Journal articles: 'Triple buffer'

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Williams, James, and Ilya Mikhelson. "Triple frame buffer FPGA implementation." HardwareX 5 (April 2019): e00064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2019.e00064.

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Pavanello, Marcelo Antonio, João Antonio Martino, Eddy Simoen, Rita Rooyackers, Nadine Collaert, and Cor Claeys. "Performance of Source Follower Buffers Implemented with Standard and Strained Triple-Gate nFinFETs." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 5, no. 2 (November 21, 2010): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v5i2.324.

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In this work the application of standard and strained triple-gate FinFETs in unity-gain source-follower configuration is compared. The analysis is performed by evaluating the buffer voltage gain with respect to the fin width and channel length as well as the total harmonic distortion. It is demonstrated that the application of strained material in narrow FinFETs, when the devices are operating in double-gate mode, can be beneficial for the performance of buffers in any channel length. On the other hand, for triple-gate FinFETs or quasi-planar ones the degradation of the output conductance overcomes the transconductance improvements from strained material and the performance of standard buffers is better than of strained ones. Narrow strained buffers also offer better harmonic distortion.

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Hwang, Sook Hyun, Yu Mi Park, Hoon Ha Jeon, Kyung Seok Noh, Jae Kyu Kim, Joon He Moon, Han Jung Song, Jae Young Leem, and Min Hyon Jeon. "Interrelation between Strain Relaxation and In_xAl_1-xAs Compositional Graded Step Buffer Layers on GaAs Substrate Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.127.

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We have grown delta-doped In0.5Ga0.5As /In0.5Al0.5As heterostructures on GaAs substrate applying with InxAl1-xAs compositional graded-step buffers, called metamorphic structures, grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Three types of buffer layers with different compositional gradients and thicknesses have designed to investigate the influence of the strain relaxation process. We characterized the samples by using transmission electron microscopy, triple-axis X-ray diffraction and Hall measurement. Two samples with different compositional gradient show almost same results in electrical properties. On the other hand, it is found that samples with different step thicknesses had shown the large differences in epilayer tilt and mosaic spread in the step-graded buffers. These results indicate that there exists an interrelation between the strain-relaxed buffer and 2DEG transport properties.

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Althowibi, F. A., and J. E. Ayers. "Dynamical X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Triple-Junction Solar Cells on Germanium (001) Substrates." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 26, no. 03 (June 27, 2017): 1740011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156417400110.

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We demonstrate the dynamical x-ray diffraction analysis of metamorphic triple-junction solar cells grown on Ge (001) substrates. The solar cells investigated involve an In0.67Ga0.33P top cell, an In0.17Ga0.83As middle cell, and a Ge bottom cell. A graded buffer layer is inserted between the bottom and middle cells for the purpose of accommodating the lattice mismatch. Linearly-graded, step-graded, and S-graded compositional profiles were considered for this buffer layer. The x-ray rocking curve analysis for a number of hkl reflections including 004, 113, 116, 044, 026, and 117 was conducted for the case of Cu Kα1 radiation. We show that the use of non-destructive x-ray analysis allows determination of the threading dislocation densities in the top two cells. In the cases of S-graded or step-graded buffer layers, the buffer threading dislocation density could also be estimated.

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Maekawa, Hirotaka, Masatsugu Shoji, and Yoshiyuki Suda. "High PVCR Si/Si1−xGex DW RTD formed with new triple-layer buffer." Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 8, no. 1-3 (February 2005): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2004.09.053.

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DePasquale, Nicole, Steven H. Zarit, Jacqueline Mogle, Phyllis Moen, Leslie B. Hammer, and David M. Almeida. "Double- and Triple-Duty Caregiving Men: An Examination of Subjective Stress and Perceived Schedule Control." Journal of Applied Gerontology 37, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 464–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0733464816641391.

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Based on the stress process model of family caregiving, this study examined subjective stress appraisals and perceived schedule control among men employed in the long-term care industry (workplace-only caregivers) who concurrently occupied unpaid family caregiving roles for children (double-duty child caregivers), older adults (double-duty elder caregivers), and both children and older adults (triple-duty caregivers). Survey responses from 123 men working in nursing home facilities in the United States were analyzed using multiple linear regression models. Results indicated that workplace-only and double- and triple-duty caregivers’ appraised primary stress similarly. However, several differences emerged with respect to secondary role strains, specifically work–family conflict, emotional exhaustion, and turnover intentions. Schedule control also constituted a stress buffer for double- and triple-duty caregivers, particularly among double-duty elder caregivers. These findings contribute to the scarce literature on double- and triple-duty caregiving men and have practical implications for recruitment and retention strategies in the health care industry.

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Sin, Yongkun, Stephen LaLumondiere, Brendan Foran, William Lotshaw, Steven C. Moss, Tae Wan Kim, Steven Ruder, Luke J. Mawst, and Thomas F. Kuech. "Carrier Dynamics and Defects in Bulk 1eV InGaAsNSb Materials and InGaAs Layers with MBL Grown by MOVPE for Multi-junction Solar Cells." MRS Proceedings 1493 (2013): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1705.

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ABSTRACTMulti-junction III-V solar cells are based on a triple-junction design that employs a 1eV bottom junction grown on the GaAs substrate with a GaAs middle junction and a lattice-matched InGaP top junction. There are two possible approaches implementing the triple-junction design. The first approach is to utilize lattice-matched dilute nitride materials such as InGaAsN(Sb) and the second approach is to utilize lattice-mismatched InGaAs employing a metamorphic buffer layer (MBL). Both approaches have a potential to achieve high performance triple-junction solar cells. A record efficiency of 43.5% was achieved from multi-junction solar cells using the first approach [1] and the solar cells using the second approach yielded an efficiency of 41.1% [2]. We studied carrier dynamics and defects in bulk 1eV InGaAsNSb materials and InGaAs layers with MBL grown by MOVPE for multi-junction solar cells.

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Guzina, B. B., and F. Nintcheu Fata. "Axial Vibration of a Padded Annulus on a Semi-Infinite Viscoelastic Medium." Journal of Applied Mechanics 68, no. 6 (June 12, 2001): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1410098.

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The vibratory punch problem for a viscoelastic half-space indented by a padded annular disk is investigated. By virtue of transform methods, the problem is formulated as a set of triple integral equations which are reducible to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. In the formulation, the response of a thin buffer which regularizes the load transfer to the semi-infinite solid is approximated via a plane stress-type solution. A set of numerical results is included to demonstrate the effect of padding characteristics on the dynamic system response. Apart from providing an interpretation tool for the nondestructive testing methods involving buffered annular loading systems, the present solution can be used as an effective approximation to the corresponding rigid-punch problem which has so far eluded a rigorous mathematical treatment.

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Casonato, Seona. "Fruit drop in two kiwifruit varieties and the use of two Bacillus-based biofungicides." New Zealand Plant Protection 72 (July 27, 2019): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2019.72.288.

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Recently, fruit drop in two green varieties of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa; VarA and VarB) has increased towards the harvest date. The efficacy of two biofungicides, applied post-flowering, to ameliorate the effects of early fruit drop in VarA and VarB during the 2017–18 growing season was tested. Treatments were applied to a single bay, with buffer bays and rows adjacent. Treatments were two different Bacillus-based biofungicide products; Serenade® Max (a.i. B. subtilis QST713 strain) and Triple-X® (a.i. B. amyloliquefaciens BS 1b). There was an untreated control. All fruits in the canopy, within the treated bay, were counted and recorded at 4-weekly intervals, over 5 months until harvest. At the VarA site, there was no statistical difference (P>0.1) in the percentage of fruit drop between the control (7%), Triple-X® (5%) and Serenade® Max (10%) treated vines. At the VarB site, fruit drop differed statistically (P<0.1) between Triple-X® treated vines (5%) and the control (10.5%), with Serenade® Max treated vines (6.5%) having intermediate fruit drop. The use of Triple-X® may be an option to assist with reducing fruit drop in kiwifruit.

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Walker, A. W., F. Bouchard, A. H. Trojnar, and K. Hinzer. "Inverted Metamorphic III–V Triple-Junction Solar Cell with a 1 eV CuInSe2Bottom Subcell." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/913170.

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A new triple-junction solar cell (3J) design exploiting the highly absorptive I–III–VI chalcopyrite CuInSe2material is proposed as an alternative to III–V semiconductor 3J solar cells. The proposed structure consists of GaInP (1.9 eV)/Ga(In)As (1.4 eV)/CuInSe2(1 eV) which can be grown on a GaAs substrate in an inverted manner using epitaxial lift-off techniques. To lattice-match epitaxial CuInSe2to Ga(In)As, a compositionally graded buffer region composed of GaxIn1−xP is used. The modeling and simulation of the device include the effects of threading dislocations on minority carrier lifetimes in the metamorphic buffer and bottom subcell active region. Studies focus on device performance under standard testing conditions and concentrated illumination. The results are compared to a reference lattice mismatched 3J composed of GaInP (1.9 eV)/Ga(In)As (1.4 eV)/GaInAs (1 eV) and to a lattice matched 3J composed of GaInP (1.9 eV)/Ga(In)As (1.4 eV)/Ge (0.67 eV). The advantage of CuInSe2is its higher absorption coefficient, which requires only 1 μm of active material compared to 4 μm of GaInAs in the bottom subcell of the reference lattice mismatched cell. The proposed design reaches an efficiency of 32.6% under 1 sun illumination at 300 K with 105 cm−2threading dislocations and 39.6% at 750 suns.

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Philpott, D. E., A. Hand, M. Mednieks, K. Kato, and J. Stevenson. "Immunogold labeling of protein kinase in muscle cells." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 774–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100128183.

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Muscle loss during spaceflight remains a medical concern in prolonged space travel. We have studied changes in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (ATP: protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37; cAPK) levels in heart muscle after simulated weightlessness and after actual microgravity on Space Lab-3. Biochemical measurements were made in the soluble and the particulate fraction of disrupted muscle tissue, but did not identify the exact subcellular location of this enzyme. In order to establish localization of the protein kinase in the muscle cells of the rat, monoclonal antibodies to the regulatory (R) subunits of the type II isoenzyme were prepared and employed in a protein A-gold immunolabeling procedure.Both rat striated and heart muscle were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (GA), cacodylate buffer, for 1 hour. Similar samples were fixed in Triple Fix (T.F.) in cacodylate buffer for one week. Osmium was not used.

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Ram Manda, Bhagwana, K. V. Sreedharan, S. Athmalingam, V. Balasubramaniyan, and P. Chellapandi. "Experience with Mechanical Seal of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor’s Secondary Sodium Pump during Testing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1544.

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Prototype fast breeder reactor’s (PFBR) secondary pumps have sealing between the rotating shaft and the stationary parts to prevent cover gas leakage into ambient air. This is achieved by means of triple mechanical seals with oil as buffer fluid. The oil for cooling the mechanical seals and bearing is supplied from an external source and is re-circulated after cooling and cleaning. During testing of secondary pumps several issues related to mechanical seal arrangement, material, oil temperature and oil leakage into process side were confronted. This paper discusses the successful resolution of such issues.

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Liu, Xiaodong, Hao Yu, Li Yan, Qingqing Dong, Qun Wan, Yi Zhou, Bo Song, and Yongfang Li. "Triple Cathode Buffer Layers Composed of PCBM, C60, and LiF for High-Performance Planar Perovskite Solar Cells." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 11 (March 12, 2015): 6230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00468.

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Rahming, Sophia. "Social Support and Stress-Related Acculturative Experiences of an English-speaking Afro-Caribbean Female Student in U.S. Higher Education." Journal of International Students 9, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): 1055–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i4.343.

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This two-year qualitative single critical case study research investigated the stress-related adjustment experiences and academic progression of a female English-speaking Afro-Caribbean collegian in an American postsecondary institution through the lens of the “triple bind” phenomenon and the stress buffer hypothesis. Student development theory and research on college student outcomes have largely focused on Black students’ experiences and achievement outcomes through a homogeneous African American cultural lens. Minimal existing research has shown differences in the lived experiences and achievement outcomes between Afro-Caribbean students and domestic African American students in U.S. postsecondary education.

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Babaei, Mahsa, Seyed Hamid Jalalian, Hadi Bakhtiari, Mohammad Ramezani, Khalil Abnous, and Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi. "Aptamer-Based Fluorescent Switch for Sensitive Detection of Oxytetracycline." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 6 (2017): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16562.

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Oxytetracycline (OTC) is one of the most used antibiotics in veterinary medicine. There is a large concern about developing antibiotic resistance in humans as a result of the consumption of products contaminated with OTC, so a fast detection technique for an on-field screening test is highly in demand. Here we introduce a novel aptasensor for fast detection of OTC, based on a triple helix molecular switch (THMS) complex formation. The limit of detection (LOD) of this sensor was 1.67 and 6.44 nM in phosphate buffer and milk samples, respectively. Moreover, the sensor showed a high selectivity towards OTC.

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Osuchowska, Paulina Natalia, Przemysław Wachulak, Wiktoria Kasprzycka, Agata Nowak-Stępniowska, Maciej Wakuła, Andrzej Bartnik, Henryk Fiedorowicz, and Elżbieta Anna Trafny. "Adhesion of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells under Fluorescent and Soft X-ray Contact Microscopy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 7279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147279.

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Understanding cancer cell adhesion could help to diminish tumor progression and metastasis. Adhesion mechanisms are currently the main therapeutic target of TNBC-resistant cells. This work shows the distribution and size of adhesive complexes determined with a common fluorescence microscopy technique and soft X-ray contact microscopy (SXCM). The results presented here demonstrate the potential of applying SXCM for imaging cell protrusions with high resolution when the cells are still alive in a physiological buffer. The possibility to observe the internal components of cells at a pristine and hydrated state with nanometer resolution distinguishes SXCM from the other more commonly used techniques for cell imaging. Thus, SXCM can be a promising technique for investigating the adhesion and organization of the actin cytoskeleton in cancer cells.

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Royer, S. M., and J. C. Kinnamon. "A serial section analysis of rabbit foliate taste buds using the high voltage electron microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 966–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010015681x.

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We have examined the foliate taste buds of the rabbit using a combination of serial section analysis and computer-assisted three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions. Previous investigators of rabbit foliate taste buds have classified taste cells into types I, II, and III, basal cells, and peripheral cells. Based on the presence of synaptic contacts with nerve processes, only the type III cells have been considered to be taste receptor cells. Our goals were the elucidation of morphological details of the various cell types and the characterization and quantification of synaptic contacts between taste receptor cells and intragemmal nerve fibers.Adult white rabbits were perfused with a fixative containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% paraformaldehyde in 0.05 M cacodylate buffer at pH 7.3. The foliate papillae were excised fixed overnight in fresh fixative at 4°C, rinsed in buffer, postfixed with buffered 1% OsO4, washed, and stained en bloc in 5% uranyl acetate in 70% ethanol for 48 hours. The specimens were then dehydrated and embedded according to standard procedures. Serial 0.25 μm sections of the embedded tissue were cut with a Diatome Semi diamond knife using a Reichert Ultracut E ultramicrotome. Sections were mounted on Formvar-coated slot grids and poststained in triple lead stain and alcoholic uranyl acetate. After carbon coating, the sections were examined with a JEOL JEM-1000 high voltage electron microscope (HVEM) operated at 1 meV. Contours of interest were traced from micrographs onto a Summagraphics digitizing tablet and entered into an IBM-compatible PC, using programs developed by the authors.

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Nguyen Thi, Ha Binh, Thu Nguyen Thi, Ngoc Lan Dang Thi, Hai Nguyen Thi, and Son Tran Cao. "Simultaneous screening of 5 allergens in food by using liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry." Heavy metals and arsenic concentrations in water, agricultural soil, and rice in Ngan Son district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam 2, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47866/2615-9252/vjfc.70.

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The liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI) source in multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode has been used to detect five allergen including milk, egg, peanut, soyabean, and walnut in milk, dairy products, and confectionery. The allergenic proteins from food matrices were extracted with an extraction buffer (50 mM of TRIS- saline, 2 M of urea, and 25 mM of DTT) and then enzymatically digested with trypsin to form peptides. The peptides were eventually detected on a LC-MS/MS Triple Quad 5500 system from AB SCIEX. As a result, each allergen was characterized by a corresponding specific peptide. The limit of detection was of 3 µg/g for milk, 5 µg/g for peanut, 10 µg/g for soyabean and walnut and 20 µg/g for egg.

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Kovács-Öller, Tamás, Gergely Szarka, Ádám J. Tengölics, Alma Ganczer, Boglárka Balogh, Edina Szabó-Meleg, Miklós Nyitrai, and Béla Völgyi. "Spatial Expression Pattern of the Major Ca2+-Buffer Proteins in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells." Cells 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9040792.

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The most prevalent Ca2+-buffer proteins (CaBPs: parvalbumin—PV; calbindin—CaB; calretinin—CaR) are widely expressed by various neurons throughout the brain, including the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Even though their retinal expression has been extensively studied, a coherent assessment of topographical variations is missing. To examine this, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) in mouse retinas. We found variability in the expression levels and cell numbers for CaR, with stronger and more numerous labels in the dorso-central area. CaBP+ cells contributed to RGCs with all soma sizes, indicating heterogeneity. We separated four to nine RGC clusters in each area based on expression levels and soma sizes. Besides the overall high variety in cluster number and size, the peripheral half of the temporal retina showed the greatest cluster number, indicating a better separation of RGC subtypes there. Multiple labels showed that 39% of the RGCs showed positivity for a single CaBP, 30% expressed two CaBPs, 25% showed no CaBP expression, and 6% expressed all three proteins. Finally, we observed an inverse relation between CaB and CaR expression levels in CaB/CaR dual- and CaB/CaR/PV triple-labeled RGCs, suggesting a mutual complementary function.

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Reis, Nelson Joaquim, Serge Nadeau, Leda Maria Fraga, Leandro Menezes Betiollo, Maria Telma Lins Faraco, Jimmy Reece, Deokumar Lachhman, and Randy Ault. "Stratigraphy of the Roraima Supergroup along the Brazil-Guyana border in the Guiana shield, Northern Amazonian Craton - results of the Brazil-Guyana Geology and Geodiversity Mapping Project." Brazilian Journal of Geology 47, no. 1 (January 2017): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201720160139.

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ABSTRACT: The Geological and Geodiversity Mapping binational program along the Brazil-Guyana border zone allowed reviewing and integrating the stratigraphy and nomenclature of the Roraima Supergroup along the Pakaraima Sedimentary Block present in northeastern Brazil and western Guyana. The area mapped corresponds to a buffer zone of approximately 25 km in width on both sides of the border, of a region extending along the Maú-Ireng River between Mount Roraima (the triple-border region) and Mutum Village in Brazil and Monkey Mountain in Guyana. The south border of the Roraima basin is overlain exclusively by effusive and volcaniclastic rocks of the Surumu Group of Brazil and its correlated equivalent the Burro-Burro Group of Guyana.

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Wietasch, K., and R. P. Kraig. "Carbonic acid buffer species measured in real time with an intracellular microelectrode array." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 261, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): R760—R765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.3.r760.

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Carbonic acid buffer anions, HCO3- and CO3(2-), play an instrumental role in a host of vital processes in animal cells and tissues. Yet study of carbonic acid buffer species is hampered because no means are available to simultaneously monitor them at a cellular level in a rapid and dynamic fashion. An ion-selective cocktail, previously reported to measure changes in bicarbonate activity (alpha HCO3-), was instead shown to be principally selective for alpha CO3(2-). Ion-selective micropipettes (ISMs) based on this exchanger and consisting of a 3:1:6 (volume) mixture of tri-n-octylpropylammonium chloride, 1-octanol, and trifluoroacetyl-p-butylbenzene showed no significant interference from bicarbonate, chloride, phosphate, ascorbate, lactate, glutamate, acetate, or hydroxyl ions at concentrations expected in vivo. Intracellular and triple-barrel ISMs, consisting of a CO3(2-) sensitive, pH-sensitive, and reference barrel, were fabricated. Skeletal muscle cells (n = 17) were penetrated in vivo and showed values of 74 +/- 7 mV for membrane potential, 6.94 +/- 0.09 pHi, and 11 +/- 5 microM intracellular alpha CO3(2-), from which intracellular alpha HCO3- of 25 +/- 10 mM and CO2 tension of 120 +/- 55 Torr were calculated. All ion measurements reached a new steady state in 9 +/- 2 s after cell penetration. Thus measurements of intracellular alpha CO3(2-) and pH and associated levels of alpha HCO3(2-) and CO2 tension can be determined in biological tissues and cells with a spatial and temporal resolution previously unattainable.

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Zeman, M., and J. Krc. "Optical and electrical modeling of thin-film silicon solar cells." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 4 (April 2008): 889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0125.

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This article focuses on the modeling and simulation of thin-film silicon solar cells to obtain increased efficiency. Computer simulations were used to study the performance limits of tandem and triple-junction, silicon-based solar cells. For the analysis, the optical simulator SunShine, which was developed at Ljubljana University, and the optoelectrical simulator ASA, which was developed at Delft University of Technology, were used. After calibration with realistic optical and electrical parameters, we used these simulators to study the scattering properties required, the absorption in nonactive layers, antireflective coatings, and the crucial role of the wavelength-selective intermediate reflector on the performance of the solar cells. Careful current matching was carried out to explore whether a high photocurrent [i.e., more than 15 mA/cm2 for a tandem hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)/hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) solar cell and 11 mA/cm2 for a triple-junction a-Si:H/amorphous silicon germanium (a-SiGe:H)/μc-Si:H solar cell] could be obtained. In simulations, the extraction of the charge carriers, the open-circuit voltage, and the fill factor of these solar cells were improved by optimizing the electrical properties of the layers and the interfaces: a p-doped, a-SiC layer with a larger band gap (EG > 2 eV) and buffer layers at p/i interfaces were used. Simulations demonstrated that a-Si:H/μc-Si:H solar cells could be obtained with a conversion efficiency of 15% or higher, and triple-junction a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/μc-Si:H solar cells with an efficiency of 17%.

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Lee, Ja Eun, Taegon Kim, Soo Yong Kim, and Sok Won Kim. "Detection of triple helix DNA formation of guanine-rich oligonucleotide in sodium ion abundant buffer by cross-checking FRET scheme." Chemical Physics Letters 490, no. 4-6 (April 2010): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2010.03.056.

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Jabłoński, Artur, Yannic Fritz, Hans-Achim Wagenknecht, Rafał Czerwieniec, Tytus Bernaś, Damian Trzybiński, Krzysztof Woźniak, and Konrad Kowalski. "Pyrene–nucleobase conjugates: synthesis, oligonucleotide binding and confocal bioimaging studies." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (November 28, 2017): 2521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.249.

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Fluorescent pyrene–linker–nucleobase (nucleobase = thymine, adenine) conjugates with carbonyl and hydroxy functionalities in the linker were synthesized and characterized. X-ray single-crystal structure analysis performed for the pyrene–C(O)CH2CH2–thymine (2) conjugate reveals dimers of molecules 2 stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the thymine moieties. The photochemical characterization showed structure-dependent fluorescence properties of the investigated compounds. The conjugates bearing a carbonyl function represent weak emitters as compared to compounds with a hydroxy function in the linker. The self-assembly properties of pyrene nucleobases were investigated in respect to their binding to single and double strand oligonucleotides in water and in buffer solution. In respect to the complementary oligothymidine T10 template in water, compounds 3 and 5 both show a self-assembling behavior according to canonical base–base pairing. However, in buffer solution, derivative 5 was much more effective than 3 in binding to the T10 template. Furthermore the adenine derivative 5 binds to the double-stranded (dA)10–T10 template with a self-assembly ratio of 112%. Such a high value of a self-assembly ratio can be rationalized by a triple-helix-like binding, intercalation, or a mixture of both. Remarkably, compound 5 also shows dual staining pattern in living HeLa cells. Confocal microscopy confirmed that 5 predominantly stains mitochondria but it also accumulates in the nucleoli of the cells.

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Shaddad, Maged N., Prabhakarn Arunachalam, Mahmoud Hezam, and Abdullah M. Al-Mayouf. "Cooperative Catalytic Behavior of SnO2 and NiWO4 over BiVO4 Photoanodes for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Performance." Catalysts 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9110879.

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n-BiVO4 is a favorable photoelectrode candidate for a photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting reaction owing to its suitable energy level edge locations for an oxygen evolution reaction. On the other hand, the sluggish water oxidation kinetics of BiVO4 photoanodes when used individually make it necessary to use a hole blocking layer as well as water oxidation catalysts to overcome the high kinetic barrier for the PEC water oxidation reaction. Here, we describe a very simple synthetic strategy to fabricate nanocomposite photoanodes that synergistically address both of these critical limitations. In particular, we examine the effect of a SnO2 buffer layer over BiVO4 films and further modify the photoanode surface with a crystalline nickel tungstate (NiWO4) nanoparticle film to boost PEC water oxidation. When NiWO4 is incorporated over BiVO4/SnO2 films, the PEC performance of the resultant triple-layer NiWO4/BiVO4/SnO2 films for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is further improved. The enhanced performance for the PEC OER is credited to the synergetic effect of the individual layers and the introduction of a SnO2 buffer layer over the BiVO4 film. The optimized NiWO4/BiVO4/SnO2 electrode demonstrated both enriched visible light absorption and achieves charge separation and transfer efficiencies of 23% and 30%, respectively. The photoanodic current density for the OER on optimized NiWO4/BiVO4/SnO2 photoanode shows a maximum photocurrent of 0.93 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE in a phosphate buffer solution (pH~7.5) under an AM1.5G solar simulator, which is an incredible five-fold and two-fold enhancement compared to its parent BiVO4 photoanode and BiVO4/SnO2 photoanodes, respectively. Further, the incorporation of the NiWO4 co-catalyst over the BiVO4/SnO2 film increases the interfacial electron transfer rate across the composite/solution interface.

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Karavadi, Thejomoorthy, and B. R. Challa. "Method Development and Validation of Darifenacin in Rat Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study." ISRN Spectroscopy 2012 (November 27, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/659257.

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A selective, sensitive, and high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantitation of darifenacin in rat plasma. Sample clean up involved liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and used 100 μL of rat plasma. Zorbax, SB C18, 4.6×75 mm, 3.5 μm particle size analytical column using 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5) and methanol (10 : 90, v/v) as the mobile phase was used. The parent → product ion transitions for the drug (m/z 427.3 → 147.3) and IS (m/z 431.4 → 151.2) were monitored on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and positive ion mode. The method was validated over the concentration range of 10.00–20000.00 pg/mL for darifenacin. The method was successfully applied into a pharmacokinetic study in rat plasma under fasting conditions.

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Ouellette, Mathieu, Jessy Mathault, Shimwe Dominique Niyonambaza, Amine Miled, and Elodie Boisselier. "Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine Based on Functionalized Electrodes." Coatings 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2019): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080496.

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The rapid electrochemical identification and quantification of neurotransmitters being a challenge in the ever-growing field of neuroelectronics, we aimed to facilitate the electrochemical selective detection of dopamine by functionalizing commercially available electrodes through the deposition of a thin film containing pre-formed gold nanoparticles. The influence of different parameters and experimental conditions, such as buffer solution, fiber material, concentration, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycle number, were tested during neurotransmitter detection. In each case, without drastically changing the outcome of the functionalization process, the selectivity towards dopamine was improved. The detected oxidation current for dopamine was increased by 92%, while ascorbic acid and serotonin oxidation currents were lowered by 66% under the best conditions. Moreover, dopamine sensing was successfully achieved in tandem with home-made triple electrodes and an in-house built potentiostat at a high scan rate mode.

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28

Yue, Guozhen, Baojie Yan, Laura Sivec, Tining Su, Yan Zhou, Jeff Yang, and Subhendu Guha. "Hydrogenated Nanocrystalline Silicon based Solar Cell with 13.6% Stable Efficiency." MRS Proceedings 1426 (2012): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.834.

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ABSTRACTMulti-junction solar cells incorporating hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) exhibit a high current capability and low light-induced degradation. In this paper, we report our recent progress in developing nc-Si:H solar cells using a modified very-high-frequency glow discharge technique. We achieved a short-circuit current density >30 mA/cm2and 10.6% conversion efficiency from single-junction solar cells. Using the improved nc-Si:H cells in an a-Si:H/nc-Si:H/nc-Si:H triple-junction structure, we attained initial and stabilized efficiencies of 13.9% and 13.6%, respectively. Issues related to improving material properties and device structures are addressed. Besides using the conventional techniques, such as hydrogen dilution profiling, optimized Ag/ZnO back reflector, and buffer layers, we found that compensation from Boron and Oxygen micro-doping is also critical in obtaining the above achievements.

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Y, Shravan Kumar, Shireesha G, and Harika S. "Formulation and Evaluation of Metoprolol Tartrate Sustained Release Matrix Tablets." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 12, no. 5 (September 30, 2019): 4865–671. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2019.12.5.7.

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The objective of the present work was to develop sustained release matrix tablets of Metoprolol tartrate using different polymers viz. Guar gum, Xanthan gum, Kondagogu gum and HPMC K100M. The release rates were modulated by combination of two different rates controlling material and triple mixture of two different rate controlling materials. After evaluation of physical properties of tablet, the in-vitro release study was performed in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 up to 12 hrs. Dissolution data was analyzed for release kinetics. It was observed that matrix tablets contained polymer Xanthan gum was successfully sustained the release of drug up to 12 hrs. Among all the formulations, F6 which contains 45 % of Xanthan gum, release of drug which follows zero order kinetics via, swelling, diffusion and the release profile of formulation F6 was compared with marketed product. The FTIR study revealed that there was no chemical interaction between drug and excipient.

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30

Slukovskaya, Marina V., Irina P. Kremenetskaya, Svetlana V. Drogobuzhskaya, and Andrey I. Novikov. "Sequential Extraction of Potentially Toxic Metals: Alteration of Method for Cu-Ni Polluted Peat Soil of Industrial Barren." Toxics 8, no. 2 (June 2, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics8020039.

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An evaluation of fraction composition and transformation of metal compounds emitted by metal ore processing enterprises and accumulated in soils is crucial for assessing the environmental risks of pollution and ecosystem benefit of remediation. The aim of this study was to develop a suitable sequential fractional procedure for metal pollutants for the peat soils matrix in the impact zone of a Cu-Ni smelter. Three experiment series were performed: (a) the study of the effect of ammonium acetate buffer pH in the range of 3.7–7.8 on the soil metal extraction; (b) the study of the effect of additional volume and frequency of soil treatment with solutions on the content of water-soluble, ammonium acetate extractable, and 0.1 N HNO3 extractable fractions; and, (c) the determination of the metal fraction composition in the modified technique. Soil treatment with ammonium acetate buffer with a pH range of 4.5–5.5 was the most appropriate for the determination of mobile compounds of Cu and other metals in highly polluted peat soil. Triple soil treatment with water and ammonium acetate is necessary for the complete extraction of the water-soluble and exchangeable fractions, respectively. Additionally, we propose a procedure of full extraction of the exchangeable metal fraction from peat soils while using single treatment with 0.1 N HNO3. This scheme allows evaluating geochemical mobility of metals and current environmental harm of polluted soils with a high content of organic matter.

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Wu, Yue, Jing Yang, Li Ding, Guili Xu, Wenjuan Qian, Changhong Yun, and Jianchang He. "Identification of the Metabolites of Ecabet Bismuth in Rat Bile by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 15, no. 4 (August 2009): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.1006.

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In the present study, a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the screening and the structural elucidation of the metabolites of ecabet bismuth in rat bile. Solid-phase extraction cartridges were used for sample pre-treatment and a gradient liquid chromatographic system composed of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer and methanol was used for chromatographic separation on a Phenomenex Kromasil C18 column. The triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was employed to thoroughly detect and acquire the detailed MS/MS spectra of ecabet and its metabolites. By comparing the chromatographic retention behaviors, as well as the changes in molecular weight and full-scan MS/MS spectra of the potential metabolites with those of the parent compound, two main metabolites were identified as glucuronide conjugate of carbonylated ecabet (7-oxo-ecabet) and glucuronide conjugate of ecabet. Neither of the two metabolites have previously been reported in the literature. The metabolic pathways of ecabet in rat were also proposed in this paper.

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Semalty, Mona, T. Bisht, and A. Semalty. "A Comparative Study of Triple-Layered Aceclofenac Matrix Tablets Formulated using Xanthan Gum and Guar Gum." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 5, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 1621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2012.5.1.5.

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The aim of the present study was to develop sustained release, multilayered-matrix tablet of aceclofenac using natural polymers-guar gum (GG) and xanthan gum (XG) as carrier for core matrix and hydroxyl propylmethyl cellulose (HPMC K-15M), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and ethyl cellulose (EC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-K30) for preparing bottom and top layers. The formulated tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, drug content, friability, hardness, thickness, swelling index and in vitro drug release. The physicochemical properties of tablets were found within the limits. The physiochemical investigation showed that aceclofenac matrix tablet prepared with xanthan gum showed better dissolution profile as compared to that of guar gum. Matrix tablets of xanthan gum with 6% W/V xanthan gum (MTX1) showed the highest percent drug release (88.98%), while matrix tablets of guar gum with 6% W/V guar gum (MTG1) showed the highest percent drug release (73.89%) at the end of 8 hours in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Among the matrix tablet of xanthan gum MTX4 (with 24% W/V of xanthan) showed the lowest percent drug release (49.6%) and while among the guar gum tablets MTG4 (with 24% W/V of guar gum) showed the lowest percent drug release (48.65%) at the end of 8 hours. It was concluded that increasing the concentration of gum from 6% W/V to 24% W/V in the formulation decreased the amount of drug release from the tablet. The xanthan gum based matrix tablets of aceclofenac were found to be superior to that of guar gum matrix tablets for potential therapeutic uses.

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BARBER, Ruth E., and Alvin P. L. KWAN. "Partial characterization of the C-terminal non-collagenous domain (NC1) of collagen type X." Biochemical Journal 320, no. 2 (December 1, 1996): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3200479.

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Collagen type X is composed of three identical α1(X) chains of 59 kDa, each containing a triple-helical region of 45 kDa flanked by a short N-terminal sequence and a larger non-collagenous C-terminal (NC1) domain of approx. 15 kDa. Collagen type X molecules can associate via their C-termini to form a regular hexagonal lattice in vitro, which in vivo may provide a modified extracellular matrix for the events of endochondral ossification. The NC1 domain of chick collagen type X was isolated and purified from a highly purified bacterial collagenase digest of hypertrophic chondrocyte medium proteins. The structure and aggregation properties of the NC1 domain of collagen X were investigated, independently of the triple helix. A trimer, a dimer and a monomer of the individual α-chain NC1 polypeptides were identified from a bacterial collagenase digest of cartilage collagens using [14C]tyrosine labelling, N-chlorosuccinimide peptide mapping and N-terminal sequencing. The trimer (50 kDa) remained intact in Laemmli sample buffer unless boiled, upon which it dissociated into the dimer (38 kDa) and the monomer (20 kDa). The dimer persisted even after prolonged periods of heating or reduction with β-mercaptoethanol, and in preparations obtained from chondrocyte cultures treated with β-aminoproprionitrile, indicating the presence of non-reducible, non-lysine-derived, covalent cross-links. Hexamers of the individual C-termini were observed in rotary-shadowed preparations of purified NC1 domain, reflecting the ability of collagen type X to self-assemble via its C-termini under appropriate conditions.

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34

Parhizkar, Ardavan, Hanieh Nojehdehian, Fahimeh Tabatabaei, and Saeed Asgary. "An Innovative Drug Delivery System Loaded with a Modified Combination of Triple Antibiotics for Use in Endodontic Applications." International Journal of Dentistry 2020 (August 25, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8859566.

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The objective of the current study was to introduce “Polylactic co-Glycolic Acid- (PLGA-) Coated Ceramic Microparticles” as an innovative drug delivery system, loaded with a new combination of triple antibiotics (penicillin G, metronidazole, and ciprofloxacin (PMC)) for use in endodontic treatments. Ceramic microparticles were made from β-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite and examined by “Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM).” Then, fixed amounts of the selected antibiotics were added to a prepared PLGA solution and stirred thoroughly. Next, the prepared ceramic microparticles were dispersed completely in the drugs solution. The deposited “PMC-loaded PLGA-coated ceramic microspheres (PPCMs)” were dried and incubated in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 21 days. The drug release from PPCMs was quantified by a UV spectrophotometer. The antimicrobial activity of PPCMs was investigated using the “Agar Plate Diffusion Test (ADT),” “Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC),” and “Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)” against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a). The cell viability test (MTT) was conducted for cytotoxicity against human gingival fibroblasts. SEM micrographs of PPCMs showed spherical-like ceramic microparticles with smooth surfaces. Crystal-like antibiotic particles (chunks) were also found on PPCMs. Initial burst of antibiotics (31 µg/mL, 160 µg/mL, and 18 µg/mL for ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and penicillin G, respectively, in the first 4 days) followed by gradual and sustained release was observed within a period of 21 days. PPCMs demonstrated pH close to normal physiological environment and antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and A.a in the first 2 days. MTT showed cell viability of more than 70% for PPCMs after 24 h and 72 h of exposure. In conclusion, PPCMs demonstrated satisfactory release of antibiotics, antibacterial activity against the selected microorganisms, and biocompatibility. Thus, PPCMs may be used to deliver modified triple antibiotics to the root canal system for use in endodontic applications.

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35

Wakiya, Naoki, Kazuo Shinozaki, and Nobuyasu Mizutani. "Preparation of heteroepitaxial Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) thin film by pulsed laser deposition on Si(001) substrate using La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (LSCO)/CeO2/YSZ triple buffer." Thin Solid Films 384, no. 2 (March 2001): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(00)01862-9.

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Tyurin, Sergey. "Hyper redundancy for super reliable FPGAs." RADIOELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/reks.2021.1.11.

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The subject of the research presented in the article is hyper-redundant elements and FPGA devices that can be used in highly reliable digital systems (HRDS). The current work develops hyper-reliable logic elements, memory elements, and buffer elements for HRDS based on FPGAs, their simulation, and reliability assessment. Objective: to develop fault-tolerant logical elements of LUT for one, two, and three variables. Develop fault-tolerant static random access memory, D – flip-flop, and buffer element. To do a simulation in NI Multisim to validate performance and estimate complexity and power consumption. Derive formulas for assessing the reliability of the developed elements and devices and build graphs of comparison with known methods of triple modular redundancy. Methods used the introduction of redundancy in transistor level, simulation methods in Multisim, mathematical estimations of transistor number, reliability calculations. The following results were obtained: when introducing redundancy at the transistor level and using series-parallel circuits, it is necessary to at least quadruple the number of transistors. Passive-fail-safe elements and devices have been developed that can withstand one, two, and three transistor failures (errors). An assessment of their effectiveness has been conducted, showing their preference over the majority reservation. Conclusions. The synthesis and analysis of passive-fault-tolerant circuits with an ocean of redundancy, which ensures the preservation of a logical function for a given number of failures (from one to three), have been conducted. The costs are more than to maintain functional completeness in the method previously proposed by the author, but they are worth it. Despite the significantly greater redundancy compared to majority redundancy, power consumption turned out to be lower with an insignificant increase in latency. The proposed hyper-fault-tolerant FPGAs are advisable to use in critical application systems when maintenance is impossible. In the future, it is advisable to consider the issue of redundancy at the transistor level using bridge circuits.

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Boltia, Shereen A., Aya T. Soudi, Eman S. Elzanfaly, and Hala E. Zaazaa. "Development and Validation of Chromatographic Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Orphenadrine Citrate and Caffeine in Presence of P-aminophenol; Quantification of P-aminophenol Nephrotoxic Impurity Using LC–MS/MS." Journal of Chromatographic Science 58, no. 3 (December 9, 2019): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmz094.

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Abstract Three chromatographic methods were developed, optimized and validated for Paracetamol (PAR), Orphenadrine citrate (Or.cit) and Caffeine (CAF) determination in their mixture and in presence of PAR toxic impurity; P-aminophenol (PAP) in tablets. The first method is based on a thin layer chromatography combined with densitometry. Separation was achieved using silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates and dichloromethane:methanol:acetone:glacial acetic acid (9:1:0.5:0.3, v/v/v) as a developing system at 230 nm. The second method is based on high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The proposed compounds are separated on a reversed phase C18 analytical column using phosphate buffer (pH 9; 0.05 M) and methanol (80:20, v/v) at 1.2 mL/min. Linear regressions are obtained in the range of 1–500 μg/mL, 25–1000 μg/mL and 1–400 μg/mL for PAR, Or.cit and CAF, respectively. Quantification of the toxic PAP is carried out using LC–MS-MS by electrospray ionization in the positive mode using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification for PAP is 1 ng/mL. All methods are validated according to the ICH guidelines and successfully applied to determine PAR, Or.cit, CAF and PAP in pure powder and in combined tablets dosage form without interference from excipients.

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Fæste, Christiane K., Karen R. Jonscher, Louis Sit, Jelena Klawitter, Kjersti E. Løvberg, and Lena H. Moen. "Differentiating Cross-Reacting Allergens in the Immunological Analysis of Celery (Apium graveolens) by Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 93, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/93.2.451.

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Abstract Celery is acknowledged as a major food allergen in Europe, and mandatory labeling for preprocessed foods has been implemented. However, no methods for the specific detection of celery protein in foods have been published. In the present study, a sandwich celery ELISA using polyclonal anticelery antibodies for capture and detection was developed and validated. The method has an LOD of 0.5 mg/kg in buffer; however, it is applicable only for the screening of food products because of extensive cross-reactivity with potato and carrot proteins. Using nanoLCion-trap MS/MS, a number of proteins in the three vegetable species were identified as candidates for causing cross-reactions due to amino acid sequence homologies. Among others, a novel patatin (Sola t 1)-like protein was detected in celery and a flavin adenine dinucleotide binding domain-containing protein (Api g 5)-like protein was identified in carrot. The utility of triple-quadrupole MS/MS for specific and quantitative analysis of celery, potato, and carrot allergens was evaluated using whole protein extracts. Several unique precursor ion-to-product ion transitions were determined for each species, suggesting the feasibility of developing an MS-based screening method to specifically detect celery allergens in foods.

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McBeath, T. M., R. D. Armstrong, E. Lombi, M. J. McLaughlin, and R. E. Holloway. "Responsiveness of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to liquid and granular phosphorus fertilisers in southern Australian soils." Soil Research 43, no. 2 (2005): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04066.

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Recent field trials on alkaline soils in southern Australia showed significant grain yield responses to liquid compared with traditional granular forms of P fertiliser. However the advantages of liquid over granular P forms of fertiliser has not been consistent on all soil types. In order to better predict the soil types on which liquid P fertilisers are likely to have potential, a glasshouse trial was conducted to compare the responsiveness of wheat to both liquid and granular forms of P on a wide range of Australian soils. A granular P fertiliser (triple superphosphate) and 2 liquid fertilisers (phosphoric acid and ammonium polyphosphate) were compared at a rate equivalent to 12 kg P/ha in 29 soils representing many of the soil types used for grain production in Victoria and South Australia. Wheat biomass was enhanced by P application in 86% of the soils tested. In 62% of the P-responsive soils, wheat dry matter was significantly greater when liquid P fertilisers were used compared with the granular form. Chemical analysis of the soils tested showed that the better performance of liquid P forms was not correlated to total P concentration in soil, P buffer capacity, or P availability as measured by Colwell-P. However, there was a significant positive relationship between calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of soil and wheat responsiveness to liquid P fertiliser.

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Chen, Pei, Renata Atkinson, and Wayne R. Wolf. "Single-Laboratory Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic-Diode Array Detector-Fluorescence Detector/Mass Spectrometric Method for Simultaneous Determination of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Multivitamin Dietary Tablets." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 92, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 680–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/92.2.680.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a single-laboratory validated (SLV) method using high-performance liquid chromatography with different detectors diode array detector (DAD); fluorescence detector (FLD); and mass spectrometry (MS) for determination of 7 B-complex vitamins (B1-thiamin, B2-riboflavin, B3-nicotinamide, B6-pyridoxine, B9-folic acid, pantothenic acid, and biotin) and vitamin C in multivitamin/multimineral dietary supplements. The method involves the use of a reversed-phase octadecylsilyl column (4 m, 250 2.0 mm id) and a gradient mobile phase profile. Gradient elution was performed at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. After a 5 min isocratic elution at 100 A (0.1 formic acid in water), a linear gradient to 50 A and 50 B (0.1 formic acid in acetonitrile) at 15 min was employed. Detection was performed with a DAD as well as either an FLD or a triple-quadrupole MS detector in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. SLV was performed using Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3280 Multivitamin/Multimineral Tablets, being developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, with support by the Office of Dietary Supplements of the National Institutes of Health. Phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 2.0) extracts of the NIST SRM 3280 were analyzed by the liquid chromatographic (LC)-DAD-FLD/MS method. Following extraction, the method does not require any sample cleanup/preconcentration steps except centrifugation and filtration.

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Maddi, Srinivas, Ravi Akkireddy, Srinivas Lenkalapelly, Pratima Srivastava, Joshodeep Boruwa, Chandra Deb, Arnab Roy Chowdhury, et al. "Preclinical formulation for the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of GBO-006, a selective polo like kinase 2 (PLK2) inhibitor for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer." ADMET and DMPK 4, no. 4 (December 26, 2016): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/admet.4.4.341.

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GBO-006 was shown to be a highly specific and selective PLK2 inhibitor that promoted mitotic arrest in various cancer cell lines, subsequently resulting in their apoptotic death. Intraperitoneal alternate day dosing of GBO-006 using 100 % DMSO as formulation showed significant tumor regression in xenograft models, demonstrating proof of concept of PLK2 inhibition in vivo. These studies necessitated the development of a suitable and GRAS (generally considered as safe) preformulation for pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies. GBO-006 possesses challenging physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties like poor solubility in aqueous media, low permeability and a crystalline nature. Different methods like cosolvency, complexation and micellar solubilization were employed to improve the solubility of GBO-006. A strategy of co-solvency is used to solubilize the GBO-006 up to 10 mg/mL. A formulation with 20 % DMSO, 40 % PEG 400, 30 % of 100 mM citrate buffer (pH 3.0) and 10 % solutol displayed clear solution without any visual precipitation of the drug even after 2 weeks of storage. GBO-006 showed moderate clearance in rat and high systemic clearance in mouse and dog. It showed poor oral bioavailability across all species. Intraperitoneal dosing of GBO-006 demonstrated the linear exposure. GBO-006 showed significant inhibition of tumor progression.

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Somogyi, Anna, Mária Berinkeiné Donkó, Farkas Sarnyai, Gergely Becskereki, Miklós Csala, and Blanka Tóth. "Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Different Ceramide and Diacylglycerol Species in Cultured Cells by Using Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 64, no. 4 (July 9, 2020): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.15357.

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A sensitive, reproducible reverse-phased high performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method with simple sample preparation was developed for the simultaneous determination of a wide range of ceramides, diacylglycerols (DAGs) in cultured cells. Chromatographic separation of the compounds was achieved in a 14-minute run using a C8 column with a gradient elution by methanol and 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Various ceramides, DAGs were detected with a triple quadrupol system in multiple reaction monitoring mode, which is based on a soft positive electrospray ionization. The usual sample preparation process was shortened by the application of pure methanol for the extraction instead of the widely used methanol/chloroform mixture. C17:0 ceramide which does not occur in the cell samples, was used as an internal standard. The sample preparation process was optimized and the methodology was tested on a human hepatocarcinoma cell culture. Our results clearly showed accumulation of some ceramides and DAGs in the cells treated with BSA-conjugated palmitate for 8 hours. Since both ceramides and DAGs are important lipid intermediates and signal messengers, alteration in their cellular levels have major impact on cell functions, and thus our novel analytic method can be widely used in lipotoxicity research. The presented technique can be further developed to measure other intermediates of ceramide synthesis and other derivatives of DAGs as well.

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Puram, Sambasiva Rao, Raman Batheja, and G. Nithya. "HIGHLY SENSITIVE AND RAPID EVALUATION OF PYRIDOSTIGMINE IMPURITY B IN HUMAN PLASMA BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED WITH TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETER AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF PYRIDOSTIGMINE TO HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS IN A PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2018): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.25038.

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Objective: Objective of this work is to evaluate the levels in plasma of pyridostigmine impurity B (metabolite of pyridostigmine) in humans after administration of pyridostigmine formulations.Methods: Plasma concentrations of pyridostigmine impurity B were estimated using by liquid chromatography coupled with electron spray ionization triple quad mass spectrometer technique, lamivudine is used as an internal standard. Multiple reaction at 109.9/95.2 (pyridostigmine impurity B) and 230.2/112.2 (lamivudine) were monitored. Chromatography was optimized using acetonitrile: Buffer (10 millimolar ammonium acetate) (85:15) on an Inertsil C18, 150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μ analytical column. Linear Calibration curve set between 1.434 ng/ml and 39.637 ng/ml. Sample extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction method using mixed mode cation exchange cartridges. The method was developed on API 4000.Results: Method was developed, tested for system suitability, carryover, selectivity, matrix effect, intra-inter precision and accuracy, recovery, linearity, and various stabilities in aqueous as well as plasma as matrix. The method was validated for all the above validation parameters mentioned as per European medical agency guideline on method validation.Conclusions: The method is successfully applied to analyze 1890 subject samples after administration of pyridostigmine 180 mg as per Independent Ethics Committee approved protocol. Incurred sample reanalysis was revealed a great reproducibility of method. Statistical analysis was also conducted to compare test formulation with innovator formulation. Test formulation concentrations of pyridostigmine impurity B are similar to those obtained from innovator formulation.

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Ying, Zhenzhen, Jingyao Wei, Ruijuan Liu, Fang Zhao, Yifang Yu, and Xin Tian. "An UPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Osimertinib in Rat Plasma: Application to Investigating the Effect of Ginsenoside Rg3 on the Pharmacokinetics of Osimertinib." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2020 (December 28, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8814214.

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Osimertinib is a novel oral, potent, and irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) for treatment of advanced T790M mutation-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer, which is commonly combined with ginsenoside Rg3 in clinic to enhance the efficacy and minimize adverse reactions. In the present study, a highly sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was established and validated for analysis of osimertinib in rat plasma according to US FDA guideline. Separation was performed on a C18 (2.1 × 50 mm, 2.6 μm) column using a gradient elution of ammonium formate (10 mM) with 0.1% formic acid buffer (A) and ACN (B) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Detection was carried out on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization in the MRM mode. The method was validated over a concentration range of 1–400 ng/mL for osimertinib. The intra- and interday accuracy and precision values were within ±15%. No significant degradation occurred under the experimental conditions in stability assays. There was a further investigation on the effects of multiple doses of ginsenoside Rg3 on the pharmacokinetics of osimertinib in rats for the first time. The results implied that osimertinib exhibited a slow absorption and moderate-rate elimination in rats following oral administration. Coadministeration with ginsenoside Rg3 (5 mg/kg, 7 days, i.g.) may have no effect on the pharmacokinetics of osimertinib in rats. The results provide a reference for the clinical concomitant medications of Rg3 and osimertinib.

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Geering, ADW, and JE Thomas. "A comparison of four serological tests for the detection of banana bunchy top virus in banana." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 3 (1996): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960403.

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Four different serological tests for detection of banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) in banana sap are compared: (i) a triple-antibody sandwich ELISA for BBTV, utilising anti-BBTV polyclonal antibodies for virus capture, and anti-BBTV monoclonal antibodies, alkaline phosphatase-labelled sheep anti-mouse antibodies, and p-nitrophenyl phosphate for detection (ELISA-NPP); (ii) an alternative enzyme-substrate system for ELISA involving an amplification step (AmpakTM enzyme amplification kit) (ELISA-A); (iii) a colorimetric dot immunobinding assay (DIBA-C), in which the enzyme-substrate system was alkaline phosphatase and nitroblue tetrazolium/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate; (iv) an enhanced chemiluminescent form (DIBA-ECL), in which the enzyme-substrate system was horseradish peroxidase and luminol. For both DIBA-C and DIBA-ECL, maximum sensitivity was obtained by pre-coating the nitrocellulose membrane with anti-BBTV polyclonal antibodies, by using 0.05 M sodium carbonate (pH 9.6) as the coating buffer, and by clarifying the sap by centrifugation and extraction with chloroform or dichloroniethane. Treatment of the sap before centrifugation by snap-freezing at -70�C, or heating at either 30 or 50�C for 10 min, had no effect on sensitivity; heating at 70�C for 10 min eliminated antigenicity. ELISA-NPP, ELISA-A, and DIBA-ECL had equivalent sensitivity, but DIBA-C was up to 8-fold less sensitive than the former 3 assays. ELISA-NPP was adjudged to be the best compromise between sensitivity, cost and completion time.

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Szwengiel, Artur, and Piotr Kubiak. "Molecular Dispersion of Starch as a Crucial Parameter during Size-Exclusion Chromatography." Foods 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091204.

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Starch, α-polyglucan consisting of a large number of anhydroglucose units joined by α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic bonds, seems to be characterized by a simple structure when compared to other natural polymers. Nevertheless, starches of various botanical origins have different physicochemical properties that are related to the differences in molecular and supramolecular structure of this polymer. In terms of the functional value of starch, the behavior of its macromolecules in solution is the most important result of its structural features. Extremely high molecular mass is the fundamental structural property of starch. Water, considered simply as a solvent for solubilization, does not provide molecular dispersion of starch without its degradation. The objectives of this study are to characterize the suitability of a new aqueous media (urea/NaOH) for enhancing the dispersion of native corn and potato starches and its effect on the consequent size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis. The results were referred to other aqueous base solvents used for dispersing starch (NaOH and KOH). The samples were separated using SEC with triple detection and phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) with urea as the eluent. The characteristics of tested normal and waxy starches were compared. The results revealed that urea/NaOH did not degrade starch during the dispersion process. The recovery of starches, however, was not higher than 42%. These results prove that while the urea/NaOH solvent allows to obtain cold-water-soluble starch, the degree of disintegration of the intramolecular interactions of amylopectin chains is still insufficient.

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Mohammed, Othman, and Hoshyar Rasul. "Assessment of the Affecting Elements on the Quality of Life and Human Well-Being in Congested Urban Centers; Case Study: Sulaymaniah City." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.26.2.07.

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This Study is an empiric- analytical research in city planning discipline was conducted in Sulaymaniyah city from Dec. 2015 until July 2017. Geographically Sulaymaniah situates north-east of Republic of Iraq. Like many other urban centers, Sulaymaniyah city as one of the congested urban areas in Kurdistan Region, is almost over populated and congested, resulting in accumulated problems in health-, economical-, services, technical-, social- and planning affairs, which leads to permanent degrading of the natural, and social environment and thus impact on the quality of life, Thus the main concern of this study is firstly finding out the reasons facts indeed responsible for the above described unsatisfied situations and then try to answer the questions whether planning methods (if any) manage to prepare answers to these urgent problems overwhelming the city? The study believes that the cardinal reasons for this situation are the effects of combinations of triple facts, namely: the exponential growth of human population in general- and accompanied problems-, the destroyed balance between rural and urban areas and the political vision of administrative machinery that focus on urban centers by neglecting countryside. The cumulative effect of these facts could be observed in form of many distinctive and at the same time interlocking elements leads to the problems that mentioned above. Among many elements involving, the study handles, analyzes and discusses only the elements indeed responsible for destroying the visual, physical and health conditions of the city inhabitants in Sulaymaniyah. Used criterion in determining these elements are the terms: active element, Passive Element, Critical element, and buffer element, which give the adequate answer to the arise questions.

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Boydston, Jeremy A., Ping Chen, Christopher T. Steichen, and Charles L. Turnbough. "Orientation within the Exosporium and Structural Stability of the Collagen-Like Glycoprotein BclA of Bacillus anthracis." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 15 (August 1, 2005): 5310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.15.5310-5317.2005.

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ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis spores, which cause anthrax, are enclosed by an exosporium consisting of a basal layer and an external hair-like nap. The filaments of the nap are composed of BclA, a glycoprotein containing distinct N-terminal (NTD) and C-terminal (CTD) domains separated by an extended collagen-like central region. In this study, we used immunogold electron microscopy to show that the CTD of BclA forms the distal end of each filament of the hair-like nap, indicating that the NTD is attached to the basal layer. Ten randomly chosen anti-BclA monoclonal antibodies, raised against spores or exosporium, reacted with the CTD, consistent with its exterior location. We showed that recombinant BclA (rBclA), encoded by the B. anthracis Sterne strain and synthesized in Escherichia coli, forms a collagen-like triple helix as judged by collagenase sensitivity and circular dichroism spectroscopy. In contrast, native BclA in spores was resistant to collagenase digestion. Thermal denaturation studies showed that the collagen-like region of rBclA exhibited a melting temperature (T m ) of 37°C, like mammalian collagen. However, rBclA trimers exhibited T m values of 84°C and 95°C in buffer with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate, respectively. CTD trimers exhibited the same T m values, indicating that the high temperature and detergent resistances of rBclA were due to strong CTD interactions. We observed that CTD trimers are resistant to many proteases and readily form large crystalline sheets. Structural data indicate that the CTD is composed of multiple beta strands. Taken together, our results suggest that BclA and particularly its CTD form a rugged shield around the spore.

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Badawi, Nora, Kirsten Wiese Simonsen, Anni Steentoft, Inger Marie Bernhoft, and Kristian Linnet. "Simultaneous Screening and Quantification of 29 Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid by Solid-Phase Extraction and Ultraperformance LC-MS/MS." Clinical Chemistry 55, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 2004–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.122341.

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Abstract Background: The European DRUID (Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol And Medicines) project calls for analysis of oral fluid (OF) samples, collected randomly and anonymously at the roadside from drivers in Denmark throughout 2008–2009. To analyze these samples we developed an ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for detection of 29 drugs and illicit compounds in OF. The drugs detected were opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Method: Solid-phase extraction was performed with a Gilson ASPEC XL4 system equipped with Bond Elut Certify sample cartridges. OF samples (200 mg) diluted with 5 mL of ammonium acetate/methanol (vol/vol 90:10) buffer were applied to the columns and eluted with 3 mL of acetonitrile with aqueous ammonium hydroxide. Target drugs were quantified by use of a Waters ACQUITY UPLC system coupled to a Waters Quattro Premier XE triple quadrupole (positive electrospray ionization mode, multiple reaction monitoring mode). Results: Extraction recoveries were 36%–114% for all analytes, including Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and benzoylecgonine. The lower limit of quantification was 0.5 μg/kg for all analytes. Total imprecision (CV) was 5.9%–19.4%. With the use of deuterated internal standards for most compounds, the performance of the method was not influenced by matrix effects. A preliminary account of OF samples collected at the roadside showed the presence of amphetamine, cocaine, codeine, Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, tramadol, and zopiclone. Conclusions: The UPLC-MS/MS method makes it possible to detect all 29 analytes in 1 chromatographic run (15 min), including Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and benzoylecgonine, which previously have been difficult to incorporate into multicomponent methods.

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Reheman, Adili, Yang Hong, Christopher M. Spring, Pingguo Chen, Denisa D. Wagner, Reinhard Fassler, John Freedman, and Heyu Ni. "Fibronectin Is Not the Only Important Molecule Required for Fibrinogen/VWF-Independent Platelet Aggregation: Study of Thrombosis in a New Strain of Triple Deficient Mice." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1515.1515.

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Abstract Fibrinogen (Fg) has been considered essential for platelet aggregation. We demonstrated, however, that thrombi do form in Fg-deficient mice and in mice doubly deficient for both fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor (Fg/VWF−/−). We further reported that β3 integrin and thrombin are critical for this Fg/VWF-independent platelet aggregation. In Fg−/− or Fg/VWF−/− mice, platelet fibronectin (Fn) content is increased 3–5 fold. Furthermore, thrombus growth and stability are impaired in plasma Fn conditional deficient (M×-Cre, Fnflox/flox) mice. These data are consistent with the most recent studies of Fn assembly and suggest that Fn may support platelet thrombus formation. To examine whether Fn is the alternative key molecule which mediates platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in Fg/VWF−/− mice, we developed a novel strain of triple knockout (TKO) mice by breeding Fg/VWF−/− mice with M×-Cre+/− Fnflox/flox conditional knockout mice. Cre- littermates delivered from the same parents were used as a control. Fn depletion was induced by i.p. injections of polyinonic-polycytidylic acid. We found that TKO mice are viable with dramatically decreased levels of Fn in both the plasma (<2% of control) and platelets (<20% of control) as determined by immunoblot. No significant difference was found in peripheral blood cell counts or platelet surface adhesion proteins (GPIbα, P-selectin, β3 and β1 integrins) as compared with control mice. Unexpectedly, TKO platelet aggregation induced by thrombin and thrombin receptor activation peptide (TRAP) was enhanced in both platelet rich plasma and PIPES buffer (P<0.05). This phenomenon was also observed in a parallel-plate flow chamber. Significantly more TKO aggregates formed when fluorescently labelled whole blood was perfused over a collagen surface at 500s−1 (P<0.001). We also studied thrombus formation in TKO and Cre- control mice using intravital microscopy. Our preliminary data showed no obvious decrease in thrombus formation in TKO mice and injured arterioles occluded in one of two experimental mice. Our data suggest that Fn is not the only important molecule required for platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in Fg/VWF−/− mice. Further investigation of how Fn may inhibit Fg/VWF-independent platelet aggregation and the identification of what ligand(s) support this novel aggregation pathway may unveil an alternative haemostatic pathway in the absence of Fg and VWF.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Triple buffer'

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