentin Decroo, Emmanuel Colson, Pascal Gerbaux, Michel R. Claereboudt, Hubert Schaller, Patrick Flammang, Magali Deleu, and Igor Eeckhaut. "Triterpenoids in Echinoderms: Fundamental Differences in Diversity and Biosynthetic Pathways." Marine Drugs 17, no. 6 (June 13, 2019): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17060352.
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Echinoderms form a remarkable phylum of marine invertebrates that present specific chemical signatures unique in the animal kingdom. It is particularly the case for essential triterpenoids that evolved separately in each of the five echinoderm classes. Indeed, while most animals have Δ5-sterols, sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) and sea stars (Asteroidea) also possess Δ7 and Δ9(11)-sterols, a characteristic not shared with brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), sea urchins (Echinoidea), and crinoids (Crinoidea). These particular Δ7 and Δ9(11) sterols emerged as a self-protection against membranolytic saponins that only sea cucumbers and sea stars produce as a defense mechanism. The diversity of saponins is large; several hundred molecules have been described in the two classes of these saponins (i.e., triterpenoid or steroid saponins). This review aims to highlight the diversity of triterpenoids in echinoderms by focusing on sterols and triterpenoid glycosides, but more importantly to provide an updated view of the biosynthesis of these molecules in echinoderms.
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Bicalho, Keylla U., Mariana M. Santoni, Philipp Arendt, Cleslei F. Zanelli, Maysa Furlan, Alain Goossens, and Jacob Pollier. "CYP712K4 Catalyzes the C-29 Oxidation of Friedelin in the Maytenus ilicifolia Quinone Methide Triterpenoid Biosynthesis Pathway." Plant and Cell Physiology 60, no. 11 (July 26, 2019): 2510–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz144.
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Abstract The native Brazilian plant Maytenus ilicifolia accumulates a set of quinone methide triterpenoids with important pharmacological properties, of which maytenin, pristimerin and celastrol accumulate exclusively in the root bark of this medicinal plant. The first committed step in the quinone methide triterpenoid biosynthesis is the cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene to friedelin, catalyzed by the oxidosqualene cyclase friedelin synthase (FRS). In this study, we produced heterologous friedelin by the expression of M. ilicifolia FRS in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain engineered using CRISPR/Cas9. Furthermore, friedelin-producing N. benthamiana leaves and S. cerevisiae cells were used for the characterization of CYP712K4, a cytochrome P450 from M. ilicifolia that catalyzes the oxidation of friedelin at the C-29 position, leading to maytenoic acid, an intermediate of the quinone methide triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Maytenoic acid produced in N. benthamiana leaves was purified and its structure was confirmed using high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The three-step oxidation of friedelin to maytenoic acid by CYP712K4 can be considered as the second step of the quinone methide triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway, and may form the basis for further discovery of the pathway and heterologous production of friedelanes and ultimately quinone methide triterpenoids.
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Karalai, Chatchanok, and Surat Laphookhieo. "Triterpenoid Esters from Bruguiera cylindrica." Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 7 (2005): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch05010.
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Three new pentacyclic triterpenoid esters 1–3 together with six known lupane-type triterpenoids were isolated from Bruguiera cylindrica. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and were characterized as 3α-E-coumaroyllupeol 1, 3α-Z-coumaroyllupeol 2, and 3α-E-caffeoyltaraxerol 3.
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Wijayanti, Laely, Rosidah Radam, and Siti Hamidah. "SENYAWA KIMIA AKTIF PADA DAUN NIPAH (Nyfa fruticans Wurmb)." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 5, no. 6 (December 13, 2022): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v5i6.7140.
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Nipah plants are plants that live in brackish water swamp ecosystems and river mouths. Nipah is often used for various household needs. Nipah contains active compounds that can become medicinal plants. This research has purpose to analyze active chemical compounds in three age of nipah leaves in young, medium, and old periode.This research was conducted at the Lambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru Forest Product Technology Laboratory. The study time was conducted for 4 including the stages of material preparation and equipment, laboratory analysis, data processing, preparation and writing of research results. The study was conducted by conducting phytochemical testing by identifying triterpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, and flavonoids. Simplisia is carried out 3 times repetition at each age of the nipah leaves. Young, medium, and old leaves from the test results obtained active chemical compounds, namely alkaloid compounds, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. Medium and old leaves contain steroids, while young leaves do not exist. Young leaves contain triterpenoids, while medium leaves and old leaves do not contain triterpenoids.Tanaman Nipah merupakan tanaman yang hidup dalam ekosistem rawa air payau dan muara sungai. Nipah sering dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai keperluan rumah tangga. Nipah memiliki kandungan senyawa aktif yang dapat menjadi tumbuhan berkhasiat obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kandungan senyawa kimia aktif pada daun nipah berumur muda, sedang dan tua. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Teknologi Hasil Hutan Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru. Waktu penelitian dilaksanakan selama 4 meliputi tahapan persiapan bahan dan peralatan, analisis laboratorium, pengolahan data, penyusunan dan penulisan hasil penelitian. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan pengujian fitokimia dengan mengidentifikasi Triterpenoid, Alkaloid, Steroid, dan Flavonoid. Simplisia dilakukan 3 kali pengulangan pada setiap umur dari daun nipah. Daun muda, sedang, dan tua dari hasil uji didapat senyawa kimia aktif yaitu senyawa Alkaloid, Triterpenoid, Flavonoid, dan Tannin. Daun sedang dan tua mengandung steroid, sedangkan daun muda tidak ada. Daun muda mengandung Triterpenoid, sedangkan daun yang sedang dan daun yang tua tidak mengandung Triterpenoid.
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Fu, Ming, Li Wang, Xianyou Wang, Boxia Deng, Xing Hu, and Juan Zou. "Determination of the Five Main Terpenoids in Different Tissues of Wolfiporia cocos." Molecules 23, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081839.
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Wolfiporia cocos is a fungus containing triterpenoids and is widely used as an herbal medicine. However, it is unknown whether its main triterpenoid contents differ in different tissues. In this study, we identified dehydrotumulosic acid, polyporenic acid C, pachymic acid, dehydrotrametenolic acid, and dehydroeburicoic acid as the five main triterpenoids in W. cocos. We also systematically profiled the contents and distribution of these main triterpenoids in different tissues of W. cocos. High contents of all five triterpenoids were found in the surface layer of W. cocos. Intriguingly, we noted that the highest contents of the five triterpenoids were found in the surface layer of the sclerotium grown under pollution-controlled cultivation; the second-highest contents were found in the surface layer of the natural sclerotium. These results indicate that environmentally friendly cultivation of the sclerotium of W. cocos is a practical way to increase the productivity of W. cocos. In addition, our findings suggest that the triterpenoids may contribute to the pharmacological activity of W. cocos, and the surface layer of sclerotium in W. cocos might be a promising raw material for applications in health care and the development of functional medical products.
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Xia, Qinghui, Zijue Wang, Xiaoling Chen, Xingxing Dong, Shuiyuan Cheng, and Shaopeng Zhang. "Effects on the Synthesis and Accumulation of Triterpenes in Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus under MeJA Treatment." Forests 14, no. 9 (August 28, 2023): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14091735.
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Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) lljinskaja, the sole and multi-functional tree species of the family Juglandaceae, grows extensively in subtropical areas of China. Species-specific triterpenoids in its leaves have validated health-promoting effects, including hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. To illustrate the effect of MeJA treatment on the accumulation and biosynthesis of triterpenoids in C. paliurus leaves at different stages of maturity, the contents of total triterpenoids and six triterpene compounds, along with the relative expression of three key genes, were detected. The results showed that the contents of triterpenes and expression patterns of the genes significantly differed among the samples. Different treatment times also had diverse effects on triterpenoid accumulation and gene expression. MeJA treatment had positive effects on total triterpenoids, cyclocaric acid B, and cyclocarioside A/B, especially in young leaves. Gene expression was highest in young leaves after 10 days of treatment, indicating that they were the most sensitive to MeJA. This study provided a reference for improving the accumulation of triterpenoids in C. paliurus plantations in the future.
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Wu, Juanjuan, Zixuan Wang, Xinying Cheng, Yunhe Lian, Xiaodong An, and Di Wu. "Preliminary Study on Total Component Analysis and In Vitro Antitumor Activity of Eucalyptus Leaf Residues." Molecules 29, no. 2 (January 5, 2024): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020280.
Full textAbstract:
Eucalyptus globulus is widely introduced and cultivated in Yunnan province. Its foliage is mainly used to extract eucalyptus oil, but the by-product eucalyptus residue has not been fully utilized. Based on the above reasons, in this study, we sought to explore the comprehensive utilization potential of eucalyptus resources. The total composition of eucalyptus residue was analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF MS), and the active components and nutrient components of eucalyptus leaf residue were determined by chemical methods and liquid phase techniques. Meanwhile, the antitumor activity of triterpenoids in eucalyptus leaves was evaluated by tetramethylazazole blue colorimetric assay (MTT). The results of qualitative analysis indicated that 55 compounds were identified from eucalyptus residue, including 28 phloroglucinols, 17 terpenoids, 3 flavonoids, 5 fatty acids, 1 amino acid and 2 polyphenols. Among them, the pentacyclic triterpenoids, in eucalyptus residue, were mainly oleanane type and urthane type. The results of quantitative determination indicated that the content of triterpenoid compounds was 2.84% in eucalyptus residue, which could be enhanced to 82% by silicone separation. The antitumor activity results showed that triterpenoid compounds have moderate inhibitory effects on human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231, gastric adenocarcinoma cell SGC-7901 and cervical cancer cell Hela. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 50.67, 43.12 and 42.65 μg/mL, respectively. In this study, the triterpenoids from eucalyptus leaf residues were analyzed to reveal that the triterpenoids from eucalyptus leaf have antitumor effects and have potential to be developed as antitumor drugs.
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Giang, Phan Minh, Vu Thi Thu Phuong, and Truong Thi To Chinh. "A New Taraxastane-type Triterpenoid from Cleistocalyx Operculatus." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 1 (January 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100110.
Full textAbstract:
Ten known compounds including a chalcone, a long-chain alcohol, two flavonols, and six triterpenoids/steroids together with a new taraxastane-type triterpenoid, named cleistocalyxin, were isolated from the leaves of Cleistocalyx operculatus. The structure of cleistocalyxin was determined on the basis of IR, MS and NMR spectroscopic methods.
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Song, Lijun, Li Zhang, Long Xu, Yunjian Ma, Weishuai Lian, Yongguo Liu, and Yonghua Wang. "Optimized Extraction of Total Triterpenoids from Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and Comprehensive Analysis of Triterpenic Acids in Different Cultivars." Plants 9, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040412.
Full textAbstract:
Triterpenoid compounds are one of the main functional components in jujube fruit. In this study, the optimal process for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of total triterpenoids from jujube fruit was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions were as follows: temperature of 55.14 °C, ethanol concentration of 86.57%, time of 34.41 min, and liquid-to-solid ratio of 39.33 mL/g. The triterpenoid yield was 19.21 ± 0.25 mg/g under optimal conditions. The triterpenoid profiles and antioxidant activity were further analyzed. Betulinic acid, alphitolic acid, maslinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid were the dominant triterpenoid acids in jujube fruits. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the major triterpenic acids and antioxidant activities. The variations of triterpenoid profiles and antioxidant activity within the jujube fruits and the degree of variation were evaluated by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), respectively. The results provide important guidance for the quality evaluation and industrial application of jujube fruit.
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Cuong, Do Manh, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Chang Ha Park, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Ye Eun Park, Jae Kwang Kim, and Sang Un Park. "Analysis of triterpenoids, carotenoids, and phenylpropanoids in the flowers, leaves, roots, and stems of white bitter melon (Cucurbitaceae, Momordica charantia)." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 20, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v20i1.22.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: To evaluate the contents of carotenoids, triterpenoids, and phenylpropanoids in different parts of white bitter melon.Methods: We evaluated the accumulation of 2 triterpenoids, 10 carotenoids, and 11 phenylpropanoids in different parts of white bitter melon, including fruits at four different developmental stages using HPLC.Results: Charantin, lutein, and rutin were the main triterpenoids, carotenoids, and phenylpropanoids, respectively. The accumulation of triterpenoids (momordicine and charantin), carotenoids (antheraxanthin, lutein, violaxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene), and phenylpropanoids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, and trans-cinnamic acid) was high inthe leaves and/or flowers, which are exposed to direct sunlight, but low in the roots.Conclusion: Most of the analyzed components were accumulated at high levels in the leaves and/or flowers. These results will help exploit the compounds in various parts of white bitter melon that are beneficial for human health.
Keywords: Momordica charantia, Bitter melon, Triterpenoid, Carotenoid, Phenylpropanoid
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Arslan, Idris. "Molecular docking analysis of natural unusual triterpenoids towards PAK1 protein." International Conference on Applied Engineering and Natural Sciences 1, no. 1 (July 20, 2023): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.59287/icaens.1009.
Full textAbstract:
Triterpenoids are secondary metabolites produced by different natural sources and present in natural sources in the form of free acid or aglycones for triterpenoid saponins in nature. Stellettin B, rhabdaprovidine B, and neviotine A are unusual triterpenoids with their unique skeletal backbone. The serine/threonine p21-activating PAK kinases which play an important pivotal role in intracellular signaling pathways as mediator and join the biochemical process in a cell, such as cytoskeleton dynamics, in cell adhesion, polarity, motility, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, cell division, and in vesicle-mediated transport processes. In this study, molecular docking technique was used for detecting free binding of energy and inhibition constant values of selected triterpenoids towards PAK1 protein. Results showed that that ligand 1 (stellettin B) significantly inhibited the PAK1 enzyme at the value of -8.69 kcal/mol.
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Mukherjee, Tulika, Tapas Sarkar, Piyali Paul, Ajit K. Chakraborty, Parasuraman Jaisankar, and Siba Brata Mukhopadhyay. "Putralone, a Novel 10α-Hydroxy-25-nor D:A Friedo-Oleanane Triterpenoid from Putranjiva Roxburghii." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 4 (April 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700424.
Full textAbstract:
Chemical investigation of the leaves of Putranjiva roxburghii has resulted in the isolation of two new triterpenoids, putralone, a novel 10α-hydroxy-25-nor D:A friedo-olean-9(11)-en-3 one and 3β-acetoxy-cycloart-24-en-23-one, along with a rare hopanoid, adian-5-en-3β,29-diol. Other known triterpenoids isolated from this plant are 3β-acetoxy-adian-5-ene, putrol, putrone, putranjivadione, roxburghonic acid, friedelin, friedlan-3α-ol, oleanolic acid and erythrodiol. Interestingly, putralone is the first example of a naturally occurring nor friedo-oleanane triterpenoid having a hydroxyl functionality at the C-10 position.
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Dashbaldan, Soyol, Rafał Becker, Cezary Pączkowski, and Anna Szakiel. "Various Patterns of Composition and Accumulation of Steroids and Triterpenoids in Cuticular Waxes from Screened Ericaceae and Caprifoliaceae Berries during Fruit Development." Molecules 24, no. 21 (October 23, 2019): 3826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213826.
Full textAbstract:
Cuticular waxes are primarily composed of two classes of lipids: compounds derived from very-long-chain fatty acids and isoprenoids, particularly triterpenoids and steroids. Isoprenoids can occur in cuticular waxes in high amounts, dominating the mixture of aliphatic long-chain hydrocarbons, while in other plants they are found in trace concentrations. Triterpenoids occurring in fruit cuticular waxes are of interest due to their potential role in the protection against biotic stresses, including pathogen infections, and their impact on the mechanical toughness of the fruit surface, maintaining fruit integrity, and post-harvest quality. The aim of the present study was the determination of the changes in the triterpenoid profile of the fruit cuticular waxes of four plant species bearing edible berries: Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea, and Arbutus unedo of the Ericaceae and the edible honeysuckle Lonicera caerulea of the Caprifoliaceae. Triterpenoids were identified and quantified by GC-MS/FID (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection) at three different phenological stages: young berries, berries at the onset of ripening, and mature berries. During fruit development and maturation, the triterpenoid content in cuticular waxes displayed species-specific patterns of changes. The steroid content seemed to be directly correlated with the developmental stage, with a very typical point of transition between growth and ripening being observed in all the fruit analyzed in this study.
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Pan, Fuxu, Xuan Zhao, Fawei Liu, Zhi Luo, Shuangjiang Chen, Zhiguo Liu, Zhihui Zhao, Mengjun Liu, and Lili Wang. "Triterpenoids in Jujube: A Review of Composition, Content Diversity, Pharmacological Effects, Synthetic Pathway and Variation during Domestication." Plants 12, no. 7 (March 29, 2023): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12071501.
Full textAbstract:
Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and its wild ancestor, sour jujube (Z. acidojujuba C.Y. Cheng & M.J. Liu), is a Ziziphus genus in the Rhamnaceae family. ZJ and ZA are rich in a variety of active ingredients, with triterpenoids being a unique active ingredient, which are present in the fruit, leaves, branches, and roots. More than 120 triterpenoids have been identified in ZJ and ZA, and have various biological activities, such as betulinic and ursolic acids with anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral activities, and ceanothic, alphitolic, and zizyberanalic acids with anti-inflammatory activities. The MVP pathway is a synthetic pathway for triterpenoids in ZJ and ZA, and 23 genes of the MVP pathway are known to regulate triterpene synthesis in ZJ and ZA. In order to better understand the basic situation of triterpenoids in ZJ and ZA, this paper reviews the types, content dynamic changes, activities, pharmacokinetics, triterpenoid synthesis pathways, and the effects of domestication on triterpenoids in ZJ and ZA, and provides some ideas for the future research of triterpenoids in ZJ and ZA. In addition, there are many types of ZJ and ZA triterpenoids, and most of the studies on their activities are on lupane- and ursane-type triterpenes, while the activities of the ceanothane-type and saponin are less studied and need additional research.
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Wang, Jianwen, Pengqing Wang, Mengmeng Xu, Yudie Chen, and Liguo Feng. "Systematic Identification and Analysis of OSC Gene Family of Rosa rugosa Thunb." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 13884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213884.
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The oxidosqualene cyclase family of Rosa rugosa (RrOSC) provides a starting point for the triterpenoid pathway, which contributes to the medicinal value of the extraction of tissues of Rosa rugosa. However, the structure and function of key RrOSCs of active triterpenoids remain ambiguous. In this study, a total of 18 RrOSC members with conservative gene structures and motifs were identified based on the genome of Rosa rugosa. The RrOSCs were located on three chromosomes including two gene clusters that derived from gene replication. The phylogenetic relationship divided RrOSCs into six groups, and the RrOSCs of GI and GIV that were represented by lupeol or α-amyrin were identified as likely to include candidate genes for producing active triterpenoids. Considering the high expression or specific-tissue expression of the candidates, RrOSC1, RrOSC10, RrOSC12, and RrOSC18 were considered the key genes. RrOSC12 was identified in vitro as lupeol synthase. The results provided fundamental information and candidate genes for further illustration of the triterpenoid pathway involved in the pharmacological activities of Rosa rugosa.
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Savitri, Lisa, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Datin An Nisa Sukmawati, Syntia Tanu Juwita, Eka Wahyuningtiyas, and Ana Retnowati. "Uji Potensi Triterpenoid dari Kulit Batang Waru Jawa (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) sebagai Kandidat Antiinflamasi pada Mencit (Mus musculus) Model Rheumatoid Arthritis Berbasis in Silico." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 21, no. 3 (October 11, 2021): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v21i3.1619.
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Waru jawa (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) is a plant that functions as an anti-inflammatory. Compounds from the waru jawa plant, especially the bark can be grouped into alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. The content of triterpenoids from the waru jawa stem bark was tested for their biochemical activity, so that it is expected that the bark of Javanese waru stems can be used optimally. This study aims to determine the potential of triterpenoids from waru jawa stem bark as anti-inflammatory candidates in mice (Mus musculus) rheumatoid arthritis model in silico-based. Potential analysis of triterpenoids in mice was carried out using the STITCH, which is a database of known and predicted interactions between chemicals and proteins found in living things. Interactions in question are physical and functional associations, the data contained in STITCH comes from computational predictions, transfer of knowledge between organisms, and from interactions collected from other databases. Analysis of the triterpenoid mechanism of waru jawa stem bark against rheumatoid arthritis model mice in silico-based using the bioinformatics application Kegg. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be seen that triterpenoids derived from waru jawa stem bark sources play an important role in reducing inflammation. The triterpenoids target NF-κB, leading to its downregulation. Triterpenoids have been found to have many functions, although their effective concentrations for various cellular effects may vary widely. Depending upon the dose administered, triterpenoids can induce anti-inflammatory, proliferation-arresting, apoptotic effects, cytoprotective, and tumor-differentiating.
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Malhotra, Karan, and Jakob Franke. "Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated tailoring of triterpenoids and steroids in plants." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 18 (September 21, 2022): 1289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.18.135.
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The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) superfamily comprises hemethiolate enzymes that perform remarkable regio- and stereospecific oxidative chemistry. As such, CYPs are key agents for the structural and functional tailoring of triterpenoids, one of the largest classes of plant natural products with widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and agricultural industries. In this review, we provide a full overview of 149 functionally characterised CYPs involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and steroids in primary as well as in specialised metabolism. We describe the phylogenetic distribution of triterpenoid- and steroid-modifying CYPs across the plant CYPome, present a structure-based summary of their reactions, and highlight recent examples of particular interest to the field. Our review therefore provides a comprehensive up-to-date picture of CYPs involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and steroids in plants as a starting point for future research.
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Wang, Dongdong, Chonggui Huang, Ye Zhao, Lin Wang, Yongcheng Yang, Anhua Wang, Yang Zhang, Gaosheng Hu, and Jingming Jia. "Comparative Studies on Polysaccharides, Triterpenoids, and Essential Oil from Fermented Mycelia and Cultivated Sclerotium of a Medicinal and Edible Mushroom, Poria Cocos." Molecules 25, no. 6 (March 11, 2020): 1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061269.
Full textAbstract:
Poria cocos, an important medicinal and edible fungus, is well known in East Asia. The main active components are water-soluble polysaccharides (WPS) and triterpenoids. Due to the growing market demand, long cultivation period, and consumption of pine trunk during cultivation, alternative methods for producing P. cocos or its active components should be investigated. In this study, WPS, triterpenoids, monosaccharide composition, and essential oil in fermented mycelia and cultivated sclerotium were analyzed using UV spectrophotometry, HPLC, pre-column derivatization, and HS-GC/MS, respectively. Our results showed that the WPS and triterpenoids in mycelia are several times higher than those in sclerotium. Among the 62 compounds identified by HS-GC/MS analysis from the essential oil obtained from the fermentation media and a fresh external layer, the two main fragrances in common were linalool and methyl phenylacetate. Our results suggested that it is applicable to produce polysaccharides and triterpenoids by the fermentation of P. cocos, and a strategy to improve triterpenoid production in the fermentation process was proposed.
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Cheng, Yuan-Bin, Fan-Jin Liu, Chih-Hsin Wang, Tsong-Long Hwang, Yung-Fong Tsai, Chia-Hung Yen, Hui-Chun Wang, et al. "Bioactive Triterpenoids from the Leaves and Twigs of Lithocarpus litseifolius and L. corneus." Planta Medica 84, no. 01 (July 12, 2017): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-113826.
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AbstractPhytochemical investigation of the leaves and twigs of Lithocarpus litseifolius and Lithocarpus corneus resulted in the isolation of four new triterpenoids (1–4), three triterpenoids (5–7) isolated from a natural source for the first time, and six known compounds (8–13). In addition, four known triterpenoids (14–17) were isolated from L. corneus. Compound 1 is a 3,4-seco-lupane-type triterpenoid, and compounds 2–4 are lupane-type triterpenoids in different oxidation states. The structures of all isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods, especially NMR and mass spectrometry data. The absolute configuration of 2 and 3 was confirmed by X-ray single crystallographic analysis. The anti-inflammatory activities of 1–17 and anti-HIV activities of 2–17 were evaluated. Among them, 3-epi-betulinic acid (8) showed a strong anti-HIV activity comparable to abacavir, a drug used for treating HIV/AIDS. 3,4-seco-4(23),20(29)-lupadiene-3,28-dioic acid (5) exhibited potent inhibition of superoxide-anion generation with 86.9 ± 2.8% inhibition at 1 µM.