Journal articles on the topic 'Trigger analysis'
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Pellegrino, A. Brooke Walters, Rachel E. Davis-Martin, Timothy T. Houle, Dana P. Turner, and Todd A. Smitherman. "Perceived triggers of primary headache disorders: A meta-analysis." Cephalalgia 38, no. 6 (August 20, 2017): 1188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102417727535.
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Objective To quantitatively synthesize extant literature on perceived triggers of primary headache disorders. Methods A meta-analytic review of headache trigger survey studies was conducted. Endorsement rates, assessment method, and headache and sample characteristics were extracted from included articles. Separate random-effects models were used to assess trigger endorsement rates and post-hoc meta-regressions examined potential moderator variables. Results 85 articles from 1958 to 2015 were included, involving 27,122 participants and querying 420 unique triggers (collapsed into 15 categories). Four-fifths (0.81; 95% CI .75 to .86) of individuals with migraine or tension-type headache endorsed at least one trigger. Rates increased with the number of categories queried (OR: 1.18, 1.08–1.30) and year of publication (OR: 1.04, 1.00–1.08). The triggers most commonly endorsed were stress (.58, .53–.63) and sleep (.41, .36–.47). Conclusions Extreme heterogeneity characterizes the headache trigger literature. Most individuals with a primary headache disorder perceive their attacks to be triggered by one or more precipitants, the most common of which are stress and sleep. However, trigger endorsement is influenced by method of assessment. Enhancing methodological consistency and prioritizing experimental studies would improve our understanding of headache triggers.
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Le, Anh Hong, To Van Khanh, and Truong Ninh Thuan. "Formal Analysis of Database Trigger Systems Using Event-B." International Journal of Software Innovation 9, no. 4 (October 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.20211001.oa1.
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Most modern relational database systems use triggers to implement automatic tasks in response to specific events happening inside or outside a system. A database trigger is a human readable block code without any formal semantics. Frequently, people can check if a trigger is designed correctly after it is executed or by manual checking. In this article, the authors introduce a new method to model and verify database trigger systems using Event-B formal method at design phase. First, the authors make use of similar mechanism between triggers and Event-B events to propose a set of rules translating a database trigger system into Event-B constructs. Then, the authors show how to verify data constraint preservation properties and detect infinite loops of trigger execution with RODIN/Event-B. The authors also illustrate the proposed method with a case study. Finally, a tool named Trigger2B which partly supports the automatic modeling process is presented.
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Jang, Dongmin, and Heejeong Baek. "Analysis of the reader’s mind-wandering triggers during reading." Korean Association for Literacy 14, no. 4 (August 31, 2023): 453–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37736/kjlr.2023.08.14.4.16.
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This study aims to derive MW triggers that occur in the reading process and to seek educational implications for readers’ flow in reading. The results of this study largely derived three categories of MW triggers, the number of MW occurrences by time zone, and the reader’s emotional state after MW occurrence. First, looking at the three categories of MW triggers, the first is ‘Internally Directed MW induced inside the reader’. This trigger was explained by thoughts toward the reader’s inner self unrelated to text or task performance. The second is ‘Task-Related MW’. This trigger refers to cases in which the task is overly conscious of the task performance or deviates from the performance context due to the influence of the surrounding environment. The third is ‘MW Triggered by Text’. This trigger included thoughts triggered by words, characters, and illustrations presented in the text. Next, as a result of analyzing the number of occurrences of MW by time zone, it was also revealed that students were not able to read continuously. Finally, as a result of confirming readers’ emotions after MW occurred, 37% of the study subjects complained of negative emotions. As the habit of continuously reading silently without the occurrence of MW has a positive effect on reading motivation and efficacy, it will be necessary to adhere to MW and immersive reading.
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Gipson, Christine S. "Triggers and Their Influence on Health Behaviors." Creative Nursing 23, no. 2 (2017): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1078-4535.23.2.82.
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This article provides a conceptual definition of the concept trigger within the context of health behaviors and applies it to the highly significant health issue of obesity. Healthy behaviors are essential to life and happiness, but they do not just happen. They are triggered, and an inner drive keeps them alive. To help patients gain and retain optimal health, nurses must understand the triggers of healthy behaviors. Walker and Avant’s (2011) method of concept analysis is used as the basis for defining the concept of trigger. The antecedents, defining attributes, and consequences of trigger are identified. Findings suggest that nurses can play a role in triggering health behavior change through simple motivational efforts.
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Fujiuchi, Bradley, and ehab daoud. "SMART Trigger versus Flow and Pressure trigger performance during auto-PEEP." Journal of Mechanical Ventilation 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2023): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53097/jmv.10083.
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Background Intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (auto-PEEP) is a common problem in mechanically ventilated patients, which can lead to adverse effects on patients comfort, hemodynamics, lung mechanics and gas exchange. Triggering systems play a crucial role in the delivery of mechanical ventilation, and advancements in smart triggering technology aim to optimize patient-ventilator synchrony. This bench study aims to compare the performance of the novel SMART Trigger to traditional pressure and flow triggers in the context of auto-PEEP. Methods A lung model simulating severe obstructive pattern with high compliance (80 ml/cmH2O) and high resistance 30 cmH2O/L/s was connected to the Panther 5 ventilator (Origin Medical, California, USA). The mode was set at Volume Controlled with a tidal volume of 700 ml and mandatory breath per min (BPM) of 10/min and Inspiratory time of 2 seconds to intentionally create auto-PEEP. Simulated spontaneous breaths set at 20 BPM with increasing muscle pressure (Pmus) from -1 to maximum of -25 or till full trigger of all breaths. Three different triggering systems were evaluated: SMART Trigger (ST sensitivity 1 to 7), pressure trigger (-1 cmH2O), and flow trigger (1 l/min). The range of auto-PEEP levels induced increased incrementally with the increase in the respiratory rate ranging from 3 cmH2O for 10 BPM, 8 for 15 BPM, to 13 for 20 BPM. The following parameters were assessed for each triggering system: trigger sensitivity (defined as the number of breaths triggered above the mandatory breaths), and the trigger response time (time it takes from the beginning of muscle effort to the initiation of the breath. Results 100% of the breaths were triggered at Pmus (cmH2O) of -15 in the pressure trigger, -25 in flow trigger, -3 for ST1, -9 for ST2, -10 for ST3, -10 for ST4, -12 for ST5, -18 for ST 6, and -22 for ST 7. Trigger time (msec) for flow was 0.135 ± 0.02, for pressure 0.141 ± 0.04, for ST 1-4: 0.076 ± 0.03, for ST 5-7: 0.104 ± 0.04. Multivariate analysis of variance test showed significant difference between the time to trigger P <0.001. Conclusion This bench study highlights the potential advantages of SMART Trigger technology over conventional pressure and flow triggers during auto-PEEP. The SMART Trigger enhanced sensitivity and rapid response might contribute to improved patient-ventilator synchrony. Further research and clinical studies are warranted to validate these findings and explore the impact of smart trigger technology on patient outcomes in real-world scenarios. Keywords: SMART Trigger, Auto-PEEP, Trigger time
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Murphy, Daniel R., Ashley N. D. Meyer, Viralkumar Vaghani, Elise Russo, Dean F. Sittig, Kyle A. Richards, Li Wei, Louis Wu, and Hardeep Singh. "Application of Electronic Algorithms to Improve Diagnostic Evaluation for Bladder Cancer." Applied Clinical Informatics 26, no. 01 (2017): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/aci-2016-10-ra-0176.
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Summary Background: Strategies to ensure timely diagnostic evaluation of hematuria are needed to reduce delays in bladder cancer diagnosis. Objective: To evaluate the performance of electronic trigger algorithms to detect delays in hematuria follow-up. Methods: We developed a computerized trigger to detect delayed follow-up action on a urinalysis result with high-grade hematuria (>50 red blood cells/high powered field). The trigger scanned clinical data within a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national data repository to identify all patient records with hematuria, then excluded those where follow-up was unnecessary (e.g., terminal illness) or where typical follow-up action was detected (e.g., cystoscopy). We manually reviewed a randomly-selected sample of flagged records to confirm delays. We performed a similar analysis of records with hematuria that were marked as not delayed (non-triggered). We used review findings to calculate trigger performance. Results: Of 310,331 patients seen between 1/1/2012-12/31/2014, the trigger identified 5,857 patients who experienced high-grade hematuria, of which 495 experienced a delay. On manual review of 400 randomly-selected triggered records and 100 non-triggered records, the trigger achieved positive and negative predictive values of 58% and 97%, respectively. Conclusions: Triggers offer a promising method to detect delays in care of patients with high-grade hematuria and warrant further evaluation in clinical practice as a means to reduce delays in bladder cancer diagnosis.
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Wang, Yan, Francesca Gatta, Joseph Conyers, Gregor Gibson, Kieran Wynne-Cattanach, Karl-Johan Myrén, and Moh-Lim Ong. "Patient Characteristics and Diagnostic Journey of Thrombotic Microangiopathy Associated with a Trigger: A Real-World, Retrospective, Multi-National Study." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 5526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-179231.
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Introduction Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and microthrombi leading to ischemic tissue injury and organ damage. Disease emergence is unpredictable and in some cases TMA manifests in relation to a trigger, including autoimmune disease, infection, malignant hypertension, pregnancy, transplantation and drugs. In this study, we characterized the patient diagnostic journey of TMA associated with a trigger using real-world data. Methods Data were drawn from the Adelphi aHUS Disease Specific Programme, a cross-sectional survey of physicians and their patients with TMA associated with a trigger (data collected August-December 2022) from Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the USA. This analysis included physician-reported patient data and all patients had TMA associated with a trigger diagnosed by a physician. Analyses were conducted with all triggers combined, and by trigger type. Results Overall, 321 patients with TMA associated with a trigger were included; the top 5 most frequent triggers were infection (19.0%), drug (15.0%), autoimmune disease (14.6%), malignancy (13.7%) and solid organ transplantation (10.6%). Demographics, clinical characteristics and route to diagnosis are provided for all patients in the Table.At the point of survey, 53.6% of patients were female and the median age (interquartile range [IQR]) was 47.0 (33.5-59.0) years. Overall, 7/312 (2.2%) and 16/309 (5.2%) patients had a family history of TMA or kidney disease, respectively, although these proportions were higher in patients with TMA triggered postpartum (2/18 [11.1%] and 4/18 [22.2%]). The most common ethnicity was White/Caucasian (199/280 [71.1%]), however this varied across triggers; lowest in malignant severe hypertension (12/24 [50.0%]) and highest in bone marrow transplantation (21/25 [84.0%]). At first presentation to a healthcare professional (HCP), the most common symptom/complication was hemolytic anemia (208/312 [66.7%]), yet other common symptoms/complications varied across triggers (e.g. 24/45 [53.3%] patients with TMA triggered by an autoimmune disease presented with fatigue, and 17/29 [58.6%] and 14/29 [48.3%] patients with TMA triggered by malignant hypertension presented with kidney damage and proteinuria, respectively). At first diagnosis of TMA associated with a trigger, 125/315 (39.7%) and 44/315 (14.0%) patients had severe or life-threatening TMA, respectively; further, 260/277 (93.9%) patients had a platelet count outside the normal range, 101/115 (87.8%) patients had a lactate dehydrogenase level > 1.5 × the upper limit of normal, and the median (IQR) serum creatinine level among all patients was 2.9 mg/dL (1.8-4.0). Across all triggers, the first consulting HCP at symptom onset was most often a nephrologist (23.4%), general practitioner (GP; 21.8%) or emergency room (ER)/intensive care unit (ICU) physician (21.2%), while the first diagnosing HCP of TMA associated with a trigger was most often a nephrologist (38.6%), hematologist (24.9%), or hematologist-oncologist (22.4%). In 249 patients with available data, the median duration from symptom onset to TMA diagnosis was 6.0 days (IQR, 0-30.0 days). Conclusion In this study, severe or life-threatening TMA associated with a trigger was reported at the point of diagnosis for over half of the patients. An increased awareness of the clinical characteristics, symptoms and complications of TMA associated with a trigger by HCPs, particularly GPs who were frequently the first consulting HCP, is key to facilitating early diagnosis and timely referral to TMA experts/multi-disciplinary teams and optimizing patient management. Study/medical writing support funder: Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Boston, MA, USA.
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Song, Fengfei, and Guang J. Zhang. "Improving Trigger Functions for Convective Parameterization Schemes Using GOAmazon Observations." Journal of Climate 30, no. 21 (November 2017): 8711–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0042.1.
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Using observations from the Green Ocean Amazon (GOAmazon) field campaign, this study aims to improve trigger functions of convection schemes. Results show that the CAPE generation rate (dCAPE)-type triggers are the first tier and that the Bechtold and heated condensation framework (HCF) triggers are a distant second tier. The composite analysis reveals that the undilute dCAPE trigger underpredicts convection when there is bottom-heavy upward motion but overpredicts convection with low-level downward and upper-level upward motions. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on vertical velocity shows that EOF1 (62.65%) exhibits upward motion throughout the troposphere and that EOF2 (28.05%) has lower-level upward motion and upper-level downward motion. Both of them have close relationships with precipitation, indicating the role of vertical velocity in triggering convection. The skill sensitivity analysis shows that the inclusion of 700-hPa upward motion significantly enhances the undilute dCAPE trigger. For the dilute dCAPE trigger, entrainment rate and dCAPE threshold are optimized to improve it. Opposite to dCAPE-type triggers, the Bechtold trigger overemphasizes the low-level vertical velocity and underpredicts the mature and decaying phases of long-lasting convection events. The HCF trigger overemphasizes the near-surface moist static energy and overlooks the vertical velocity. The performance of dCAPE-type triggers on various convective systems over the Amazon region is examined. The eastward-propagating systems are best represented, with only a few underpredictions in their decaying stages. The weak locally occurring systems and marginal phases of westward-propagating systems are easy to underpredict. The revised dCAPE-type triggers perform better on different convection systems and the diurnal cycle of convection.
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Manu, James Gyimah. "Presupposition in Ghanaian and British Newspaper editorials." Ghana Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 18–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjl.v9i1.2.
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The paper explores presupposition and its triggers in Ghanaian and British newspaper editorials. Using a model proposed by Khaleel (2010:529) based on Karttunen (n.d.) and Yule (1996), the researcher analysed thirty (30) editorials from the Daily Guide (Ghanaian) and The Guardian (British) which were published in 2017. The analysis revealed some similarities and differences in the Ghanaian and British newspaper editorials. It was found that the frequently used trigger of the existential presupposition in both newspapers is the definite noun phrase. Again, it was found that the most used to trigger structural presupposition is the relative clause. The noticeable difference between the two is that in the Daily Guide, the structural presupposition is the most triggered (46.1%) whilst the existential presupposition (69.8%) is the most triggered in The Guardian.
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Ibáñez-Lorente, Cristina, Rubén Casans-Francés, Soledad Bellas-Cotán, and Luis E. Muñoz-Alameda. "Implementation of a maternal early warning system during early postpartum. A prospective observational study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): e0252446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252446.
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Objective To evaluate the implementation of a maternal early warning system (MEWS) for monitoring patients during the first two hours after delivery in a tertiary level hospital. Methods Implementation of the criteria between 15 March and 15 September 2018 was evaluated in 1166 patients. The parameters collected were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, urine output, uterine involution, and bleeding. Out-of-range values of any of these parameters triggered a warning, and an obstetrician was called to examine the patient. The obstetrician then decided whether to call the anesthesiologist. We carried out a sensitivity-specificity study of triggers and a multivariate analysis of the factors involved in developing potentially fatal disorders (PFD), reintervention, critical care admission, and stay. Results The MEWS was triggered in 75 patients (6.43%). Leading trigger was altered systolic blood pressure in 32 patients (42.7%), and 11 patients had a PFD. Twenty-eight triggers were false-negatives. Sensitivity and specificity of the system was 0.28 (0.15, 0.45) and 0.94 (0.93, 0.96), respectively. The multivariate analysis showed a correlation between trigger activation and PFD. Conclusion Our MEWS presented low sensitivity and high specificity, with a significant number of false-negatives.
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Abdelhady, Saleem. "A Nanosyntactic Analysis of Arabic Complementizers." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2023): 1888–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1308.04.
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This study investigates the syntactic composition of complementizers in Arabic from a nanosyntactic perspective (Starke, 2009). The study unravels the dichotomy in the behavior of root complementizers in Arabic; it highlights how the selection of complementizers is impacted by presupposed information and the degree of certainty. In spoken varieties of Arabic, such as Jordanian Arabic and Lebanese Arabic, root complementizers are blocked from root positions, but such positions are accessible for Modern Standard Arabic. Refining Ross' (1970) hidden verbs theorem and Fassi Fehri’s (2012) featural distinction, the study shows that if a complementizer is selected by different triggers of veridicality, such as ʔanna in MSA, ʔɨnn in Jordanian Arabic and ʔɘnno in Lebanese Arabic, the complementizer cannot appear without its trigger, whereas if a complementizer is selected by one trigger, such as ʔɪnna in MSA, the complementizer can be used in root positions without a trigger. Comparing the findings of the study with Baunz' (2018) universal hierarchy, we show that the hierarchy in its current status fails to account for Arabic data. The conclusion gives a stronger contribution for the semantic composition of complementizers.
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Lyons, William. "Initial implementation of an electronic oncology trigger tool for adverse event detection." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 29_suppl (October 10, 2020): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.29_suppl.298.
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298 Background: In 2009, the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) conceived the Global Trigger Tool (GTT), a method for identifying adverse events that relies on correlated clinical documentation, “triggers”, in the medical record. This method is intended to augment traditional quality of care, data collection initiatives that primarily depend on voluntary reporting or error tracking. However, the original trigger tool called for a manual identification of trigger events and is too broad to be useful in an oncology setting. We propose a method for the development, selection, electronic extraction and management of triggers relevant to an oncology setting, with the primary aim of improving our understanding of the prevalence of adverse events occurring during an inpatient stay. Methods: Our implementation of an Electronic Trigger Tool includes three parts: trigger selection, review system development, and the chart review process. Through literature review, we developed a library of 40 oncology-relevant trigger tools. We then selected two pilot triggers based on expert opinion and a trigger analysis on length of stay, cost, and patient satisfaction. Next, we developed a web-app that allows reviewers to automatically receive trigger events. Finally, two clinical professionals reviewed five trigger events from each trigger for five subsequent weeks. Results: We selected Narcan administration (M9) and unexpected/unplanned ICU admission after non-emergent surgical procedure (S3) as pilot triggers. Our reviewers each performed a chart review on 25 for each trigger, resulting in 100 independent reviews. We found that M9 had a positive predictive value (PPV) of .52 (26 AEs / 50 reviews) and S3 had a positive predictive value of .88 (44 AEs / 50 reviews). We also found that most of these adverse events were not found by other quality systems. Conclusions: Our pilot of two triggers demonstrated we can capture adverse events that exist outside known quality and safety resources on a small scale and with high PPV. We anticipate using novel trigger information to inform process improvement and quality of care for patients with cancer at our hospital.
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Gori, Valentina. "The CMS high level trigger." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 31 (January 2014): 1460297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201019451460297x.
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The CMS experiment has been designed with a 2-level trigger system: the Level 1 Trigger, implemented on custom-designed electronics, and the High Level Trigger (HLT), a streamlined version of the CMS offline reconstruction software running on a computer farm. A software trigger system requires a tradeoff between the complexity of the algorithms running on the available computing power, the sustainable output rate, and the selection efficiency. Here we will present the performance of the main triggers used during the 2012 data taking, ranging from simpler single-object selections to more complex algorithms combining different objects, and applying analysis-level reconstruction and selection. We will discuss the optimisation of the triggers and the specific techniques to cope with the increasing LHC pile-up, reducing its impact on the physics performance.
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MacLaren, Donald. "An Analysis of the Special Safeguard Mechanism with Particular Reference to India." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 5, no. 1 (February 2011): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097380101000500104.
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The Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) is intended to provide contingent protection to poor farmers in developing countries from negative shocks to import prices or from surges in imports. The effects of stochastic import prices and volumes are analysed in a partial equilibrium framework to illustrate the issues involved. The simplicity of the mechanisms for contingent protection illustrated through geometry are contrasted with the modalities that were proposed in July 2008. These are the choice between an import price trigger or an import quantity trigger. The triggers have been incorporated into a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model by Hertel et al. (2010) and stochastic simulations conducted in order to compare their effects on the levels and volatility of key variables. The conclusion is that the quantity trigger is less effective in achieving the principal objective of the SSM.
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Kusumawardani, Larasati Arrum, Nisa Maria, and Yoga Amarta. "Adverse drug reactions evaluation of antimicrobials in COVID-19 inpatients using Modified Trigger Tool and Naranjo Algorithm." Pharmacy Education 23, no. 2 (May 15, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46542/pe.2023.232.18.
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Background: The use of antimicrobials in COVID-19 treatment might increase the risk of adverse drug reactions (ADR). Therefore, the adverse effect further identification was needed to understand the safety profile of using these medicines. Objective: The research aims to evaluate the adverse effects of the use of COVID-19 antimicrobial agents, causality analysis, and factors related to this ADR. Method: Cross-sectional study using random sampling was conducted to obtain the data. The study used samples from COVID-19 adult inpatients in a hospital located in Java from July-December 2020. Adverse events (AE) were detected by a modified trigger tool using medication and laboratory result module triggers with 21 total triggers. Causality analysis of ADR was conducted using Naranjo Scale. Result: Of the 107 patients examined in this study, 92 patients had triggers. A total of 274 adverse events were found, where 265 adverse events were detected using the trigger tool, and 9 adverse events were detected without the trigger tool. The results of the ADR analysis using the Naranjo algorithm were obtained from as many as 126 ADRs in 60 patients with possible (94.4%) and probable (5.6%) scoring. The most common antimicrobials that cause ADR were azithromycin and oseltamivir. The most effective trigger in detecting ADR was the use of sedation with a positive predictive value of 0.67. The statistical analysis results showed no relationship between gender, age, comorbidities, severity, and body mass index on the incidence of ADR (p>0.05). Conclusion: Adverse drug reactions were commonly found in the use of azithromycin and oseltamivir for COVID-19 patients, so it is necessary to consider the choice of this therapy. The trigger tool and Naranjo algorithm were adequate to help the ADR monitoring process.
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AULT, ALICIA. "Analysis: ACA Will Trigger Doctor Shortage." Family Practice News 42, no. 20 (December 2012): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(12)70802-2.
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Fortenberry, Megan, Johlee Odinet, Pooja Shah, Cameron McKinzie, Kristin Murphy, Cassidy Beach Faircloth, Christopher Falato, and Ashley Pappas. "Development of an electronic trigger tool at a children’s hospital within an academic medical center." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 76, Supplement_4 (November 13, 2019): S107—S113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz222.
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Abstract Purpose To evaluate the validity and reliability of select recommended triggers, defined as flags found on review of the medical record that prompt further investigation to determine the presence or absence of an adverse drug event (ADE), selected from a list initially constructed based on severity, frequency, and detectability of triggers within a pediatric population. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective cohort analysis of pediatric patients admitted to University of North Carolina (UNC) Children’s Hospital who received trigger-associated medications between January 2015 and December 2016. Patient-care areas of the emergency department, operating rooms, and post-anesthesia care units were excluded. Trigger-detection encounters were evaluated by two reviewers using pre-established, consensus ADE criteria as determined by a panel of pediatric and medication safety specialists at UNC Medical Center. Events were categorized according to medication-related trigger and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 3,836 positive triggers were included in this study. For the aggregate 12-part trigger tool package, 1,055 positive ADEs were identified, leading to a positive predictive value (PPV) of 27.5%. A 50% increase from baseline serum creatinine, resulting from co-administration of 2 or more nephrotoxic medications accounted for a total of 3,698/3,836 (96.4%). Incomplete documentation was the leading cause for event exclusion, 8/27 (30%). The triggers with the highest PPV included protamine 4/4 (100%), flumazenil 1/1 (100%), and vancomycin-related events 51/67 (76.1%), respectively. Phenytoin level >30 µg/mL or free level >2.5 µg/mL resulted in the lowest PPV, 1/12 (8.3%). Conclusion This study lays the foundation for further studies to develop a robust pediatric trigger tool that may involve developing multi-element triggers, determining sensitivity and specificity of triggers, or mobilizing the trigger tool to an automated system. Trigger tools can be individualized to meet each institutions’ needs and unique patient population.
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Sousa, Chriscia Jamilly Pinto de, Ana Cristina Lo Prete, and Carolina Heitmann Mares Azevedo Ribeiro. "Accuracy of triggers in the identification of adverse drug events in hospitalized elderly." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 12 (December 26, 2020): e33491211135. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.11135.
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Objective: Evaluate trigger accuracy for identifying adverse drug events (ADEs) in hospitalised elderly. Methods: Two hundred patients 60 years old from a medical clinic within a private hospital were followed-up. For ADE identification the adapted Global Trigger Tool tracker methodology was used. Causality was determined using the Naranjo Algorithm. Results: Of the 200 elderly patients included in the study, 106 were females (53%), the average age was 79 years, and the average length of hospital stay was approximately ± 10 days. Selected triggers were identified 1,457 times. The group of triggers with the best performance regarding its analysis accuracy was evolution triggers, with sensitivity of 69% and positive predictive value of 68%. In the individual performance analysis, the evolution tracker allergy, allergic reaction, pruritus achieved 100% performance for both sensitivity and positive predictive value. A total of 165 ADs were identified. Of these, 18% were phlebitis and 16% were hypoglycaemia. Drugs associated with ADE included insulin (15%) and Clarithromycin (9%). Conclusion: The triggering methodology has been effective for identifying ADEs. In addition, determination best trigger for constructing an ADE identification tool for hospitalised elderly was performed.
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Qian, Yanhao, Siyuan Chen, Zihao Zhang, Guanyu Bao, Mingchen Ma, Kejun Wang, Chao Liu, and Qian Wang. "Characterization and Theoretical Analysis of the Venus Flytrap Trigger Hair." Applied Sciences 14, no. 13 (July 8, 2024): 5937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14135937.
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The Venus flytrap, which possesses a number of mechano-sensitive trigger hairs, is a typical carnivorous plant that effectively senses and catches insects to survive in nutrient-poor habitats. When insects touch the trigger hairs on a leaf, once they reach the threshold, the Venus flytrap induces an action potential and sharply closes to capture the prey. In this paper, the trigger hairs obtain a special cantilever beam structure with a stiff hair lever and a flexible basal podium, and there is a noticeable notched structure at the basal podium, which differs from a common homogeneous hair. Based on the characteristics of the Venus flytrap trigger hairs, we established a three-dimensional model and conducted theoretical and finite element analysis. The results show that the unique hollow heterogeneous cantilever structure of the Venus flytrap trigger hair can achieve high sensitivity and optimal tactile perception. Overall, the morphology, structure and mechanical characteristics of Venus flytrap trigger hairs were characterized in detail, which may provide a deeper understanding of the trigger hairs’ tactile perception mechanism. And the mechanical simulation and optimization analysis of Venus flytrap trigger hairs had an important theoretical basis and parameter support for the further design of state-of-the-art tactile sensors with high sensitivity inspired by Venus flytrap trigger hairs.
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Wei, Longfei, Lu Liu, and Jialong Hou. "Pricing hybrid-triggered catastrophe bonds based on copula-EVT model." Quantitative Finance and Economics 6, no. 2 (2022): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/qfe.2022010.
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<abstract><p>This paper presents a hybrid-triggered catastrophe bond (CAT bond) pricing model. We take earthquake CAT bonds as an example for model construction and numerical analysis. According to the characteristics of earthquake disasters, we choose direct economic loss and magnitude as trigger indicators. The marginal distributions of the two trigger indicators are depicted using extreme value theory, and the joint distribution is established by using a copula function. Furthermore, we derive a multi-year hybrid-triggered CAT bond pricing formula under stochastic interest rates. The numerical experiments show that the bond price is negatively correlated with maturity, market interest rate and dependence of trigger indicators, and positively correlated with trigger level and coupon rate. This study can be used as a reference for formulating reasonable CAT bond pricing strategies.</p></abstract>
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Limbu, Bharati, Gemma Unwin, and Shoumitro (Shoumi) Deb. "Comprehensive Assessment of Triggers for Behaviours of Concern Scale (CATS): Initial Development." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 10674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010674.
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Challenging behaviour displayed by people with intellectual disabilities (ID) can be difficult to manage if caregivers do not understand the reasons for the behaviour. Identifying the contextual variables/triggers for the behaviour is likely to help undertake a functional analysis leading to a person-centred positive behaviour support plan. Currently, a limited number of checklists are available for trigger assessment and none were developed using an interview with the family caregivers. This article describes the development and contents of the comprehensive assessment of triggers for behaviours of concern scale (CATS). CATS was developed in two stages. Stage 1 used a ‘bottom-up’ approach, in which caregivers of adults with ID who show aggressive behaviour were interviewed to identify the triggers for aggression. In stage two, using a ‘top-down’ approach, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather items from existing trigger checklists. Trigger items from both stages were combined and the duplicates were removed. The final list in CATS consists of 333 contextual triggers categorised under five main domains and 12 subdomains. CATS can be used by caregivers to identify triggers or antecedents of challenging behaviour. Further work is needed to test its psychometric properties, utility, and acceptability.
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Halim, Binarwan, and Hilma Putri Lubis. "Dual trigger with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin improves the outcome of intrauterine insemination." Obstetrics & Gynecology Science 65, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5468/ogs.21275.
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ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of dual trigger, which is a combination of gonadotropinreleasing agonist (GnRH-a) and recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the final oocyte maturation, in the outcome of intrauterine insemination (IUI).MethodsThis retrospective observational study was conducted from January 2016 to October 2018 and involved 639 IUI cycles at the Halim Fertility Center, Indonesia. Controlled ovarian stimulation was performed during IUI cycles. The ovulation triggers were divided into two groups: group I received a combination of GnRH-a and recombinant hCG as a dual trigger, and group II received only recombinant hCG as a single trigger. The baseline characteristics, cycle parameters, and IUI outcomes of both groups were compared.ResultsOur study included a total of 639 IUI cycles, 334 were in the dual trigger group and 305 in the single trigger group. The clinical pregnancy rates were significantly higher in the dual trigger group than in the single trigger group (P<0.001). Based on the multivariate analysis, the dual trigger increased the clinical pregnancy rate by 2.524 times than that by the single trigger.ConclusionOur data showed that the dual trigger combination of GnRH-a and recombinant hCG significantly improves the outcome of intrauterine insemination.
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Lefkowits, Carolyn, Madeleine Courtney-Brooks, Winifred Teuteberg, Janet Leahy, Paniti Sukumvanich, and Joseph L. Kelley. "Implementation of clinical triggers for palliative care consultation on a gynecologic oncology inpatient service: A pilot study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 31_suppl (November 1, 2014): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.31_suppl.51.
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51 Background: Our objectives were to (1) Assess the feasibility of creating clinical triggers for Palliative Care (PC) consultation on a large gynecologic oncology service and (2) Use triggers to increase PC consultation rates among trigger positive patients. Methods: Clinical triggers for PC consultation are listed below. Over a six month period, patients meeting triggers were prospectively identified and PC consultation was requested for those patients. Retrospective chart review was used to identify patients meeting triggers and gather clinical information. PC consultation rates were compared for patients meeting triggers in the 6 months pre and post trigger implementation. Statistical analysis utilized χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test and independent samples t-tests. Results: There was no difference in PC consultation rates among patients meeting triggers between the pre and post-triggers periods (see table). There was also no change in time from admission to PC consult (median time to PC consultation 1.56d vs. 2.24d, p=0.28) and no change in overall PC consultation volume (mean 17.3 new PC consults per 100 admissions/month vs. 18.5, p=0.67). Of the 38 patients in the post-triggers period who were not seen by PC, 50% (n=19) were inaccurately deemed trigger negative during their admission and 13% (n=5) were not screened at all. Conclusions: Creation of clinical triggers for PC consultation was feasible in terms of investment from relevant stakeholders. Trigger implementation was not associated with increased rates of PC consultation for those patients. High baseline rates of PC consultation and screening process issues contributed significantly to the lack of change in PC consultation rates. Use of clinical triggers may still hold promise as a strategy for standardizing PC consultation patterns and capturing subgroups of patients with high needs. Next steps include modifying our clinical triggers and screening process and expanding into the outpatient setting. [Table: see text]
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Daneshmand, S. T., F. C. Garner, and B. S. Shapiro. "The reproducibility of luteinizing hormone surges following agonist trigger: analysis of 1792 agonist triggers." Fertility and Sterility 102, no. 3 (September 2014): e121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.413.
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Ogiwara, Kenichi, Keiji Nogami, Tomoko Matsumoto, Mariko Noguchi-Sasaki, Tetsuhiro Soeda, Naoki Matsumoto, Michinori Hirata, and Midori Shima. "A Modified Thrombin Generation Analysis to Measure the Plasma Coagulation Potency in the Presence of Anti-FIXa/FX Bispecific Antibody, Emicizumab." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-118504.
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Abstract 【Introduction】 Emicizumab is a humanized anti-factor (F)IXa/FX bispecific antibody with FVIIIa cofactor function. Since emicizumab, unlike FVIII, does not require activation by thrombin, its aPTT-shortening effect is much greater than that of FVIII. Thus, aPTT, a conventional assay to assess intrinsic coagulation potency, would have limited utility in emicizumab-administered hemophilia A-patients (HA-pts), because emicizumab would mask the effect of residual FVIII or a FVIII agent on aPTT. Also, aPTT cannot differentiate between different levels of emicizumab. Recently we reported that clot waveform analysis (CWA) using a trigger reagent comprising a balanced mixture of ellagic acid (Elg) and tissue factor (TF) to reflect both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation activities could provide a useful means of assessing plasma coagulation potential in HA-pts treated with emicizumab with enhanced activity neither masking nor being masked by FVIII or bypassing agents (BPAs)1). Thrombin generation assay (TGA) can provide multidimensional plasma coagulation potencies as well as CWA. We considered the possibility, therefore, that the TGA would also overcome the above issue on aPTT. In this study, we aimed to assess TGA using Elg/TF trigger and two reference triggers (FXIa, TF) to evaluate the coagulation potency of patients with HA receiving emicizumab. 【Method】 TGA was assayed using Elg/TF trigger consisted of TF (0.5 pM) and Elg (0.3 μM) with phospholipids vesicles (PL, 4 μM), FXIa trigger consisted of FXIa (0.47 nM) with PL (20 μM), and TF trigger (PPP-Reagent LOW®). Various concentrations of emicizumab, FVIII agent, or BPAs (rFVIIa, aPCC) in clinical dosages were spiked into commercially available FVIII-deficient plasmas (George King) for testing. Then, FVIII or BPA was added to FVIII-deficient plasmas containing emicizumab. 【Result】 Emicizumab or FVIII showed dose-dependent increase in thrombin peak height in Elg/TF trigger as well as FXIa and TF triggers, but TF trigger had weak sensitivity to emicizumab and low range FVIII (1-10 IU/dl). Spiking both rFVIIa or aPCC showed dose dependent increase in thrombin peak height under Elg/TF trigger and TF trigger conditions, but the values were lower than the level of normal peak height. On the other hand, rFVIIa and aPCC resulted in little increase in peak height under FXIa trigger condition, suggesting that the FXIa trigger is not suitable for assessment of BPAs. These results indicated that Elg/TF trigger system was the most useful to evaluate the single-spiked effect of these agents. Then, we examined the additional effects of FVIII or BPAs in the presence of emicizumab by Elg/TF trigger system. The combination of FVIII and emicizumab showed additive increase in peak thrombin height, but this effect was saturated at high dose of FVIII more than 100 IU/dl. rFVIIa and emicizumab showed additive effect on increased peak thrombin height, achieving normal level even at very low dose rFVIIa (0.67 μg/ml), but remains within normal ranges at high dose (6.0 μg/ml). aPCC and emicizumab showed increased peak thrombin height, but in this case, exceeding the normal level even at clinical dosage of aPCC (0.5-1.0 U/ml). 【Conclusion】 TGA with Elg/TF trigger could provide a useful monitoring tool of assessing global coagulation potential during emicizumab prophyaxis including concomitant therapy with FVIII or BPAs. 1) Nogami K, et al. Modified clot waveform analysis to measure plasma coagulation potential in the presence of the anti-factor IXa/factor X bispecific antibody emicizumab. J Thromb Haemost. 2018 Jun;16(6):1078-1088. Disclosures Ogiwara: CSL Behring: Research Funding. Nogami:Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties: Anti-FIXa/X bispecific antibodies , Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Matsumoto:Shire Japan Co. Ltd: Research Funding. Noguchi-Sasaki:Chugai: Employment. Soeda:Chugai: Employment, Patents & Royalties: Patents related to emicizumab. Matsumoto:Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership. Hirata:Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd: Employment, Equity Ownership. Shima:Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties: Anti-FIXa/X bispecific antibodies , Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
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Li, Xiaona, and Gang Hao. "Event-Triggered Kalman Filter and Its Performance Analysis." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 2202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042202.
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In estimation of linear systems, an efficient event-triggered Kalman filter algorithm is proposed. Based on the hypothesis test of Gaussian distribution, the significance of the event-triggered threshold is given. Based on the threshold, the actual trigger frequency of the estimated system can be accurately set. Combining the threshold and the proposed event-triggered mechanism, an event-triggered Kalman filter is proposed and the approximate estimation accuracy can also be calculated. Whether it is a steady system or a time-varying system, the proposed algorithm can reasonably set the threshold according to the required accuracy in advance. The proposed event-triggered estimator not only effectively reduces the communication cost, but also has high accuracy. Finally, simulation examples verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
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FUJIMOTO, Yuka, and Yukari TAKAKU. "Analysis of Emotional Trigger at Powder Room." International Symposium on Affective Science and Engineering ISASE2020 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5057/isase.2020-c000056.
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Pinto, M. R., and R. W. Dutton. "Accurate trigger condition analysis for CMOS latchup." IEEE Electron Device Letters 6, no. 2 (February 1985): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edl.1985.26057.
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Malthouse, Edward C. "Mining for trigger events with survival analysis." Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 15, no. 3 (June 16, 2007): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10618-007-0074-x.
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Cooprider, Nathan, and John Regehr. "Using sequencing to trigger a better analysis." ACM SIGBED Review 5, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1366283.1366292.
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Marsaulina, Ester Marsaulina, Retnosari Andrajati, Yuri Pertamasari, and Alvinda Heriza Nasution. "The Identification and Analysis of Adverse Events in Elderly Female Breast Cancer Patients Using Anthracycline-Based Regimens at Dharmais Cancer Hospital." Indonesian Journal of Cancer 16, no. 4 (December 28, 2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.33371/ijoc.v16i4.898.
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Background: Anthracycline is the first-choice chemotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer, particularly in elderly patients. However, several studies reported adverse events in the treatment of using anthracyclines. This study aims to identify adverse events. It is also to find out more about how independent variables are related to adverse events. Method: An observational retrospective study of elderly patients (≥ 60 years old) was conducted in a tertiary cancer hospital in Jakarta. Data were collected from January 2018 to December 2020. We used an oncology-specific trigger tool to identify adverse events during anthracycline-based regimens. Independent variables were evaluated in univariate analysis: age, weight loss, marital status, total cumulative dose, polypharmacy, types of anthracyclines, and metastatic status. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to find out the relationship between the independent variables and adverse events.Results: In total, 107 subject records were collected and reviewed. Triggers were identified 122 times in 86 medical records. Blood transfusion, the most common trigger, was found in 35% of subjects. We found the number of triggers and adverse events more commonly identified in the first and second cycles of chemotherapy. The prevalence of adverse events is detected in 80% of subjects. Of these 86 subjects, 74% were detected in doxorubicin and 26% were detected in epirubicin. All the adverse events were categorized as The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCCMERP) harm category E.Conclusion: Trigger tools specific for cancer patients can be used to identify adverse events. Blood transfusion was the common trigger to detect adverse events in our study. Adverse events with category E were identified in all the subjects. Neutropenia and anemia were the most common adverse events in all cycles of chemotherapy. Weight loss was the independent variable related to adverse events in elderly breast cancer patients (p <0.003).
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Xia, Jilu, Shifei Liu, Yijie Sun, Peng Fan, and Zicheng Zhang. "Analysis of electron emission characteristics of triggered vacuum switch based on cold cathode materials." AIP Advances 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 115011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0127041.
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A trigger vacuum switch that works for a long time is subject to the stable emission of initial electrons. Cold cathode materials such as velvet and carbon fiber have the characteristics of large emission electron area, uniformity, and stability. In this paper, two cold cathode materials, namely T4 rayon velvet and T300 carbon fiber board, are attached. They were used on the surface of the vacuum switch cathode, the trigger electrode was located in the middle of the cathode, and the trigger vacuum switch was triggered by a positive polarity high-voltage pulse along the surface flashover. The breakdown voltage and dispersion were studied in the form of capacitive discharge, and the electron emission characteristics of the two materials were explored from a microscopic perspective, such as through scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer element analysis. The results show that the triggering vacuum switch using this cold cathode material has stable triggering, wide operating voltage, and low breakdown voltage dispersion. The electron emission of the velvet has both fiber tip emission and lateral flashover mechanism, and carbon fiber is prone to surface damage; the anode metal surface is partially carbonized due to electron sputtering.
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Mussa, R. "Analysis of ELVES at the Pierre Auger Observatory." EPJ Web of Conferences 197 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919703004.
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In the last six years, the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Auger Observatory has been exploited for the study of transient luminous events occuring high above thunderstorms at large distances (250 to more than 1000 km) from the Observatory. The first ELVES candidate was discovered during a night shift in 2005, and further studies based on auxiliary subtriggers allowed to modify the third level trigger of the observatory in order to acquire them with reasonable efficiency. This report aims to briefly review the studies underway on the >4000 ELVES triggers harvested in the years 2013-18 by the Observatory.
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Liu, Ying, Sheng-Yuan Wang, Xiao-Lan Wu, and Jing Liang. "Analysis and Impact Evaluation of Entrepreneurs’ Improvisational Behavior Trigger Patterns." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (January 10, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9068240.
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How entrepreneurial firms can enhance the level of exploratory and exploitative improvisation in a balanced manner to enhance organizational dynamics has become an important research topic. Current research on the triggers of duality entrepreneurial improvisation has just started, exploring mainly abstract characteristic variables, and has not paid attention to the impact of entrepreneurs’ daily behaviors. In order to make up for the shortcomings of current research, the research goal of this paper is to construct a triggering model of entrepreneurs’ improvisation based on the research of entrepreneurs’ daily behaviors and then to evaluate the influence of the improvisational behavior trigger patterns. Based on the paradoxical and theoretical perspective of duality, a structured observation method is used to explore which behavioral patterns of entrepreneurs tend to trigger dual improvisational behaviors in themselves, their teams, and their organizations. After observing and recording the creators and collecting phenomenal data, six entrepreneurial behavior patterns containing 39 specific operational behaviors have been extracted from the phenomenal data by drawing on the rooted theory approach. In addition, the influence of entrepreneurial patterns is evaluated and ranked using the pairwise hesitant fuzzy set evaluation method. This study reveals the relationship between entrepreneurs’ daily behaviors and dyadic entrepreneurial improvisation at the operational level and provides guiding plans for entrepreneurs to improve their own and their organizations’ improvisation levels.
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Peris, Francesc, Stephen Donoghue, Ferran Torres, Alec Mian, and Christian Wöber. "Towards improved migraine management: Determining potential trigger factors in individual patients." Cephalalgia 37, no. 5 (May 14, 2016): 452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102416649761.
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Background Certain chronic diseases such as migraine result in episodic, debilitating attacks for which neither cause nor timing is well understood. Historically, possible triggers were identified through analysis of aggregated data from populations of patients. However, triggers common in populations may not be wholly responsible for an individual’s attacks. To explore this hypothesis we developed a method to identify individual ‘potential trigger’ profiles and analysed the degree of inter-individual variation. Methods We applied N = 1 statistical analysis to a 326-migraine-patient database from a study in which patients used paper-based diaries for 90 days to track 33 factors (potential triggers or premonitory symptoms) associated with their migraine attacks. For each patient, univariate associations between factors and migraine events were analysed using Cox proportional hazards models. Results We generated individual factor-attack association profiles for 87% of the patients. The average number of factors associated with attacks was four per patient: Factor profiles were highly individual and were unique in 85% of patients with at least one identified association. Conclusion Accurate identification of individual factor-attack profiles is a prerequisite for testing which are true triggers and for development of trigger avoidance or desensitisation strategies. Our methodology represents a necessary development toward this goal.
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Mamedova, B. "TONY MORRISON AND ALICE WALKER’S LINGUISTIC IDENTITY AND SEMANTIC TRIGGERS (IN THE CONTEXT OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN IDENTITY)." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 75, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-1.1728-7804.22.
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The article is devoted to linguistic identity and semantic triggers, a rather interesting aspect of the linguistic identity of Tony Morrison and Alice Walker. The main purpose of of the research of linguistic identity by Toni Morrison and Alice Walker is to analyze of semantic trigger lexical units and expressions in their ideolect. Scientific novelty of the research is determined by studying the semantic trigger lexical units. Our analysis suggests that for T. Morrison and E. Walker, semantic triggers such as blue eyes, nigger, and coon provide a “transition” to scripts that are relevant to their African-American identity. Thus, both writers are carriers of individual linguistic identities, as well as symphonic (social, ethnic, social) linguistic identities, specifically African-American linguistic identities.
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Skalaban, Irina A., Zoya N. Sergeeva, Yuri S. Lobanov, and Svetlana Y. Volchenko. "THE TRIGGER OF CONFLICT. TRIGGER: EXPERIENCE OF CONCEPTUALIZATION AND CATEGORIZATION." Society and Security Insights 5, no. 3 (November 2, 2022): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/ssi(2022)3-05.
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The concept of "trigger" in recent decades has become widely used in domestic and world theory and practice of conflict. However, this term has not yet received in-depth scientific reflection and is used arbitrarily. What is a trigger, what are its components, and how is it fundamentally different from other conflict phenomena – causes, conditions, and many other phenomena of a complex conflict system? This article is an attempt to conceptualize and categorize the concept of a trigger in order to further use it for scientific description and analysis in the plane of practical work with conflict.
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Zhao, Huijuan, Jiapeng Xu, and Fangfei Li. "Event-Triggered Extended Kalman Filtering Analysis for Networked Systems." Mathematics 10, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10060927.
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In this paper, the filtering problem of nonlinear networked systems with event-triggered data transmission tasks is studied. To reduce the transmission of excessive measurement data in the bandwidth-limited network, a data transmission mechanism with event trigger is introduced to analyze the error behavior of the extended Kalman filter. We prove that the real estimation error and error covariance matrices can be determined by restricting the initial conditions appropriately. Finally, the effectiveness of the filtering algorithm is verified by simulation.
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Lee, Amanda, Awais Paracha, Fahad Hussain, Kayla Dillon, Maha Arshad, Emma Li, Brittany Kwait, Sneha Shrivastava, and Nouneh J. Gostanian. "Sweet syndrome in the setting of breast cancer: A literature review." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2024): e24044-e24044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.e24044.
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e24044 Background: Sweet syndrome (SS) or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis typically present as patients with pyrexia, neutrophilia and rash with dermal neutrophilic dominance on biopsy. While the association of SS with malignancy is well-documented, the connection of sweet syndrome and solid tumors especially breast cancers is not explored enough. It is important to understand these associations better understand the disease course of SS in the setting of breast cancer. We aim to examine the different triggers, subtypes of breast cancer associated with SS, and differences in presentation and resolution time. Methods: A literature review from 1/1950-11/2023 was conducted for co-existing diagnoses of BC and SS in the PubMed Database. Search terms included Sweet Syndrome or Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis with Breast Cancer with subtypes. Key outcomes included: trigger identification, breast cancer subtypes, and treatment options. Findings were analyzed via a thematic lens. Results: A total of 34 cases of female BC patients with SS were identified with triggers divided into subtypes of surgery (47%), medication (20%), paraneoplastic (20%), and radiation therapy (11%). Depending on the trigger, average time to presentation varied with drug-triggered being the shortest (3.3 months) followed by radiation (8.5 months) while surgery (50 months) and paraneoplastic- associated (57 months) had similar presentation times. Although the time to presentation time for paraneoplastic-associated SS was the longest, 50% of these cases were associated with underlying progression of cancer. Regarding treatment and resolution time, 26 cases of SS resolved after treatment with treatment mainstay including oral (65%) and topical (12%) steroids. Analyzing triggers specific treatment outcomes, drug (2.7 days) and radiation-induced SS (7 days) had shorter average resolution times while paraneoplastic- associated (10.5 days) and surgery-associated SS (18.5 days) had longer resolution times. 5 cases that documented initial relapse or recurrence of SS after initial treatment were associated with paraneoplastic –induced sweet syndrome. On further analysis, among the 15 cases mentioned the BC type associated with SS- the most common breast cancer subtype was invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (47%) followed by metastatic carcinoma (20%), adenocarcinoma (13%) and invasive lobular carcinoma (6%), canalicular breast carcinoma (6%) and unspecified malignant tumor of the breast (6%) regardless of the trigger mentioned. Conclusions: Oncologists should always consider SS on the differential for BC patients presenting with fever and rash given the varied presentation times depending on type of trigger. Treatment should be started promptly and continued for an adequate amount of time depending on the trigger to better mitigate complications in breast cancer patients.
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Kannukene, Angela, Carola Orrego, Margus Lember, Anneli Uusküla, and Kaja Põlluste. "Estonian adverse events study for multimorbid patients using Estonian Trigger Tool (MUPETT—MUltimorbid Patients—Estonian Trigger Tool). Development of Estonian trigger tool for multimorbid patients. A study protocol for mixed-methods study." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 16, 2023): e0280200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280200.
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Introduction It is widely recognized that providing healthcare may produce harm to the patient. Different approaches have been developed to measure the burden of adverse events (AEs) to plan and measure the effects of interventions. One of the most widely used instruments is the Trigger Tool, which has previously been modified to be used on various settings and translated into many languages. Multimorbidity complicates care and may increase the number of AEs patients experience. Currently there is no instrument designed to measure AEs in multimorbid patients. In Estonia, there is currently no validated instrument to measure the burden of AEs. Aims The aim of this study will be evaluating the characteristics and ocurrence of AEs in multimorbid patients in hospitalised internal medicine patients of Estonia, and describes the development of a trigger tool for this purpose. Methods and analysis We will search for the evidence on measuring AEs in the population of multimorbid patients focusing on trigger tools, and synthesize the data. Data collection of the triggers from the literature will be followed by translating triggers from English to Estonian. An expert multidisciplinary panel will select the suitable triggers for this population. Trigger tool will be pre-tested to assess agreement among professionals and usability of the tool. Validation will be done using 90 medical records. A cross-sectional study in internal medicine departments of two Estonian tertiary care hospitals will be performed to identify the frequency and characteristics of AEs in 960 medical records. We will also provide preventability potential and influencing factors. Dissemination Results will be disseminated to healthcare providers and stakeholders at national and international conferences, and as a doctoral medical thesis.
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Petráš, Marek, Ivana Králová Lesná, Jana Dáňová, and Alexander M. Čelko. "Can Vaccination Trigger Autoimmune Disorders? A Meta-Analysis." Vaccines 9, no. 8 (July 25, 2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080821.
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Vaccination as an important tool in the fight against infections has been suggested as a possible trigger of autoimmunity over the last decades. To confirm or refute this assumption, a Meta-analysis of Autoimmune Disorders Association With Immunization (MADAWI) was conducted. Included in the meta-analysis were a total of 144 studies published in 1968–2019 that were available in six databases and identified by an extensive literature search conducted on 30 November 2019. The risk of bias classification of the studies was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The strength of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. While our primary analysis was conducted in terms of measures of association employed in studies with a low risk of bias, the robustness of the MADAWI outcome was tested using measures independent of each study risk of bias. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed to determine the stability of the outcome. The pooled association of 0.99 (95% confidence interval, 0.97–1.02), based on a total of 364 published estimates, confirmed an equivalent occurrence of autoimmune disorders in vaccinated and unvaccinated persons. The same level of association reported by studies independently of the risk of bias was supported by a sufficient number of studies, and no serious limitation, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias. A sensitivity analysis did not reveal any discrepancy in the primary result. Current common vaccination is not the cause of any of the examined autoimmune disorders in the medium and long terms.
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Minesawa, George V., Eiichi Sasaki, and Hisada Suganuma. "Trigger Analysis for Wireless Bridge Earthquake Monitoring System." IABSE Symposium Report 104, no. 5 (May 13, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137815815775781.
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Widhigdo, Jessica Christina. "Smartphones Trigger Depression: A Review of Meta Analysis." PSIKODIMENSIA 19, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24167/psidim.v19i1.2230.
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Silman, Alan J. "EPIDENIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF TRIGGER FACTORS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS." Clinical Experimental Allergy 23, s1 (February 1993): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb02940.x.
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Fendler, Wojciech, Danuta Roman-Liu, Tomasz Tokarski, Radoslaw Romanczuk, and Wojciech Mlynarski. "Trigger Matters: An Ergonomy Analysis of Insulin Pens." Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 17, no. 3 (March 2015): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/dia.2014.0177.
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Smith, M. J. S. "On the circuit analysis of the Schmitt trigger." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 23, no. 1 (1988): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4.293.
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Nolan, John P., and Samuel A. Stoner. "A trigger channel threshold artifact in nanoparticle analysis." Cytometry Part A 83A, no. 3 (January 18, 2013): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.22255.
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Hanhardt, Christina B., Jasbir K. Puar, Neel Ahuja, Paul Amar, Aniruddha Dutta, Fatima El-Tayeb, Kwame Holmes, and Sherene Seikaly. "Beyond Trigger Warnings." Social Text 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01642472-8680438.
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This roundtable asks what queer studies might offer to an analysis of debates on campus safety. New approaches in queer studies take as their object of study not only sex and gender but also the cultural politics of liberalism; in turn, scholarship on the geopolitics of injury demonstrates the situatedness of both identity and economic forms. Brought together, these scholarly approaches provide an important lens on many of the contradictions of contemporary college campuses. Rendering classrooms and other places on campus as intrinsically embedded in global relations of militarization, securitization, dispossession, and risk management, “safe space” is elaborated in this roundtable in material, administrative, and pragmatic terms: from the conceptualization of alert systems to the racialized fears driving insurance calculations for international study programs to the struggles over academic freedom and student organizing.
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Kim, Ki-tae. "International Worker Patients’ Directive Speech Acts in Intercultural Consultations." Studies in Modern Grammar 114 (June 25, 2022): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14342/smog.2022.114.21.
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The present study investigated international worker patients’ English directive speech acts in their intercultural consultations with domestic doctors at three institutions in the Republic of Korea. Special attention was paid to the patient-initiated directives at the treatment or advice phase and to the discursive links that they triggered. The factors considered included the overall process across the individual sessions, the diachronic continuity (or lack thereof) of the sessions, and the intertextuality or intratextuality of the links as well as the directness of the speech act in question. Close qualitative analysis led to the identification of (at least) four discursive links that the patients’ directives triggered:
ㆍDirect directives that trigger a link to all sessions in general
ㆍDirect directives that trigger a link only to the immediate follow-up session
ㆍNon-direct directives that trigger a link to a discourse unrelated to the current session
ㆍNon-direct directives that trigger both intertextual and intratextual links simultaneously
Each was closely compared and contrasted to each other and to those in Černý’s (2007, 2017) intracultural consultations. Discussions and limitations were also discussed.
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Qasaimeh, Omar. "Analysis of Quantum Dot Vertical Cavity Semiconductor Optical Amplifier with Saturable Absorber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 850 (August 2016): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.850.100.
Full textAbstract:
We analyze the bistable characteristics of quantum dot vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifier integrated with saturable absorber. The device demonstrates bistable characteristics in the input-output powers which can be controlled by changing the voltage of the saturable absorber. We observe that the lower trigger level is more sensitive to variation of the absorption coefficient of the saturable absorber than that of upper trigger level. For clockwise and butterfly loops, we find that the upper and lower trigger levels increase as the absorption coefficient increases, and consequently the hysteresis width decreases. For counter clockwise, the upper and lower trigger levels decrease as the absorption coefficient increases and the corresponding hysteresis width increases.