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Journal articles on the topic 'Trickling filter'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Chen, Yi Qing, Jian Wei Wu, Wang Feng Cai, and Ying Zhong. "Study on Treatment of Odor Containing H₂S and NH₃ by Industrial Scale Bio-Trickling Filters." Advanced Materials Research 777 (September 2013): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.777.330.

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The treatment of H2S and NH3 odor produced in sewage disposal process was carried out in industrial scale bio-trickling filters filled with different kinds of filler. The processing capacity per unit volume and the processing capacity per unit volume filler on odor removal performance for different bio-trickling filter were investigated. The results demonstrate that there are remarkable differences in deodorization performance between different kinds of bio-trickling filters.

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2

Gebert, W., and P. A. Wilderer. "Heating up trickling filters to tackle cold weather conditions." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0025.

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The investigated effects of heating the filling material in trickling filters were carried out at the Ingolstadt wastewater treatment plant, Germany. Two pilot scale trickling filters were set up. Heat exchanger pipings were embedded in the filter media of one of these trickling filters, and the temperature in the trickling filter was raised. The other trickling filter was operated under normal temperature conditions, and was used as a control. The results clearly demonstrate that the performance of trickling filters cannot be constantly improved by heating the biofilm support media. A sustained increase of the metabolic rates did not occur. The decrease of the solubility of oxgen in water and mass transfer limitations caused by an increase of the biofilm thickness are the main reasons for that. Thus, the heating of trickling filters (e.g. by waste heat utilization) in order to increase the capacity of trickling filters under cold weather conditions cannot be recommended.

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3

Daigger, G. T., T. A. Heinemann, G. Land, and R. S. Watson. "Practical experience with combined carbon oxidation and nitrification in plastic media trickling filters." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1994): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0761.

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Long-term data from three full-scale trickling filters installations accomplishing combined carbon oxidation and nitrification are presented. Analysis of these data indicates that the oxidation of organic matter and ammonia-nitrogen in the trickling filter can be characterized by a single parameter which is calculated as the trickling filter organic loading (expressed in terms of BOD5 or biodegradable COD) plus the ammonia-nitrogen oxidized converted to oxygen equivalents using the conversion factor 4.6 kgO2/kg NO3-N. This parameter, which is referred to as the volumetric oxidation rate and is expressed in the units of kgO2/m3-day, characterizes trickling filter performance over a wide range of process loading and effluent quality conditions. The method of analysis presented in this work differs from the one traditionally used to characterize combined carbon oxidation and nitrification in trickling filters, and its suggests that oxidation may be oxygen transfer limited throughout such a trickling filter.

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4

Dorias, Bernd, and Peter Baumann. "Denitrification in trickling filters." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 6 (September 1, 1994): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0267.

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National and international regulations require a minimum nitrogen removal efficiency of 70% in most public sewage treatment plants. Unlike in activated sludge plants, selective denitrification in trickling filters was not possible until now. Therefore the aim was to employ trickling filter plants for selective denitrification, using innovative technology that involved minimum capital expenditure. For selective denitrification, it is necessary to prevent as much as possible the transfer of oxygen into the trickling filter while feeding the nitrate to be removed, a process similar to upstream denitrification in the activated sludge process. In a test operation conducted in several sewage treatment plants for over a year, the new process with selective denitrification in a covered trickling filter has given successful results. The denitrification efficiency of this system is comparable to that of upstream denitrification in the activated sludge process. Thus, selective denitrification in the trickling filter is a practical alternative to other nitrogen removal processes, while maintaining the established advantages offered by the trickling filter process.

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5

Parker, D. S., M. P. Lutz, and A. M. Pratt. "New Trickling Filter Applications in the U.S.A." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0148.

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After falling in disfavor in the U.S. in the 1970s, trickling filters are now reappearing in new applications. The Trickling Filter/Solids Contact (TF/SC) process uses physical and biological flocculation features to transform the poor quality of the trickling filter effluent into an effluent equal to the best activated sludge system. Over 50 TF/SC plants have been built since the process was introduced in 1979. The recent development (1988) of the Biofilm-Controlled Nitrifying Trickling Filter (BCNTF) has permitted higher rate operation and rendered the process less costly than the activated sludge system for nitrification. Three BCNTF projects are now underway in the U.S.

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6

Parker, Denny S. "Trickling Filter Mythology." Journal of Environmental Engineering 125, no. 7 (July 1999): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1999)125:7(618).

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7

Albertson, Orris E., Robert W. Okey, Peter Pearce, and Denny S. Parker. "Trickling Filter Mythology." Journal of Environmental Engineering 127, no. 1 (January 2001): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2001)127:1(83).

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8

Andersson, B., H. Aspegren, D. S. Parker, and M. P. Lutz. "High rate nitrifying trickling filters." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1994): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0744.

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A two year pilot plant study has been performed in order to evaluate a nitrifying trickling filter (NTF) process within an upgrading project for increased nutrient removal. The operation of the filters was very stable without upsets due to predators. The filter microfauna was dominated by worms and the presence of filter fly larvae was limited. Suggested predator control methods like flooding or varying the flushing intensity did not affect the identified microfauna. By operating the filters in a two stage alternating series filtration mode, higher nitrification rates and lower effluent ammonia concentrations could be reached simultaneously in comparison to operating the filters in a single stage filtration mode.

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9

Jafarinejad, Shahryar. "Economic Analysis: Trickling Filter/Activated Sludge or Nitrifying Trickling Filter/Activated Sludge?" Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2019-0024.

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Abstract The performance and economic simulation and modeling are crucial for accurate and rapid designing, construction, and forecasting future economic needs of municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs). In this study, combined nitrifying trickling filter/activated sludge (NTF/AS) process was suggested for the modernization of a MWWTP and the performance and economics of MWWTPs based on the combined TF/AS process and combined NTF/AS process were analyzed and compared. In real, the performance, total project construction, total operation labor, total maintenance labor, total material, total chemical, total energy, and total amortization costs of these proposed MWWTPs were calculated and compared. Under the used design criteria and operational conditions in this study, the project construction cost of the MWWTP based on TF/AS was 15.25 % higher than that of the MWWTP based on NTF/AS. Also, MWWTP based on NTF/AS was cost effective and the material and amortization costs for both plants were higher in comparison with the operation, maintenance, energy, and chemical costs. It is necessary to note that this study is a computer simulation for a case and drawing general conclusions only on the basis of this simulation may be insufficient.

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10

Kuang, Ying, Qi Rong Dong, and He Li Wang. "Study on Denitrification and Phosphorus Removal Using an Integrated A/O Trickling Filter." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.819.

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Two columns were experimented to compare trickling filter with integrated A/O trickling filter (IA/OTT) in this study. Denitrification and phosphorus removal were limited in traditional trickling filter. By designing anoxic section, adding carbon source and recycling outflow, denitrification was enhanced in IA/OTT. Meanwhile, chemical-biological methods were used to improve the phosphorus removal. It was shown that removal efficiency of CODcr, NH3-N, TN and TP were ideal. Compared with the traditional trickling filter, especially, the removal efficiency of TN and TP were respectively about 35% and 50% higher.

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11

Melcer, Henryk, Wayne J. Parker, and Bruce E. Rittmann. "Modeling of volatile organic contaminants in trickling filter systems." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0023.

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Despite the widespread use of trickling filters, there has been minimal investigation of the fate of volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) in such systems. A model describing the fate of VOCs in trickling filters is described. The removal of VOCs was investigated in a pilot-scale trickling filter receiving a feed of sewage dosed with a constant concentration of selected VOCs. Increasing hydraulic loading tended to increase the proportion of influent VOCs found in the effluent. Imposing effluent recycle also increased the fraction of VOCs found in the effluent but also decreased the fraction stripped and increased the fraction that was biodegraded. The values of the biodegradation coefficient, Kb, were found to be reproducible and affected by a combination of high hydraulic loading rate and effluent recycle.

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12

Liang, Jiabin, Yuan Yuan, Zimeng Zhang, Shijie You, and Yixing Yuan. "Modeling a Three-Stage Biological Trickling Filter Based on the A2O Process for Sewage Treatment." Water 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091152.

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Biological trickling filters are widely used for sewage treatment. This study models a biological trickling filter based on an anaerobic–anoxic–oxic process (A2O–BTF), established by a combination of aerobic and anaerobic technology. The performance and operational parameters were analyzed using Sumo, a commercially available wastewater treatment process (WWTP) simulation software. The wastewater treatment performance of the anaerobic–anoxic–oxic process biological trickling filter (A2O–BTF), the conventional three-stage biological trickling filter (Three-Stage–BTF), and the single-stage biological trickling filter (Single–BTF) was compared, which indicated the higher performance of A2O–BTF in terms of COD, TN, NH3-N, and TP removal. The operational parameters of A2O–BTF were optimized by Sumo simulation software, and the results showed that the removal efficiency of pollutants was increased by raising the temperature to the range of 13.94–21.60 °C. The dissolved oxygen (DO) in the aerobic reactor enhanced removal efficiency under a saturation concentration of 2.2–2.6 g O2/m3. In addition, the optimization of the reflux ratio promoted the removal efficiency of the pollutants, indicated by the maximum removal efficiency of COD and TN, achieved at the reflux ratio of 2.25, and that of NH3-N and TP, achieved at a reflux ratio of 0.75. This study provides a proof-in-concept demonstration that software modeling can be a useful tool for assisting the optimization of the design and operation of sewage treatment processes.

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13

Dzionek, Anna, Danuta Wojcieszyńska, Małgorzata Adamczyk-Habrajska, and Urszula Guzik. "Enhanced Degradation of Naproxen by Immobilization of Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b) on Loofah Sponge." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040872.

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The naproxen-degrading bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b) was immobilised onto loofah sponge and introduced into lab-scale trickling filters. The trickling filters constructed for this study additionally contained stabilised microflora from a functioning wastewater treatment plant to assess the behavior of introduced immobilized biocatalyst in a fully functioning bioremediation system. The immobilised cells degraded naproxen (1 mg/L) faster in the presence of autochthonous microflora than in a monoculture trickling filter. There was also abundant colonization of the loofah sponges by the microorganisms from the system. Analysis of the influence of an acute, short-term naproxen exposure on the indigenous community revealed a significant drop in its diversity and qualitative composition. Bioaugmentation was also not neutral to the microflora. Introducing a new microorganism and increasing the removal of the pollutant caused changes in the microbial community structure and species composition. The incorporation of the immobilised B1(2015b) was successful and the introduced strain colonized the basic carrier in the trickling filter after the complete biodegradation of the naproxen. As a result, the bioremediation system could potentially be used to biodegrade naproxen in the future.

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14

Seggelke, K., F. Obenaus, and K. H. Rosenwinkel. "Dynamic simulation of a low loaded trickling filter for nitrification." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 4 (February 1, 1999): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0202.

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For this report, an existing biofilm model was examined in regard to its suitability for the simulation of full scale trickling filter for nitrification. The system was calibrated using the results ascertained in a measuring campaign under dry weather conditions. The verification was done using the results of a second examination period which included spells of stormwater input. It was possible for all periods to satisfactorily illustrate the degradation performance of the simulated trickling filters in regard to dynamics and quantity.

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15

Meiring, P. G. J., and R. A. Oellermann. "Biological removal of algae in an integrated pond system." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0450.

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A system of oxidation ponds in series with a biological trickling filter is described. It was known that this arrangement was incapable of reducing effectively the levels of algae present in the pond liquid even though nitrification was effected because of autotrophic conditions prevailing in the trickling filters. This very low trophic level explained the lack of adsorptive capacity present. By shortcircuiting less than 10 percent of the effluent from a fully loaded primary facultative oxidation pond to the trickling filter, the autotrophuc nature or the film in the trickling filter was sufficiently shifted towards a heterotrophic state that had sufficient adsorptive capacity to retain the majority of the algae. It is concluded that the algae, although being absorbed, stay alive on the film and do not contribute significantly to the carbonaceous load on the trickling filter. Further more the algae, although secluded from all sunlight, actually partake in the purification process, producing an effluent which, unlike a normal humus tank effluent, is surprisingly sparkling clear. This significant observation appears to be in line with laboratory findings by others who, when they artificially immobilised certain species of algae and passed water over them, concluded that the algae retained the potential to remove certain compounds from the water. Conglomerates of biologically flocculated dark-green algae are scoured off the film (or sloughed off as part of the film) and, having been photosynthetically inactive for some days, tend not to float, but settle very rapidly. A very significantly aspect of this development is the great potential it has for practical application in developing countries. The algae sloughed off the media are easily thickened and available for ultimate recovery from the water phase without the addition of chemicals.

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16

Nourmohammadi, Davood, Mir-Bager Esmaeeli, Hossein Akbarian, and Mohammad Ghasemian. "Nitrogen Removal in a Full-Scale Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant with Activated Sludge and Trickling Filter." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/504705.

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During the last decade, more stringent effluent requirements concerning the nutrients effluent values have been imposed by legislation and social concern. In this study, efficiency of total nitrogen removal in activated sludge and trickling filter processes (AS/TF) was investigated in Tehran North wastewater treatment plant. Biological system in this site was included, anoxic selector tank, aeration tank, final sedimentation, and trickling filter. A part of treated wastewater before chlorination was mixed with supernatant of dewatered sludge and fed to the trickling filter. Supernatant of dewatered sludge with high concentration of NH4-N was diluted by treated wastewater to provide complete nitrification in trickling filter Produced nitrate in trickling filter was arrived to the anoxic tank and converted to nitrogen gas by denitrification. According to the study result, low concentration of organic carbone and high concentration of NH4-N led to nitrification in TF, then nitrate denitrification to nitrogen gas occurred in selector area. NH4-N concentration decreased from 26.8 mg/L to 0.29 mg/L in TF, and NO3-N concentration increased from 8.8 mg/L to 27 mg/L in TF. Consequently, the total nitrogen decreased approximately to 50% in biological process. This efficiency has been observed in returned flow around 24% from final sedimentation into TF. It was concluded that, in comparison with biological nutrient removal processes, this process is very efficient and simple.

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17

Rosén, Maria, and Thomas Welander. "Microbiology of an Anoxic Trickling Filter." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 7 (April 1, 1994): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0366.

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18

Hinton, Steven W., and H. David Stensel. "Oxygen Utilization of Trickling Filter Biofilms." Journal of Environmental Engineering 120, no. 5 (September 1994): 1284–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1994)120:5(1284).

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19

Hinton, Steven W., and H. David Stensel. "Experimental observation of trickling filter hydraulics." Water Research 25, no. 11 (November 1991): 1389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(91)90117-9.

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20

KUENEN, J., B. JORGENSEN, and N. REVSBECH. "Oxygen microprofiles of trickling filter biofilms." Water Research 20, no. 12 (December 1986): 1589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(86)90125-9.

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21

Morgan, Scott, Ray Farley, and Rob Pearson. "Retrofitting an existing trickling filter plant to BNR standard - Selfs Point, Tasmania's first." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 6 (March 1, 1999): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0284.

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Hobart City Council has three separate wastewater catchments. Prior to 1997 one catchment discharged untreated sewage to the Derwent River estuary. The State environmental authority required this wastewater to be treated to nutrient removal standard. Following extensive investigations to determine options, Council decided to transfer this wastewater to the existing Selfs Point trickling filter plant. Augmentation of this facility to biological nutrient removal standard was selected to meet the more stringent licence conditions. Council required the new treatment process to utilise current best industry practice, to have proven performance and to make best use of the existing infrastructure, while maintaining cost effectiveness. This paper discusses the rationale for incorporating trickling filters into the process specification. It also describes the maximal use of previously existing plant, with over 90% incorporated into the design. A significant feature is that the anaerobic digesters have been retained to ensure good biosolids stabilisation. Selfs Point has shown that retrofitting a trickling filter plant to BNR performance can be very cost effective where existing facilities are in good condition.

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22

Möbius, C. H., I. Demel, and R. Huster. "Performance Increase of Papermill Waste Water Treatment Plants by a High-Capacity Trickling Filter Inserted as First Biological Stage." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1990): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0248.

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In many cases, it will be advisable to enhance operational safety and increase degradation performance of existing activated sludge plants by inserting a high-capacity trickling filter with plastic media. Easily degradable carbohydrates are largely decomposed in the trickling filter at low energy requirements. This allows the subsequent activated sludge stage to be set to reduced BOD sludge load levels which are required for efficient COD elimination, because the volume load has been reduced and a higher biomass concentration can be obtained at a lower sludge volume index. In the light of several years' pilot testing of numerous different effluents, and of knowledge derived from observations of several industrial plants in the paper sector, precise rating directives can now be given for plants of this type. It has proven advantageous to discharge the trickling filter effluent directly into the activated sludge plant without intermediate clarification. The effluent temperature, which frequently exceeds 35°C, is reduced by up to 10°C in the trickling filter. This improves the conditions prevailing in the activated sludge plant, thus permitting limit values for the discharge of effluents into surface waters to be adhered to.

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23

Mehlhart, G. F. "Upgrading of existing trickling filter plants for denitrification." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 6 (September 1, 1994): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0266.

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New European Union Guidelines ask for nutrient removal. For trickling filters it was necessary to develop new design criteria for denitrification. The paper presents the results of half-scaled and full-scaled experiments with activated sludge systems, fixed bed reactors prepositioned and postpositioned. Further results out of literature are added. Possible design criteria are shown. It is emphasized that some trickling filters show simultanous nitrogen elimination of up to 80 %.

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24

Pearce, P. "Trickling filters for upgrading low technology wastewater plants for nitrogen removal." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 11-12 (June 1, 2004): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0801.

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Previous work through the 1990s in the Thames Water region in the UK has demonstrated the ability of the trickling filter process to produce fully nitrified effluents, reliably throughout the year. The original data used for the nitrification model derivations have been reanalysed, to investigate the degree of nitrogen removal across the process. Removals of total nitrogen ranging from 0% to over 50% were observed across the trickling filter process and calculated total nitrogen removals of 26-63% were obtained when primary treatment was included. The degree of nitrogen removal and biological denitrification (excluding cellular assimilation) was found to be strongly influenced by BOD load, irrigation velocity and media size. Regression models were produced which gave good predictive relationships for the data ranges used. The models produced worked for filters used with and without a recirculation of effluent nitrate which suggests that a significant degree of nitrification occurred in areas of high heterotroph activity (BOD removal). The simplicity and energy efficiency of the trickling filter process, combined with its capacity for full nitrification and partial denitrification, make the process attractive as a combined process used with pond systems in developing countries where nitrogen removal may be required. Some of these synergies have already been developed with the PETRO® process in South Africa.

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25

Lekang, Odd-Ivar, and Helge Kleppe. "Efficiency of nitrification in trickling filters using different filter media." Aquacultural Engineering 21, no. 3 (January 2000): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8609(99)00032-1.

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26

Balmér, P., L. Ekfjorden, D. Lumley, and A. Mattsson. "Upgrading for nitrogen removal under severe site restrictions." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 9 (May 1, 1998): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0356.

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The Rya WWTP in Göteborg, Sweden is a highly loaded activated sludge plant which has been upgraded to remove nitrogen and to increase the biologically treated flow by 33% to reduce bypassing. Severe site restrictions made it difficult to increase the plant area. This was solved using a compant process based on tertiary nitrification in trickling filters and recirculation to a highly loaded activated sludge unit for denitrification. The necessary volumes were achieved by expanding the plant upwards, thus making it possible to place the trickling filters a in part of the area occupied by the former aeration basins. The recirculation of trickling filter effluent made it necessary to double the secondary settler capacity. This was solved by retrofitting the existing settlers as stacked settlers with a second tray on top of the original basin. The considerations behind process selection and plant design and costs are described.

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27

Daigger, Glen T., and Joshua P. Boltz. "Trickling Filter and Trickling Filter‐Suspended Growth Process Design and Operation: A State-of-the-Art Review." Water Environment Research 83, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 388–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143010x12681059117210.

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28

Kopeć, Łukasz, Jakub Drewnowski, and F. J. Fernandez-Morales. "Effect of organic nitrogen concentration on the efficiency of trickling filters." E3S Web of Conferences 30 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183002007.

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The study was conducted in Poland at six selected wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) based on the trickling filters Bioclere® technology. The aim of the study was to find the relationship between the influent organic nitrogen concentration and the purification efficiency expressed as effluent COD concentration. In the tests performed, the COD to BOD5 relationship was close to 2 and the ratio of BOD5 to TN was lower than 4. The research indicated that this specific chemical composition of raw wastewater causes appearance of filamentous bacteria on the surface of trickling filter filling and strongly affect the effluent quality.

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29

Gomez, E., X. Wang, S. Dagnino, M. Leclercq, A. Escande, C. Casellas, B. Picot, and H. Fenet. "Fate of endocrine disrupters in waste stabilization pond systems." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 11 (June 1, 2007): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.350.

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The performance in the removal of estrogenicity from wastewater was studied in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Different treatment processes were evaluated: stabilization ponds and trickling filter. Sampling was performed from the input to the output of the treatment systems. The total estrogenic activity was determined with MCF-7-derived cell lines which express the endogenous estrogen receptor α. The two wastewater stabilization ponds with long retention time had high removal of estrogenicity (90% to 95%). Trickling filters despite being effective at removing organic load were less effective in removing estrogenicity (42%), and post tertiary ponds enhanced estrogenicity removal.

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30

Battistoni, P., G. Fava, and A. Gatto. "High Load Trickling Filters. Biofilm Accumulation and Sludge Production." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0748.

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A pilot–scale investigation was carried out to evaluate the parameters affecting biofilm accumulation and sludge production. The behaviour of a cross flow (CF) plastic medium filter (4.3 m of Plasdek B 27) was followed over an eight month period. Four hydraulic loadings, from 2.5 to 3.6 m3/m2h, (organic loadings from 1.5 to 6.2 Kg BOD5/m3d) were experimented. Medium temperature, BOD5 influent and hydraulic loading were determinants for biofilm accumulation and sludge production. The specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of waste sludge was found related to inlet BOD5. Furthermore a relationship between median retention time (MRT) and filter biomass was obtained; this relationship gave also a good capacity to interpret MRT for low–rate filters.

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31

Dai, Y., A. Constantinou, and P. Griffiths. "Enhanced nitrogen removal in trickling filter plants." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 10 (May 1, 2013): 2273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.119.

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The Beaudesert Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), originally built in 1966 and augmented in 1977, is a typical biological trickling filter (TF) STP comprising primary sedimentation tanks (PSTs), TFs and humus tanks. The plant, despite not originally being designed for nitrogen removal, has been consistently achieving over 60% total nitrogen reduction and low effluent ammonium concentration of less than 5 mg NH3-N/L. Through the return of a NO3−-rich stream from the humus tanks to the PSTs and maintaining an adequate sludge age within the PSTs, the current plant is achieving a substantial degree of denitrification. Further enhanced denitrification has been achieved by raising the recycle flows and maintaining an adequate solids retention time (SRT) within the PSTs. This paper describes the approach to operating a TF plant to achieve a high degree of nitrification and denitrification. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through the pilot plant trial. The results from the pilot trial demonstrate a significant improvement in nitrogen removal performance whilst maximising the asset life of the existing infrastructure. This shows great potential as a retrofit option for small and rural communities with pre-existing TFs that require improvements in terms of nitrogen removal.

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32

Thörn, Marina, Ann Mattsson, and Fred Sörensson. "Biofilm development in a nitrifying trickling filter." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1996): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0359.

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Two start-ups with a nitrifying trickling filter carrying different substratum densities (157 and 226 m2 m−3) have been made during winter time. The biofilm development time in both cases was approximately 100 days (nitrification rates between 0.6–1.6 gN m−2 d−1 when fully developed) and the pattern of the increase of the nitrification rate was similar during both the biofilm development periods. The substratum density did not affect the nitrification rate, and thus the total amount of ammonium nitrified in the denser material was higher. Microbial parameters were measured during biofilm development in the denser material. The bacteria were more loosely attached to the surface at the beginning of the biofilm development (50% firmly attached), while 80-100% were firmly attached after 20 days. Irreversible attachment was achieved after 20 days. The bacterial size decreased during the initial phase. Microscopic examination showed that the film consisted of both densely populated and empty areas during the biofilm development period, which indicates that the area was not fully used by the microorganisms. The maximum nitrification rate was reached at around 10 gram biofilm dry weight per square metre.

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Logan, B. E. "Discussion: Oxygen Utilization of Trickling Filter Biofilms." Journal of Environmental Engineering 122, no. 4 (April 1996): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1996)122:4(333).

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34

Randall, Andrew Amis, J. Martin Sullivan, John Dietz, and Clifford W. Randall. "Industrial Pretreatment: Trickling Filter Performance and Design." Journal of Environmental Engineering 123, no. 11 (November 1997): 1072–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1997)123:11(1072).

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35

Kratochvil, David. "Industrial Pretreatment: Trickling Filter Performance and Design." Journal of Environmental Engineering 125, no. 2 (February 1999): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1999)125:2(204).

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Zenker, Matthew J., Robert C. Borden, and Morton A. Barlaz. "Biodegradation of 1,4-Dioxane Using Trickling Filter." Journal of Environmental Engineering 130, no. 9 (September 2004): 926–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2004)130:9(926).

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37

Peixoto, J., and M. Mota. "Biodegradation of toluene in a trickling filter." Bioprocess Engineering 19, no. 5 (1998): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004490050538.

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38

Fruhen, M., W. Kühn, and M. Dohmann. "Upgrading of a wastewater treatment plant utilizing existing trickling filters and a new filter stage." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0582.

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The upgrading of wastewater treatment plants with the objective of enhancing the elimination of nitrogen and phosphorus is a demanding undertaking as regards the choice of process technology, especially if the basic function of existing treatment systems is to be retained. With reference to an existing two-stage biological sewage plant with trickling filters in the second stage, the present paper illustrates how the volume of the activated sludge stage that is being enlarged can be minimized by exploiting the benefits of a primary treatment stage with high BOD5 elimination and by integrating the trickling filters in the main stream of the treatment chain. This requires that the extremely costly filtration stage that is essential for eliminating the phosphorus also fulfils other tasks, in this case residual denitrification.

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de Vet, Weren W. J. M., Willem Jan Knibbe, Luuk C. Rietveld, and Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Biological active groundwater filters: exploiting natural diversity." Water Supply 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.076.

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In the Netherlands, biological trickling filters without chemical pre-oxidation are generally applied to treat anaerobic groundwater, containing methane, iron, ammonium and manganese. Previous research showed that all compounds can be removed in one filter step and that not only the ammonia oxidation (by nitrification), but also the iron oxidation is often a biological process, despite oxygen saturated conditions and neutral pH. However, the optimal conditions for each process differs. In this paper, we report the preliminary results of a demonstration plant (40 m3 h–1) with two consecutive trickling filtration steps. The first highly loaded filter removed 1–1.5 ppm of methane and 5–6 ppm of iron with filtration rates up to 30 m h−1. The second filter step removed 5–6 ppm of ammonium and 0.5–0.6 ppm of manganese virtually completely at 2 m h−1. Quantitative (real time) polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) indicated that the growth of methane-oxidizing bacteria was marginal, but biological iron oxidation by Gallionella bacteria accounted for a quarter to over half of the total iron conversion.

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Boller, Markus, Manfred Tschui, and Willi Gujer. "Effects of transient nutrient concentrations in tertiary biofilm reactors." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0023.

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In different pilot experiments with tertiary trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, aerated biofilters and other fixed bed reactors, the effects of transient NH4-loading rates, transient oxygenation capacities, short- and long-term organic loading on nitrification performance were studied. Operating tools and mechanisms are shown to enhance NH4- and O2-limited nitrification rates. Periodic flow reversal in trickling filter and rotating contactor series and the use of pure oxygen in biofilters are possibilities to increase the nitrification capacity of tertiary biofilm reactors. Due to O2-competition and heterotrophic overgrowth, the presence of biodegradable organics may lower or completely stop the nitrification activity of tertiary biofilms. In this respect frequently backwashed biofilters and other fixed beds are superior to conventionally operated trickling filters or rotating biological contactors with stationary biofilms. Frequent removal of the top biofilm layers by backwashing is shown to offer the advantage of enhanced O2-supply into the depth of the biofilm and the possibility to maintain thin and fully aerobic multispecies biofilms with elevated nitrification potential.

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Fadel, Ahmed. "Rehabilitation and Upgrading of the Beni Suef City Wastewater Treatment Plant." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1990): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0238.

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Many of Egypt's cities have existing treatment plants under operation that have been constructed before 1970. Almost all of these treatment plants now need rehabilitation and upgrading to extend their services for a longer period. One of these plants is the Beni Suef City Wastewater Treatment Plant. The Beni Suef WWTP was constructed in 1956. It has primary treatment followed by secondary treatment employing intermediate rate trickling filters. The BOD, COD, and SS concentration levels are relatively high. They are approximately 800, 1100, and 600 mg/litre, respectively. The Beni Suef city required the determination of the level of work needed for the rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing 200 l/s plant and to extend its capacity to 440 l/s at year 2000 A description of the existing units, their deficiencies and operation problems, and the required rehabilitation are presented and discussed in this paper. Major problems facing the upgrading were the lack of space for expansion and the shortage of funds. It was, therefore, necessary to study several alternative solutions and methods of treatment. The choice of alternatives was from one of the following schemes: a) changing the filter medium, its mode of operation and increasing the number of units, b) changing the trickling filter to high rate and combining it with the activated sludge process, for operation by one of several possible combinations such as: trickling filter-solids contact, roughing filter-activated sludge, and trickling filter-activated sludge process, c) dividing the flow into two parts, the first part to be treated using the existing system and the second part to be treated by activated sludge process, and d) expanding the existing system by increasing the numbers of the different process units. The selection of the alternative was based on technical, operational and economic evaluations. The different alternatives were compared on the basis of system costs, shock load handling, treatment plant operation and predicted effluent quality. The flow schemes for the alternatives are presented. The methodology of selecting the best alternative is discussed. From the study it was concluded that the first alternative is the most reliable from the point of view of costs, handling shock load, and operation.

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Al-Sakkaf, Basem Mohammed, Sadia Nasreen, and Naeem Ejaz. "Degradation Pattern of Textile Effluent by Using Bio and Sono Chemical Reactor." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (March 30, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8965627.

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The research study was conducted to design the ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical reactor and the bioreactor/filter to evaluate the potential applicability of biological trickling filter system and to compare the efficiency of two reactors such as SER and TF for the treatment of textile industry effluents. Also the study to design Sonoelectrolytic process for wastewater treatment of textile industry containing strong color, high temperature, suspended particles and dissolved solid particles has been conducted. Effect to environment and health is caused by oxygen demand (BOD), high chemical oxygen demand (COD). The percentage removal efficiency for wastewater treatment of textile industry by using sonoelectrolytic reactor (SER) was found to be higher than 95% at temperature of 25°C and a pH value of 8.9, while for trickling filter (TF), having adsorbent as a filter medium, efficiency was found to be 95%, and optimum conditions obtained were applied for the treatment of different dye samples. Based on experimental outcomes, it is determined that treatment through SER is done faster than trickling filter because in TF the adsorbent capacity decreases with time and is a time-consuming process, but the chance of deposition on electrodes also increases in SER, so both these processes can yield better results if these problems are eliminated.

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Vanhooren, H., T. Verbrugge, G. Boeije, D. Demey, and P. A. Vanrolleghem. "Adequate model complexity for scenario analysis of VOC stripping in a trickling filter." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 7 (April 1, 2001): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0382.

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Two models describing the stripping of volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) in an industrial trickling filter system are developed. The aim of the models is to investigate the effect of different operating conditions (VOC loads and air flow rates) on the efficiency of VOC stripping and the resulting concentrations in the gas and liquid phases. The first model uses the same principles as the steady-state non-equilibrium activated sludge model SimpleTreat, in combination with an existing biofilm model. The second model is a simple mass balance based model only incorporating air and liquid and thus neglecting biofilm effects. In a first approach, the first model was incorporated in a five-layer hydrodynamic model of the trickling filter, using the carrier material design specifications for porosity, water hold-up and specific surface area. A tracer test with lithium was used to validate this approach, and the gas mixing in the filters was studied using continuous CO2 and O2 measurements. With the tracer test results, the biodegradation model was adapted, and it became clear that biodegradation and adsorption to solids can be neglected. On this basis, a simple dynamic mass balance model was built. Simulations with this model reveal that changing the air flow rate in the trickling filter system has little effect on the VOC stripping efficiency at steady state. However, immediately after an air flow rate change, quite high flux and concentration peaks of VOCs can be expected. These phenomena are of major importance for the design of an off-gas treatment facility.

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Gilley, Alicia, Joe Foster, and Gary Hunter. "UV Process and Fouling Testing at a Trickling Filter Plant: Key Factors in UV Design for Trickling Filter Effluent." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, no. 8 (October 1, 2007): 8934–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864707787780512.

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Slezak, Lloyd, Denny Parker, and Greg Shreeve. "Commissioning of 21^st Century Trickling Filter Process Design Features in a Trickling Filter / Solids Contact Process." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 7 (January 1, 2010): 597–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864710798208502.

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46

Awad, Saad Naif, and Basim Hussein Khudair Al-Obaidi. "Performance Evaluation of Trickling Filter and Extended Aeration of Wastewater Treatment Plants." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.03.08.

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In recent decades, there has been increasing interest in wastewater treatment because of its direct impact on the environment and public health. Over time, other forms of treatment have been developed and modified, including extended aeration. This process is included in the suspended growth system. In this paper, a comparative study was conducted between the efficiency of the extended aeration plant and that of the trickling filter plant in removal of BOD and COD. The method of comparison was done by knowing the value of the pollutant before and after the treatment and then extract the removal ratio of each pollutant within each plant. The results showed that the percentage of removal of BOD in the trickling filter was 79.5% while in extended aeration was 90.7%. The efficiency of COD removal was 60% in trickling filter and 86% in extended aeration. The study was carried out at the Barrakiyah WWTP in Najaf province in Iraq. As the plant contains these two types of treatment, and the study has been achieved through monthly examinations over a full year.

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Mondal, Bibek, Mustafa A. Warith, and Stephen D. Burns. "Comparison of Shredded Tire Chips and Tire Crumbs as Packing Media in Trickling Filters." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.034.

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Abstract A five stage study was conducted using two trickling filters, one with shredded tire chips (12 to 50 mm) and the other with tire crumbs (1.5 to 6.5 mm) as packing media, and both landfill leachate and synthetically prepared leachate, to evaluate treatment performance. Due to increased surface area and sorption capacity, compared with other materials, a thick layer of biomass developed over the surface of tire chips and crumbs and sloughed off after approximately 21 days. Biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and ammonia nitrogen removal were in the range of 81 to 96%, 76 to 90%, and 15 to 68%, respectively, under stable conditions. Organic removal and total dissolved solids reduction from the leachate were well correlated, with the exception of when biomass sloughing caused an increase in the organic content. The trickling filter with tire crumb media exhibited a more consistent organic removal throughout the experimental program. Tire chips, being readily available, could be a better alternative to crushed stone or gravel as a packing media in trickling filters. Tire crumbs appeared to be promising for small scale treatment systems.

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Dölle, K., and C. Peluso. "Earthworm and Algae Species in a Trickling Filter." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 3, no. 3 (January 10, 2015): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2015/17861.

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Dölle, K., and C. Watkins. "Algae to Remove Phosphorous in a Trickling Filter." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 11, no. 2 (January 10, 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2017/29979.

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50

Duncan, C., and I. A. Jones. "Stability of open-channel trickling-filter distributor arms." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 215, no. 1 (February 2001): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954408011530280.

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