Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trie Tree

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Trie Tree'

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Published: 14 December 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Trie Tree"

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Dorokhina, Galina. "Phoneme-by-Phoneme Speech Recognition as a Classification of Series on a Set of Sequences of Elements of Complex Objects Using an Improved Trie-Tree." Informatics and Automation 23, no. 6 (November 7, 2024): 1784–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/ia.23.6.8.

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Sequences, including vector sequences, are applicable in any subject domains. Sequences of scalar values or vectors (series) can be produced by higher-order sequences, for example: a series of states, or elements of complex objects. This academic paper is devoted to the application of an improved trie-tree in the classification of series on a set of sequences of elements of complex objects using the dynamic programming method. The implementation areas of dynamic programming have been considered. It has been shown that dynamic programming is adapted to multi-step operations of calculating additive (multiplicative) similarity/difference measures. It is argued that the improved trie-tree is applicable in the problem of classifying a series on a set of sequences of elements of complex objects using such similarity/difference measures. An analysis of hierarchical representations of sets of sequences has been performed. The advantages of the improved trie-tree over traditional representations of other highly branching trees have been described. A formal description of the improved trie-tree has been developed. An explanation has been given to the previously obtained data on a significant speed gain for operations of adding and deleting sequences in the improved trie-tree relative to the use of an array with an index table (24 and 380 times, respectively). The problem of phoneme-by-phoneme recognition of speech commands has been formulated as a problem of classifying series on a set of sequences of elements of complex objects and a method for its solving has been presented. A method for classifying a series on a set of sequences of elements of complex objects using the improved trie-tree is developed. The method has been studied using the example of phoneme-by-phoneme recognition with a hierarchical representation of the dictionary of speech command classes. In this method, recognition of speech commands is executed traversing the improved trie-tree that stores a set of transcriptions of speech commands – sequences of transcription symbols that denote classes of sounds. Numerical studies have shown that classifying a series as sequences of elements of complex objects increases the frequency of correct classification compared to classifying a series on a set of series, and using the improved trie-tree reduces the time spent on classification.
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SHI, Chang-qiong, Ming TANG, Da-fang ZHANG, and Kai-qing ZHOU. "Hash table based on Trie-tree." Journal of Computer Applications 30, no. 8 (September 7, 2010): 2193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2010.02193.

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Schmeißer, Josef, Maximilian E. Schüle, Viktor Leis, Thomas Neumann, and Alfons Kemper. "B2-Tree: Page-Based String Indexing in Concurrent Environments." Datenbank-Spektrum 22, no. 1 (February 21, 2022): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13222-022-00409-y.

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AbstractRecently proposed index structures, that combine trie-based and comparison-based search mechanisms, considerably improve retrieval throughput for in-memory database systems. However, most of these index structures allocate small memory chunks when required. This stands in contrast to block-based index structures, that are necessary for disk-accesses of beyond main-memory database systems such as Umbra. We therefore present the B2-tree. The outer structure is identical to that of an ordinary B+-tree. It still stores elements in a dense array in sorted order, enabling efficient range scan operations. However, B2-tree is composed of multiple trees, each page integrates another trie-based search tree, which is used to determine a small memory region where a sought entry may be found. An embedded tree thereby consists of decision nodes, which operate on a single byte at a time, and span nodes, which are used to store common prefixes. This architecture usually accesses fewer cache lines than a vanilla B+-tree as shown in our performance evaluation. As a result, the B2-tree answers point queries considerably faster. Concurrent access to B2-tree pages are managed by an optimistic locking protocol which results in high utilization of the available hardware resources. Our evaluation of read-write workloads attests more than competitive performance for the B2-tree compared to a traditional B+-tree.
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CARON, EDDY, FRÉDÉRIC DESPREZ, FRANCK PETIT, and CÉDRIC TEDESCHI. "SNAP-STABILIZING PREFIX TREE FOR PEER-TO-PEER SYSTEMS." Parallel Processing Letters 20, no. 01 (March 2010): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012962641000003x.

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Several factors still hinder the deployment of computational grids over large scale platforms. Among them, the resource discovery is one crucial issue. New approaches, based on peer-to-peer technologies, tackle this issue. Because they efficiently allow range queries, Tries (a.k.a., Prefix Trees) appear to be among promising ways in the design of distributed data structures indexing resources. Despite their lack of robustness in dynamic settings, trie-structured approaches outperform other peer-to-peer fashioned technologies by efficiently supporting range queries. Within recent trie-based approaches, the fault-tolerance is handled by preventive mechanisms, intensively using replication. However, replication can be very costly in terms of computing and storage resources and does not ensure the recovery of the system after arbitrary failures. Self-stabilization is an efficient approach in the design of reliable solutions for dynamic systems. It ensures a system to converge to its intended behavior, regardless of its initial state, in a finite time. A snap-stabilizing algorithm guarantees that it always behaves according to its specification, once the protocol is launched. In this paper, we provide the first snap-stabilizing protocol for trie construction. We design particular tries called Proper Greatest Common Prefix (PGCP) Tree. The proposed algorithm arranges the n label values stored in the tree, in average, in O(h + h′) rounds, where h and h′ are the initial and final heights of the tree, respectively. In the worst case, the algorithm requires an O(n) extra space on each node, O(n) rounds and O(n2) actions. However, simulations allow to state that this worst case is far from being reached and to confirm the average complexities, showing the practical efficiency of this protocol.
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Abdullah, Zailani, Tutut Herawan, A. Noraziah, and Mustafa Mat Deris. "A Scalable Algorithm for Constructing Frequent Pattern Tree." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 10, no. 1 (January 2014): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijiit.2014010103.

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Frequent Pattern Tree (FP-Tree) is a compact data structure of representing frequent itemsets. The construction of FP-Tree is very important prior to frequent patterns mining. However, there have been too limited efforts specifically focused on constructing FP-Tree data structure beyond from its original database. In typical FP-Tree construction, besides the prior knowledge on support threshold, it also requires two database scans; first to build and sort the frequent patterns and second to build its prefix paths. Thus, twice database scanning is a key and major limitation in completing the construction of FP-Tree. Therefore, this paper suggests scalable Trie Transformation Technique Algorithm (T3A) to convert our predefined tree data structure, Disorder Support Trie Itemset (DOSTrieIT) into FP-Tree. Experiment results through two UCI benchmark datasets show that the proposed T3A generates FP-Tree up to 3 magnitudes faster than that the benchmarked FP-Growth.
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Yang, Wen Chuan, Bei Jia, and Qing Yi Qu. "Research of an Improved Double-Array Trie Tree Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 2401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.2401.

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This paper presents an improved algorithm-iDAT, which is based on Double-Array Trie Tree for Chinese Word Segmentation Dictionary. Chinese word segmentation dictionary based on the Double-Array Trie Tree has higher efficiency of search, but the dynamic insertion will consume a lot of time. After initialization the original dictionary. We implement a Hash process to the empty sequence index values for base array. The final Hash table stores the sum of the empty sequence before the current empty sequence. This algorithm adopt Sunday jumps algorithm of Single Pattern Matching. With slightly and reasonable space cost increasing, iDAT reduces the average time complexity of the dynamic insertion process in Trie Tree. Practical results shows it has a good operation performance.
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KATAJAINEN, JYRKI, and ERKKI MÄKINEN. "TREE COMPRESSION AND OPTIMIZATION WITH APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 01, no. 04 (December 1990): 425–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054190000291.

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Different methods for compressing trees are surveyed and developed. Tree compression can be seen as a trade-off problem between time and space in which we can choose different strategies depending on whether we prefer better compression results or more efficient operations in the compressed structure. Of special interest is the case where space can be saved while preserving the functionality of the operations; this is called data optimization. The general compression scheme employed here consists of separate linearization of the tree structure and the data stored in the tree. Also some applications of the tree compression methods are explored. These include the syntax-directed compression of program files, the compression of pixel trees, trie compaction and dictionaries maintained as implicit data structures.
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LIU, Lixia, and Zhiqiang ZHANG. "Similar string search algorithm based on Trie tree." Journal of Computer Applications 33, no. 8 (November 1, 2013): 2375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2013.02375.

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Akulich, Mikita, Iztok Savnik, Matjaž Krnc, and Riste Škrekovski. "Multiset-Trie Data Structure." Algorithms 16, no. 3 (March 20, 2023): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16030170.

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This paper proposes a new data structure, multiset-trie, that is designed for storing and efficiently processing a set of multisets. Moreover, multiset-trie can operate on a set of sets without efficiency loss. The multiset-trie structure is a search tree with properties similar to those of a trie. It implements all standard search tree operations together with the multiset containment operations for searching sub-multisets and super-multisets. Suppose that we have a set of multisets S and a multiset X. The multiset containment operations retrieve multisets from S that are either sub-multisets or super-multisets of X. We present the mathematical analysis of a multiset-trie that gives the time complexity of the algorithms and the space complexity of the data structure. Further, the empirical analysis of the data structure is implemented in a series of experiments. The experiments illuminate the time complexity space of the multiset containment operations.
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ALAZEMI, HAMED M. K., and ANTON ČERNÝ. "COUNTING SUBWORDS USING A TRIE AUTOMATON." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 22, no. 06 (September 2011): 1457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054111008817.

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We use the concept of trie (prefix tree) representation of a prefix-closed finite language L to design a simple nondeterministic automaton. Each computation of this trie automaton corresponds to a subword occurrence of a word from L in the input word. The matrix representation of the trie automaton leads to a fairly general extension of the original concept of the Parikh matrix from [7].
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trie Tree"

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King, Stuart. "Optimizations and applications of Trie-Tree based frequent pattern mining." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, 2006.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 19, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-80). Also issued in print.
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Sedlář, František. "Algoritmy pro vyhledání nejdelšího shodného prefixu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236363.

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This master's thesis explains basics of the longest prefix match (LPM) problem. It analyzes and describes chosen LPM algorithms considering their speed, memory requirements and an ability to implement them in hardware. On the basis of former findings it proposes a new algorithm Generic Hash Tree Bitmap. It is much faster than many other approaches, while its memory requirements are even lower. An implementation of the proposed algorithm has become a part of the Netbench library.
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Toney, Ethan. "Improving Table Scans for Trie Indexed Databases." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cs_etds/76.

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We consider a class of problems characterized by the need for a string based identifier that reflect the ontology of the application domain. We present rules for string-based identifier schemas that facilitate fast filtering in databases used for this class of problems. We provide runtime analysis of our schema and experimentally compare it with another solution. We also discuss performance in our solution to a game engine. The string-based identifier schema can be used in addition scenarios such as cloud computing. An identifier schema adds metadata about an element. So the solution hinges on additional memory but as long as queries operate only on the included metadata there is no need to load the element from disk which leads to huge performance gains.
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Mallikarjuna, Trishul. "Towards expressive melodic accompaniment using parametric modeling of continuous musical elements in a multi-attribute prediction suffix trie framework." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37190.

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Elements of continuous variation such as tremolo, vibrato and portamento enable dimensions of their own in expressive melodic music in styles such as in Indian Classical Music. There is published work on parametrically modeling some of these elements individually, and to apply the modeled parameters to automatically generated musical notes in the context of machine musicianship, using simple rule-based mappings. There have also been many systems developed for generative musical accompaniment using probabilistic models of discrete musical elements such as MIDI notes and durations, many of them inspired by computational research in linguistics. There however doesn't seem to have been a combined approach of parametrically modeling expressive elements in a probabilistic framework. This documents presents a real-time computational framework that uses a multi-attribute trie / n-gram structure to model parameters like frequency, depth and/or lag of the expressive variations such as vibrato and portamento, along with conventionally modeled elements such as musical notes, their durations and metric positions in melodic audio input. This work proposes storing the parameters of expressive elements as metadata in the individual nodes of the traditional trie structure, along with the distribution of their probabilities of occurrence. During automatic generation of music, the expressive parameters as learned in the above training phase are applied to the associated re-synthesized musical notes. The model is aimed at being used to provide automatic melodic accompaniment in a performance scenario. The parametric modeling of the continuous expressive elements in this form is hypothesized to be able to capture deeper temporal relationships among musical elements and thereby is expected to bring about a more expressive and more musical outcome in such a performance than what has been possible using other works of machine musicianship using only static mappings or randomized choice. A system was developed on Max/MSP software platform with this framework, which takes in a pitched audio input such as human singing voice, and produces a pitch track which may be applied to synthesized sound of a continuous timbre. The system was trained and tested with several vocal recordings of North Indian Classical Music, and a subjective evaluation of the resulting audio was made using an anonymous online survey. The results of the survey show the output tracks generated from the system to be as musical and expressive, if not more, than the case where the pitch track generated from the original audio was directly rendered as output, and also show the output with expressive elements to be perceivably more expressive than the version of the output without expressive parameters. The results further suggest that more experimentation may be required to conclude the efficacy of the framework employed in relation to using randomly selected parameter values for the expressive elements. This thesis presents the scope, context, implementation details and results of the work, suggesting future improvements.
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Wu, Li. "Distributed true string B-tree peer-to-peer overlay networks." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27197.

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A fundamental problem that confronts P2P Internet applications is to efficiently locate the physical (IP) node that stores a particular data item. To tackle this application-level routing problem, this thesis proposes a new P2P overlay network, called Distributed True String B-tree (DTSBT) P2P overlay network. Unlike popular Distributed Hash Table (DHT)-based P2P overlay networks which use DHT as their core data structure, the DTSBT P2P overlay network employs a new data structure, DTSBT as its core data structure. A DTSBT is a hybrid distributed data structure, in which all peers' routing tables make up a virtual B-tree and a Patricia Trie is plugged into each peer's routing table. The performance evaluation showed that the DTSBT P2P overlay network is more scalable, decentralized, resilient to failures, and self-organized compared to its competitors.
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Li, Dun. "Optimized blockchain deployment and application for trusted industrial internet of things." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAS016.

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L'Internet des objets (IIoT) continue d'offrir de nouvelles perspectives et de nouveaux défis, ainsi que son potentiel pour améliorer son environnement commercial, une cyberattaque, une violation de la vie privée et des probabilités. La chose est la croissance de la technologie. L'avenir de la technologie et de la blockchain est une affaire stable et stable dans le monde des systèmes IIoT. La valeur de la blockchain dans le futur et l'avenir de la bourse. Identité et contrôle d'accès. Malgré ces avantages, mesure que les applications IIoT se diversifient et que les volumes de données croissent, la demande en ressources des systèmes blockchain se heurte aux ressources limitées des appareils IIoT, ce qui entraîne des contradictions non résolues et des problèmes persistants. existence manquent encore d'authentification d'identité IIoT anonymat et efficace, avec des processus de cryptage et de décryptage complexes induisant un système non surchargé La meilleure performance de la blockchain, le travail de la blockchain, l'architecture et l'architecture de l'Internet des objets. commencent à travailler sur la blockchain et la protection du public, une solution au problème de la blockchain, une solution au problème des cours boursiers et aux questions environnementales et « l'authentification » de l'IIoT de manières et sécurisées. , d'une manière qui fait la différence dans les bas et garantit l'incongruité des origines du tissu. C'est une transaction chronophage, un processus difficile à gérer dans les transactions. C'est un processus de transaction intemporel (DAG). les avantages du manioc, du sélénium et les résultats sont comparatifs. Pour les processus industriels plus contrôlés et les données sensibles et privées IIoT, cette thèse propose un schéma Un contrat intelligent qui peut vous aider dans votre activité (ABAC) C'est stable et stable, c'est un rapide. consensus et c'est une simulation, c'est un consensus, c'est un vrai problème, c'est un problème, c'est un problème, c'est un problème, c'est une demande, c'est une demande 'Algorithme Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP), intégrer le protocole et la preuve dans. un moyen traditionnel et sans interaction d'améliorer votre chiffrement (CP-ABE) IIoT. Combinant le système de publication-abonnement distribué IIoT (DPS-IoT) ultrasonique Hyperledger Fabric, améliore les éléments considérables et l'efficacité dans la bande passante et les environnements globaux IoT. expérience intemporelle, c'est le moment de confirmer que c'est un protocole, c'est minimiser la charge, c'est un système, c'est stocker des trucs, c'est gestuel, c'est global, c'est IIoT et ses applications C'est un voyage intemporel et un pas en avant dans l'IIoT, un pas. en avant dans la fabrication. Par conséquent, un signe de contribution, un nom de domaine de l'IIoT, une solution au problème et une robustesse pour les systèmes industriels actuels et futurs
The continued advancement of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) presents promising prospects and numerous opportunities for improving the operational frameworks of industrial systems. However, IIoT architectures face significant challenges, including centralized control, vulnerability to cyber attacks, privacy violations, and data accuracy issues.These challenges create significant obstacles in securing data, which is crucial for the growth of this technology. To address these issues, many researchers suggest integrating blockchain technology as a stable means to safeguard data within IIoT systems.Blockchain's features of distributed storage, decentralization, and immutability offer distinct advantages in data secure storage, identity verification, and access control. Despite these benefits, as IIoT applications diversify and data scales expand, the high resource demand of blockchain systems clashes with the limited resources of IIoT devices, leading to unresolved contradictions and persistent issues within this solution. Existing blockchain architectures still lack anonymous and efficient IIoT identity authentication, with complex encryption and decryption processes inducing excessive system overhead. To address these issues, the thesis builds on prior research to optimize blockchain performance, aiming to resolve the shortcomings and bottlenecks in current blockchain-based IIoT architectures regarding data security protection. Firstly, this thesis introduces a lightweight blockchain-enabled protocol designed for secure data storage in the dynamic IIoT environment. It incorporates bilinear mapping for system initialization, entity registration, and authentication technology to authenticate IIoT entities efficiently and securely, along with an off-chain data storage approach to ensure data integrity with reduced resource consumption.Furthermore, the thesis addresses the limitations of Hyperledger fabric systems in high availability scenarios by proposing Trie-Fabric, which enhances transaction processing through a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) based transaction sorting algorithm. This approach significantly reduces terminated transactions, optimizes conflict handling, and increases efficiency by more than 60% in its best case, according to comparative experimental results.To manage the increasingly sophisticated industrial processes and privacy-sensitive data generated by IIoT devices, the thesis proposes a smart contract-assisted access control scheme utilizing the Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) model.This scheme, supported by bloom filter components, demonstrates controlled contract execution times, stable system throughput, and a rapid consensus process in real-world simulations, making it highly capable of handling high-throughput and effective consensus even under large-scale request scenarios.Lastly, the thesis introduces the Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) algorithm, which integrates a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof protocol with Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE) to enhance security and efficiency in IIoT content distribution. Combined with the Distributed Publish-Subscribe IIoT (DPS-IIoT) system using Hyperledger fabric, it significantly improves bandwidth efficiency and overall throughput in IIoT environments.Through comprehensive security performance evaluations and experimental results, this research confirms the protocols' effectiveness in minimizing system overhead, improving storage reliability, and enhancing overall IIoT data management and application security. This thesis provides an in-depth examination of advanced data management protocols and systems for the IIoT, which are crucial for advancing the manufacturing sector. Consequently, this work makes a significant contribution to the field of IIoT data security, offering scalable and robust solutions for current and future industrial systems
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Chesters, Douglas. "Towards the true tree : bioinformatic approaches in the phylogenetics and molecular evolution of the Endopterygota." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6997.

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In this thesis, I use bioinformatic approaches to address new and existing issues surrounding large-scale phylogenetic analysis. A phylogenetic analysis pipeline is developed to aid an investigation of the suitability of integrating Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 (cox1) into phylogenetic supermatrices. In the first two chapters I assess the effect of varying cox1 sample size within a large variable phylogenetic context. As well as intuitive results on increased quality with greater taxon sampling, there are clear monophyly patters relating to local taxonomic sampling. Specifically, more monophyletic resampled taxa in cases when fewer consubfamilials are represented, with a tendency for these to remain unchanged in the degree of monophyly when rarefied. Sampling analyses are extended in chapter two using a mined Scarabaeoidea multilocus dataset, where taxa from given loci are used to improve existing matrices. Improvement in phylogenetic signal is best achieved by targeting cox1 to existing taxa, which suggests minimum parameters for cox1 adoption in large-scale phylogenetics. In chapter 3 I address recently-arisen issues related to phyloinformatic analysis of sequence-delineated matrices. There is ongoing work on setting species boundaries by sequence variation alone, but incongruence results in methodological issues upon integrating multiple loci delineated in this way. In the final chapter I assess the impact of heterogeneous substitution rates on large scale cox1 datasets. Although the number of heterogeneous sites in Coleoptera cox1 is substantial, their presence is found to be beneficial, as their removal negatively impacts the ability of the alignment to generate the 'known' topology. The homoplasy and heterogeneous characteristics of cox1 have not substantially impacted its utility, thus the cox1 datasets have potential to play a substantial role in the tree-of-life.
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Eckhardt, Bernd Stefan. "Complexity analysis of tries and spanning tree problems." kostenfrei, 2009. https://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/node?id=959271.

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Okoth, Isaac Owino. "Combinatorics of oriented trees and tree-like structures." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96860.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT : In this thesis, a number of combinatorial objects are enumerated. Du and Yin as well as Shin and Zeng (by a different approach) proved an elegant formula for the number of labelled trees with respect to a given in degree sequence, where each edge is oriented from a vertex of lower label towards a vertex of higher label. We refine their result to also take the number of sources (vertices of in degree 0) or sinks (vertices of out degree 0) into account. We find formulas for the mean and variance of the number of sinks or sources in these trees. We also obtain a differential equation and a functional equation satisfied by the generating function for these trees. Analogous results for labelled trees with two marked vertices, related to functional digraphs, are also established. We extend the work to count reachable vertices, sinks and leaf sinks in these trees. Among other results, we obtain a counting formula for the number of labelled trees on n vertices in which exactly k vertices are reachable from a given vertex v and also the average number of vertices that are reachable from a specified vertex in labelled trees of order n. In this dissertation, we also enumerate certain families of set partitions and related tree-like structures. We provide a proof for a formula that counts connected cycle-free families of k set partitions of {1, . . . , n} satisfying a certain coherence condition and then establish a bijection between these families and the set of labelled free k-ary cacti with a given vertex-degree distribution. We then show that the formula also counts coloured Husimi graphs in which there are no blocks of the same colour that are incident to one another. We extend the work to count coloured oriented cacti and coloured cacti. Noncrossing trees and related tree-like structures are also considered in this thesis. Specifically, we establish formulas for locally oriented noncrossing trees with a given number of sources and sinks, and also with given indegree and outdegree sequences. The work is extended to obtain the average number of reachable vertices in these trees. We then generalise the concept of noncrossing trees to find formulas for the number of noncrossing Husimi graphs, cacti and oriented cacti. The study is further extended to find formulas for the number of bicoloured noncrossing Husimi graphs and the number of noncrossing connected cycle-free pairs of set partitions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : In hierdie tesis word ’n aantal kombinatoriese objekte geenumereer. Du en Yin asook Shin en Zeng (deur middel van ’n ander benadering) het ’n elegante formule vir die aantal geëtiketteerde bome met betrekking tot ’n gegewe ingangsgraadry, waar elke lyn van die nodus met die kleiner etiket na die nodus met die groter etiket toe georiënteer word. Ons verfyn hul resultaat deur ook die aantal bronne (nodusse met ingangsgraad 0) en putte (nodusse met uitgangsgraad 0) in ag te neem. Ons vind formules vir die gemiddelde en variansie van die aantal putte of bronne in hierdie bome. Ons bepaal verder ’n differensiaalvergelyking en ’n funksionaalvergelyking wat deur die voortbringende funksie van hierdie bome bevredig word. Analoë resultate vir geëtiketteerde bome met twee gemerkte nodusse (wat verwant is aan funksionele digrafieke), is ook gevind. Ons gaan verder voort deur ook bereikbare nodusse, bronne en putte in hierdie bome at te tel. Onder andere verkry ons ’n formule vir die aantal geëtiketteerde bome met n nodusse waarin presies k nodusse vanaf ’n gegewe nodus v bereikbaar is asook die gemiddelde aantal nodusse wat bereikbaar is vanaf ’n gegewe nodus. Ons enumereer in hierdie tesis verder sekere families van versamelingsverdelings en soortgelyke boom-vormige strukture. Ons gee ’n bewys vir ’n formule wat die aantal van samehangende siklus-vrye families van k versamelingsverdelings op {1, . . . , n} wat ’n sekere koherensie-vereiste bevredig, en ons beskryf ’n bijeksie tussen hierdie familie en die versameling van geëtiketteerde vrye k-êre kaktusse met ’n gegewe nodus-graad-verdeling. Ons toon ook dat hierdie formule ook gekleurde Husimi-grafieke tel waar blokke van dieselfde kleur nie insident met mekaar mag wees nie. Ons tel verder ook gekleurde georiënteerde kaktusse en gekleurde kaktusse. Nie-kruisende bome en soortgelyke boom-vormige strukture word in hierdie tesis ook beskou. On bepaal spesifiek formules vir lokaal georiënteerde nie-kruisende bome wat ’n gegewe aantal bronne en putte het asook nie-kruisende bome met gegewe ingangs- en uitgangsgraadrye. Ons gaan voort deur die gemiddelde aantal bereikbare nodusse in hierdie bome te bepaal. Ons veralgemeen dan die konsep van nie-kruisende bome en vind formules vir die aantal nie-kruisende Husimi-grafieke, kaktusse en georiënteerde kaktusse. Laastens vind ons ’n formule vir die aantaal tweegekleurde nie-kruisende Husimi-grafieke en die aantal nie-kruisende samehangende siklus-vrye pare van versamelingsverdelings.
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Simmons, Mark Trevor. "Tree-grass and tree-tree interactions in a temperate savanna." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1168.

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Savannas comprise over one eighth of the world's land surface with some 50 Mha in North America alone. They are productive systems supporting a high level of both faunal and floral diversity and are of increasing socioeconomic importance. The maintenance and formation of savannas have been attributed to climate, soils, herbivory and fire. However, the reasons for the coexistence of trees and the grass layer have still to be determined. These two contrasting life forms create a complex of intra- and interspecific positive, negative, and neutral interactions, few of which have been quantified. Under lower-than-average rainfall, tree effects on grasses in a Prosopis savanna in northern Texas were largely neutral with few measurable competitive or facultative effects from the tree canopy. However, grasses demonstrated increased productivity where belowground competition with neighboring trees was removed. Similarly, tree growth increased following the removal of grasses under and around individual trees, particularly on shallower soils, but only during a season of significant precipitation. Low intensity burning of grasses enhanced growth of adult trees, but patterns were inconsistent between two different sites. Moderate clipping around individual trees had no apparent effect on tree growth. Intraspecific competition between savanna trees was not evident, but may have been blurred by an extensive, lateral distribution of near-surface roots. Overall, tree intraspecific competition was neutral regardless of soil depth, suggesting lateral tree roots may be only used opportunistically. Although some competitive relationships were verified, the differences in the responses between the two years of study, and at different sites indicated that soil depth and climate may have overriding impacts on tree-grass interactions and savanna dynamics in this system.
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Books on the topic "Trie Tree"

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Chardiet, Bernice. Let's trim the tree. New York: Puffin Books, 1994.

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1933-, Thampan Palakasseril Kumaran, and Peekay Tree Crops Development Foundation., eds. Trees and tree farming. Cochin, Kerala, India: Peekay Tree Crops Development Foundation, 1994.

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Ablett, William H. English trees and tree-planting. London: Smith, Elder, 1986.

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ill, Palen Debbie, ed. Trim the tree for Christmas! New York: Price Stern Sloan, 2000.

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Ablett, William H. English trees and tree-planting. London: Smith, Elder, 1986.

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Lanin, Vladimir. Tree locking on changing trees. New York: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1990.

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Mikhaĭlovich, Kotelʹnikov Anatoliĭ, ed. Uskorennoe vyrashchivanie drevesnykh porod. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo "Nauka," Sibirskoe otd-nie, 1987.

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H, Rennenberg, Eschrich Walter, Ziegler H. 1924-, and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Schwerpunktprogramm, eds. Trees: Contributions to modern tree physiology. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 1997.

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Walter, Eschrich, Rennenberg H, and Ziegler H. 1924-, eds. Trees: Contributions to modern tree physiology. Leiden, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 1997.

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R, Elevitch Craig, Abbott Isabella Aiona, and Leakey Roger R. B, eds. Traditional trees of Pacific Islands: Their culture, environment, and use. Hōlualoa, Hawaiʻi: Permanent Agriculture Resources, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trie Tree"

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Zhou, Xin. "P-Trie Tree: A Novel Tree Structure for Storing Polysemantic Data." In Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing, 362–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25207-0_31.

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Abdullah, Zailani, Tutut Herawan, and Mustafa Mat Deris. "Visualizing the Construction of Incremental Disorder Trie Itemset Data Structure (DOSTrieIT) for Frequent Pattern Tree (FP-Tree)." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 183–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25191-7_18.

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Yang, Wenchuan, Jian Liu, and Miao Yu. "Research of an Improved Algorithm for Chinese Word Segmentation Dictionary Based on Double-Array Trie Tree." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 355–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41644-6_33.

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Bringmann, Björn, and Albrecht Zimmermann. "Tree 2 – Decision Trees for Tree Structured Data." In Knowledge Discovery in Databases: PKDD 2005, 46–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11564126_10.

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Harris, Brogan J., Paul O. Sheridan, Adrián A. Davín, Cécile Gubry-Rangin, Gergely J. Szöllősi, and Tom A. Williams. "Rooting Species Trees Using Gene Tree-Species Tree Reconciliation." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 189–211. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2691-7_9.

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Niklas, Karl J. "Tree Biomechanics with Special Reference to Tropical Trees." In Tree Physiology, 413–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27422-5_19.

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Kao, Ming-Yang. "Tree contractions and evolutionary trees." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 299–310. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-62592-5_81.

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Bille, Philip, Inge Li Gørtz, Gad M. Landau, and Oren Weimann. "Tree Compression with Top Trees." In Automata, Languages, and Programming, 160–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39206-1_14.

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Kartzow, Alexander, Jiamou Liu, and Markus Lohrey. "Tree-Automatic Well-Founded Trees." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 363–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30870-3_37.

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Fineschi, Silvia, Francesco Loreto, Michael Staudt, and Josep Peñuelas. "Diversification of Volatile Isoprenoid Emissions from Trees: Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives." In Tree Physiology, 1–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6606-8_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Trie Tree"

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Rupsys, Petras. "STOCHASTIC SIMULATION OF SELF-THINNING." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024, 393–400. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s14.46.

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Understanding the principles of self-thinning forest ecosystems is essential for taking modern management techniques into practice. The spatial distribution of the surviving trees in a stand is influenced by a variety of factors, including tree mortality. In young forests, competition has a major role in determining spatial mortality; in older forests, random changes in the environment have a major role. The dynamics of the number of living and dead trees in the forests of central Lithuania will be addressed in this study. The Gompertz type mixed effect parameters univariate stochastic differential equations of the tree diameter, height, and occupied area combined with the normal copula function are used to derive new models for the number per ha of living and dead trees. The mean values of the dead tree size variables had much lower trajectories, which is especially apparent in mature stands, as demonstrated by the study of the individual tree size variables (height and diameter). The results are illustrated using experimental field studies carried out in Lithuania, in the municipality of Kazlu Ruda. The following information was gathered using 48 permanent test plots placed in mixed-species, uneven-aged stands: age, diameter at breast height (58,829 trees), tree position (58,829 trees), and height (10,796 trees). All results were implemented using the symbolic algebra system Maple.
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Sisenis, Linards, Irina Pilvere, Baiba Jansone, Dace Brizga, and Edgars Dubrovskis. "ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF LODGEPOLE PINE GROWN IN THE WESTERN PART OF LATVIA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024, 357–66. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s14.42.

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The research aims to examine the pace of growth of lodgepole pine, the amount of damage caused by biungulates and the quality of trunks for lodgepole pine provenances growing in the western part of Latvia in the areas around Ugale and Kuldiga, identifying the most damage-resistant and promising provenances for cultivation in Latvia. In Latvia, foresters and plant breeders have been working for years to increase the quality and productivity of local tree species, while assessing various forest stand management patterns and trying to reduce the rotation period of stands. Nowadays, because of climate change, i.e. with the climate becoming warmer, it is clear that in the future in Latvia not only a management strategy for the dominant tree species have to be changed but also the possibilities of introducing new tree species suitable for the conditions in Latvia need to be considered to reduce the forest rotation period. At the same time, introducing new tree species requires considering that the tree species must have economic potential, i.e. the wood has prospects for being processed and consumed (e.g. construction) in the local region, as carbon is sequestrated during the growth of the trees and stays in Latvia. Lodgepole pine is one of the tree species that could have prospects for cultivation on an industrial scale in plantations, which was introduced in Latvia at the beginning of the last century. Based on the experience of Swedish foresters in growing lodgepole pine on an industrial scale in the 1980s, experimental lodgepole pine plantations were established in Latvia by using both domestic seeds and those from the natural range in Canada and the United States, as well as from Sweden. The research analysed the following tree inventory data collected from the experimental plantations of lodgepole pines at the ages of 27 and 43 years in the western part of Latvia: the height and diameter of the trees and compared the data for Scots pine grown in identical conditions. In addition, the proportions of trees damaged by deer etc. as well as the proportions of trees with multiple tops and branch-to-stem attachments because these defects significantly reduce the chances of producing quality roundwood assortments in the future were analysed for both species. The data were processed using parametric methods. In an experimental plantation in the area near Ugale, 43-year-old lodgepole pines demonstrated a performance similar to that of Scots pines, with average heights of 18.2 and 18.4 meters and diameters of 19.1 and 19.0 cm, respectively, i.e. the differences were insignificant. In the plantation near Kuldiga, the differences were found significant, as the average height difference between the species was 1.3 m, while the diameter difference was 1.3 cm. It was concluded that lodgepole pines had lower trunk quality and were more damaged by deer. It was also found that the least productive lodgepole pine provenances were more damaged by deer.
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Miezit, Olga, Edgars Dubrovskis, Dace Brizga, and Aija Berzina. "NATURAL REGENERATION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. FROM SEED TREES IN POOR MINERAL SOILS." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024, 383–92. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s14.45.

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In economic forests, the productivity of forest stands should be increased as much as possible, because the global demand for timber is growing every year. Planted forest trees can be realized using the advantages of selection, naturally regenerated - faster growth can be achieved by improving the growing conditions and limiting factors that reduce or delay the formation of growth. Data were collected in 6-year-old P.sylvestris forest stands Cladinoso-callunosa and Vacciniosa. The plots were established in an area of 17.2 ha (R=7.98 m; S=200 m2), each with a seed tree in the center. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of left seed trees and soil preparation in furrows on the natural regeneration of Pinus sylvestris in poor mineral soils Cladinoso-callunosa and Vacciniosa. Pine trees that reached a height of 10 cm were measured for height and annual growth, diameter at the root neck, and a specific location in the plot (in the furrow or in unprepared soil and under or outside the canopy of seed trees). The diameter, height, number of seed trees, as well as the importance of the effect of the crown of seed trees and soil preparation on the natural regeneration of pine were calculated The dendrometric indicators of seed trees were calculated, the significance of the influence of the crown of seed trees and soil preparation on the natural regeneration of pine was determined. It has been established that when restoring a forest stand from left seeds of seed trees, soil preparation is necessary for both Cladinoso-callunosa and Vacciniosa, because the number of trees in the furrows is significantly higher, as well as the annual and average growth of tree height both under the crown of the seed tree and outside it ( p less than0.05) than in untreated soil. Compared to under the crown of the seed trees, the annual height increases of the Scots pine are significantly lower, therefore the seed trees should be cut down sooner up to the age of 6 than in the current practice, so as not to interfere with natural regeneration.
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Jiang, Yi, and Fengjun Shang. "Research on Multibit-Trie Tree IP Classification Algorithm." In 2006 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccas.2006.285020.

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Haoliang, Sun, and Wang Dawei. "Multi-step Trie Tree Packet Classification Method supporting Wildcards." In 2019 IEEE 3rd Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imcec46724.2019.8984152.

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Li, Bin, Wanying Dong, and Qinglei Zhou. "Trie Tree Probabilistic Password Cracking Method Based on FPGA." In CSAE 2020: The 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Application Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3424978.3425021.

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Xiaofan Zhang and Yujun Fan. "A reduction algorithm based on trie tree of inconsistent system." In 2011 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aimsec.2011.6011475.

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Xu, Yongbing, and Junyi Wang. "The Adaptive Spelling Error Checking Algorithm based on Trie Tree." In 2016 2nd International Conference on Advances in Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering (AEECE 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aeece-16.2016.62.

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Wang, Yuanshuai, Zhanfang Chen, Kexin Wang, and Zhangnan Yang. "Education Cloud Data Integrity Verification Based on Mapping-Trie Tree." In 2019 International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data and Business Intelligence (MLBDBI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlbdbi48998.2019.00036.

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Yang, Wenchuan, Zeyang Fang, and Lei Hui. "Study of an Improved Text Filter Algorithm Based on Trie Tree." In 2016 International Symposium on Computer, Consumer and Control (IS3C). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/is3c.2016.153.

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Reports on the topic "Trie Tree"

1

Duguma, Lalisa, Peter Minang, Ermias Aynekulu, Sammy Carsan, Judith Nzyoka, Alagie Bah, and Ramni Jamnadass. From Tree Planting to Tree Growing: Rethinking Ecosystem Restoration Through Trees. World Agroforestry Centre, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20001.pdf.

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Swanson, David. Tree investigations in the Noatak National Preserve, Alaska, 2011?2022: Old-growth and new forests. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301700.

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Tree rings in the Noatak National Preserve provide information about the growth of trees at the cold limit of tree survival in northwestern North America. The present study was based on cores and other tree measurements (tree basal area, height, and number per unit area) of white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) trees taken from 39 permanent monitoring plots (34 with coreable trees) at three locations in the Preserve. The tree rings widths were measured and then normalized using a 50-year smoothing spline to remove the effects of growth variations through the life cycles of the trees. Old-growth white spruce forests, which here include numerous trees over 200 years old and some that are more than 300 years old, form open stands on well-drained slopes. Stands of younger trees that became established in the 1900s are present near elevational tree-line, and in small groves on tussock tundra. These younger stands are interpreted primarily as the result of forest expansion due to climate warming, though re-establishment of trees after wildfire is also possible in the tussock tundra. On river floodplains and terraces, stands of both white spruce and balsam poplar were also initiated in the 1900s, but here the youth of the trees is probably due to colonization of new areas exposed by river channel migration. Both the old-growth and younger forests showed continuing growth (as expressed by an increase in stand basal area) between our initial visit in 2011 and re-visit in 2021 or 2022, with the greatest increases occurring on floodplains. Tree rings showed much year-to-year variation in width, but the effect of individual cold summers was surprisingly weak. Some of the major global climate perturbations due to volcanic eruptions were visible in the tree ring record, but the resulting ring growth was generally no worse than other bad growth years within a few decades of the volcanic event. Tree ring width was statistically correlated more closely with the average warmth of several preceding growing seasons (as expressed by the annual sum of thaw degree-days) than with the current year?s or the previous year?s warmth alone. This is probably due to the cumulative effect of several years? warmth (or cold) on the conditions in the tree rooting zone, on the amount of foliage available for photosynthesis, and the level of stored reserves in the tree.
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Mahoney, James. Tree Graphs and Orthogonal Spanning Tree Decompositions. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2939.

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van Doorn, Natalie S., Lara A. Roman, E. Gregory McPherson, Bryant C. Scharenbroch, Jason G. Henning, Johan P. A. Ӧstberg, Lee S. Mueller, et al. Urban tree monitoring. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-266.

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Roman, Lara A., Natalie S. van Doorn, E. Gregory McPherson, Bryant C. Scharenbroch, Jason G. Henning, Johan P. A. Ӧstberg, Lee S. Mueller, et al. Urban tree monitoring. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-gtr-194.

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Nowak, David J. Understanding i-Tree. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-gtr-200.

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Bjorklund, M. YANG Tree Diagrams. Edited by L. Berger. RFC Editor, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8340.

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Nowak, David J. Understanding i-Tree. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-gtr-200-2021.

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Klobucar, Blaz. Urban Tree Detection in Historical Aerial Imagery of Sweden : a test in automated detection with open source Deep Learning models. Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.7kn4q7vikr.

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Urban trees are a key component of the urban environment. In Sweden, ambitious goals have been expressed by authorities regarding the retention and increase of urban tree cover, aiming to mitigate climate change and provide a healthy, livable urban environment in a highly contested space. Tracking urban tree cover through remote sensing serves as an indicator of how past urban planning has succeeded in retaining trees as part of the urban fabric, and historical imagery spanning back decades for such analysis is widely available. This short study examines the viability of automated detection using open-source Deep Learning methods for long-term change detection in urban tree cover, aiming to evaluate past practices in urban planning. Results indicate that preprocessing of old imagery is necessary to enhance the detection and segmentation of urban tree cover, as the currently available training models were found to be severely lacking upon visual inspection.
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Shannon, Danielle, Ryan Toot, Annamarie Rutledge, Patricia R. Butler, and Madeline Baroli. Considering climate change in tree planting. Houghton, MI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate,, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2023.8054015.ch.

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This guide provides a step-by-step process to help you consider climate change when selecting a tree for planting at a site and provides a framework to help learn about the projected habitat suitability of trees in your area under climate change. This guide includes a checklist and worksheets that can help you evaluate if the tree you want to plant can tolerate the growing conditions of your site and the additional risks brought about by climate change. The worksheets in this guide will help you to briefly summarize key characteristics of your site and then evaluate whether the tree species planned for planting can tolerate a range of future conditions given climate change. This guide can serve as a starting point to learn more on how the impacts of a changing climate can affect trees and ecosystems in your area.
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