Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trichloroethane

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Academic literature on the topic 'Trichloroethane'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Trichloroethane"

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Ginstet, P., J. M. Audic, and J. C. Block. "Chlorinated solvents cometabolism by an enriched nitrifying bacterial consortium." Water Supply 1, no. 4 (June 1, 2001): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0072.

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The biodegradability of three of the most frequently halogenated aliphatics (trichloroethene, chloroform and 1.1.1.-trichloroethane) found in drinking water aquifers by a nitrifying enriched mixed biomass was investigated during batch tests. Within this mixed biomass, ammonia oxidisers were the effective degraders. The presence of ammonia stimulated chlorocarbon biodegradation, and the presence of chlorocarbon inhibited ammonia oxidation. This contrasted phenomenon was explained by a balance between electron supply from ammonia necessary to sustain the chlorocarbon oxidation and competitive inhibition for the ammonia monooxygenase active site between both substrates. About 0.03 to 0.2% of the electrons generated by ammonia oxidation were used for chlorocarbon degradation. Trichloroethene and chloroform oxidation induced a biomass inactivation (around 30 to 40 mg of proteins inactivated per μmol of chlorocarbn oxidised). Biomass re-activation due to exergonic ammonia catabolism was estimated to 24±6 mg of proteins reactivated per mmol of ammonia oxidised in both cases. No inactivation of re-activation was observed in the case of 1.1.1-trichloroethane.
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Yagi, Osami, Akiko Hashimoto, Kazuhiro Iwasaki, and Mutsuyasu Nakajima. "Aerobic Degradation of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane byMycobacterium spp. Isolated from Soil." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 4693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.10.4693-4696.1999.

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ABSTRACT Two strains of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA)-degrading bacteria, TA5 and TA27, were isolated from soil and identified asMycobacterium spp. Strains TA5 and TA27 could degrade 25 and 75 mg · liter of TCA−1 cometabolically in the presence of ethane as a carbon source, respectively. The compound 2,2,2-trichloroethanol was produced as a metabolite of the degradation process.
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Dürk, H., J. L. Poyer, C. Klessen, and H. Frank. "Acetylene, a mammalian metabolite of 1,1,1-trichloroethane." Biochemical Journal 286, no. 2 (September 1, 1992): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2860353.

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1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCE) is a widely used industrial solvent of low acute toxicity. It is slowly oxidized to trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid by cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxygenases. Increased inhalative uptake by rats under hypoxia and spin-trapping experiments indicate that TCE is also reductively metabolized to a radical intermediate. Acetylene is formed as a metabolite, suggesting transfer of an additional electron to form the corresponding carbene. Hypoxia and induction of mixed-function mono-oxygenases accelerate the formation of acetylene. Experiments performed in vitro with rat liver microsomal fractions yield analogous results.
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Graber, E. R., A. Sorek, L. Tsechansky, and N. Atzmon. "Competitive Uptake of Trichloroethene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane byEucalyptus camaldulensisSeedlings and Wood." Environmental Science & Technology 41, no. 19 (October 2007): 6704–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es070743l.

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Dietmann, Karen Maria, Tobias Linke, Miguel del Nogal Sánchez, José Luis Pérez Pavón, and Vicente Rives. "Layered Double Hydroxides with Intercalated Permanganate and Peroxydisulphate Anions for Oxidative Removal of Chlorinated Organic Solvents Contaminated Water." Minerals 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050462.

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The contamination by chlorinated organic solvents is a worldwide problem as they can deeply penetrate aquifers, accumulating in the sub-surface as lenses of highly hazardous pollutants. In recent years, so called in situ oxidation processes have been developed to remediate chlorinated organic solvents from groundwater and soil by injecting solutions of oxidising agents such as permanganate or peroxydisulphate. We here present modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with intercalated oxidising agents that might serve as new reactants for these remediation strategies. LDHs might serve as support and stabiliser materials for selected oxidising agents during injection, as the uncontrolled reaction and consumption might be inhibited, and guarantee that the selected oxidants persist in the subsurface after injection. In this study, LDHs with hydrotalcite- and hydrocalumite-like structures intercalated with permanganate and peroxydisulphate anions were synthesised and their efficiency was tested in batch experiments using trichloroethene or 1,1,2-trichloroethane as the target contaminants. All samples were characterised using powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis coupled with mass spectrometry to directly analyse evolving gases, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, particle size distribution measurements were carried out on the synthesised materials. Results of the batch experiments confirmed the hypothesis that oxidising agents keep their properties after intercalation. Permanganate intercalated LDHs proved to be most efficient at degrading trichloroethene while peroxydisulphate intercalated Ca,Al-LDHs were the most promising studied reactants degrading 1,1,2-trichloroethane. The detection of dichloroethene as well as the transformation of the studied reactants into new LDH phases confirmed the successful degradation of the target contaminant by oxidation processes generated from the intercalated oxidising agent.
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Iordache, Mihaela, Luisa Roxana Popescu, Luoana Florentina Pascu, Ioan Iordache, and Adriana Marinoiu. "Ultrasonic Irradiation a Chlorinated Organic Compounds (Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethene, 1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane) from Water." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 5 (June 15, 2017): 1019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.5.5602.

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The paper describe the sonochemical degradation of organochlorine compounds (Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethene and 1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane) from aqueous solutions. The experiments was realized with two types of equipment: ultrasound bath UCD-150 and sonotrode UP 200 Ht. The experimental results showed high efficient removal for all three compounds: Tetrachloroethene 93.8%, 1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane 92.9% and Trichloroethylene 86.6% in bath ultrasound treatment after 50 min. The ultrasound efficiency treatment depend by the sonotronde diameter. The degradation of Trichlorethylene and 1, 1, 2 -Trichloroethane is much better for sonotrode with 14 mm diameter (92.1% respectively 92.7%) than for sonotrode with 40 mm diameter (71.9% and 61.6%), while for Tetrachloroethene values were very close, 88.7% respectively 89.4% for the same above mentioned diameters.
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Luttrell, William E. "Toxic tips: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane." Chemical Health and Safety 9, no. 5 (September 2002): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-9098(02)00366-0.

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Broholm, Kim, Bjørn K. Jensen, Thomas H. Christensen, and Lajla Olsen. "Toxicity of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and Trichloroethene on a Mixed Culture of Methane-Oxidizing Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56, no. 8 (1990): 2488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.56.8.2488-2493.1990.

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Zenke, Michael W., and Karl Hensen. "Thermodynamische Untersuchungen der Systeme Pyridin/CH3SiCl3 und Pyridin/Cl3CCH3 / Thermodynamic Examinations of the Systems Pyridine/CH3SiCl3 and Pyridine/Cl3CCH3." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 48, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1993-0815.

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The isobaric melting and boiling diagrams for the systems: pyridine/methyltrichlorosilane and pyridine/1,1,1-trichloroethane are reproduced. The existence of the congruently melting addition compound CH3SiCl3· (Pyridin)2 could be confirmed. Some measurements of the molar volume of mixtures between pyridine and methyltrichlorosilane and pyridine and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, respectively, are reported. For both systems the molar excess volume and for the system pyridine/methyltrichlorosilane the molar excess enthalpie have been calculated as a function of the mole fractions.
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Milde, G., M. Nerger, and R. Mergler. "Biological Degradation of Volatile Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Groundwater." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0083.

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Chlorinated organic solvents - such as tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene and 1.1.1-trichloroethane - are the most frequently used compounds e.g. for degreasing in all branches of industries. Due to their widespread use, their large consumption quantities (Fed.Rep.of Germ. 180 × 103 t/a) and their physical properties, these organic solvents are the most important point-source of groundwater contamination. A serious case of soil, soil air and groundwater contamination by these organic solvents (maximum concentrations detected were 500 mg/kg, 7g/m3, 50 mg/l respectively) is reported, caused by the metal industry, rendering plant and paper production. A special effect is the comparatively rapid degradation sequence of tetrachloroethene to trichloroethene to cis-1,2-dichloroethene and to vinyl chloride. Concentrations of cis-1,2-dichloroethene observed in groundwater were up to 1600 µg/l and of vinyl chloride up to 120 µg/l, respectively, although none of these substances were primary pollutants in the investigated area. Results of laboratory tests give rise to the suggestion that degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in contaminated areas is mainly by microbiological means. This effect is of special hygienic relevance, due to the fact that one of the metabolites, vinyl chloride, is known to be a human carcinogen and the polluted area (approx. 4 km2) is located in a catchment area of a waterworks.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trichloroethane"

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He, Jianzhong. "Complete reductive dechlorination of chloroethenes to ethene and isolation of Dehalococcoides Sp. Strain BAV1." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082004-180217/unrestricted/he%5Fjianzhong%5F200312%5Fphd.pdf.

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Fink, Samuel Donovan. "A study of the ternary system carbon-dioxide-toluene-1,1,1-trichloroethane /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487584612164254.

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Johns, Douglas O. "The effect of ethanol consumption on the biotransformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in human volunteers /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8457.

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Mametja, Mapula Brenda. "An investigation of the molecular properties of 1,1,1-trichloroethane using laser spectroscopy / M.B. Mametja." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4098.

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Makowa, Hazel Beverly. "The relationship between the insecticide dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane and chloroquine in Plasmodium falciparum resistance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20310.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) was extensively used in agriculture pest control and is still used for indoor residual spraying to control malaria. The lipophylicity of DDT and its breakdown product dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) dictates that they associate with membranes, lipids and hydrophobic proteins in the biological environment. Their poor degradable nature causes DDT and DDE to persist for decades in the environment and in individuals who are or were in contact with the pesticide. In many countries the synchronised resistance of the mosquito vector to insecticides and the malaria parasite towards antimalarial drugs led to a drastic rise in malaria cases and to malaria epidemics. This study assesses the influence of low level exposure of DDT and DDE on chloroquine (CQ) resistance of the dire human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The in vitro activity of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE towards blood stages of chloroquine sensitive (CQS) P. falciparum D10 and chloroquine resistant (CQR) P. falciparum Dd2 was determined using two complementary in vitro assays (Malstat and SYBR Green 1). The 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50s) of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE were found to be ±14 to 38 μM (5-12 μg/mL) and highly similar towards CQS and CQR P. falciparum strains. This result indicated that the proteins involved in CQ resistance have no effect on the activity of the insecticide DDT and it breakdown product DDE. In order to assess the influence of DDT and DDE on CQ activity, in vitro fixed ratio drug combination assays were performed, as well as isobologram analysis. We found that CQ works in synergy with p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE against CQS P. falciparum D10. However, both p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE were antagonistic toward CQ activity in CQR P. falciparum Dd2. This indicated that p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE do have an effect on CQ resistance or on the action of CQ via a target other than hemozoin polymerization. The observation of reciprocal synergism of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE with CQ against CQS D10 and antagonism against CQR Dd2 strain is highly significant and strongly indicates selection of CQ resistant strains in the presence of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE. People who have low levels of circulating DDE and/or DDT could be at a high risk of contracting CQR malaria. However, medium term (nine days) DDE exposure of CQS P. falciparum D10 did not induce resistance, as no significant change in activity of CQ, p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE towards blood stages the CQS strain was observed. This exposure was, however, shorter than expected for a malaria infection and would be addressed in future studies. From our results on the interaction of CQ with p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE, it was important to assess the residual DDT and DDE variable and how much of residual p,p’-DDT and/or p,p’- DDE would enter into or remain in the different compartments (the RPMI media, erythrocytes and infected erythrocytes) over time. In combination with liquid-liquid extraction, we developed a sensitive GC-MS analyses method and a novel HPLC-UV analysis method for measuring DDT and DDE levels in malaria culturing blood and media. Whilst the HPLC-UV method was relatively cheaper, faster, and effective in determining high DDT and DDE concentrations, the optimised GC-MS method proved to be effective in detecting levels as low as 78 pg/mL (ppt) DDE and 7.8 ng/mL (ppb) DDT in biological media. Using both the HPLC and GC-MS methods we observed that malaria parasites influence distribution of the compounds between the erythrocytic and media fractions. P. falciparum D10 infection at ±10% parasitemia lead to must faster equilibration (less than 8 hours) between compartments. Equimolar distribution of p,p’-DDE was observed, but the parasites lead to trapping of the largest fraction of p,p’-DDT in the erythrocyte compartment. These results indicate that a substantial amount would reach the intra-erythrocytic parasite and could influence the parasite directly, possibly leading to either synergistic or antagonistic drug interactions. This study is the first to illustrate the “good and bad” of the insecticide DDT in terms of CQ resistance and sensitivity toward the human malaria parasite P. falciparum. These results will hopefully have an important influence on how future policies on malaria control and treatment particularly in endemic areas will be addressed and could also have an impact on the anti-malarial drug discovery approach.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dichlorodifenieltrichloroetaan (DDT) is op groot skaal in landbouplaagbeheer gebruik en word nog steeds gebruik vir binnenshuise oppervlakbespuiting om malaria te beheer. Die lipofilisiteit van DDT en sy afbraakproduk dichlorodifenieldichloroetileen (DDE) dikteer dat hulle met membrane, lipiede en hidrofobiese proteïene in die biologiese omgewing assosieer. Stadige afbraak veroorsaak dat DDT en DDE vir dekades in die omgewing agterbly, asook in individue wat in kontak is, of was met die insekdoder. In baie lande het gesinkroniseerde weerstand van die muskietvektor teenoor insekdoders en die malariaparasiet teenoor antimalariamiddels gelei tot 'n drastiese styging in malariagevalle en tot malariaepidemies. In hierdie studie word die invloed van lae vlak blootstelling van DDT en DDE op chlorokien (CQ) weerstand van die mens malariaparasiet, Plasmodium falciparum, geëvalueer. Die in vitro aktiwiteit van p,p'-DDT en p,p'-DDE teenoor die bloedstadia van chlorokiensensitiewe (CQS) P. falciparum D10 en chlorokien-weerstandbiedende (CQW) P. falciparum Dd2 is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van twee komplementêre in vitro toetse (Malstat en SYBR Groen toetse). Die 50% inhibisie konsentrasies (IC50s) van p,p'-DDT en p,p'-DDE is bepaal as ±14 to 38 μM (5-12 μg/mL) en was hoogs vergelykbaar tussen CQS en CQW P. falciparum stamme. Hierdie resultaat het aangedui dat die proteïene betrokke by CQ weerstand geen effek op die aktiwiteit van die insekdoder DDT en die afbraakproduk DDE het nie. Om die invloed van DDT en DDE op CQ aktiwiteit te evalueer, is die aktiwiteit van kombinasies van die verbindings in vaste verhoudings getoets, tesame met isobologram ontleding. Ons het gevind dat CQ sinergisties saam met p, p'-DDT en p, p'-DDE teen CQS P. falciparum D10 werk. Daarteenoor het beide p, p'-DDT en p, p'-DDE antagonistiese werking getoon teenoor CQ aktiwiteit met CQW P. falciparum Dd2 as teiken. Dit het aangedui dat p,p'-DDT en p, p'-DDE wel 'n invloed op CQ weerstand het of ‘n aktiwiteit van CQ, anders as hemozoin polimerisasie, beïnvloed. Die waarneming van resiproke sinergisme en antagonisme van p, p'-DDT en p, p'-DDE in kombinasie met CQ teenoor die CQS D10 en CQW DD2 stamme respektiewelik, is hoogs betekenisvol en dui op seleksie van CQweerstandige stamme in die teenwoordigheid van p, p'- DDT en p, p'-DDE. Mense wat lae vlakke van sirkulerende DDE/DDT het, het dus 'n hoër risiko om CQW malaria te kry. Verder is gevind dat medium termyn (nege dae) DDE blootstelling van CQS P. falciparum D10 nie weerstand nie veroorsaak nie, want geen beduidende verandering in die aktiwiteit van CQ, p,p'-DDT en p,p'-DDE teenoor die bloed stadiums van die CQS stam is waargeneem nie. Hierdie blootstelling is egter korter as in 'n malaria-infeksie en sal verder bestudeer word in toekomstige studies. Vanuit die interaksie resultate van CQ met p, p'-DDT en p, p'-DDE was dit belangrik om die residuele DDT en DDE veranderlike te evalueer, asook die distribusie van p,p'-DDT en p,p'- DDE tussen die verskillende kompartemente (die kultuurmedium, eritrosiete en geïnfekteerde rooibloedselle) oor verloop van tyd. In kombinasie met vloeistof-vloeistof ekstraksie, het ons 'n sensitiewe GC-MS en nuwe HPLC-UV analisemetode ontwikkel vir die meet van DDT en DDE-vlakke in bloed (normale en geïnfekteerde eritrosiete) en die kultuurmedium. Terwyl die HPLC-UV metode relatief goedkoper, vinniger en effektief in die bepaling van hoë DDT en DDE-konsentrasies is, was die geoptimaliseerde GC-MS metode doeltreffend in die opsporing van vlakke so laag as 78 pg/mL (dpt) DDE en 7.8 ng/mL (dpb) DDT in biologiese media. Met behulp van beide die HPLC-UV en GC-MS metodes is waargeneem dat die malariaparasiet die ekwilibrasie van die verbindings tussen die eritrosiet- en media kompartemente beïnvloed. P. falciparum D10 infeksie met ± 10% parasitemia lei tot vinniger ekwilibrasie (minder as 8 uur) tussen die kompartemente. Ekwimolêre verspreiding van p,p'- DDE is waargeneem, maar die parasiete het die grooste fraksie van p,p'-DDT in die eritrosiet kompartement vasgevang. Hierdie resultate wys dat 'n aansienlike fraksie die intraeritrositiese parasiet kan bereik en sodoende die parasiet direk kan beïnvloed en moontlik kan lei tot sinergistiese of antagonistiese middel interaksies. Hierdie studie is die eerste om die "goed en sleg" van die insekdoder DDT in terme van CQ weerstand en sensitiwiteit teenoor die menslike malariaparasiet P. falciparum te illustreer. Hierdie resultate sal hopelik 'n belangrike invloed hê op die toekomstige beleid oor die beheer van malaria en behandeling, veral in endemiese gebiede, en mag ook 'n impak hê op die antimalariamiddel navorsing.
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Melchiorre, Kenneth J. "Fate and transport of trichloroethane and trichloroethylene contaminated groundwater, Building 719, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/8393.

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Powell, Christina Lynn. "Biodegradation of Groundwater Pollutants (Chlorinated Hydrocarbons) in Vegetated Wetlands: Role of Aerobic Microbes Naturally Associated with Roots of Common Plants." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1289918991.

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McDougal, Rebecca, and n/a. "DDT residue degradation by soil bacteria." University of Otago. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070914.142931.

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1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) residues (DDTr) are widespread and persistent environmental contaminants, and have been classed as priority pollutants by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). DDTr are potent endocrine disrupting molecules, and have been associated with reproductive abnormalities in juvenile alligators and rats. Microorganisms that metabolise DDTr both aerobically and anaerobically have been isolated and characterised. Bacteria that degrade DDTr aerobically typically utilise a dioxygenase to initiate degradative reactions through ring-hydroxylation, and convert DDTr to 4-chlorobenzoate without further degradation. Terrabacter sp. strain DDE-1 was isolated from DDTr-contaminated soil from Canterbury, New Zealand, and aerobically degrades 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (DDE) to 4-chlorobenzoate, when grown in the presence of biphenyl (BP). The intermediates of degradation were inferred to be the end products of dioxygenase activity. Sequencing of a large linear plasmid, pBPH-1, from strain DDE-1 identified a cluster of genes with high levels of sequence similarity to BP-degradation genes from Rhodococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. This plasmid is lost at high frequency producing the plasmid-cured strain MJ-2, which has lost the ability to degrade BP or DDE. The aim of this study was to confirm that DDE-degradation in strain DDE-1 is encoded by the bph operon located on pBPH-1. No genetic systems to study gene function in either DDE-1 or MJ-2 could be developed using an array of broad-host range vectors. However, heterologous expression of the bph genes in Rhodococcus erythropolis strain TA422 was successful, with the recombinant strain TA425, obtaining the ability to utilise BP and DDE as a sole source of carbon and energy. DDE-1 was shown to convert indole to indigo, but MJ-2 could not, indicating that the biphenyl dioxygenase located on pBPH-1 is responsible for this activity. The bph genes from strain DDE-1 also conferred the ability to produce indigo from indole on strain TA425, confirming successful expression of the functional biphenyl dioxygenase in this strain. Despite several attempts to show quantitative degradation in strain TA425 using gas chromatography, the results were inconclusive Further analysis is needed to provide unequivocal evidence of DDE-degradation by strain TA425. Attempts to express the bph genes in rhizosphere-colonising bacteria, such a Rhizobium spp. or Pseudomonas spp., were unsuccessful, as evidenced by the inability to produce indigo, hence the lack of a functional biphenyl dioxygenase. However, RT-PCR did indeed indicate that P. aeruginosa strain Fin1 produced a bphA1 transcript, indicating that an error is occurring post-transcriptionally in these strains, to prevent production of the functional enzyme. New Zealand has recently been shown to contain hotspots of DDTr-contamination. The second aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of DDTr-degrading bacteria and to gain insight into the types of bacteria that inhabit sites contaminated with DDTr. To investigate this, culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques were employed. Enrichment for DDTr-degrading bacteria yielded species of Rhodococcus and Ralstonia using DDTr-overlayer plate assays. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were used to amplify and analyse the 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA for the identification of dominant and active bacteria in soil samples. The results of this analysis identified bacteria such as Williamsia spp. and Gordonia spp. that degrade other types of pollutants. This analysis did not identify a predominance of Rhodococcus or Ralstonia spp., or other bacteria that have been shown to degrade DDTr. To identify ecologically relevant members of the bacterial communities in DDTr-contaminated soils, and potentially important metabolic pathways, identification of ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase (RHD) genes was performed. PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis were employed together with phylogenetic analyses. The results showed that the RHD genes identified, clustered separately to those genes previously characterised from cultivated bacteria. Among these genes, one phylogenetic group was most closely related to the dioxygenase genes from Ralstonia eutropha H850, which is potent PCB-degrading bacterium that possesses a dioxygenase with a wide substrate range for many types of heavily chlorinated, PCB congeners. The identification of a predominance of genes with similarity to phenyl-propionate dioxygenases has been not been recognised previously in soil studies.
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Шпарій, Микола Володимирович. "Удосконалення технології хлорування етилену." Diss., Національний університет "Львівська політехніка", 2021. https://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/56688.

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В дисертаційному дослідженні розв’язана актуальна науково-практична задача: підвищення селективності процесу рідиннофазного прямого хлорування етилену до 1,2-дихлоретану шляхом модифікації промислового каталізатора на основі хлоридів заліза та натрію натрієвою сіллю перфорованої сульфокислоти. Уточнено механізм реакції прямого хлорування етилену і показано , що швидкість реакції залежить від концентрації каталізатора і промотора та їх комплексної сполуки [NаFeСІ4], а також перехідного комплексу з етиленом [Na[Fe(С2Н4Cl)4] ) , і проходить у дифузійній зоні, що передбачає можливість утворення комплексних сполук між каталізатором, промотором та етиленом механізмом реакції. Показано, що застосування в якості стабілізаторів каталітичного комплексу хлориду амонію не дає позитивного ефекту, а натрієва сіль перфторованої сульфокислоти веде не тільки до зростання вмісту йонів натрію в каталітичній системі і досягнення проектних їх значень, але й до зростання чистоти 1,2-дихлоретану та зменшення вмісту побічних продуктів, при цьому дисперсність каталітичної системи має другорядне значення. Встановлено, що модифікатор не тільки стабілізує каталітичний комплекс, але дозволяє скоротити час його приготування у два рази. Визначено оптимальну концентрацію стабілізатора. Визначено склад шламу, що засмічує газопровід від печі до парогенератора системи утилізації тепла при термічному знешкодженні кубових залишків виробництва вінілхлориду. Запропоновано принципи технології вилучення хлориду заліза - каталізатора прямого хлорування етилену - з технологічних потоків. Випущена дослідно-промислова партія модифікатора каталітичної системи процесу прямого хлорування етилену і проведені її дослідно-промислові випробовування. Показано, що застосування натрієвої солі перфторованої сульфокислоти дозволяє підвищити селективність утворення 1,2-дихлоретану з 98,9% до 99,3%, при цьому вміст трихлоретану спадає з 0.42% до 0.29%, тобто у 1,8 раз. Dissertation research is devoted to the solving of the actual scientific and practical problem: increase of selectivity of process of liquid-phase direct chlorination of ethylene to 1,2-dichloroethane by modification of the industrial catalyst on the basis of ferric chlorides and sodium salt of perforated sulfonic acid. By analyzing the stages of production of 1,2-dichloroethane, it was determined that the main factor influencing the selectivity of the process is the ratio of the components of the catalytic system, as well as its instability under the conditions of the reaction. It is established that the most effective method of stabilizing the catalytic system is the introduction of modifiers of different nature. It is these modifiers that affect the operation of the catalyst, so their search is aimed at dissertation research. The mechanism of the reaction of direct chlorination of ethylene is specified and it is shown that the reaction rate depends on the concentration of catalyst and promoter and their complex compound [NaFeСІ4], as well as the transition complex with ethylene [Na [Fe [С2Н4Cl) 4]), and takes place in the diffusion zone, providing the possibility of formation of complex compounds between the catalyst, promoter and ethylene by a new reaction mechanism. It is shown that the use of ammonium chloride (electron-donor compound) as stabilizers of the catalytic complex does not give a positive effect, and the sodium salt of perfluorinated sulfonic acid (electron-acceptor compound) leads not only to an increase in the content of sodium ions in the catalytic system and to -achieving their design values, but also to increase the purity of 1,2-dichloroethane and reduce the content of by-products, while the dispersion of the catalytic system is of secondary importance. It is established that the modifier not only stabilizes the catalytic complex, but allows to reduce its preparation time by half. The optimal stabilizer concentration is determined.The composition of the sludge that clogs the gas pipeline from the furnace to the steam generator of the heat utilization system during thermal neutralization of vat residues of vinyl chloride production has been determined. The principles of technology of extraction of iron chloride - catalyst of direct chlorination of ethylene - from technological streams are offered and it is shown that extraction of iron compounds should be carried out with technical water at elevated (about 350K) temperature, and also methods of utilization of organochlorine waste of vinyl chloride production. A basic technological scheme for the extraction of iron-containing catalyst and ways to solve technological problems that arise during the combustion of organochlorine residues in the production of vinyl chloride have been developed. An experimental-industrial batch of a modifier of the catalytic system of the process of direct chlorination of ethylene was released and its experimental-industrial tests were carried out. It is shown that the use of sodium salt of perfluorinated sulfonic acid can increase the selectivity of the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane from 98.9% to 99.3%, while the content of trichloroethane decreases from 0.42% to 0.29%, ie 1.8 times. Two licenses of Inter-Synthesis LLC, Boryslav, for the production of a catalytic system stabilizer and KARPATNAFTOKHIM LLC for its use in the process of direct chlorination of ethylene were sold. The actual economic effect achieved during the tests amounted to 88,000 UAH. The expected economic effect from the implementation is about 1 million UAH per year. В диссертационном исследовании разрешена актуальная научнопрактическая задача: повышение селективности процесса жидкофазного прямого хлорирования этилена до 1,2-дихлорэтана путем модификации промышленного катализатора на основе хлоридов железа и натрия натриевой солью перфторированной сульфокислоты. Уточнен механизм реакции прямого хлорирования этилена и показано, что скорость реакции зависит от концентрации катализатора и промотора и их комлексного соединения [NаFeСІ4], а также переходного комплекса с этиленом [Na[Fe(С2Н4Cl)4] и протекает в диффузионной области, что предусматривает образование комплексных соединений между катализатором, промотором и этиленом за новым механизмом. Показано, что использование в качестве стабилизатора каталитического комплекса хлорида аммония не дает положительного эффекта, а натриевая соль перфторированной кислоты благоприятствует не только увеличению содержания ионов натрия в каталитической системе , чистоты дихлорэтана но и уменьшению содержания побочных продуктов, при этом степень дисперсности каталитической системы имеет второстепенное значение. Установлено, что модификатор не только стабилизирует каталитический комплекс, но и сокращает время его приготовления в два раза. Определена оптимальная концентрация модификатора. Определен состав шлама, загрязняющего газопровод от печи до парогенератора системы утилизации тепла при переработке кубовых остатков производства дихлорэтана. Предложены принципы технологии извлечения хлорида железа – катализатора прямого хлорирования этилена – из технологических потоков. Выпущена опытно-промышленная партия модификатора каталитической системы процесса прямого хлорирования этилена и проведены ее опытнопромышленные испытания. Показано, что использование натриевой соли перфторированной сульфокислоты позволяет увеличить селективность образования 1,2-дихлорэтана с 98,9% до 99,3%, при этом содержание трихлорэтана снижается с 0.42% до 0.29%, т.е.у 1,8 раза.
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Binner, Eleanor, and ebinner@iprimus com au. "Investigation of trichloroethene destruction for the degreasing industry." Swinburne University of Technology, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20051025.112548.

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The major objective of this project was to assess the application of atmospheric pressure microwave induced plasmas to the control of trichloroethene vapour emissions from industrial cleaning processes. Laboratory experiments, chemical modelling and chemical analysis were the three major elements of the project. A typical stream to be treated, as measured at the project test site, was 60 lmin-1 of air contaminated with 2 % trichloroethene vapour. The practical experiments carried out were trichloroethene dissociation by microwave plasma, propane-assisted microwave plasma and conventional propane combustion. Flow rates of 4 � 12 lmin-1, trichloroethene concentrations of 0 � 6 % in air and plasma powers of up to 3 kW were investigated. The processes were simulated using both equilibrium and kinetic modelling in CHEMKIN. Chemical analysis was done using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector, with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify eluted compounds. The destruction and removal efficiencies, by-products, temperature and robustness of each process were investigated. A simple economic and environmental analysis was done, and the results were compared with currently available processes.
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Books on the topic "Trichloroethane"

1

A, Buffler Patricia, United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and DeLima Associates, eds. 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1993.

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A, Buffler Patricia, United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and DeLima Associates, eds. 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1993.

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A, Buffler Patricia, United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry., and DeLima Associates, eds. 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1993.

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United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine. 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Atlanta, GA: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, 2006.

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S, Dobson, Jensen Allan A, WHO Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane., United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation, World Health Organization, and International Program on Chemical Safety., eds. 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.

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A, Buffler Patricia, United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry., and DeLima Associates, eds. 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1993.

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United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology. 1,1,2-trichloroethane. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1989.

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United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. and Syracuse Research Corporation, eds. Toxicological profile for 1,1,1-trichloroethane. [Atlanta, Ga.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2006.

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Corporation, Syracuse Research, and United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry., eds. Toxicological profile for 1,1,2-trichloroethane. [Atlanta, Ga.]: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1995.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Syracuse Research Corporation, and Clement Associates, eds. Toxicological profile for 1,1,2-trichloroethane. [Atlanta, Ga.]: [Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control], 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trichloroethane"

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Trichloroethane." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 562–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_10676.

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Turiault, Marc, Caroline Cohen, Guy Griebel, David E. Nichols, Britta Hahn, Gary Remington, Ronald F. Mucha, et al. "Trichloroethane." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1340. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_975.

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Turiault, Marc, Caroline Cohen, Guy Griebel, David E. Nichols, Britta Hahn, Gary Remington, Ronald F. Mucha, et al. "1,1,1-Trichloroethane." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1340. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_4004.

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Gooch, Jan W. "1,1,1-Trichloroethane." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 763. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12090.

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Patnaik, Pradyot. "1,1,1-Trichloroethane." In Handbook of Environmental Analysis, 517–18. Third edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315151946-135.

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Howard, Philip H., Gloria W. Sage, William F. Jarvis, and D. Anthony Gray. "1,1,1-Trichloroethane." In Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data For Organic Chemicals, Volume II, 450–60. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003418863-71.

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Howard, Philip H., Gloria W. Sage, William F. Jarvis, and D. Anthony Gray. "1,1,2-Trichloroethane." In Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data For Organic Chemicals, Volume II, 461–66. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003418863-72.

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Wohlfarth, Ch. "Viscosity of 1,1,1-trichloroethane." In Supplement to IV/18, 93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75486-2_39.

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Wohlfarth, Christian. "Viscosity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane." In Viscosity of Pure Organic Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, 39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49218-5_35.

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Demaison, J. "50 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane." In Symmetric Top Molecules, 120–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47532-3_52.

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Conference papers on the topic "Trichloroethane"

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Komatsu, Yasunori, Junji Kamimura, Osamu Aoki, Dennis B. Chung, and Michel S. Wiseman. "New TPO and Coating Technology for Bumper without 1.1.1-Trichloroethane." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/940187.

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Wang, Yu, Yasushiro Nishioka, T. P. Ma, and R. C. Barker. "Radiation and Hot-Electron Hardness of SiO2/Si Grown in O2 with Trichloroethane Additive." In 26th International Reliability Physics Symposium. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irps.1988.362214.

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Johns, D., M. Morgan, W. Daniell, D. Kalman, and D. Shen. "50. The Effect of Ethanol Consumption on the Rate of Biotransformation of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane." In AIHce 2005. AIHA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2758805.

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Chowdhury, Md Abu Raihan, and Abinash Agrawal. "DEGRADATION OF 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE BY NANOSCALE ZERO VALENT IRON (NZVI) SUPPORTED ON POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON (PAC)." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-283063.

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HARRISON, A., M. MARLOW, and L. LEVI. "Evaluation of environmentally acceptable cleaners as replacements for methyl ethyl ketone and 1,1,1 trichloroethane in solid rocket motorproduction and maintenance applications." In 28th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1992-3393.

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Hahne, R., and J. Yu. "238. A Side-by-Side Study of a Replaceable Sorbent Passive Monitor with a Single-Use Passive Monitor for Measuring 1,1,1-Trichloroethane." In AIHce 2003. AIHA, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2758010.

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Burge, Scott R. "Automated Analysis of Trichloroethene and Chloroform." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4648.

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Chloroform and trichloroethene (TCE) are two organic contaminants commonly encountered in ground water. TCE, formerly a common cleaning solvent, is usually associated with contaminated aquifers. Chloroform is usually associated with the chlorination of municipal water. The remediation level for TCE in aquifers is typically 5 ppb, therefore, the analytical method employed for monitoring these analytes must be capable of detecting and quantifying the analytes in the low ppb concentration range. The most common analytical methodology for the determination of TCE or chloroform in water is a purge and trap technique for sample introduction into a gas chromatographic system equipped with electroconductivity or mass spectroscopy detector. The instrumentation has a method limit of detection (LOD) of less than 0.5 ppb for TCE and chloroform, however, the expense, size and complexity of the gas chromatographic techniques limit its use outside the laboratory environment. An alternative to the gas chromatographic method for the analysis of select volatile chlorinated compounds in the low concentration range is an analytical instrument based on a halocarbon-specific optrode. The principle of detection is a quantitative, irreversible chemical reaction (modified Fujiwara reaction) that forms visible light-absorbing products. The operational basis of the optrode is the measure of the time history of the development of the colored (red) product formed by the reaction of the target analytes. The optrode has the selectivity and sensitivity for monitoring TCE and chloroform at the low ppb concentration range in the presence of other volatile chlorinated contaminants. The low-power requirements and simplicity of design make it a good choice for remote operations. This paper presents the analytical results (January 2002, to December 2002) of a panel-mounted instrument used to monitor the influent and effluent water of a TCE treatment facility located in Scottsdale, Arizona, and the analytical results of a well-mounted instrument used to monitor ground water (May 2002, to August 2002) at Edwards Air Force Base, California.
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Kozlowska, Anna-Maria, Steve R. Langford, Manjit S. Kahlon, and Haydn G. Williams. "Enhanced Bioremediation as a Cost Effective Approach Following Thermally Enhanced Soil Vapour Extraction for Sites Requiring Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16296.

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Thermally enhanced bioremediation can be a more cost-effective alternative to full scale in-situ thermal treatment especially for sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents, where reductive dechlorination is or might be a dominant biological step. The effect of Thermally Enhanced Soil Vapour Extraction (TESVE) on indigenous microbial communities and the potential for subsequent biological polishing of chlorinated solvents was investigated in field trials at the Western Storage Area (WSA) – RSRL (formerly United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority - UKAEA) Oxfordshire, UK. The WSA site had been contaminated with various chemicals including mineral oil, chloroform, trichloroethane (TCA), carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethene (PCE). The contamination had affected the unsaturated zone, groundwater in the chalk aquifer and was a continuing source of groundwater contamination below the WSA. During TESVE the target treatment zone was heated to above the boiling point of water increasing the degree of volatilization of contaminants of concern (CoC), which were mobilised and extracted in the vapour phase. A significant reduction of concentrations of chlorinated solvent in the unsaturated zone was achieved by the full-scale application of TESVE – In Situ Thermal Desorption (ISTD) technology. The rock mass temperature within target treatment zone remained in the range of 35°–44° C, 6 months after cessation of heating. The concentration of chlorinated ethenes and other CoC were found to be significantly lower adjacent to the thermal treatment area and 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower within the thermal treatment zone. Samples were collected within and outside the thermal treatment zone using BioTraps® (passive, in-situ microbial samplers) from which the numbers of specific bacteria were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods of analysis. High populations of reductive dechlorinators such as Dechalococcoides spp. and Dehalobacter spp., were found within the zone that was subjected to thermal remediation and moderate levels of Dehalobacter sp were found outside the treatment area. These results confirm dehalogenating bacteria are present within the site and suggest populations have bounced back following thermal treatment. The thermally treated zone showed a greater number of active indigenous bacteria — indicating that the conditions following TESVE treatment selectively promote the growth of desirable bacteria. This might result from elimination of micro-organisms competing for hydrogen as an electron donor, increased biovailability of CoC or a reduction in its inhibiting properties. This paper aims to show the potential for biologically mediated contaminant reduction in assisting thermal remediation projects. During and post active thermal remediation this approach can help reduce total treatment costs by providing an inexpensive final polishing step or by being a complementary process within the perimeter of heated zone and inside hotspots during the cool-down phase.
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Allen-King, Richelle M., Rebecca L. Kiekhaefer, Jonathan Brotsch, and Michele Pugnetti. "FIELD MEASUREMENTS TO QUANTIFY TRICHLOROETHENE DIFFUSION, DEGRADATION, AND SORPTION IN FRACTURED SEDIMENTARY ROCK." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-305602.

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Sitek, Slawomir. "OCCURRENCE AND FATE OF TRICHLOROETHENE AND TETRACHLOROETHENE IN CARBONATE AQUIFER, TARNOWSKIE GORY AREA (SOUTHERN POLAND)." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/3.1/s12.070.

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Reports on the topic "Trichloroethane"

1

Holt, R. D. Physical properties of contaminated trichloroethylene and 1,1,1- trichloroethane. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6455568.

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Hua, D. D., R. J. Donahue, C. M. Celata, and E. Greenspan. Monte Carlo simulations of neutron well-logging in granite and sand to detect water and trichloroethane (TCA). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/650225.

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Adams, B. E. Investigation into environmentally friendly alternative cleaning processes for hybrid microcircuits to replace vapor degreasing with 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/481597.

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Hampson, Steve. PGDP Trichloroethene Biodegradation Investigation Summary Report: Regional Gravel Aquifer & Northwest Plume. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1243084.

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Weaver, J., J. Wilson, D. Kampbell, and M. Randolph. Field-derived transformation rates for modeling natural bioattenuation of trichloroethene and its degradation products. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/210807.

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Vangelas, K., R. Robert G. Riley, J. James E. Szecsody, A. A. V. Mitroshkov, C. C. F. Brown, and B. Brian02 Looney. DESORPTION BEHAVIOR OF TRICHLOROETHENE AND TETRACHLOROETHENE IN U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY SAVANNAH RIVER SITE UNCONFINED AQUIFER SEDIMENTS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/899958.

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Riley, Robert G., Jim E. Szecsody, Alexandre V. Mitroshkov, and Christopher F. Brown. Desorption Behavior of Trichloroethene and Tetrachloroethene in U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site Unconfined Aquifer Sediments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/899154.

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Garland, II, S., A. Palumbo, G. Strandberg, T. Donaldson, L. Farr, W. Eng, and C. Little. The use of methanotrophic bacteria for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with trichloroethene at the US Department of Energy Kansas City Plant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5292070.

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Looney, B., M. M. Hope Lee, and S. S. K. Hampson. ENZYME ACTIVITY PROBE AND GEOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT FOR POTENTIAL AEROBIC COMETABOLISM OF TRICHLOROETHENE IN GROUNDWATER OF THE NORTHWEST PLUME, PADUCAH GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT, KENTUCKY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/934526.

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Korte, N. E., M. T. Muck, J. L. Zutman, R. M. Schlosser, L. Liang, B. Gu, R. L. Siegrist, T. C. Houk, and Q. Fernando. In situ treatment of mixed contaminants in groundwater: Application of zero-valence iron and palladized iron for treatment of groundwater contaminated with trichloroethene and technetium-99. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/631149.

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