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Journal articles on the topic 'Trifolium'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Josic, Dragana, Bogic Milicic, Snezana Mladenovic-Drinic, and Mirjana Jarak. "Genodiversity of dominant Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii isolated from 11 types of soil in Serbia." Genetika 40, no. 2 (2008): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0802179j.

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Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii is microsymbiont Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens, which are very important legumes in Serbia. The natural nodulating population of those bacteria was collected and estimated biodiversity distribution by monitoring dominant genotypes of these bacteria. The population of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii were collected from 50 marked locations of 11 types of soil in Serbia. 437 natural isolates, rescued from nodules of Trifolium repens or Trifolium pratense, were analyzed by phenotypic approach. We obtained 156 different isolates on the basis of differences in their IAR - intrinsic antibiotic resistance (five antibiotics) and HMT- heavy methal tolerance (five heavy metals). We investigated 56 dominant isolates with more than three differences in IAR-HMT patterns by REP-PCR and RAPD fingerprinting (AP10 and SPH 1 primers). The results showed genodiversity of dominant Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii field isolates and offered the possibility to assess their changes on marked locations during time and under different environmental conditions and geographical distribution.

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2

Thompson, J. D., R. Turkington, and F. B. Holl. "The influence of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. trifolii on the growth and neighbour relationships of Trifolium repens and three grasses." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-040.

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Trifolium repens was sampled from 10 areas dominated by each of Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, and Lolium perenne in each of three different-aged pastures. Cell extracts of nodule isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. trifolii were compared using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Each pasture contained a range of Rhizobium strains as defined by the protein profiles. No single strain was common to Trifolium sampled from the same grass species neighbourhood. The diversity of Rhizobium strains encountered was negatively correlated (r = −0.67; n = 9) with pasture age; old pastures showed a decrease in strain diversity. In addition, in the oldest pasture (45-year-old), tillers of the associated grasses were also sampled. In a glasshouse, ramets from each Trifolium clone and each of the three grass species were grown in all possible combinations with each of the three Rhizobium strains, plus Trifolium monocultures and an uninoculated control. All Trifolium clones gave increased yield in mixture with Lolium compared with yields with Dactylis and Holcus. Trifolium from the Holcus patches, in most cases, had higher yield than Trifolium from other grass patches. Rhizobium inoculation did not consistently increase Trifolium yield; it actually caused a decrease in yield when in mixture with Lolium. A significant Rhizobium × Trifolium interaction indicated a variable performance of each Trifolium genotype with different Rhizobium strains. The identity of the Trifolium clone had a significant effect on the yield of Holcus and Lolium, but not Dactylis. Total mixture yields were highest when Trifolium from a Lolium patch was part of the mixture. These results are discussed in the context of the hypothesis that Trifolium–grass coexistence is significantly influenced by Rhizobium strain differences.

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3

Chanway, C. P., F. B. Holl, and R. Turkington. "Specificity of association between Bacillus isolates and genotypes of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens from a grass – legume pasture." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 1126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-142.

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Specificity between plants and associated rhizosphere bacteria was investigated using species and genotypic mixtures of Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) and Trifolium repens L. (white clover) inoculated with Bacillus strains isolated from rhizosphere soil of the pasture plants. The genotypic identity of plants was controlled by using stolon tips (Trifolium) and tillers (Lolium) of three genotypes of each species collected from a 45-year-old permanent pasture. Inoculation of plants in the greenhouse with Bacillus isolates that had coexisted in the field with the Lolium component of a Lolium–Trifolium mixture increased Lolium root and shoot weight. Root and nodule weight of Trifolium in mixture regardless of its genotype was also higher when coexistent Bacillus–Lolium combinations were present. The presence of other coexistent Bacillus–plant or plant–plant combinations did not enhance performance of either pasture species. The identity of the Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strains that formed Trifolium root nodules was unaffected by inoculation with Bacillus. Key words: Trifolium repens, Lolium perenne, Bacillus, specificity, rhizosphere, yield.

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4

Muñoz Rodríguez, Adolfo. "Trifolium Sect. Trifolium. II. Estudio cariológico." Acta Botanica Malacitana 18 (December 1, 1993): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v18i.8982.

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Se estudian desde el punto de vista cariológico las especies peninsulares del género Trifolium pertenecientes a la sect. Trifolium. Se aporta el número cromosómico y la morfología de los cromosomas, tamaño y asimetría, para 25 especies, y se discuten los resultado en base a la sistemática, ciclo de vida y distribución, teniendo en cuenta la bibliografía consultada. Para las especies estudiadas se comparan los índices de asimetría de Stebbins y Romero.

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5

MERKER, ARNULF. "Hybrids between Trifolium medium and Trifolium pratense." Hereditas 101, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1984.tb00927.x.

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6

MERKER, ARNULF. "Amphidiploids between Trifolium alpestre and Trifolium pratense." Hereditas 108, no. 2 (February 14, 2008): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1988.tb00312.x.

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7

YOUSEFI, SOMAYEH, HOJJATOLLAH SAEIDI, HOSEIN MAROOFI, MOSTAFA ASSADI, and HIVA GHADERI. "Trifolium kurdistanicum (Trifolieae, Fabaceae), a new species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium from Iran." Phytotaxa 297, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.297.2.10.

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Trifolium kurdistanicum, a new species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium from Kurdistan Province, west of Iran is described. It grows at high altitude on subalpine regions with steep slopes and shallow soil. The new species is morphologically close to T. longidentatum and can be considered as a member of the subsect. Ochroleuca. Trifolium kurdistanicum is characterized by large, multiple and branched stems, less than half of the stipule length adnate to the petiole, inflorescences without bracts, calyx with 3-nerved lower and 1-nerved upper teeth and all slightly longer than the tube, calyx nearly half the length of corolla, flowers violet or rarely white and seeds reniform.

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8

Nichols, S. N., R. W. Hofmann, and W. M. Williams. "Drought resistance of Trifolium repens×Trifolium uniflorum interspecific hybrids." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 9 (2014): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14067.

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White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a widely used and highly valued temperate legume; however, its productivity and survival are restricted under dryland and drought conditions. This study investigated whether drought resistance of white clover could be improved by interspecific hybridisation with Trifolium uniflorum L. After almost 4 months without irrigation in a rain-shelter facility, shoot dry weight (DW) decreased significantly less in first-generation backcross (BC1) hybrids (–47%) than second-generation backcross (BC2) hybrids (–68%) and white clover (–69%). Stolon morphological parameters such as internode length and leaf lamina area also decreased less under water stress in the BC1 hybrids than in BC2 and white clover. There was also lower senescence in BC1 under water stress than in the other clover types. Genotypes with smaller changes in leaf lamina area, internode length, senescence and lateral spread had smaller changes in shoot DW, and there were significant correlations between constitutive levels of some characteristics and the effect of water stress on shoot DW. Under water stress, the growth form of the BC1 hybrids was compact, dense and prostrate, whereas white clover was more spreading and open. Increased allocation of dry matter to roots under drought, and greater root diameter, may also have influenced the ability of BC1 hybrids to maintain water uptake and key physiological processes. Overall, the data confirm that the drought resistance of white clover can be improved through hybridisation with T. uniflorum.

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9

NOVIKOVA, T. I. "INFLUENCE OF NATURAL PHENOLS ON TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE-RHIZOBIUM TRIFOLII SYMBIOSIS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 381 (December 1994): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.381.55.

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10

Barneby, Rupert C., Michael Zohary, and David Heller. "The Genus Trifolium." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 112, no. 1 (January 1985): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996113.

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11

Gillett, J. B., Michael Zohary, and David Heller. "The Genus Trifolium." Kew Bulletin 42, no. 1 (1987): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4109925.

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12

S., F. A., M. Zohary, and D. Heller. "The Genus Trifolium." Taxon 34, no. 2 (May 1985): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1221838.

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13

Larsen, Kai. "The Genus Trifolium." Nordic Journal of Botany 5, no. 5 (March 25, 2008): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1985.tb01677.x.

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14

Kazimierski, T., and E. M. Kazimierska. "Badania mieszańców w rodzaju Trifolium L. I. Sterylny mieszaniec Trifolium repens L. × T. xerocephalum Frenzl. [Investigations of hybrids of the genus Trifolium L. I. Sterile hybrid Trifolium repens L. × Trifolium xerocephalum Frenzl.]." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 37, no. 4 (2015): 549–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1968.047.

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15

Valverde, Angel, Encarna Velázquez, Félix Fernández-Santos, Nieves Vizcaíno, Raúl Rivas, Pedro F. Mateos, Eustoquio Martínez-Molina, José Mariano Igual, and Anne Willems. "Phyllobacterium trifolii sp. nov., nodulating Trifolium and Lupinus in Spanish soils." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 1985–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63551-0.

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Bacterial strain PETP02T was isolated from nodules of Trifolium pratense growing in a Spanish soil. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that this strain represents a member of the genus Phyllobacterium. However, divergence found with the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the single recognized species of this genus, Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum, indicated that strain PETP02T belongs to a different species. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization, phenotypic tests and fatty acid analyses confirmed that this strain represents a novel species of the genus Phyllobacterium, for which the name Phyllobacterium trifolii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PETP02T (=LMG 22712T=CECT 7015T). This strain was strictly aerobic and used several carbohydrates as carbon source. It was not able to reduce nitrate. Aesculin hydrolysis was negative. It did not produce urease, arginine dihydrolase, gelatinase or β-galactosidase. The DNA G+C content was 56·4 mol%. The nodD gene of this strain showed a sequence closely related to those of strains able to nodulate Lupinus. Infectivity tests showed that this strain is able to produce nodules in both Trifolium repens and Lupinus albus.

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16

Hilligardt, Matthias. "Durchsetzungs- und Reproduktionsstrategien bei Trifolium pallescens Schreb. und Trifolium thalii Vill." Flora 188 (1993): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-2530(17)32263-6.

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17

Boyle, Paige E., Michelle M. Wisdom, and Michael D. Richardson. "Testing Flowering Perennial Plants in a Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) Lawn." HortScience 55, no. 10 (October 2020): 1642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15197-20.

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Most pollinating insects require a season-long succession of floral resources to fulfill life-cycle requirements. Incorporating forbs into turfgrass sites may create a season-long sequence of flowers to support foraging pollinators. However, persistence of forbs in warm-season turfgrasses such as bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) may be affected by the competitive nature of the turfgrass and routine management practices such as mowing. A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate seven forbs (Bellis perennis L., Lotus corniculatus L., Prunella vulgaris L., Trifolium fragiferum L. ‘Fresa’, Trifolium repens L. ‘Durana’ and ‘Resolute’, Trifolium subterraneum L.) for persistence and ability to produce floral resources for pollinating insects in a low maintenance bermudagrass lawn. Plugs of each species were incorporated into ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass in Apr. 2016. Vegetative cover, flower production, flowering period and pollinator foraging were assessed. Prunella vulgaris bloomed July through August and achieved 100% cover (0% bermudagrass) by 2017. Trifolium repens achieved a more balanced competitive density with the bermudagrass and produced flowers from June through August in both years. Trifolium fragiferum persisted over two growing seasons but only bloomed in 2017. Bellis perennis, Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium subterraneum did not persist. Pollinators were observed foraging on all persistent, flowering forbs, including Trifolium repens, Prunella vulgaris, and Trifolium fragiferum. Trifolium repens and Prunella vulgaris produced the most flowers and attracted the most pollinators.

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18

Beale, PE, M. Bounejmate, A. Lahlou, DB Marx, and S. Christiansen. "Distribution of annual Trifolium species in Morocco." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 6 (1993): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931303.

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An ecogeographic survey was conducted in six key agricultural zones in Morocco to study the abundance and the relationship between the natural distribution of annual Trifolium species and environmental factors. Sixteen species of annual Trifolium species were identified. Most prolific was T. scabrum and the least were T. striatum and T. bocconei. Fifty-five percent of the sites had no Trifolium and the average number of species per site was 2.2. An average seed yield of 4.8 kg ha-1 was obtained. Both soil and climatic factors affected the occurrence of Trifolium species. Rainfall, pH and phosphorus content were the most determinant factors affecting the distribution of Trifolium species in Morocco.

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19

Sakamoto, Shiho, Sanae Kofuji, Masanori Kuroyanagi, Akira Ueno, and Setsuko Sekita. "Saponins from Trifolium repens." Phytochemistry 31, no. 5 (May 1992): 1773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83145-o.

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20

Krupko, S. "Megasporogenesis and development of the embryo sac in the Palestine variety of Trifolium alexandrinum L." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 42, no. 4 (2015): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1973.048.

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The structure and development of the embryo sac in <i>Trifolium alexandrinum</i> (Palestine variety), are very similar to that in <i>Trifolium pratense</i>. The embryo sac of <i>Trifolium alexandrinum</i> is monosporal, has eight nuclei and is of the <i>Polygonum</i> type. The Palestine variety of <i>Trifolium alexandrinum</i> can be autogamous.

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21

Bolland, M. D. A. "Utilization of phosphorus fertilizer residues by Trifolium balansae compared with Trifolium subterraneum." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26, no. 13-14 (July 1995): 2253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369444.

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22

Roderick, H. W. "The infection of white clover (Trifolium repens) by conidia of Cymadothea trifolii." Mycological Research 97, no. 2 (February 1993): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80245-1.

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23

Barbetti, M. J., and P. G. H. Nichols. "New sources of resistance in Trifolium subterraneum to rust (Uromyces trifolii-repentis)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 9 (2005): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04150.

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Fifty-seven genotypes, including 10 cultivars, of Trifolium subterraneum var. subterraneum and var. yanninicum were screened in the field for resistance to rust (Uromyces trifolii-repentis) using artificial inoculation. There was outstanding resistance among the var. yanninicum, types with all but 1 genotype showing no rust symptoms. Several var. subterraneum genotypes also showed only a low rust incidence (≤3.5 on a 0–10 scale) with little or no leaf collapse from rust infection, including 83S19–07, CPI 103906F, EP132Sub-E, 84S20–02, and 84S20–01. Several other lines had a significant incidence of rust, while little leaf collapse from the disease was evident. Several highly susceptible lines were identified, including cultivars Green Range, Seaton Park and York, all with 100% of leaves affected by rust and extensive leaf collapse. There was excellent positive correlation between rust incidence and leaf collapse across the genotypes tested (R2 = 0.91). The excellent rust resistance observed in the majority of var. yanninicum lines and the good resistance in some var. subterraneum lines, indicates that these are useful sources of resistance that can be exploited, either directly as new cultivars to minimise leaf collapse from this disease or as parents in breeding programmes to develop more rust-resistant cultivars.

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24

Barbetti, MJ, and PGH Nichols. "Field resistance in Trifolium subterraneum to Uromyces trifolii-repentis and Cercospora zebrina." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 8 (1994): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9941131.

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Advanced, early-midseason breeding lines and overseas introductions of Trifolium subterraneum var. subterraneum and var. yanninicum were screened for resistance to rust (Uromyces trifolii-repentis) and cercospora (Cercospora zebrina) diseases in field 'miniswards', and their performances compared with appropiate control varieties. The reaction to each disease varied between genotypes. The most rust-resistant within var. subterraneum were CPI 89848D, CPI 89840A, and 76S40-6, all with final incidence scores of <5.5 on a 0-10 scale (0, no disease; 10, >90% leaves affected). On the basis of rust-induced leaf collapse, CPI 89848D, 76840-6, CPI 89838G, CPI 89840A, Areces 1, and B x D 15A Black-8 were the most resistant of var. subterraneum, with scores of 0-0.5 on a 0-5 scale. Except for CPI 39314YB, var. yanninicum was very resistant to rust, with rust incidence scores of 0.6-3. Lines 76Y51-31, 76Y52-3, 76Y51-28.2, and 76Y51-25 had the best resistance, with end-of-season incidence scores of 0.6-1.4. Except for 76Y51-27, there was no leaf collapse from rust in var. yanninicum. For cercospora disease, the most resistant lines within var. subterraneum were CPI 89838G, 75811-7, 76340-6, and CPI 89841E, with final incidence scores 51.5 on a 0-10 scale. Except for CPI 39314YB, var. yanninicum showed excellent resistance to cercospora disease, with end-of-season incidence scores 0.1-1.

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25

Hodgson, Adrian L. M., William P. Roberts, and John S. Waid. "Regulated modulation of Trifolium subterraneum inoculated with bacteriocinproducing strains of Rhizobium trifolii." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 17, no. 4 (January 1985): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(85)90012-4.

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26

Lukjanová, Eliška, and Jana Řepková. "Chromosome and Genome Diversity in the Genus Trifolium (Fabaceae)." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112518.

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Trifolium L. is an economically important genus that is characterized by variable karyotypes relating to its ploidy level and basic chromosome numbers. The advent of genomic resources combined with molecular cytogenetics provides an opportunity to develop our understanding of plant genomes in general. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge on Trifolium genomes and chromosomes and review methodologies using molecular markers that have contributed to Trifolium research. We discuss possible future applications of cytogenetic methods in research on the Trifolium genome and chromosomes.

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27

Choi, In-Su, Tracey A. Ruhlman, and Robert K. Jansen. "Comparative Mitogenome Analysis of the Genus Trifolium Reveals Independent Gene Fission of ccmFn and Intracellular Gene Transfers in Fabaceae." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21061959.

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The genus Trifolium is the largest of the tribe Trifolieae in the subfamily Papilionoideae (Fabaceae). The paucity of mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences has hindered comparative analyses among the three genomic compartments of the plant cell (nucleus, mitochondrion and plastid). We assembled four mitogenomes from the two subgenera (Chronosemium and Trifolium) of the genus. The four Trifolium mitogenomes were compact (294,911–348,724 bp in length) and contained limited repetitive (6.6–8.6%) DNA. Comparison of organelle repeat content highlighted the distinct evolutionary trajectory of plastid genomes in a subset of Trifolium species. Intracellular gene transfer (IGT) was analyzed among the three genomic compartments revealing functional transfer of mitochondrial rps1 to nuclear genome along with other IGT events. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial and nuclear rps1 sequences revealed that the functional transfer in Trifolieae was independent from the event that occurred in robinioid clade that includes genus Lotus. A novel, independent fission event of ccmFn in Trifolium was identified, caused by a 59 bp deletion. Fissions of this gene reported previously in land plants were reassessed and compared with Trifolium.

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28

Xiong, Yanli, Yi Xiong, Jun He, Qingqing Yu, Junming Zhao, Xiong Lei, Zhixiao Dong, et al. "The Complete Chloroplast Genome of Two Important Annual Clover Species, Trifolium alexandrinum and T. resupinatum: Genome Structure, Comparative Analyses and Phylogenetic Relationships with Relatives in Leguminosae." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040478.

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Trifolium L., which belongs to the IR lacking clade (IRLC), is one of the largest genera in the Leguminosae and contains several economically important fodder species. Here, we present whole chloroplast (cp) genome sequencing and annotation of two important annual grasses, Trifolium alexandrinum (Egyptian clover) and T. resupinatum (Persian clover). Abundant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (In/Dels) were discovered between those two species. Global alignment of T. alexandrinum and T. resupinatum to a further thirteen Trifolium species revealed a large amount of rearrangement and repetitive events in these fifteen species. As hypothetical cp open reading frame (ORF) and RNA polymerase subunits, ycf1 and rpoC2 in the cp genomes both contain vast repetitive sequences and observed high Pi values (0.7008, 0.3982) between T. alexandrinum and T. resupinatum. Thus they could be considered as the candidate genes for phylogenetic analysis of Trifolium species. In addition, the divergence time of those IR lacking Trifolium species ranged from 84.8505 Mya to 4.7720 Mya. This study will provide insight into the evolution of Trifolium species.

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29

Irwin, JAG, and RD Davis. "Taxonomy of Some Leptosphaerulina Spp. On Legumes in Eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 2 (1985): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850233.

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Leptosphaerulina argentinensis was identified from Stylosanthes guianensis, L. arachidicola from Arachis hypogea and L. trifolii from Medicago sativa, M. polymorpha var. vulgaris and Trifolium repens in eastern Australia. Characters of the ascospores which were expressed consistently in pure culture and allowed species separation were shape, size and the number of transverse septa. Ascospores of L. argentinensis are predominantly 5-septate while those of L. trifolii and L. arachidicola are predominantly 3-4-septate. While L. argentinensis and L. trifolii always produce elliptical ascospores, those of L. arachidicola are dimorphic, being both cylindrical and elliptical. Two other species, L. Australis and L. briosiana:, are considered to be synonyms of L. trifolii. L. argentinensis was pathogenic to S. gulanensis only whereas L. trifolii was pathogenic to M. sativa, M. polymorpha and T. repens.

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30

Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Joanna, Beata Olas, Joanna Malinowska, Barbara Wachowicz, Barbara Moniuszko-Szajwaj, Iwona Kowalska, Wieslaw Oleszek, and Anna Stochmal. "Trifolium pallidum and Trifolium scabrum extracts in the protection of human plasma components." Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 35, no. 2 (January 19, 2013): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11239-012-0792-9.

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31

Falistocco, Egizia, Gianpiero Marconi, and Mario Falcinelli. "Comparative cytogenetic study on Trifolium subterraneum (2n = 16) and Trifolium israeliticum (2n = 12)." Genome 56, no. 6 (June 2013): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2013-0055.

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Changes in chromosome number have played an important role in the evolution of the genus Trifolium. Along with a few species of polyploid origin there are several cases of dysploidy as evidenced by the presence of four basic chromosome numbers (x = 8, 7, 6, 5). Trifolium subterraneum and Trifolium israeliticum are related species with chromosome complements 2n = 16 and 2n = 12, respectively. Although they represent an interesting case of speciation based on chromosome number reduction, no attempts to demonstrate their cytogenetic affinity have been carried out to date. With this study we performed a comparative cytogenetic study with the purpose of clarifying the evolutionary relationship between these species and to verify whether genomic rearrangements, other than modification of the chromosome number, are associated with the speciation process. Although karyomorphological analysis supports the hypothesis that chromosome rearrangements had a role in the reduction of the chromosome number, the physical mapping of the rDNA sequences revealed a significant remodelling of the 45S and 5S rDNA sites that greatly contributed to the differentiation of the 2n = 16 and 2n = 12 karyotypes. The nucleotide analysis of 5S rDNA repeats confirmed that the two species are related but constitute distinct entities. The observed genomic changes lead to the hypothesis that the 2n = 12 species is the result of an evolutionary pathway that passed through intermediate forms. It cannot be excluded that the most direct ancestor of T. israeliticum is a species with 2n = 14.

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32

Nichols, S. N., R. W. Hofmann, W. M. Williams, and J. R. Crush. "Nutrient responses and macronutrient composition of some Trifolium repens×Trifolium uniflorum interspecific hybrids." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 4 (2014): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13446.

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Interspecific hybridisation is being utilised in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) breeding programs to overcome factors currently restricting productivity and persistence. Valuable new traits that may be introduced from the wild relative T. uniflorum include root characteristics and other adaptations to its natural, Mediterranean habitat. This study examined the effect of hybridisation on growth and macronutrient composition of white clover compared with T. uniflorum and T. repens × T. uniflorum backcross 1 (BC1) hybrids in two glasshouse sand culture experiments. Shoot and root dry weights of BC1 hybrids were greater than of white clover in low-concentration nutrient treatments but not in a more concentrated treatment. Decreases in dry weight with decreasing nutrient treatment strength were also smaller for some BC1 hybrids compared with white clover and other hybrid families. Most foliar macronutrient levels were adequate for white clover growth, but mean shoot or leaf phosphorus (P) concentrations were below published critical levels. Higher dry matter production under these low internal P concentrations suggests that some T. repens × T. uniflorum BC1 hybrids may be more tolerant of lower soil P levels than white clover. Such adaptations are likely to have been inherited from T. uniflorum. However, transgressive segregation may also be occurring, as T. uniflorum was larger than white clover in some, but not all, cases of low nutrient supply.

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33

Abberton, M. T., J. H. MacDuff, A. H. Marshall, and T. P. T. Michaelson-Yeates. "Nitrogen Fixation by Hybrids of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) and Trifolium nigrescens." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 183, no. 1 (July 1999): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00309.x.

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34

Kahurananga, J. "Intercropping Ethiopian Trifolium Species with Wheat." Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 4 (October 1991): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700019359.

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SUMMARYTrials were conducted in 1987 and 1988 to test methods of intercropping annual Ethiopian clovers, Trifolium spp, with wheat. Several different clover varieties, sowing methods, plant spacings, planting dates and rates of phosphorus application were compared. Planting in single or double alternative rows 20 cm apart did not affect wheat grain and straw yield but broadcast sowing of Trifolium in wheat rows 20 cm apart reduced wheat yield. The Trifolium species used significantly affected legume yield. Phosphorus fertilizer increased yield significantly, especially that of the legume component. The trials indicated that the intercropping of Ethiopian clovers in wheat has potential under African highland conditions.Siembra simultanea de trigo/ Trifolium en Etiopía

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35

Arnold, GW, and GW Anderson. "The influence of nitrogen level, rainfall, seed pools, and pasture biomass on the botanical composition of annual pastures." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 2 (1987): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870339.

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The influence of nitrogen level, rainfall, seed pools and pasture biomass on the botanical composition of annual pastures was examined over five years at two sites at Baker's Hill in the south-west of Western Australia. At the first site a pasture that had declined in content of Trifolium subterraneum to 5% remained at this level over five years when receiving 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer. On plots not receiving nitrogen fertilizer, but grazed to the same level, Trifolium seedling numbers in autumn increased from 5 dm-2 to a maximum of 60 dm-2, but Trifolium content of the pastures in October only increased to 15%. At the second site, established pasture was resown to different annual pasture species. Plots resown to Trifolium had 30% of Trifolium in October of the reseeding year, but only 5% three years later. Trifolium seedling numbers in autumn were >70 dm-2 in three of four years. The Trifolium was replaced by Arctotheca calendula. Plots sown to Arctotheca maintained c. 50% of this species, whilst plots sown to Erodium botrys also maintained a high level of this species but had very little Arctotheca. Plots sown to the grass Lasiochloa echinata developed a progressively higher content of Arctotheca. Annual grasses (Bromus diandrus, Vulpia myuros, Hordeum leporinum and Lolium rigidum) occurred in all plots, but their contents showed no specific trend with time. The major species were found to have different adaptive characteristics. Whilst seedling number in autumn was a major determinant of the content of a species in the pastures in August, Trifolium content was enhanced by high autumn rainfall and low winter biomass. The contribution of each Trifolium seedling to clover content in August was much less than that of each Arctotheca seedling to the capeweed content at that time. The pasture composition in October was mainly determined by cornposirim in August, although heavy rain in October favoured Arctotheca and light rain favoured the grass species.

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36

Simon, Uwe K., Robert Bauer, and Franz Oberwinkler. "The Unique Cellular Interaction between the Leaf Pathogen Cymadothea trifolii and Trifolium repens." Mycologia 96, no. 6 (November 2004): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3762136.

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37

Reeve, Wayne, Vanessa Melino, Julie Ardley, Rui Tian, Sofie De Meyer, Jason Terpolilli, Ravi Tiwari, et al. "Genome sequence of the Trifolium rueppellianum -nodulating Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain WSM2012." Standards in Genomic Sciences 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2013): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4056/sigs.4528262.

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38

Simon, Uwe K., Robert Bauer, and Franz Oberwinkler. "The unique cellular interaction between the leaf pathogen Cymadothea trifolii and Trifolium repens." Mycologia 96, no. 6 (November 2004): 1209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2005.11832869.

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39

J Bassam, Brant, and Peter M Gresshofr. "Use of Neomycin for Preferential Selection against Rhizobium trifolii in Symbiosis with White Clover (Trifolium repens)." Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 39, no. 1 (1986): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bi9860023.

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Symbiotic parameters were tested on neomycin-containing media with antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant Rhizobium trifolii inoculants. Neomycin and kanamycin have similar inhibitory effects on R. trifolii, either antibiotic inhibiting growth at concentrations of 50 mg/!. Transposon Tn5 conferred kanlllTlycin and neomycin resistance to R. trifolii allowing growth on media supplemented with antibiotic *p to concentrations of 400 mg/!. Differential inhibition of nitrate-grown white clover (Trifolium repens) plants in an axenic culture system (Petri plates) was observed in terms of dry weight accumulation and ~isual characteristics. Kanamycin at 50 mgll and neomycin at 200 mgll had similar inhibitory effects on plant growth. Symbiotic development by sensitive R. trifolii cells was severely inhibited by neomycin at concentrations between 50 and 100 mg/l. Plants nodulated by resistant R. trifolii strains maintained co~trol levels of nitrogen ilxation with neomycin concentrations up to 150 mg/!. Thus neomycin is propbsed to be useful as a selective agent against revertants which have lost transposon Tn5 in planta as well as ex planta.

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40

Small, Ernest. "REDUCTION OF URSIA TO TRIFOLIUM." TAXON 36, no. 3 (August 1987): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1221849.

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41

Nelsen, Jamie, Catherine Ulbricht, Ernie Paul Barrette, David Sollars Mac, Candy Tsouronis, Adrianne Rogers, Samuel Basch, Sadaf Hashmi, Steve Bent, and Ethan Basch. "Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) Monograph." Journal Of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 2, no. 3 (December 11, 2002): 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j157v02n03_06.

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42

Rumball, W., and R. B. Claydon. "‘G41 ‘ Zigzag clover(Trifolium mediumL.)." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 1 (January 2005): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2005.9513642.

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43

Nelsen, Jamie, Catherine Ulbricht, Ernie Paul Barrette, David Sollars Mac, Candy Tsouronis, Adrianne Rogers, Samuel Basch, Sadaf Hashmi, Steve Bent, and Ethan Basch. "Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) Monograph." Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 2, no. 3 (January 2002): 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j157v02n03_06.

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44

Fay, M. F., L. R. Mytton, and P. J. Dale. "Germplasm Assessment in Trifolium Species." Plant Breeding 106, no. 3 (April 1991): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1991.tb00505.x.

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45

Michaelson-Yeates, T. R. T. "Phosphoglucoisomerase variation in Trifolium repens." Genetica 70, no. 1 (August 1986): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00123214.

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46

Salah, M. K., and S. R. Morcos. "Studies on Trifolium alexandrinum Seeds." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A 14, no. 7 (May 13, 2010): 658–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1967.tb00268.x.

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47

Anderson, R. S., and A. T. Howden. "TYCHIUS MELILOTI STEPHENS NEW TO CANADA WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE SPECIES OF TYCHIUS GERMAR INTRODUCED INTO NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 6 (December 1994): 1363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1261363-6.

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AbstractFour species of Tychius have been introduced into North America from Europe: Tychius picirostris (Fabricius) (host plants: Trifolium spp.), widespread in North America; T. cuprifer (Panzer) (host plants: Trifolium spp., Teline monspessulana L.), known only from Maryland, USA; T. meliloti Stephens, new North American record (host plants: Melilotus spp.), known from scattered localities in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec, Canada; and T. stephensi Schoenherr (host plants: Trifolium spp.), widespread in North America. Keys to separate the species are presented.

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48

Ahmed, Hanan I. Sayed, Abdelfattah Badr, Hanaa H. El-Shazly, Linda Watson, Ahmed S. Fuoad, and Faten Y. Ellmouni. "Molecular Phylogeny of Trifolium L. Section Trifolium with Reference to Chromosome Number and Subsections Delimitation." Plants 10, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10101985.

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The genus Trifolium is one of the largest genera of the legume family Fabaceae with ca. 255 species. The genus is divided into eight sections; the section Trifolium is a major section of the genus, comprising 73 species mainly distributed in the Mediterranean region. We used nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and morphological variation to reconsider the delimitation and phylogenetic relationships of species in the section Trifolium with reference to chromosomal variations. Bayesian analysis of ITS data delimited the species as three clades based on the analysis of ITS sequence and informative indels in combination with morphological variation. The phylogeny of the species by different analyses methods does not support their current delimitation in 17 subsections. The basic chromosome number x = 8 is the number for the genus Trifolium, from which x = 7, 6 and 5 were derived through successive aneuploidy events. With reference to the distribution of these numbers in the species of the section Trifolium, species in clade III and clade II are more evolved than species in clade I.

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49

Shatskaya, N. V., V. S. Bogdanova, O. E. Kosterin, G. V. Vasiliev, A. K. Kimeklis, E. E. Andronov, and N. A. Provorov. "The plastid and mitochondrial genomes of Vavilovia Formosa (Stev.) Fed. and the phylogeny of related legume genera." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 23, no. 8 (January 10, 2020): 972–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj19.574.

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The plastid and mitochondrial genomes of Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed. were assembled on the base of the data of high-throughput sequencing of DNA isolated from a sample from North Osetia, Russia, using Illumina and PacBio platforms. The long PacBio reads were sufficient for reliable assembling organellar genomes while the short Illumina reads obtained from total DNA were unacceptable for this purpose because of substantial contamination by nuclear sequences. The organellar genomes were circular DNA molecules; the genome of mitochondria was represented by two circular chromosomes. A phylogenetic analysis on the basis of plastid genomes available in public databases was performed for some representatives of the tribes Fabeae, Trifolieae and Cicereae. As was expected, the V. formosa branch proved to be sister to the Pisum branch, and the tribe Fabeae was monophyletic. The position of Trifolium L. appeared sensitive to the phylogeny reconstruction method, either clustering with Fabeae or with the genera Medicago L., Trigonella L. and Melilotus Mill., but the internodes between successive divergences were short in all cases, suggesting that the radiation of Trifolium, other Trifolieae and Fabeae was fast, occurring within a small time interval as compared to further evolution of these lineages. The data on the relatedness of the plastid genomes of Trifolium and Fabeae correlate with the similarity of N2-fixing symbionts in these legumes represented by Rhizobium leguminosarum biovars trifolii and viciae, while the symbionts of Medicago, Melilotus and Trigonella belong to the Sinorhizobium meliloti and S. medicae species, which are distant from Rhizobium.

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Sachse, J. "Chemische Unterscheidungsmerkmale der Samen von Trifolium repens L. und Trifolium repens L. var. giganteum." Journal of Chromatography A 370 (January 1986): 520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94723-x.

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