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1
Gregory, Jonathan Michael. The VA1 trigger processor and a study of jet production. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1990.
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2
Vasterman, Peter, ed. From Media Hype to Twitter Storm. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462982178.
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The word media hype is often used as rhetorical argument to dismiss waves of media attention as overblown, disproportional and exaggerated. But these explosive news waves, as well as - nowadays - the twitter storms, are object of scientific research, because they are an important phenomenon in the public area. Sometimes it is indeed 'much ado about nothing' but in many cases these media storms have play an important role in political issues, scandals and crises. Twitter storms sometimes ruin reputations within hours. Although different concepts are used, such as media hypes, news waves, media storms, information cascades or risk amplification, all the studies in this book refer to the same process in which key events trigger a chain of reactions and interactions, building up huge news waves in the media or rapidly spreading social epidemics in the social media. This book offers the first comprehensive overview of this important topic. It is not only interesting for scholars and students in media and journalism, but also for professionals in PR and communication, crisis communication and reputation management.
3
Granic, Isabela, and Jessica P. Lougheed. The Role of Anxiety in Coercive Family Processes with Aggressive Children. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.18.
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The majority of aggressive children exhibit symptoms of anxiety. This chapter outlines a novel theoretical model that builds explicitly on coercion theory, linking aggression with the regulation of anxiety in both caregivers and children. Three hypotheses are suggested and data are applied to support this model: (1) unpredictable oscillations between permissive and hostile parenting (two distinct aspects of the coercive cycle) induces anxiety in children, which in turn triggers aggressive behavior; (2) peer relations and difficult school contexts exacerbate anxiety, which in turn may trigger bouts of aggression that function as regulation for distressing emotions; and (3) to improve the efficacy of treatments for childhood aggression, anxiety needs to be one of the primary targets of treatment. Almost no research has directly tested these hypotheses, but the chapter reviews extant research and theory consistent with these claims and suggests future research designs that can test them specifically.
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Gordon, Diane, Matthew D. Sjoblom, and Lori A. Aronson. Anaphylaxis. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0008.
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Anaphylaxis is an acute multisystem process resulting from allergic or nonallergic reactions to a foreign substance in the body. Regardless of trigger or pathophysiology, the mainstay of treatment is epinephrine. Common triggers of anaphylaxis in children undergoing anesthesia are latex, neuromuscular blocking agents, and antibiotics. Risk factors for latex sensitivity include frequent catheterization of the urogenital tract, atopic conditions, and mastocytosis. Presentation of anaphylaxis during anesthesia can be subtle or sudden, and cutaneous signs may be obscured by surgical drapes. A high index of suspicion facilitates prompt treatment with epinephrine, volume replacement, and airway management. Histamine and tryptase blood tests collected during the event can confirm the diagnosis acutely. Allergy consultation and skin testing may determine the causative agent.
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Bateson, Patrick. Evolutionary Theory Evolving. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199377176.003.0004.
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The formation of new species was thought to result from a slow process of Darwinian evolution, but evidence indicates it can occur suddenly. The organism was thought to be passive, playing no role in evolution, but it can affect the evolution of its descendants because of its mobility, choices, control of the environment, and adaptability. Developmental processes were thought to be irrelevant to an understanding of evolution, but the enormous growth of epigenetics suggests that these processes can play an important role in evolutionary change. Acquired information can be passed to progeny without changing DNA sequences, and information can be inherited for a period in the absence of the initial environmental trigger. All this evidence suggests that evolutionary theory is evolving.
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Lawrenson, John. Pathogenesis: from acute rheumatic fever to rheumatic heart disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0280.
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Rheumatic heart disease is considered to be an autoimmune disease; the trigger of the process is a streptococcal throat infection which then initiates both a humeral and a cellular immune response in environmentally and genetically susceptible individuals.
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Pekša, Jānis. Modular Implementation of Autonomous Decision Making Algorithms in Enterprise Resource Planning Systems. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227943.
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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are large modular enterprise applications designed for most enterprise business processes. They are mainly intended for transaction processing. ERP systems are used to implement the company's business processes; to implement, modify and maintain ERP systems successfully, one needs to know the company's business processes (BPs). BPs is a set of activities, the execution of which results in the desired result. Events trigger the execution of the BP. Business activities are performed by employees who represent various functional areas of the company. Enterprise applications provide BP implementation. ERP systems are typically used to implement internal company processes. The basic processes of the ERP are finance, logistics, human resources, and others. The modules of the ERP system are production planning, materials management, sales and distribution, financial accounting, management accounting, and human resource management. In the Thesis a framework that allows reducing the integration of forecasting methods in ERP systems has been developed. A standard integration method has been designed and developed, ensuring a simplified integration process in ERP systems.
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Bietti, Lucas M., and Michael J. Baker. Multimodal Processes of Joint Remembering in Complex Collaborative Activities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737865.003.0010.
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The aim of this chapter is to expand research on joint remembering into real-world complex collaborative activities at the workplace. The text illustrates how the interweaving of verbal, corporal, social, and material resources supports joint remembering of relevant aspects of work projects during group interactions. As joint remembering does not represent a ubiquitous joint action in complex collaborative activities in the workplace, but rather a localized and goal-oriented interactional mechanism, here we focus on those interactional sequences concerning past actions and events, in relation to work projects, that are triggered by questions acting as reminders. Such sequences are called “multimodal remembering sequences.” The group interactions that are presented as illustrative examples to support our theoretical standpoint were taken from a corpus collected on the basis of two naturalistic studies on joint remembering collaborative design conducted with architects and animation designers at their workplaces.
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Physiologists, Society of, and Theodore Holmes Bullock. Physiological Triggers and Discontinuous Rate Processes; Papers Based on a Symposium at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, September 1955. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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10
Physiological Triggers and Discontinuous Rate Processes; Papers Based on a Symposium at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, September 1955. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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11
Sulimma, Maria. Gender and Seriality. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474473958.001.0001.
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The notion of seriality and serial identity performance runs as a strong undercurrent through feminist theory, gender studies and queer studies. Defining gender as a serial and discursively produced entanglement of different practices and agencies, Gender and Seriality argues that serial storytelling can offer such complex negotiations of identity that the ‘results’ of televisual gender performances are rarely separate from the processes that produce them. As such, gender performances are not restricted to individual television programmes themselves, but are also located in official paratexts, such as making-of documentaries, interviews with writers and actors, and in cultural sites like online viewer discussions, recaps and fan fiction. With case studies of series such as Girls, How to Get Away With Murder and The Walking Dead, this book seeks to understand how gender as a practice is generated by television narratives in the overlapping of text, reception and production, and explores the viewer practices that these narratives seek to trigger and draw on in the process
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Djurfeldt, Agnes Andersson, Göran Djurfeldt, Ola Hall, and Maria Archila Bustos. Agrarian Change and Structural Transformation: Drivers and Distributional Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0005.
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This chapter examines agrarian changes triggered by the structural transformation of the overall economy, focusing on their drivers and distributional outcomes. By means of multi-level modelling of three processes—intensification of grain yields, diversification of cropping, and non-farm diversification (pluriactivity)—it concludes that intensification has moderately accelerated and is getting more important than its twin process. Similarly, crop diversification has accelerated, while non-farm diversification seems to be more pull- than push-driven. The most important drivers of the two first-mentioned processes are commercial ones: increasing local and domestic demand for grains and for other crops and institutional changes promoting market participation of smallholders. The chapter concludes that these processes are not pro-poor, but neither are they pro-rich; middling smallholder households tend to be more involved. The gender profile of agricultural diversification seems to involve and benefit male-managed farms, whereas non-farm diversification is gender neutral.
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Fergusson, Carlann. The Insightful Leader. Praeger, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400670619.
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The Insightful Leader is the secret formula for claiming your best leadership and using it to achieve unlimited success. Traditional leadership coaching asks leaders to substitute ineffective behaviors with alternatives, without addressing the underlying internal beliefs that reinforce the old behaviors. After months of successfully trying to change, a leader may suddenly face stressors at work—a looming deadline or a difficult negotiation—that trigger counterproductive behavior, resulting in guilt, shame, and frustration. The Insightful Leader first helps readers to recognize ineffective behaviors that may be connected to one or more of ten “superpowers,” or overused strengths. Readers embark on a step-by-step process, identifying their superpowers and understanding the strengths of these superpowers as well as when their overuse may cause them to be perceived as egotistical or manipulative. Having deepened their understanding of their superpowers, leaders then use them as a catalyst to discover adversity they may have faced in their past. The book guides them to uncover survival beliefs held over from these experiences and to reprogram them such that they no longer trigger self-destructive habits but instead focus on recent successes. Finally, tips are provided to help leaders to successfully sustain this transformation.
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Molloy, Sean. Emergency Law Responses to Covid-19 and the Impact on Peace and Transition Processes. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.24.
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The World Health Organization declared the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic on 11 March 2020. This global health crisis demanded a quick, decisive and efficient response by governments to protect lives, curb the spread of the virus and prevent public health systems from being overwhelmed. This report explores the way governments undergoing transitions to peace and democracy have triggered emergency legal frameworks to disable some ordinary (democratic) procedures and set aside standard political and legal accountability mechanisms as part of their Covid-19 response. It also provides information about where elections have been postponed or cancelled, and central governments have assumed enhanced responsibilities, which have often included powers otherwise designated to local or regional governments. While the impacts of both the pandemic and the responses to the contagion have been felt globally, they often have quite different consequences in countries attempting peace and democratic transition processes.
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Wakelin, Sarah. Urticaria. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0251.
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Urticaria is an inflammatory complaint characterized by short-lived skin swellings termed ‘wheals’ or ‘hives’. It can be divided into acute urticaria, where the disease has an abrupt onset, and chronic urticaria, where wheals have occurred on a regular basis for over 6 weeks. Physical urticaria is a subgroup of chronic urticaria where an underlying external/physical trigger can be identified, while contact urticaria arises from contact with a chemical substance on the skin or mucous membranes. Angiooedema represents a similar process affecting the deeper dermal tissue and has a predilection for the skin around the eyes and mouth. It may occur in association with urticaria or as an isolated complaint.
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van Lier, Rob. Filling-In Between Contours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0060.
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Color and form appear to be strongly interconnected, and visual illusions provide a perfect entrance to learn more about the underlying mechanisms of the visual brain. In particular, the color impression of surfaces often depend on the presence and properties of contours. To illustrate the influence of contours on the appearance of surfaces three visual illusions are discussed; the “double neon color” illusion, the “catching patches illusion,” and the “afterimage filling-in illusion.” In each of these illusions, contours—either illusory or real—appear to trigger and constrain filling-in processes. Modulations of the filling-in illusions presented in the chapter may further reveal properties of the underlying mechanism dealing with color-contour interactions.
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Shein, Erica, and Chad Vickery. Election Audits. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190677800.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the role of the international community when using audits as a way of settling disputes about election results. Examples include Afghanistan in 2014, Haiti in 2010, and Kosovo in 2010. The aim of these audits is to resolve allegations of fraud, to mediate peacefully among disputing parties, and to establish credible evidence about the results. This process is thought to be particularly important for peace building in fragile states where governance structures and rule of law are weak and fraud allegations over election outcomes may easily trigger further conflict and violence. The chapter examines the standards that should be used in any audit process, including considering issues of ownership; clearly defined principles; rigorous, impartial, and consistent methods to establish the factual evidence; and the need for a timely evaluation of the outcome and resolve disputes.
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Oro, Daniel. Perturbation, Behavioural Feedbacks, and Population Dynamics in Social Animals. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849834.001.0001.
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In social animals, perturbations may trigger specific behavioural responses with consequences for dispersal and complex population dynamics. Perturbations raise the need for information gathering in order to reduce uncertainty and increase resilience. Updated information is then shared within the group and social behaviours emerge as a self-organized process. This social information factoralizes with the size of the group, and it is finally used for making crucial decisions about, for instance, when to leave the patch and where to go. Indeed, evolution has favoured philopatry over dispersal, and this trade-off is challenged by perturbations. When perturbations accumulate over time, they may decrease the suitability of the patch and erode the philopatric state until crossing a tipping point, beyond which most individuals decide to disperse to better areas. Initially, the decision to disperse is led by a few individuals, and this decision is copied by the rest of the group in an autocatalytic way. This feedback process of social copying is termed runaway dispersal. Furthermore, social copying enhances the evolution of cultural and technological innovation, which may cause additional nonlinearities for population dynamics. Social information gathering and social copying have also occurred in human evolution, especially after perturbations such as climate extremes and warfare. In summary, social feedback processes cause nonlinear population dynamics including hysteresis and critical transitions (from philopatry to patch collapses and invasions), which emerge from the collective behaviour of large ensembles of individuals.
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Reinecke, Juliane, Roy Suddaby, Ann Langley, and Haridimos Tsoukas, eds. Time, Temporality, and History in Process Organization Studies. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870715.001.0001.
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Process studies of organizations focus attention on how and why organizational actions and structures emerge, develop, grow or terminate over time. Time, timing, and temporality, are inherent to organizational process studies, yet time remains an under-theorized construct that has struggled to move beyond chronological conceptions of “clock” time. Missing from this linear view are ongoing debates about objectivity versus subjectivity in the experience of time, linear versus alternative structures of time, or an appreciation of collective or culturally determined inferences of temporality. This is critical because our understanding of time and temporality can shape how we view and relate to organizational phenomena—as unfolding processes or stable objects. History is an equally important but under-theorized concept in organization studies. Organizational theorists have struggled to move beyond two limited conceptualizations of historical processes: history as a constraint on organizations’ capacity for change, or history as a unique source of competitive advantage. Both approaches suffer from the restrictive view of history as an objective set of “brute facts” that are exterior to the individuals, organizations, and collectives that experience them. The historical turn in management has triggered an effort to re-theorize history in organizations in a more nuanced manner, and management theory is acquiring a “historical consciousness”—an awareness of time, history, and memory as critical elements in processes of organizing. This volume draws together emerging strands of interest in adopting a more nuanced orientation toward time and history to better understand the temporal aspects of organizational processes.
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Zürn, Michael. The Theoretical Model. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819974.003.0005.
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The authority–legitimation link states that international institutions exercising authority need to nurture the belief in their legitimacy. The authority–legitimation link points to fundamental challenges for the global governance system: with the rise of international authorities that are, at the same time, more intrusive, state consent is undermined and societies are affected directly. Consequently, legitimation problems arise, followed by processes of delegitimation, which then trigger responses by the challenged institutions. Using concepts of historical institutionalism, it is argued in this chapter that the authority–legitimation link produces reactive sequences either via the route of societal politicization or via counter-institutionalization by states. These reactive sequences may result in either a decline or a deepening of global governance depending on the responses of authority holders.
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Jacobsen, Dean, and Olivier Dangles. Energy flow and species interactions at the edge. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 elucidates the relationships between the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems at high altitude through the description of material cycles and food webs. Following the landscape continuum model, material cycling is profoundly influenced by the physical structure of the waterscape (e.g. vegetation cover); as a result a great diversity of energetic pathways characterize high altitude waterscapes, along an autotrophy–heterotrophy gradient. Similarly, high altitude aquatic food webs embrace a great diversity of trophic compartments, feeding strategies, and processes (trophic cascades and terrestrial subsidiarity) that are profoundly shaped by environmental harshness. Harsh conditions also generate stress gradients along which the strength and direction of species interactions (from competition to facilitation) and their functional role (e.g. as ecosystem engineers) are modified. The resulting structural and functional changes affect in turn species coexistence and trigger potential ecosystem shifts.
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Dietrich, W. Dalton. Physiologic Modulators of Neural Injury After Brain and Spinal Cord Injury. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0001.
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Brain and spinal cord injury are leading causes of death and long-term disability, producing diverse burdens for the affected individuals, their families, and society. Such injuries, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and spinal cord injury, have common patterns of neuronal cell vulnerability that are associated with a complex cascade of pathologic processes that trigger the propagation of tissue damage beyond the acute injury. Secondary injury mechanisms, including oxidative stress, edema formation, changes in cerebral blood flow and vessel reactivity, metabolic and blood–brain barrier disruption, and neuroinflammation, are therefore important therapeutic targets. Several key physiological parameters require monitoring and intensive management during various phases of treatment to ameliorate secondary injury mechanisms and potentially protect against further neuronal injury. This chapter reviews the core physiological targets in the management of brain and spinal cord injury and relates them to secondary injury mechanisms and outcomes.
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Wilkinson, Susie, and Anita Roberts. Training facilitators to deliver an advanced communication course for senior healthcare professionals in cancer and palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0026.
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This chapter presents a communication skills training initiative designed to train facilitators to deliver an advanced communication skills training course for senior healthcare professionals working in cancer and palliative care. It is generally accepted that communication skills training benefits healthcare professionals. However, little has been written about the training and support of those healthcare professionals who deliver this training. The chapter describes the content, process, and guidelines trainee facilitators explore while learning to deliver the experiential learner-centred advanced communication skills training course for senior healthcare professionals working in oncology or palliative care. The teaching methods presented include group safety, agenda setting, didactic methods, the use of trigger tapes, working with actors, and video-recorded role play with feedback. The facilitator training course was evaluated across six UK settings and had a positive effect on the participants’ perceived confidence in delivering communication skills training.
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Carmeliet, Peter, Guy Eelen, and Joanna Kalucka. Arteriogenesis versus angiogenesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0008.
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Higher organisms have a cardiovascular circulatory system with blood vessels to supply vital nutrients and oxygen to distant tissues. It is therefore not surprising that vascular disorders are leading causes of mortality. Understanding how new blood vessels form, creates opportunities to cure these life-threatening diseases. After birth, growth of blood vessels mainly occurs via two distinct mechanisms depending on the initial trigger: angiogenesis (referred here as capillary sprouting) is induced primarily by hypoxia, whereas arteriogenesis (referred here as the rapid enlargement of pre-existing collateral arteries, induced by vascular occlusion) is mainly driven by fluid shear stress. Arteriogenesis allows conductance of much larger volumes of blood per unit of time than does the increase in capillary density during angiogenesis. Notwithstanding these major differences, angiogenesis and arteriogenesis share a number of underlying mechanisms, e.g. the involvement of growth factor signalling. This chapter highlights the cellular and molecular events driving the two processes and discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting angiogenesis in cancer and arteriogenesis in cardiovascular diseases.
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Bender, Andrea, Sieghard Beller, and Douglas L. Medin. Causal Cognition and Culture. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.34.
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Causality is a core concept of human cognition, but the extent to which cultural factors constrain, trigger, or shape the way in which humans think about causal relationships has barely been explored. This chapter summarizes empirical findings on the potential for cultural variability in the content of causal cognition, in the way this content is processed, and in the context in which all this occurs. This review reveals cultural variability in causal cognition along each of these dimensions and across physical, biological, and psychological explanations. Specifically, culture helps defining the settings in which causal cognition emerges, the manner in which potential factors are pondered, and the choices for highlighting some causes over others or for expressing them in distinct ways. Future tasks include the need to re-conceptualize ‘culture’ and to overcome blind spots in research strategies such as those linked to disciplinary boundaries and the ‘home-field disadvantages’ in cross-cultural comparisons.
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Harbus, Antonina. The Long View. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190457747.003.0008.
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This chapter considers how a modern reader can make sense of a medieval text, but also to have an aesthetic and emotional reaction to the text. It deploys insights from neuroscientific work on emotion in mental processing, the psychology and history of emotions, and cognitive poetic approaches to the aesthetics of reading, to consider how poetic language use interacts with cognitive structures and processes. By using a new diachronic perspective, this chapter explores the shared cognitive basis of meaning and feeling in short (translated) elegiac poems written over 1,000 years ago in Old English. It demonstrates that readerly emotional investment arises from linguistic features, including metaphoric language and affective triggers, to produce a literary effect. By tracing the interaction of affective and interpretive processes, this chapter considers the shared cognitive/emotional basis of meaning-making in both proximate and distant literary responses and broadens the scope of inquiries into cognition and poetics.
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Hannula-Sormunen, Minna M. Spontaneous Focusing On Numerosity and its Relation to Counting and Arithmetic. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.018.
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This chapter reviews recent research investigating children’s Spontaneous Focusing On Numerosity (SFON) and considers the role it might play in the development of counting and arithmetical skills. SFON refers to a process of spontaneously (i.e. not prompted by others) focusing attention on the exact number of a set of items or incidents. This attentional process triggers exact number recognition and using the recognized exact number in action. The chapter describes how SFON tendency can be assessed, and suggests the measures of it to be indicators of the amount of a child’s self-initiated practice in using exact enumeration in his or her natural surroundings. The studies show that SFON tendency in early childhood is positively and domain-specifically related to the development of numerical skills up to the end of primary school. Promoting SFON tendency could be a potential way of preventing learning difficulties in mathematics.
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Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.4 Interpretation, Introduction to Chapter 4 of the PICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0075.
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Chapter 4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) deals with the interpretation of contracts, unilateral statements, and other conduct of the parties. The concept of contractual interpretation underlying the PICC is that of ‘determining the meaning to be attached to the terms of a contract’. In the context of dispute resolution, interpretation is concerned with establishing whether a given set of facts falls within the scope of application of a contractual term and therefore triggers the legal consequences spelt out in this term. The PICC seek to distinguish the process of interpretation from that of supplying omitted contractual terms and from that of implying obligations, although there is no clear line between these three mechanisms.
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Mullick, Anjali, and Jonathan Martin. An introduction to advance care planning: practice at the frontline. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802136.003.0003.
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Advance care planning (ACP) is a process of formal decision-making that aims to help patients establish decisions about future care that take effect when they lose capacity. In our experience, guidance for clinicians rarely provides detailed practical advice on how it can be successfully carried out in a clinical setting. This may create a barrier to ACP discussions which might otherwise benefit patients, families and professionals. The focus of this paper is on sharing our experience of ACP as clinicians and offering practical tips on elements of ACP, such as triggers for conversations, communication skills, and highlighting the formal aspects that are potentially involved. We use case vignettes to better illustrate the application of ACP in clinical practice.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Maternal stress in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0033.
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Acute and/or chronic stress in pregnancy is potentially detrimental to the health of both the mother and the developing fetus. The stress response triggers the release of glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol, into the maternal bloodstream, with subsequent effects on energy metabolism, growth processes, and in the functioning of the immune system and brain. The placenta provides a barrier to natural glucocorticoids, buffering the fetus from minor changes in maternal cortisol levels but can be saturated by high maternal levels of cortisol and under conditions of maternal under-nutrition or compromised placental function. Various outcomes can be affected, including birthweight and infant behaviour. Severe stress is not always easily avoided, but daily stress, and specifically that associated with pregnancy itself, should be minimized as much as possible.
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Mayseless, Ofra, and Pninit Russo-Netzer, eds. Finding Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190910358.001.0001.
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This book presents a multidisciplinary academic enquiry into contemporary processes of the search for meaning in the Israeli cultural scene. It incorporates a conceptual framework for understanding the sociocultural Israeli context that facilitates and triggers such search processes. The volume includes theories, data-based insights, and illustrative case studies. The importance and benefits of meaning-making have recently gained a great deal of academic interest, and such processes are always pursued within specific cultural contexts that significantly affect and influence them. The pluralist and complex post-modern sociocultural context has challenged existing processes of continuity and certainty as well as the transmission of traditional patterns and thus created a void in individuals’ meaning systems. The turbulent Israeli setting—characterized by salient existential threats, issues of identity, and dialectic worldviews—serves as a magnifying glass for unravelling a variety of significant ways through which the fundamental and universal human motivation to find meaning in life manifests itself in the contemporary post-modern world and within this distinct cultural context. The book offers new insights on the processes of search for meaning by suggesting a new construct—master narratives of meaning—that weaves together the personal and cultural contexts and by highlighting several key processes and dimensions that appear to characterize search for meaning in a post-modern era. By offering a broad perspective on such processes, this book offers promising insights that contribute to the study and application of our understanding of the intersection of cultural and personal aspects.
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Kaufmann, Christine. The Covenants and Financial Crises. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825890.003.0013.
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This chapter identifies three key elements for effectively implementing the Covenants in times of financial crisis: a people-oriented, rights-based perspective, a process to foster coherence, and a new paradigm for bridging the gap between human rights and international financial regulations. It first analyses the anatomy of different types of financial crises from a rights-holder perspective and identifies the key actors and their potential impacts. It shows that, while financial crises share commonalities, their triggers, involved actors, and effects may vary substantially, leading to a complex web of relationships and responsibilities and norm fragmentation. This feeds into an expansion of focus from people to process and coherence with an analysis of the human rights responsibilities of international financial institutions and their members. The chapter concludes by suggesting translational human rights as a new paradigm for bridging the identified conceptual gaps and conflicting interests, and to pave the way for a more active role of the Covenants.
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Mason, Peggy. Neurotransmitter Release. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0011.
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The biochemical and physiological processes of neurotransmitter release from an active zone, a specialized region of synaptic membrane, are examined. Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters are docked at the active zone and then primed for release by SNARE complexes that bring them into extreme proximity to the plasma membrane. Entry of calcium ions through voltage-gated calcium channels triggers synaptic vesicle fusion with the synaptic terminal membrane and the consequent diffusion of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Release results when the fusion pore bridging the synaptic vesicle and plasma membrane widens and neurotransmitter from the inside of the synaptic vesicle diffuses into the synaptic cleft. Membrane from the active zone membrane is endocytosed, and synaptic vesicle proteins are then reassembled into recycled synaptic vesicles, allowing for more rounds of neurotransmitter release.
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Herrera, Carolina, Joanna Kubik, Meagan Docherty, and Paul Boxer. Forensic Settings and Juvenile Justice. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.44.
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The National Center for Juvenile Justice estimated that 54,000 juveniles are held in out-of-home placements daily and indicated that in 2013, over 31 million youth were under juvenile court jurisdiction. Detainment of juveniles often triggers or exacerbates mental health issues. The breadth and depth of the juvenile justice system means that there are several different points at which clinical psychologists and other mental health professionals might serve youth within the system. The most effective intervention approaches tend to rely on cognitive behavioral strategies, behavioral skill development and generalization, and family involvement. For clinicians wishing to enter the juvenile justice field, it is important to understand the goals of the juvenile justice system, how this system was established, and how its structures and processes affect involved youth.
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Rosenberg, Michael. Impure Nuptials and Sex as Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845896.003.0008.
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A number of Talmudic passages, not specifically about virginity testing, buttress the claims made in the previous chapter. The Babylonian Talmud creates a legal culture in which wedding-night bleeding triggers a prohibition on any further sexual relations, thus discouraging sexual aggression. Similarly, the Babylonian Talmud’s discussion of first-time penetrative intercourse on the Sabbath focuses on divorcing the sexual act from acts of violence; this passage also connects a bride’s experience on her wedding night to that of a baby boy at his circumcision, the latter of which is explicitly marked as painful. Finally, an explicit discussion in the Babylonian Talmud tries to minimize descriptions of brides’ pain on their wedding night, in the process revealing Rabbinic male anxiety about their complicity in causing pain.
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Wise, Matt, and Paul Frost. Critical illness. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0147.
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Critical illness can be considered to be any disease process which causes physiological instability that leads to disability or death within minutes or hours. Fortunately, physiological instability associated with critical illness is easily detected by perturbations of simple clinical observations such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturations, level of consciousness, and urine output. Individual abnormalities in these observations are sensitive for the presence of critical illness but non-specific. Specificity for critical illness improves as the number of abnormal clinical observations increases. Over recent years, a greater appreciation of the importance of deviations in simple clinical observations as a method of detecting critical illness has led to the development of a number of ‘early warning’ or ‘track and trigger’ systems. These systems attribute a score according to the magnitude and number of abnormal observations that are present, and a high score prompts immediate medical review. Although intuitively sensible, the evidence that these systems are effective in ameliorating or preventing critical illness is currently lacking. This chapter looks at the approach to diagnosis of critical illness, including the pitfalls in diagnosis.
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Eyre, Janet. Neurodevelopmental disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0189.
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Remarkable advances in the neurosciences, particularly in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, metabolism, and nutrition, have greatly advanced our understanding of how the brain develops and responds to environmental influences. Neurodevelopmental disorders arise from perturbation of these normal developmental processes, by insults from heterogeneous aetiological factors. These factors trigger a sequence of molecular, biochemical, and morphological alterations of the brain, resulting in a morphologically and/ or functionally abnormal brain. Rapidly advancing understanding of basic neurodevelopmental processes has direct relevance to understanding human neurodevelopmental disorders, providing insights into pathogenic mechanisms and revealing new pathways that can be exploited in diagnosis and treatment. Conversely the identification of the molecular bases of several neurodevelopmental disorders has also provided invaluable insights into the mechanisms of normal brain development. Technical advances have also improved methods for identifying brain regions involved in developmental disorders, for tracing connections between parts of the brain, for visualizing individual neurons in living brain preparations, for recording the activities of neurons, and for studying the activity of single-ion channels and the receptors for various neurotransmitters. During the past 10 years the genetic basis of an ever increasing number of neurodevelopmental disorders has been discovered and has led to better understanding of the neurobiological basis of even common disorders such as global developmental delay, cerebral palsy, and autism. Current research should reveal their underlying molecular biology and eventually the possibility of targeted chemotherapy and the prevention of many neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Wilton, Niall, Brian J. Anderson, and Bruno Marciniak. Anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology in paediatric anaesthesia. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman and Neil S. Morton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0069.
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Anaesthesia for children is tempered by changes that occur during both growth and development. Drug dose is affected by size and clearance maturation processes as well as the changing body composition that occurs with age. All organ systems undergo these maturation changes and most are complete within the first few years of life. Normal physiological variables in infancy and childhood are quite different from adults. The central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems are particularly important. Cerebral immaturity and plasticity impacts sensitivity to drugs, pain responses, and behaviour and increases potential harm from apoptosis with anaesthesia. The heart undergoes a transition from fetal to adult circulation during the first few weeks of life. Undiagnosed congenital defects are not uncommon. The neonate is very susceptible to conditions that trigger an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, with reversion to fetal circulatory patterns. Respiratory anatomy and mechanics affect the propensity to apnoea, airway maintenance, artificial ventilation modalities, uptake of inhalational agents, and tracheal tube sizes. Metabolic rate and oxygen requirements increase with decreasing age. This physiology influences diverse aspects that include the rate of desaturation during apnoea, hypoglycaemia during starvation, cardiac output, drug metabolism, fluid requirements, and heat production or loss.
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Metzner, Susanne. Psychodynamic Music Therapy. Edited by Jane Edwards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.8.
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The basic underlying assumption in psychodynamic music therapy is the existence of, and dynamic processes within, an unconscious part of the mind, which has an influence on intrapsychic and interpersonal processes within and outside of the musical activity between the therapist and patient. The therapeutic relationship is distinguished by the attentiveness of the music therapist to his or her own reactions, feelings, fantasies, and ideas, which are triggered by the patient’s transference. Psychodynamic music therapy proposes that, with the assistance of music, human beings can become aware of their inner states, and can communicate these through performed musical expression. From a psychoanalytic viewpoint, music is considered to portray meaning and to give the individual the feeling of being mirrored, accompanied, and even personally understood. This chapter explains how psychodynamic music therapy was developed and how it is practiced within the treatment context of mental health services.
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Heeringa, Peter, and Coen A. Stegeman. The patient with vasculitis. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0158.
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Vasculitis is an inflammatory destructive process affecting blood vessels resulting in fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel wall that eventually can lead to occlusion of the vascular lumen and organ failure. Vasculitis may be the primary manifestation of a disease, or be a secondary manifestation of another underlying disease.The pathogenesis of vasculitis is complex, involving innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms that range from cell-mediated inflammation, immune-complex-mediated inflammation, and inflammation triggered by autoantibodies. Here it is discussed with respect to general pathogenic patterns and more disease-specific pathogenic pathways related to primary and secondary vasculitic syndromes.
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Nutt, David J., and Liam J. Nestor. The dopamine system and addiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0007.
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Substances of addiction work by triggering transient, exaggerated increases in dopamine in brain areas that process rewards. These surges in dopamine resemble, and can greatly surpass, physiological increases triggered by natural rewards (e.g. food). Research also suggests that dopamine functioning in the brain may predispose some individuals to initiating substance abuse—particularly the use of stimulants, which induce further deficits within the dopamine system. The development of substance addiction is associated with dysregulated dopaminergic transmission, which results in a hyposensitivity to non-drug rewards and, importantly, impairments in cognition that are involved in controlling impulsivity and drug urges.
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Yan, Veronica X., and Daphna Oyserman. The world as we see it. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0011.
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Cultural knowledge allows people to engage the world seemingly effortlessly—their implicit expectations for how everyday experiences will unfold seem to match their observations, triggering a sense that all is right with the world and oneself. However, culture-based expectations are sometimes violated; yielding an experience of cultural disfluency that triggers increased systematic reasoning, reduces experienced inherence, and increases uncertainty about the world and one’s present and future self. This chapter synthesizes these culture-based processes with identity-based motivation theory to yield predictions. Identity-based motivation theory predicts that people prefer to act (action-readiness) and make sense of their experiences (procedural-readiness) in ways that fit who they are but that who they are is dynamically constructed in context. Procedural-readiness entails go-to interpretation of metacognitive experiences of ease and difficulty and go-to mental procedures—focusing on a main point, on connections, or on ranking—that align with individualistic, collectivistic, and honor mindsets.
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Bolens, Guillemette. Kinesic Humor. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190930066.001.0001.
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Literature is one of the richest sources of information concerning the ways in which human beings are able to play with cognition. According to the theory of embodied cognition, human cognition is grounded in sensorimotricity, i.e., the ability to feel, perceive, and move. The pervading cognitive process called perceptual simulation, which is activated when we cognitively process a gesture in a real-life situation, is also recruited when we read about actions, movements, and gestures in texts. Kinesic Humor examines literary works written by major authors—including Chrétien de Troyes, Cervantes, Milton, Saint-Simon, Rousseau, Sterne, and Stendhal—in which perceptual simulations of complex sensorimotor events and kinesic interactions trigger humorous effects. Such works create anticipations regarding movements and sensations, which are unexpectedly thwarted, thus producing cognitive shifts typical of humor. By bringing together literary studies, cognitive studies, gesture studies, and humor studies, this book offers original perspectives on such important artworks as Paradise Lost, Don Quixote, and Le Rouge et le Noir. In it, the importance of rhythm and tonicity in the perception of movements and gestures is a focus of attention. The interactional significance of gestures often lies in their dynamics, and this fact also applies to the cognitive retrieval of narrated gestures during the act of reading. The method of kinesic analysis practiced in this book takes into account such cognitive features in correlation with the historical and cultural contexts in which the literary works were written.
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Redmon, Allen H., ed. Next Generation Adaptation. University Press of Mississippi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496832603.001.0001.
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Next Generation Adaptation: Spectatorship and Process explores the ways in which cross-cultural adaptations often stage a collusion between competing cultural capital. The collusion conceals and reveals commonalities and differences between these cultural traditions before giving way to the differences that can distinguish one textual expression from another, just as it ultimately distinguishes one set of readers from another. An adaptation of any sort, but especially those that cross accepted stereotypes, or geographic or political boundaries, provide spectators space to negotiate attitudes and ideas that might otherwise lay latent in the text. Spectators are left to parse through each, often with special attention to the differences that exist between two expressions. Each new set of readers, each generation, distinguishes itself from an earlier set of readers, even as they exist along the same family tree. Given enough time, some new shared organizing strategy emerges until a new encounter or new expression of a text restarts the adaptational process every adaptation can trigger. Taken together, the chapters in Next Generation Adaptation each argue that the texts they consider foreground the kinds of space that exists between texts, between political commitments, between ethical obligations that every filmic text can open when the text is experienced as an adaptation. The chapters esteem the expansive dialogue adaptations accelerate when they realize their capacity to bring together two or more texts, two or more peoples, two or more ideologies without allowing one expression to erase another.
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Giegerich, Bastian. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0022.
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NATO, founded as a collective defence alliance, has spent most of the post-cold-war period transforming itself into a security management organization. Its ability to adapt has been the basis of NATO’s continued relevance. At the same time, NATO’s adjustments in functional and geographic scope have triggered debate about its strategic direction and the political and military requirements necessary to fulfil current and future roles. This chapter will assess NATO’s evolution by concentrating on the bargaining processes among member states that shaped the direction of NATO’s strategic guidelines and its out-of-area operational activities. The objective is to trace the extent to which a common strategic outlook has emerged among the European members of NATO.
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Bellomo, Rinaldo, and John R. Prowle. Pathophysiology of oliguria and acute kidney injury. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0211.
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Oliguria and acute kidney injury (AKI) are common in critically-ill patients with studies reporting AKI affecting more than 50% of critically-ill patients. AKI is independently associated with increased mortality and is a potentially modifiable aspect of critical illness. The pathogenesis of AKI is complex and varies according to aetiology. The most common trigger in ICU patients is sepsis—the pathophysiology of septic AKI is poorly understood and probably involves intrarenal haemodynamic and inflammatory processes. In the setting of septic AKI, the classic acute tubular necrosis described in experimental models does not occur and histological changes are only minor. Activation of neurohormonal mechanisms is also important, particularly in the hepatorenal syndrome, where activation of the remain-angiotensin system appears to play a major role. The treatment of oliguria and AKI in ICU patients has traditionally relied on the administration of intravenous fluids. While such therapy is warranted in patients with a clear history, and physical examination suggestive of intravascular and extravascular volume depletion, its usefulness in other patients (e.g. septic patients) remains controversial. Removal of nephrotoxins, rapid treatment of the triggering factors, and attention to cardiac output and mean arterial pressure remain the cornerstones of the prevention and treatment of AKI in ICU.
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Marlow, Clare, Karen Groves, and Premila Fade. Advance care planning in hospitals. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802136.003.0015.
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This chapter outlines the challenges and opportunities surrounding advance care planning (ACP) within the hospital setting. Although the hospital environment may not seem the obvious place for future care planning, the triggers to these conversations may occur during a hospital admission. Around a third of all patients in general hospitals are likely to be in the last year of life and nearly 90% of people who die are hospitalized in the last year of life. ACP can help improve end-of-life care in hospital, with the potential to improve communication, increase quality of life and well-being of patients and those important to them, reduce use of futile and often unwanted treatments and unnecessary hospitalizations, and improve patient and family satisfaction with hospital care. Recognition that someone is in the last year of life, good communication skills, and a clear process for documentation and dissemination are key to successful ACP in hospitals.
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Perry, Dennis. The Recombinant Mystery of Frankenstein. Edited by Thomas Leitch. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331000.013.8.
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Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, itself adapted from several sources, has triggered a never-ending series of film adaptations, each exploring the meaning of human life through the evolving landscapes of cultural and technological development. Adapted in James Whale’s Frankenstein as a figure of both horror and deep pathos, the monster and his creator have played a pivotal role in the development of the cinema of gothic horror, borrowing along the way from a wide array of genres as different as surrealism, slapstick comedy, and the Western. This basic story of human fears and desires has become the archetype of intertextual adaptation methods, providing a resonant metaphor for even such homely details as the process of film editing.
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Callaghan, Helen. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815020.003.0006.
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The final chapter highlights the theoretical significance of the findings, reflects on their generalizability, and outlines supplementary explanations. By identifying systematic differences in the policy feedback processes triggered by market-enabling and market-restraining rules, the book bridges a gap between abstract theories of institutional change and more specific theories on the dynamics of capitalist development. Apart from self-reinforcing and self-undermining feedback effects, several other features of economic governance in advanced industrialized democracies also shape pathways to marketization. These features include eventfulness and periodicity, economic interdependence, multilevel governance, the influence of ideas on the content and intensity of public debates, and institutional structures that mediate interests and ideas, including electoral systems, legal systems, and the division of regulatory competences between levels of government as well as between elected and unelected rule-makers.
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Gillain, Anne. Totally Truffaut. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197536308.001.0001.
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This book tries to answer in clear language two complex riddles: How is experience imprinted into films? What draws audiences to theaters? François Truffaut, like Fellini, Bergman, or Scorsese, worked with autobiographical material, and Totally Truffaut follows the coded inscription of major life events in his films, from his illegitimate birth to his passionate but doomed relationship with Catherine Deneuve. The book focuses first on the process that embeds experience into fictions, and more specifically into visual forms and patterns. I also try to define the mode of perception film language triggers in the spectator. When entering a movie theater, we expect perceptual pleasure. Truffaut’s creative work is devoted to distilling this drug to audiences, an ambition central to the evolution of his style. These two issues are closely connected, and Totally Truffaut follows, film after film, their crisscrossing paths. It also highlights the essential role several great actresses—Jeanne Moreau, Françoise Dorléac, Jacqueline Bisset, Isabelle Adjani, Fanny Ardant, and Catherine Deneuve—played in the creation of the films.