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Journal articles on the topic 'Trichoderma harzianum T39'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Harel, Yael Meller, Zeraye Haile Mehari, Dalia Rav-David, and Yigal Elad. "Systemic Resistance to Gray Mold Induced in Tomato by Benzothiadiazole and Trichoderma harzianum T39." Phytopathology® 104, no. 2 (February 2014): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-13-0043-r.

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Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is an important disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). This study examined defense-related gene expression involved in the resistance to B. cinerea that is induced in tomato plants by benzothiadiazole and Trichoderma harzianum T39 soil drench. In whole plants, transcriptional changes related to salicylic acid and ethylene were induced by the application of a 0.01% benzothiadiazole solution, whereas changes related to jasmonic acid were induced by the application of a 0.4% T39 suspension. On detached leaves, soil treatment by T39 led to enhanced resistance to B. cinerea infection that was proportional to the concentration of the T39 suspension. By 5 days after pathogen inoculation, the plants that had received the 0.04% T39 drench exhibited 62% less severe disease than the untreated plants. The 0.4% T39 drench led to an 84% reduction in disease severity. Observations of B. cinerea infection in leaves harvested from plants grown in the treated soils revealed that drenching with a T39 suspension induces systemic resistance against B. cinerea and primes salicylic acid- and ethylene-related gene expression in a manner proportional to the concentration of the biocontrol agent. Benzothiadiazole treatment induced resistance to gray mold independently of salicylic acid and led to strong priming of two genes known to be involved in defense against B. cinerea, Pti5 and PI2.

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2

O'NEILL, T. M., Y. ELAD, D. SHTIENBERG, and A. COHEN. "Control of Grapevine Grey Mould with Trichoderma harzianum T39." Biocontrol Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (June 1996): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583159650039340.

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3

Roatti, Benedetta, Michele Perazzolli, Cesare Gessler, and Ilaria Pertot. "Abiotic Stresses Affect Trichoderma harzianum T39-Induced Resistance to Downy Mildew in Grapevine." Phytopathology® 103, no. 12 (December 2013): 1227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-13-0040-r.

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Enhancement of plant defense through the application of resistance inducers seems a promising alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling crop diseases but the efficacy can be affected by abiotic factors in the field. Plants respond to abiotic stresses with hormonal signals that may interfere with the mechanisms of induced systemic resistance (ISR) to pathogens. In this study, we exposed grapevines to heat, drought, or both to investigate the effects of abiotic stresses on grapevine resistance induced by Trichoderma harzianum T39 (T39) to downy mildew. Whereas the efficacy of T39-induced resistance was not affected by exposure to heat or drought, it was significantly reduced by combined abiotic stresses. Decrease of leaf water potential and upregulation of heat-stress markers confirmed that plants reacted to abiotic stresses. Basal expression of defense-related genes and their upregulation during T39-induced resistance were attenuated by abiotic stresses, in agreement with the reduced efficacy of T39. The evidence reported here suggests that exposure of crops to abiotic stress should be carefully considered to optimize the use of resistance inducers, especially in view of future global climate changes. Expression analysis of ISR marker genes could be helpful to identify when plants are responding to abiotic stresses, in order to optimize treatments with resistance inducers in field.

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4

Shtienberg, D., and Y. Elad. "Incorporation of Weather Forecasting in Integrated, Biological-Chemical Management of Botrytis cinerea." Phytopathology® 87, no. 3 (March 1997): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.3.332.

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A strategy for integrated biological and chemical control of Botrytis cinerea in nonheated greenhouse vegetables was developed. The biocontrol agent used was a commercial preparation developed from an isolate of Trichoderma harzianum, T39 (Trichodex). Decisions concerning whether to spray the biocontrol agent or a fungicide were made based on a weather-based disease warning system. The integrated strategy (BOTMAN [short for Botrytis manager]) was implemented as follows: when slow or no disease progress was expected, no spraying was needed; when an outbreak of epidemics was expected, use of a chemical fungicide was recommended; in all other cases, application of T. harzianum T39 was recommended. Future weather information (a 4-day weather forecast provided by the Israel Weather Forecast Service) was more useful for disease warnings than immediate past weather. The integrated strategy was compared with weekly applications of fungicide in 11 experiments conducted over 3 years in greenhouse-grown tomato and cucumber. Disease reduction in the integrated strategy (63.9 ± 3.0%) did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from the fungicide-only treatment (70.1 ± 3.6%). The number of fungicide sprays in the integrated strategy ranged from 2 to 7 (mean 4.2) compared to 7 to 13 (mean 10.5) in the fungicide treatment. The integrated strategy averaged 5.9 sprays of T. harzianum T39. For the integrated strategy, one treatment omitted use of T. harzianum T39 to estimate the contribution of this agent to disease control. Disease reduction in that treatment (49.1 ± 4.8%) was significantly (P < 0.05) inferior to the combined chemical and biological strategy, indicating that the T. harzianum T39 sprays had a measurable effect on disease control.

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Gupta, Rupali, Ravindran Keppanan, Meirav Leibman-Markus, Dalia Rav-David, Yigal Elad, Dana Ment, and Maya Bar. "The Entomopathogenic Fungi Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria bassiana Promote Systemic Immunity and Confer Resistance to a Broad Range of Pests and Pathogens in Tomato." Phytopathology® 112, no. 4 (April 2022): 784–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-21-0343-r.

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Biocontrol agents can control pathogens by reenforcing systemic plant resistance through systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR). Trichoderma spp. can activate the plant immune system through ISR, priming molecular mechanisms of defense against pathogens. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can infect a wide range of arthropod pests and play an important role in reducing pests’ population. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which EPF control plant diseases. We tested two well studied EPF, Metarhizium brunneum isolate Mb7 and Beauveria bassiana as the commercial product Velifer, for their ability to induce systemic immunity and disease resistance against several fungal and bacterial phytopathogens, and their ability to promote plant growth. We compared the activity of these EPF to an established biocontrol agent, Trichoderma harzianum T39, a known inducer of systemic plant immunity and broad disease resistance. The three fungal agents were effective against several fungal and bacterial plant pathogens and arthropod pests. Our results indicate that EPF induce systemic plant immunity and disease resistance by activating the plant host defense machinery, as evidenced by increases in reactive oxygen species production and defense gene expression, and that EPF promote plant growth. EPF should be considered as control means for Tuta absoluta. We demonstrate that, with some exceptions, biocontrol in tomato can be equally potent by the tested EPF and T. harzianum T39, against both insect pests and plant pathogens. Taken together, our findings suggest that EPF may find use in broad-spectrum pest and disease management and as plant growth promoting agents.

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6

Sanchi, S., S. Odorizzi, L. Lazzeri, and P. Marciano. "EFFECT OF BRASSICA CARINATA SEED MEAL TREATMENT ON THE TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM T39-SCLEROTINIA SPECIES INTERACTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 698 (December 2005): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.698.38.

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7

Perazzolli, Michele, Silvia Dagostin, Alessandro Ferrari, Yigal Elad, and Ilaria Pertot. "Induction of systemic resistance against Plasmopara viticola in grapevine by Trichoderma harzianum T39 and benzothiadiazole." Biological Control 47, no. 2 (November 2008): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.08.008.

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8

Freeman, Stanley, Marcel Maymon, Benny Kirshner, Dalia Rav-David, and Yigal Elad. "Use of GUS Transformants of Trichoderma harzianum Isolate T39 (TRICHODEX) for Studying Interactions on Leaf Surfaces." Biocontrol Science and Technology 12, no. 3 (June 2002): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150220128185.

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9

Perazzolli, Michele, Benedetta Roatti, Elisa Bozza, and Ilaria Pertot. "Trichoderma harzianum T39 induces resistance against downy mildew by priming for defense without costs for grapevine." Biological Control 58, no. 1 (July 2011): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.04.006.

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10

Palmieri, Maria Cristina, Michele Perazzolli, Vittoria Matafora, Marco Moretto, Angela Bachi, and Ilaria Pertot. "Proteomic analysis of grapevine resistance induced by Trichoderma harzianum T39 reveals specific defence pathways activated against downy mildew." Journal of Experimental Botany 63, no. 17 (October 2012): 6237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers279.

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11

Perazzolli, Michele, Marco Moretto, Paolo Fontana, Alberto Ferrarini, Riccardo Velasco, Claudio Moser, Massimo Delledonne, and Ilaria Pertot. "Downy mildew resistance induced by Trichoderma harzianum T39 in susceptible grapevines partially mimics transcriptional changes of resistant genotypes." BMC Genomics 13, no. 1 (2012): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-660.

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12

Elad, Y. "Trichoderma harzianum T39 Preparation for Biocontrol of Plant Diseases-Control of Botrytis cinerea , Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Cladosporium fulvum." Biocontrol Science and Technology 10, no. 4 (August 2000): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150050115089.

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13

Shafir, Sharoni, Arnon Dag, Alon Bilu, Mohamad Abu-Toamy, and Yigal Elad. "Honey bee dispersal of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum T39: effectiveness in suppressing Botrytis cinerea on strawberry under field conditions." European Journal of Plant Pathology 116, no. 2 (August 10, 2006): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-006-9047-y.

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14

RESTUCCIA, CRISTINA, FRANCESCO GIUSINO, FABIO LICCIARDELLO, CINZIA RANDAZZO, CINZIA CAGGIA, and GIUSEPPE MURATORE. "Biological Control of Peach Fungal Pathogens by Commercial Products and Indigenous Yeasts." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2465.

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The potential use of the commercial biocontrol products Serenade (Bacillus subtilis QST-713) and Trichodex (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain T39) to inhibit the postharvest pathogenic molds Penicillium crustosum and Mucor circinelloides was investigated. Both products exhibited antagonistic activity in vitro against the pathogens, reducing their growth at different levels. In addition, epiphytic yeasts isolated from peaches were identified as Candida maltosa, Pichia fermentans, and Pichia kluyveri by PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism of internal transcribed spacer regions and screened for antagonistic activity against the same molds. The efficacy of biocontrol in vitro was dependent on the concentration of the yeast cells. Optimal yeast concentrations were above 107 CFU ml−1. However, C. maltosa and P. fermentans were more effective than P. kluyveri in inhibiting molds. The exclusion of antifungal metabolite production and direct competition for nutrients or space with the pathogens was proposed as the mechanism of biocontrol. Application of biocontrol agents directly on artificially wounded peach fruits significantly reduced the incidence of mold rot during storage at 20°C.

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15

Morán-Diez, Eugenia, Rosa Hermosa, Patrizia Ambrosino, Rosa E. Cardoza, Santiago Gutiérrez, Matteo Lorito, and Enrique Monte. "The ThPG1 Endopolygalacturonase Is Required for the Trichoderma harzianum–Plant Beneficial Interaction." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 8 (August 2009): 1021–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-8-1021.

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Considering the complexity of the in vivo interactions established by a mycoparasitic biocontrol agent at the plant rhizosphere, proteomic, genomic, and transcriptomic approaches were used to study a novel Trichoderma gene coding for a plant cell wall (PCW)-degrading enzyme. A proteome analysis, using a three-component (Trichoderma spp.–tomato plantlets–pathogen) system, allowed us to identify a differentially expressed Trichoderma harzianum endopolygalacturonase (endoPG). Spot 0303 remarkably increased only in the presence of the soilborne pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum, and corresponded to an expressed sequence tag from a T. harzianum T34 cDNA library that was constructed in the presence of PCW polymers and used to isolate the Thpg1 gene. Compared with the wild-type strain, Thpg1-silenced transformants showed lower PG activity, less growth on pectin medium, and reduced capability to colonize tomato roots. These results were combined with microarray comparative data from the transcriptome of Arabidopsis plants inoculated with the wild type or a Thpg1-silenced transformant (ePG5). The endoPG-encoding gene was found to be required for active root colonization and plant defense induction by T. harzianum T34. In vivo assays showed that Botrytis cinerea leaf necrotic lesions were slightly smaller in plants colonized by ePG5, although no statistically significant differences were observed.

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16

Pedrero-Méndez, Alberto, H. Camilo Insuasti, Theodora Neagu, María Illescas, M. Belén Rubio, Enrique Monte, and Rosa Hermosa. "Why Is the Correct Selection of Trichoderma Strains Important? The Case of Wheat Endophytic Strains of T. harzianum and T. simmonsii." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7121087.

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The search for endophytic fungi in the roots of healthy wheat plants from a non-irrigation field trial allowed us to select 4 out of a total of 54 cultivable isolates belonging to the genus Trichoderma, identified as T. harzianum T136 and T139, T. simmonsii T137, and T. afroharzianum T138. In vitro assays against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum showed that the T. harzianum strains had the highest biocontrol potential and that T136 exhibited the highest cellulase and chitinase activities. Production patterns of eight phytohormones varied among the Trichoderma strains. All four, when applied alone or in combination, colonized roots of other wheat cultivars and promoted seed germination, tillering, and plant growth under optimal irrigation conditions in the greenhouse. Apart from T136, the endophytic Trichoderma strains showed plant protection capacity against drought as they activated the antioxidant enzyme machinery of the wheat plants. However, T. simmonsii T137 gave the best plant size and spike weight performance in water-stressed plants at the end of the crop. This trait correlated with significantly increased production of indole acetic acid and abscisic acid and increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity by T137. This study shows the potential of Trichoderma endophytes and that their success in agricultural systems requires careful selection of suitable strains.

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17

Rubio, M. Belén, Rosa E. Cardoza, Rosa Hermosa, Santiago Gutiérrez, and Enrique Monte. "Cloning and characterization of the Thcut1 gene encoding a cutinase of Trichoderma harzianum T34." Current Genetics 54, no. 6 (November 6, 2008): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00294-008-0218-6.

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18

Peccatti, Aline, Ana Paula Moreira Rovedder, Gerusa Pauli Kist Steffen, Joseila Maldaner, Betina Camargo, Luna Parode Dalcul, Frederico Neuenschwander, Rafaela Badinelli Hummel, and Luana Camila Capitani. "Biological inputs in promoting the growth of Bauhinia forficata Link. seedlings." Ciência Florestal 30, no. 2 (June 4, 2020): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509833322.

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O cultivo de plantas medicinais exige cuidado na aplicação de agroquímicos a fim de evitar a alteração da composição de seus princípios ativos. Os insumos biológicos são mais recomendáveis para esse propósito. Foi testado o efeito de Trichoderma spp. e vermicomposto em mudas de Bauhinia forficata Link., uma das espécies florestais mais exploradas para fins medicinais, a partir de dois ensaios instalados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 40 repetições, em casa de vegetação. Testamos duas estirpes de Trichoderma asperelloides (T1 e T2) e duas estirpes de Trichoderma harzianum (T13 e T33) inoculadas em substrato e um tratamento controle (substrato sem inoculação). O ensaio com vermicomposto testou as proporções de 0, 20, 40, 50, 60 e 80 % de vermicomposto (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 e T6 respectivamente). As variáveis altura, diâmetro do coleto, teor de clorofila e número de folhas foram avaliadas aos 45, 90 e 135 dias após a semeadura. Analisamos também a sobrevivência, área foliar, biomassa seca total, da parte aérea e raízes e Índice de Qualidade de Dickson das mudas aos 135 dias após a semeadura. A área foliar foi submetida ao teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Outras variáveis não apresentaram normalidade e homogeneidade de variâncias e foram comparadas por Kruskal-Wallis (α = 0,05). Os insumos biológicos influenciaram positivamente no crescimento inicial de Bauhinia forficata. A altura, o diâmetro do coleto, a área foliar e a biomassa seca (total, aérea e radicular) foram superiores em relação aos tratamentos controle, para ambos os ensaios. Dentre as estirpes de Trichoderma spp., T13 apresentou melhores resultados para o crescimento das mudas em relação à T33. Mudas produzidas com proporções maiores de vermicomposto (50, 60 e 80 %) apresentaram desenvolvimento estatisticamente superior em altura e diâmetro do coleto, a partir dos 90 dias após semeadura, quando comparado ao tratamento controle. No entanto, não houve um padrão claro de diferenças entre as outras doses testadas, exigindo mais testes de dosagem. Trichoderma spp. e vermicomposto mostraram-se promissores para produção de Bauhinia forficata para fins medicinais.

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19

Morán-Diez, María E., Eduardo Tranque, Wagner Bettiol, Enrique Monte, and Rosa Hermosa. "Differential Response of Tomato Plants to the Application of Three Trichoderma Species When Evaluating the Control of Pseudomonas syringae Populations." Plants 9, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050626.

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Trichoderma species are well known biocontrol agents that are able to induce responses in the host plants against an array of abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we investigate, when applied to tomato seeds, the potential of Trichoderma strains belonging to three different species, T. parareesei T6, T. asperellum T25, and T. harzianum T34, to control the fully pathogenic strain Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, able to produce the coronatine (COR) toxin, and the COR-deficient strain Pst DC3118 in tomato plants, and the molecular mechanisms by which the plant can modulate its systemic defense. Four-week old tomato plants, seed-inoculated, or not, with a Trichoderma strain, were infected, or not, with a Pst strain, and the changes in the expression of nine marker genes representative of salicylic acid (SA) (ICS1 and PAL5) and jasmonic acid (JA) (TomLoxC) biosynthesis, SA- (PR1b1), JA- (PINII and MYC2) and JA/Ethylene (ET)-dependent (ERF-A2) defense pathways, as well as the abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive gene AREB2 and the respiratory burst oxidase gene LERBOH1, were analyzed at 72 hours post-inoculation (hpi) with the bacteria. The significant increase obtained for bacterial population sizes in the leaves, disease index, and the upregulation of tomato genes related to SA, JA, ET and ABA in plants inoculated with Pst DC3000 compared with those obtained with Pst DC3118, confirmed the COR role as a virulence factor, and showed that both Pst and COR synergistically activate the JA- and SA-signaling defense responses, at least at 72 hpi. The three Trichoderma strains tested reduced the DC3118 levels to different extents and were able to control disease symptoms at the same rate. However, a minor protection (9.4%) against DC3000 was only achieved with T. asperellum T25. The gene deregulation detected in Trichoderma-treated plus Pst-inoculated tomato plants illustrates the complex system of a phytohormone-mediated signaling network that is affected by the pathogen and Trichoderma applications but also by their interaction. The expression changes for all nine genes analyzed, excepting LERBOH1, as well as the bacterial populations in the leaves were significantly affected by the interaction. Our results show that Trichoderma spp. are not adequate to control the disease caused by fully pathogenic Pst strains in tomato plants.

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20

Tan, Yung-Chie, Mui-Yun Wong, and Chai-Ling Ho. "Expression profiles of defence related cDNAs in oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) inoculated with mycorrhizae and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai T32." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 96 (November 2015): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.08.014.

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21

Huang, Xinqi, Lihua Chen, Wei Ran, Qirong Shen, and Xingming Yang. "Trichoderma harzianum strain SQR-T37 and its bio-organic fertilizer could control Rhizoctonia solani damping-off disease in cucumber seedlings mainly by the mycoparasitism." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 91, no. 3 (April 12, 2011): 741–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3259-6.

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22

Cubilla-Ríos, Alberto Anastacio, Dani Daniel Ruíz-Díaz-Mendoza, María Cristina Romero-Rodríguez, María Eugenia Flores-Giubi, and Javier Enrique Barúa-Chamorro. "Antibiosis de proteínas y metabolitos en especies de Trichoderma contra aislamientos paraguayos de Macrophomina phaseolina." Agronomía Mesoamericana, January 1, 2019, 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v30i1.34423.

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Introducción. Macrophomina phaseolina es un hongo necrotrófico de difícil control. Hongos biocontroladores, como las especies del género Trichoderma, son una alternativa para cultivos afectados por este fitopatógeno. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la capacidad de antibiosis de Trichoderma arundinaceum, T. brevicompactum y T. harzianum, contra dos aislamientos de M. phaseolina. Materiales y métodos. El trabajo se efectuó entre octubre de 2015 y marzo del 2016. Se utilizaron tres cepas de referencia de Trichoderma: T. arundinaceum (IBT40837), T. brevicompactum (IBT40841) y T. harzianum T34 (CECT2413) y de M. phaseolina dos aislamientos (FCQ6 y FCQ9). Se realizaron ensayos de confrontación directa, antibiosis y análisis del perfil de proteínas y metabolitos secretados por Trichoderma. Resultados. Las especies de Trichoderma empleadas inhibieron de forma significativa el crecimiento de los dos aislamientos de M. phaseolina en los ensayos de confrontación directa, membrana de celofán y/o membrana de diálisis. En el ensayo de confrontación directa la mayor inhibición del crecimiento de los hongos se observó a las 96 h. El hongo aislado de sésamo (Sesamun indicum L., variedad Escoba blanca), permitió la evaluación de la actividad antifúngica de las moléculas de alto y bajo peso molecular incluso hasta las 120 h, donde T. arundinaceum mantuvo 100% de inhibición del crecimiento; en este mismo tiempo de exposición, los hongos T. brevicompactum y T. harzianum demostraron la importancia de las moléculas de alto peso molecular para el mantenimiento de la actividad antifúngica. Los resultados mostraron la diversidad de metabolitos secundarios y proteínas secretadas por las tres especies de Trichoderma. Conclusión. Este trabajo constituye la primera descripción de la actividad antifúngica de T. arundinaceum y T. brevicompactum contra M. phaseolina, y además, se destaca el potencial de hongos aislados de suelo nativo como alternativa biológica para el control de hongos fitopatógenos de importancia agrícola.

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23

Hiras Habisukan, Ummi, ELFITA ELFITA, HARY WIDJAJANTI, ARUM SETIAWAN, and ALFIA R. KURNIAWATI. "Diversity of endophytic fungi in Syzygium aqueum." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 22, no. 3 (February 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220307.

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Abstract. Habisukan UH, Elfita, Widjajanti H, Setiawan A, Kurniawati AR. 2021. Diversity of endophytic fungi in Syzygium aqueum. Biodiversitas 22: 1129-1137. Exploring endophytic fungi may provide alternative, plant-based ethnomedicines. The discovery of endophytic fungi can produce many plant-derived drugs that give new horizons to the pharmaceutical industry for the availability and production of such medicines on a large scale. Extracts from Syzygium aqueum Alston (jambu air), a fruit-bearing plant native to Indonesia, have long been used in traditional medicine. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify, and investigate, the antimicrobial activity of the endophytic fungi found in S. aqueum. Results revealed that total16 fungi were isolated . Fungal endophytes were identified through morphological characterization and subsequently compared with key fungal identification books. The ethyl acetate extracts of the isolated endophytic fungi were screened for their antimicrobial activity through paper disc diffusion assay fungi isolated from S. aqueum were identified as: Aspergillus niger (Isolate code R21, R41, T72), Cylindrocarpon sp. (Isolate code R11, R31), Trichoderma aureoviridae (Isolate code T11), Trichoderma harzianum (Isolate code T21), Trichoderma sp. (Isolate code T31), Pestalotia sp. (Isolate code T41and T62), Beltrania sp. (Isolate code T52), Chaetomium sp. (Isolate code L11), Cochliobolus sp. (Isolate code L22), Penicillium sp. (Isolate code L32), Cylindrocladium sp. (Isolate code L42), and an unidentified Ascomycota (T51). The values of Shannon-Weiner and Simpson diversity indexes for the overall fungal community were H′=2.133 and 1-D=0.859 respectively. All isolates showed potential antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus, but the lowest activity against Candida albicans. The results indicate that the bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites of these isolates should be further investigated for pharmaceutical applications.

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24

Hoseini, Atefeh, Amin Salehi, R. Z. Sayyed, Hamidreza Balouchi, Ali Moradi, Ramin Piri, Bahman Fazeli-Nasab, et al. "Efficacy of biological agents and fillers seed coating in improving drought stress in anise." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (July 22, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.955512.

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Many plants, including anise, have tiny, non-uniform seeds with low and light nutrient reserves. The seeds also show a weak establishment, especially under stressful conditions where their accurate planting in the soil and optimal yield are tough. This study sought to improve anise seeds’ physical and physiological characteristics under drought stress. To this end, two factorial experiments under laboratory and greenhouse conditions were performed in a completely randomized design with 4 and 3 replications, respectively. Five levels of seed inoculation (inoculation with T36 and T43 of Trichoderma harzianum, and CHA0 and B52 of Pseudomonas fluorescent, and non-inoculation which means that control seeds were not treated with microbial inoculant), three levels of coating (K10P20, K10P10V5, and non-coating), and three levels of drought stress (0, –3, and –6 bars) were considered as the factorial experiment [vermiculite (V), kaolin (K), and perlite (P) numbers refer to the amount of material used in grams]. The laboratory experiment revealed that the combined treatments of bio-agents with coating increased the physical and germination characteristics of anise seeds compared to the control treatment. The greenhouse experiment showed that drought stress reduced the initial growth indices. Still, the combination treatments of biological agents and coating (fillers) could alleviate the destructive effects of drought stress to some extent and improve these indices. The best treatment was provided by T36 and K10P20 in both experiments, which significantly increased morphological indices.

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