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Journal articles on the topic 'Tricalcium silicates'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Primathena, Indra, Denny Nurdin, Rahmi Alma Farah Adang, and Arief Cahyanto. "Composition and Functional Groups Evaluation of Indonesian Grey Portland Cement as Material for Dental Application." Key Engineering Materials 782 (October 2018): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.782.256.

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Tricalcium silicates cement known as Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) was one of the influential materials in endodontics. At recent, MTA in dental application play an essential role in endodontics treatment due to its potential to regenerate tertiary dentine, apexification, and seal perforated root. However, MTA for dental application is still expensive. Portland cement has similarities with the MTA, especially portland cement fabricated in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the composition and functional groups of tricalcium silicate from portland cement that fabricated in Indonesia. The Indonesian grey portland cement powder/portland cement type I (SNI-15-7064-2014) was used as a sample and commercialized MTA from Tehnodent (Rootdent) was used as a control for comparison. Powder and control samples were evaluated using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) for composition test and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group analyses. The XRF evaluation showed that the composition and concentration of Indonesian grey portland cement powder almost has similarity with commercial MTA. Moreover, the Indonesian grey portland cement powder has higher Calcium and Silicon ions compared to MTA. The FTIR analyses revealed that the calcium silicate groups were detected. In conclusion, the Indonesian grey portland cement powder has high similarity to MTA, therefore, it has a possibility to be used as tricalcium silicate cement for MTA substitution. Further study is awaited based on this initial finding found in this study.

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2

Zhao, Yan Ting, Xi Chen, Ling Chao Lu, Yong Bo Huang, and Jie Zhang. "Determination of Tricalcium Silicates Crystal Forms in Belite-Barium Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.204.

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Chemical method of extraction was adopted in the study, and aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide and sucrose (KOSH) was used to obtain the clinker rich in silicate phases (alite and belite) in order to get the crystal forms of tricalcium silicates (C3S) in the belite-barium calcium sulphoaluminate cement clinker. The crystal forms of C3S were finally determined by XRD (X-ray diffraction) spectrums through its characteristic windows of the diffraction spectrums. Results shows that, C3S exists in the innovative cement system mainly in the form of M1; C2.75B1.25A3can completely dissolve in KOSH solution while its dissolution is inhibited in the cement system; after KOSH treatment, diffraction peaks of C4AF disappear totally and peaks of C3A has weakened to great extent; for the cement clinker, the clinker ground for 90min has the best extraction rate.

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3

About, Imad. "Recent Trends in Tricalcium Silicates for Vital Pulp Therapy." Current Oral Health Reports 5, no. 3 (July 9, 2018): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40496-018-0186-y.

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4

Ashrit, Shrenivas, Ravikrishna V. Chatti, S. Sarkar, Rayasam Venugopal, and Udayabhanu G. Nair. "An infrared spectroscopic study of non-metallic portion of Linz-Donawitz slag fines generated at Tata Steel, Jamshedpur." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 6 (2018): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018024.

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The main constituents of LD Slag fines in the size range of 0–6 mm after recovering the metallic iron in a waste recycling plant (WRP) mainly contains calcium bearing mineral phases such as mono, di and tricalcium silicates along with free lime. The chemical constituents are CaO, SiO2, FeO and Al2O3 with traces of chromium, manganese, etc., as oxides. The WRP waste, i.e., LD Slag fines of 0–6 mm is further subjected to sieving mainly into three different size fractions viz. + 10 mesh (−6.0 + 2.0 mm), + 60 mesh (−2.0 + 0.25 mm), −60 mesh (−0.25 mm) for studying its possible application economically in different sectors such as agriculture, construction and chemical industries. Chemical and XRD analysis indicate high lime content along with some compounds like calcite, silicates of calcium, brownmillerite and dicalcium diferrate, etc., in these slag samples. FTIR analysis of these size fractions also indicates the presence of hydrated silicates, calcite and anhydrous calcium silicate. In this study, the authors have attempted to correlate the chemical analysis and XRD studies with FTIR technique of characterisation for better understanding of the parent material. This was done to get a deeper insight of the fines which can be useful for development of suitable calcium-based value added materials for different industrial, chemical and agricultural applications.

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5

Shahsavari, Rouzbeh, Lei Tao, and Lu Chen. "Structure, Energetics, and Impact of Screw Dislocations in Tricalcium Silicates." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 99, no. 7 (April 8, 2016): 2512–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.14255.

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6

Qi, Chongchong, Qiusong Chen, and Andy Fourie. "Role of Mg Impurity in the Water Adsorption over Low-Index Surfaces of Calcium Silicates: A DFT-D Study." Minerals 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2020): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080665.

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Calcium silicates are the most predominant phases in ordinary Portland cement, inside which magnesium is one of the momentous impurities. In this work, using the first-principles density functional theory (DFT), the impurity formation energy (Efor) of Mg substituting Ca was calculated. The adsorption energy (Ead) and configuration of the single water molecule over Mg-doped β-dicalcium silicate (β-C2S) and M3-tricalcium silicate (M3-C3S) surfaces were investigated. The obtained Mg-doped results were compared with the pristine results to reveal the impact of Mg doping. The results show that the Efor was positive for all but one of the calcium silicates surfaces (ranged from −0.02 eV to 1.58 eV), indicating the Mg substituting for Ca was not energetically favorable. The Ead of a water molecule on Mg-doped β-C2S surfaces ranged from –0.598 eV to −1.249 eV with the molecular adsorption being the energetically favorable form. In contrast, the Ead on M3-C3S surfaces ranged from −0.699 eV to −4.008 eV and the more energetically favorable adsorption on M3-C3S surfaces was dissociative adsorption. The influence of Mg doping was important since it affected the reactivity of surface Ca/Mg sites, the Ead of the single water adsorption, as well as the adsorption configuration compared with the water adsorption on pristine surfaces.

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7

Zamparini, Fausto, Carlo Prati, Paola Taddei, Andrea Spinelli, Michele Di Foggia, and Maria Giovanna Gandolfi. "Chemical-Physical Properties and Bioactivity of New Premixed Calcium Silicate-Bioceramic Root Canal Sealers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 13914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213914.

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The aim of the study was to analyze the chemical–physical properties and bioactivity (apatite-forming ability) of three recently introduced premixed bioceramic root canal sealers containing varied amounts of different calcium silicates (CaSi): a dicalcium and tricalcium silicate (1–10% and 20–30%)-containing sealer with zirconium dioxide and tricalcium aluminate (CERASEAL); a tricalcium silicate (5–15%)-containing sealer with zirconium dioxide, dimethyl sulfoxide and lithium carbonate (AH PLUS BIOCERAMIC) and a dicalcium and tricalcium silicate (10% and 25%)-containing sealer with calcium aluminate, tricalcium aluminate and tantalite (NEOSEALER FLO). An epoxy resin-based sealer (AH PLUS) was used as control. The initial and final setting times, radiopacity, flowability, film thickness, open pore volume, water absorption, solubility, calcium release and alkalizing activity were tested. The nucleation of calcium phosphates and/or apatite after 28 days aging in Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) was evaluated by ESEM-EDX, vibrational IR and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The analyses showed for NeoSealer Flo and AH Plus the longest final setting times (1344 ± 60 and 1300 ± 60 min, respectively), while shorter times for AH Plus Bioceramic and Ceraseal (660 ± 60 and 720 ± 60 min, respectively). Radiopacity, flowability and film thickness complied with ISO 6876/12 for all tested materials. A significantly higher open pore volume was observed for NeoSealer Flo, AH Plus Bioceramic and Ceraseal when compared to AH Plus (p < 0.05), significantly higher values were observed for NeoSealer Flo and AH Plus Bioceramic (p < 0.05). Ceraseal and AH Plus revealed the lowest solubility. All CaSi-containing sealers released calcium and alkalized the soaking water. After 28 days immersion in HBSS, ESEM-EDX analyses revealed the formation of a mineral layer that covered the surface of all bioceramic sealers, with a lower detection of radiopacifiers (Zirconium for Ceraseal and AH Plus Bioceramic, Tantalum for NeoSealer Flo) and an increase in calcium, phosphorous and carbon. The calcium phosphate (CaP) layer was more evident on NeoSealer Flo and AH Plus Bioceramic. IR and micro-Raman revealed the formation of calcium carbonate on the surface of all set materials. A thin layer of a CaP phase was detected only on AH Plus Bioceramic and NeoSealer Flo. Ceraseal did not show CaP deposit despite its highest calcium release among all the tested CaSi-containing sealers. In conclusion, CaSi-containing sealers met the required chemical and physical standards and released biologically relevant ions. Slight/limited apatite nucleation was observed in relation to the high carbonation processes.

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8

Zea-Garcia, Jesus D., Angeles G. De la Torre, Miguel A. G. Aranda, and Ana Cuesta. "A Comparative Study of Experimental Configurations in Synchrotron Pair Distribution Function." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081347.

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The identification and quantification of amorphous components and nanocrystalline phases with very small crystal sizes, smaller than ~3 nm, within samples containing crystalline phases is very challenging. However, this is important as there are several types of systems that contain these matrices: building materials, glass-ceramics, some alloys, etc. The total scattering synchrotron pair distribution function (PDF) can be used to characterize the local atomic order of the nanocrystalline components and to carry out quantitative analyses in complex mixtures. Although the resolution in momentum transfer space has been widely discussed, the resolution in the interatomic distance space has not been discussed to the best of our knowledge. Here, we report synchrotron PDF data collected at three beamlines in different experimental configurations and X-ray detectors. We not only discuss the effect of the resolution in Q-space, Qmax ins of the recorded data and Qmax of the processed data, but we also discuss the resolution in the interatomic distance (real) space. A thorough study of single-phase crystalline nickel used as standard was carried out. Then, selected cement-related samples including anhydrous tricalcium and dicalcium silicates, and pastes derived from the hydration of tricalcium silicate and ye’elimite with bassanite were analyzed.

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9

Paula, Anabela, Eunice Carrilho, Mafalda Laranjo, Ana M. Abrantes, João Casalta-Lopes, Maria Filomena Botelho, Carlos Miguel Marto, and Manuel M. Ferreira. "Direct Pulp Capping: Which is the Most Effective Biomaterial? A Retrospective Clinical Study." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 16, 2019): 3382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203382.

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(1) Background: Recently, tricalcium silicate cements, such as Biodentine™, have emerged. This biomaterial has a calcium hydroxide base and characteristics like mineral aggregate trioxide cements, but has tightening times that are substantially more suitable for their application and other clinical advantages. (2) Methods: A retrospective clinical study was conducted with 20 patients, which included a clinical evaluation of the presence or absence of pulp inflammation compatible symptoms, radiographic evaluation of the periapical tissues, and structural alterations of the coronary restoration that supports pulp capping therapies with Biodentine™ and WhiteProRoot®MTA. (3) Results: This clinical study revealed similar success rates between mineral trioxide cement and tricalcium silicates cements at 6 months, with 100% and 95% success rates, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between both biomaterials and between these and the various clinical circumstances, namely the absolute isolation of the operating field, exposure size, the aetiology of exposure, and even the type of restorative material used. (4) Conclusions: Biodentine™ demonstrated a therapeutic effect on the formation of a dentin bridge accompanied by slight inflammatory signs, with a high clinical success rate, indicating the possibility of its effective and safe use in dental pulp direct capping in humans, similar to the gold standard material.

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10

Lin, Qing, Yanbao Li, Xianghui Lan, Chunhua Lu, Yixin Chen, and Zhongzi Xu. "The apatite formation ability of CaF 2 doping tricalcium silicates in simulated body fluid." Biomedical Materials 4, no. 4 (June 30, 2009): 045005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/4/4/045005.

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11

Kim, Yurian, Se Woong Lee, Hyung Tay Rho, and Sang‐il Kim. "Hydration and microhardness of mineral trioxide aggregate depending on ratio between di‐ and tricalcium silicates." International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 19, no. 3 (November 18, 2021): 1605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13946.

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12

You, Kwang-Suk, Sung-Min Cheon, and Ji-Whan Ahn. "The Effects of P2O5on the Synthesis of Tri-, Di-calcium Silicates, Tricalcium Aluminate and Ferrite Phase." Geosystem Engineering 7, no. 3 (September 2004): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12269328.2004.10541223.

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13

Buckle, E. R., and H. F. W. Taylor. "The hydration of tricalcium and β-dicalcium silicates in pastes under normal and steam curing conditions." Journal of Applied Chemistry 9, no. 3 (May 4, 2007): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010090306.

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14

Earar, Kamel, Mihaela Gabriela Luca, Anamaria Zaharescu, Andrei Iliescu, Silvia Martu, and Alexandru-Andrei Iliescu. "Toward a Putative Paradigm Shift in Direct Pulp Capping?" Revista de Chimie 70, no. 6 (July 15, 2019): 2177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.6.7300.

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Conventionally the cases accepted for direct pulp capping are the inadvertently exposed normal pulps and carious exposures in teeth without apical radiolucency. The recent advances in dental materials, namely the bioceramics, allowed successful vital therapy by direct pulp capping even in young permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis. The choice of pulp capping material is pivotal in pulp vital therapy of carious exposures as tricalcium silicates shift the balance inflammation-healing toward the regeneration of damaged dentin-pulp complex. Anticipating a reliable outcome, the high anti-inflammatory potential and modulating capacity of cytokines and growth factors proved by bioactive endodontic cements in direct pulp capping should be associated with new molecular diagnostic tests and cautious clinical evaluation. However, it seems that a paradigm shift is expected in the decision of direct pulp capping.

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15

Yaseen, Sarah Abduljabbar, Ghadah Abdaljabar Yiseen, Chi Sun Poon, and Zongjin Li. "Influence of Seawater on the Morphological Evolution and the Microchemistry of Hydration Products of Tricalcium Silicates (C3S)." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 42 (October 14, 2020): 15875–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04440.

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16

Justnes, H., I. Meland, J. O. Bjoergum, J. Krane, and T. Skjetne. "A29Si MAS NMR study of the pozzolanic activity of condensed silica fume and the hydration of di- and tricalcium silicates." Advances in Cement Research 3, no. 11 (July 1990): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/adcr.1990.3.11.111.

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17

Dmitrienko, N. U., L. R. Sarap, and E. A. Kirienkova. "Evaluation of microcirculation in the pulp of immature permanent teeth by ultrasound doppler after direct pulp capping with bioactive materials." Regional blood circulation and microcirculation 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2018-17-2-26-29.

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Objectives. Our objectives were to study microcirculations in the pulp of immature permanent teeth after direct pulp capping with bioactive materials at long-term (6 and 12 months). Material and methods. In 30 children aged 6 to 13 years, 53 immature permanent teeth were treated by direct pulp capping. In group 1 (n = 29) was used a material based on dicalcium- and tricalcium silicates and calcium carbonate («Biodentine»); in group 2 (n = 24) was used a material based on calcium, silicon and aluminum oxides («Trioxident»). Vas, Vam, Qas, Qam, PI were evaluated before the treatment, 6 and 12 months after treatment, and also in intact teeth, congruent group affiliation. Results. The parameters of microcirculation of the studied teeth before treatment in both groups were statistically significantly higher than in intact teeth. At 6 and 12 months after treatment, both groups showed a statistically significant decrease in blood flow rates compared to pre-treatment rates. Conclusion. Normalization of blood flow indicators (Vas, Vam, Qas, Qam) occurred in group 1 after 6 months. In group 2, Vas and Qas restored at 12 months, while Vam and Qam remained elevated. PI in both groups did not reach normal values.

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18

Shi, Ruimeng, Junxue Zhao, Xiaoming Li, Chong Zou, Yaru Cui, and Guibao Qiu. "Experimental Study on the Preparation of Cementing Materials by Direct Reduction Coupling of a Hematite-Carbon Base." Metals 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10081086.

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The reduction of iron in hematite and process coupling of cementing material generated from gangue components are explored in this paper, and a technical proposal for preparing directly reduced iron and cementing materials considering the processes of energy and material flows is proposed. An experimental study preparing cementing materials, such as tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate, by roasting the components, was performed. In this study, hematite was used as the raw material and powdered carbon was added, as the reducing agent, with CaO; at the same time, the gangue components of iron ore were used as the principal raw materials for the process of directly reduced iron preparation by direct reduction of iron ore. The FactSage software package was used to perform thermodynamic calculations of the reduction of iron and its influence on the formation of tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate. The feasibility of the direct reduction of iron to elemental iron and preparation of cementing materials by roasting of gangue components under the studied thermodynamic conditions was discussed. Different temperature control strategies were used to verify the reaction coupling test. The results showed that zero-valent iron could be produced by roasting and reducing hematite under certain experimental conditions, and cementing materials, such as tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate, could be produced simultaneously by reacting the gangue components with CaO. Fe2O3 exerted an adverse effect on the formation of tricalcium silicate, and sufficient reduction of the iron was a precondition for the formation and stability of tricalcium silicate.

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19

Sakhno, Serhiy, Lyudmyla Yanova, Olena Pischikova, Yevhen Liulchenko, and Tetiana Sergiienko. "Study of the influence of magnetized ferromagnetic additives on the processes of cement hydration." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128007005.

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One of the essential tasks for a sustainable future is to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere significantly. Cement production is the world’s largest industrial carbon pollutant, accounting for 8 % of global emissions. More than 2.2 gigatons of carbon dioxide are emitted into the atmosphere every year. Therefore, reducing the energy intensity of products and reducing the number of harmful emissions in cement production is becoming critical. One strategy to reduce cement production emissions is to reduce the most energy-consuming component in cement – clinker. In this case, various activation methods are used for maintaining the same level of cement activity. One of these methods is the impact on the hardening binder with magnetic fields. The paper presented a study of hydration processes of blast-furnace cement activated by a magnetized ferromagnetic additive. The work established that the introduction of pre-magnetized ferromagnetic dust into blast-furnace cement composition has an activating effect on binder hydration. It shows that activation occurs both in the initial and long periods of hardening. The nature of the mutual influence of the components of the hydration system alite-lime-slag in a modified binder was revealed. The investigation determined that the ferromagnetic additive, intensifying the process of slag hardening, increases the proportion of hydrated slag by 1.5-2 times. It was revealed that the formation of the ettringite framework in the modified binder’s gel is completed within one day. It is shown that in the subsequent periods, hydration of aluminates occurs mainly due to the formation of tricalcium aluminate hexahydrate (C3AH6), which excludes destructive processes in the late periods of binder hardening. It has been established that under the action of a ferromagnetic additive, the degree of crystallization of hydro silicates in the modified binder increases.

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20

Nurdin, Denny, Maulidia Indah Sari, Rahmi Alma Farah Adang, Indra Primathena, and Arief Cahyanto. "Antifungal Effectiveness between Tricalcium Silicate-White Portland Cements Added Bi2O3 and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Against Candida albicans." Open Dentistry Journal 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210602014010757.

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Background Candida albicans is the most dominant fungus found in root canal reinfection cases. This microorganism can withstand extreme pH, low oxygen levels, lack of nutrients, and penetrate the dentinal tubules so that it can resist the intracanal medicament. Root canal cement helps prevent microorganisms and causing root canal reinfection. MTA is one of the root canals cement which is widely used and has an excellent antifungal activity, but it is less beneficial economically. Tricalcium silicate-white Portland cement (WPC) has a similar main composition as MTA, except there is no Bi2O3 content that functions as a radiopacifier. Objectives: To fabricate a mixture of tricalcium silicate-WPC with Bi2O3 through a simple solution method and investigate antifungal activity's effectiveness between tricalcium silicate-WPC added Bi2O3 and MTA to C. albicans. Materials and Methods: The 80 g of tricalcium silicate-WPC was mixed with 20 g of Bi2O3 through the simple solution method using 99.9% isopropanol as a solution. This sample solution is stirred until homogeneous, then centrifuged. The precipitate was dried until a dry powder was obtained. The powder was analyzed using X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry to identify its chemical composition and concentration. A total of 30 samples were divided into two experimental groups of tricalcium silicate-WPC added Bi2O3 and ProRoot MTA. The vials, which contain cement and C. albicans, respectively, were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and diluted to obtain a suspension 104, 106 (0.5 in McFarland’s nephelometer) and then inoculated with sterile cotton swabs onto Saboroud Dextrose Agar Plates. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The measurement of colony number of C. albicans was counted by colony counter (CFU/ml). Results: The Bi2O3 was revealed in tricalcium silicate-WPC based on XRF characterization, and the antifungal test showed that both materials were effective against C. albicans. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of C. albicans colonies between tricalcium-WPC added Bi2O3 and MTA (p>0.05). Conclusion: The mixture of Bi2O3 in tricalcium silicate-WPC was successfully fabricated through a simple solution method, and both samples were effective against the C. albicans.

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21

Duque Fernández, Gabriel Luis, Julio Cesar Llópiz Yurell, and Ester Rubio Frías. "Hidratación del silicato tricálcico en cementos mezclados elaborados con tobas cubanas." Materiales de Construcción 39, no. 213 (March 30, 1989): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.1989.v39.i213.812.

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22

Ravaszová, S. "Preparation of triclinic alite with short soakings in a small experimental high-temperature furnace." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1209, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1209/1/012045.

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Abstract The article deals with a laboratory preparation of triclinic modification of clinker mineral tricalcium silicate. A substantial part of the article is devoted to the technology and technique of firing a sample of tricalcium silicate, which would in the future allow the study of the development of the crystal lattice structure of this clinker mineral at short isothermal durations, in the order of minutes. As part of the research, a small high-temperature experimental furnace was designed and constructed. Based on the results, we can express the suitability and applicability of this furnace for the study of the formation of triclinic tricalcium silicate at short soakings.

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23

de Jong, J. G. M., H. N. Stein, and J. M. Stevels. "Hydration of tricalcium silicate." Journal of Applied Chemistry 17, no. 9 (May 4, 2007): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010170902.

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24

Sample, David, and Paul W. Brown. "Hydration of Tricalcium Germanate-Tricalcium Silicate Solid Solutions." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 75, no. 11 (November 1992): 3070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb04388.x.

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25

Peterson, Vanessa Kate. "A Rietveld refinement investigation of a Mg-stabilized triclinic tricalcium silicate using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data." Powder Diffraction 19, no. 4 (December 2004): 356–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1810155.

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A Mg-stabilized triclinic tricalcium silicate form of type Ca3−xMgxSiO5, T3, was synthesized. Rietveld analysis using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data suggested that unlike the T1 form, the T3 structure was unmodulated. This refinement illustrated that the only existing model for a triclinic form of tricalcium silicate (T1) can be used to describe the nonmodulated T3 form.

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26

Peterson, Vanessa K., Paul E. Stutzman, and Richard A. Livingston. "Microscopic investigation of modified hydration kinetics in tricalcium silicate paste and mortar strength caused by dicalcium silicate addition." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 4 (April 2008): 1015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0121.

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It was recently revealed that some processes of hydrating tricalcium silicate are altered by the addition of dicalcium silicate. Previous neutron scattering results revealed two critical tri/dicalcium silicate compositions. At one composition, changes in the early time hydration kinetics were observed that result in the formation of more products (reflected in increased 28 day strength), despite dicalcium silicate being essentially unreactive at early times. At the other composition, changes in the early-time hydration kinetics were observed that correspond to reduced strength. The current work uses scanning electron microscope analysis with backscattered electron imaging of 50 day hydrated tri- and dicalcium silicate mortars to reveal that at the former critical composition increased hydration of the tricalcium silicate phase occurs, and at the latter critical composition, the amount of dicalcium silicate reacted is decreased.

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27

Zhang, Yanan, Jiapan Luan, Yin Zhang, Shuai Sha, Sha Li, Shanqi Xu, and Dongqing Xu. "Preparation and Characterization of Iron-Doped Tricalcium Silicate-Based Bone Cement as a Bone Repair Material." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173670.

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Iron is one of the trace elements required by human body, and its deficiency can lead to abnormal bone metabolism. In this study, the effect of iron ions on the properties of tricalcium silicate bone cement (Fe/C3Ss) was investigated. It effectively solved the problems of high pH value and low biological activity of calcium silicate bone cement. The mechanical properties, in vitro mineralization ability and biocompatibility of the materials were systematically characterized. The results indicate that tricalcium silicate bone cement containing 5 mol% iron displayed good self-setting ability, mechanical properties and biodegradation performance in vitro. Compared with pure calcium silicate bone cement (C3Ss), Fe/C3Ss showed lower pH value (8.80) and higher porosity (45%), which was suitable for subsequent cell growth. Immersion test in vitro also confirmed its good ability to induce hydroxyapatite formation. Furthermore, cell culture experiments performed with Fe/C3Ss ion extracts clearly stated that the material had excellent cell proliferation abilities compared to C3Ss and low toxicity. The findings reveal that iron-doped tricalcium silicate bone cement is a promising bioactive material in bone repair applications.

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Shi, Ruimeng, Xiaoming Li, Yaru Cui, Junxue Zhao, Chong Zou, and Guibao Qiu. "Coupled Preparation of Ferronickel and Cementitious Material from Laterite Nickel Ores." Materials 13, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 4992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214992.

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Nickel slags can be produced through ferronickel preparation by the pyrometallurgical processing of laterite nickel ores; however, such techniques are underutilized at present, and serious environmental problems arise from the stockpiling of such nickel ores. In this study, a modification to the process of ferronickel preparation by the direct reduction of carbon bases in laterite nickel ores is proposed. The gangue from the ore is used as a raw material to prepare a cementitious material, with the main components of tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate. By using FactSage software, thermodynamic calculations are performed to analyze the reduction of nickel and iron and the effect of reduction on the formation of tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate. The feasibility of a coupled process to prepare ferronickel and cementitious materials by the direct reduction of laterite nickel ore and gangue calcination, respectively, is discussed under varying thermodynamic conditions. Different warming strategies are applied to experimentally verify the coupled reactions. The coupled preparation of ferronickel and cementitious materials with calcium silicate and calcium aluminate as the main phases in the same experimental process is realized.

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29

Chen, Lin, Xu Wang, Xiao Dong Shen, Su Hua Ma, and Wei Qiang Zhou. "Crystal Structure and Hydration Characteristics of Tricalcium Silicate Doped with Magnesium Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1336.

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The research investigates various methods to identify magnesium oxide influences on the crystal structure and hydration properties of tricalcium silicate. The f-CaO content of the clinkers were analyzed by chemical analysis. The complex disordered superstructure of the tricalcium silicate has been studied by a joint XRD, NMR and TEM. The results show that MgO exerts a remarkable influence on the polymorphisms of C3S. Mg is not only substitutional atom but also interstitial atom in the crystal lattice of tricalcium silicate. The HRTEM pattern of C3S doped with MgO is covered by the various irregular lattice. The addition of appropriate amount of MgO in raw meal can change the formation kinetic of C3S, slightly perturb the environment of SiO44- tetrahedral, modify the crystal structure of C3S and affect the hydration activity. Doped with MgO in the raw meal can slow down the hydration rate of alite slightly in early stage.

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30

Khalil, Issam, Alfred Naaman, and Josette Camilleri. "Properties of Tricalcium Silicate Sealers." Journal of Endodontics 42, no. 10 (October 2016): 1529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.06.002.

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31

Tenório, Jorge Alberto Soares, Sérgio Sônego Raymundo Pereira, Alexandre Martins Barros, Andréa Vidal Ferreira, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, and Fernando Gabriel Silva Araújo. "CCT diagrams of tricalcium silicate." Materials Research Bulletin 42, no. 6 (June 2007): 1099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2006.09.011.

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32

Tenório, Jorge Alberto Soares, Sérgio Sônego Raymundo Pereira, Andréa Vidal Ferreira, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, and Fernando Gabriel da Silva Araújo. "CCT diagrams of tricalcium silicate." Materials Research Bulletin 40, no. 3 (March 2005): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2004.12.005.

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33

Long, Yue, Yan Shi, Yun Bo Lei, Hong Wei Xing, Jie Li, and Yu Zhu Zhang. "Study of Modification of High Temperature Melting Compound Steel Slag-Fly Ash." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1851.

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Reconstruction of high temperature melting compound steel slag-fly ash can be effectively digest f-CaO in steel slag. The experimental result shows that the f-CaO contents in modified slag is greatly affected by fly ash addition(respectively 5%, 7%, 14%) when the temperature is 1580°C and constant temperature is 30min, the digestion rates are respectively 56.99%,63.69%,68.55%. Modified mineral content of the steel slag changes greatly, mainly reflects at enormous increase in magnetite, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, wustite and vitreous. By micro-structure analysis of several kinds of modified slag mineral, tricalcium silicate mainly shape for branch of tree, dicalcium silicate is in the form of a circular, wustite and vitreous mainly distribute in aggregation state. The above minerals can increase cementitious activity for modified slag becoming cement.

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34

Xu, Chen, Bing Ma, Jinliang Peng, Long Gao, Yuhong Xu, Zhiguang Huan, and Jiang Chang. "Tricalcium silicate/graphene oxide bone cement with photothermal properties for tumor ablation." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 7, no. 17 (2019): 2808–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb00246d.

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35

Jelić, Aleksandra, Milica Sekulić, Milan Travica, Jelena Gržetić, Vukašin Ugrinović, Aleksandar D. Marinković, Aleksandra Božić, Marina Stamenović, and Slaviša Putić. "Determination of Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composite Materials Reinforced with Silicate Nanofillers Using Digital Image Correlation (DIC)." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061255.

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In this study, silicate nanofillers; dicalcium silicate, magnesium silicate, tricalcium silicate, and wollastonite; were synthesized using four different methods and incorporated into the epoxy resin to improve its mechanical properties. Characterization of the newly synthesized nanofillers was performed using Fourier-transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The purpose of this study was to analyze newly developed composite materials reinforced with silicate nanoparticles utilizing tensile testing and a full-field non-contact 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method. Analysis of deformation and displacement fields gives precise material behavior during testing. Testing results allowed a more reliable assessment of the structural integrity of epoxy composite materials reinforced using different silicate nanofillers. It was concluded that the addition of 3% of dicalcium silicate, magnesium silicate, tricalcium silicate, and wollastonite lead to the increasement of tensile strength up to 31.5%, 29.0%, 27.5%, and 23.5% in comparison with neat epoxy, respectively. In order to offer more trustworthy information about the viscoelastic behavior of neat epoxy and composites, a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was also performed and rheological measurements of uncured epoxy matrix and epoxy suspensions were obtained.

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36

Yunus, Siti Nur Hazwani, Khor Shing Fhan, Banjuraizah Johar, Nur Maizatul Shima Adzali, Nur Hazlinda Jakfar, and Cheng Ee Meng. "Phase Analysis of Bio-Based Derived Tricalcium Disilicate From 2CaO:1SiO₂ By X-ray Diffraction." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2129, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2129/1/012054.

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Abstract In this paper, tricalcium disilicate was formed from dicalcium silicate compound powder, synthesised via a mechanochemical technique using a stoichiometric 2CaO:1SiO2. Compound CaO and SiO2 were derived from the bio-waste of eggshell and rice husk at the calcination temperature of 900°C and 800°C, respectively. The dicalcium disilicate powder was sintered for 2 hours at different temperatures ranging from 1150°C to 1350°C. Using X-ray diffraction with Rietveld analysis, it was found that the amount of tricalcium disilicate with monoclinic (beta) crystal structure increases on sintering temperature at the expense of dicalcium silicate. The complete formation of single-phase tricalcium disilicate began at a sintering temperature of 1300°C. The effect of sintering temperatures on the crystallisation and phase transition of dicalcium silicate is reported. The size of crystallites depends on the sintering temperature. The finding of this study rebound to the benefit of society by reducing the risk-off pollution cause by accessive redundant bio-waste eggshell and rice husk and also reduced the amount of CaO and SiO2 used in the fabrication of Ca3Si2O7.

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37

Massie, Iain, J. M. S. Skakle, and Iain R. Gibson. "Synthesis and Phase Stability of Silicate-Substituted α-Tricalcium Phosphate." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.67.

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Silicate-substituted calcium phosphates have been shown to result in enhanced biological performance compared to the corresponding, silicate-free, calcium phosphates. We have produced a range of silicate-substituted alpha-TCP compositions using two different synthesis methods and two different substitution mechanisms. Single phase compositions were only observed for a silicate substitution of 1.3 wt% by both solid state synthesis and aqueous precipitation synthesis, although the latter was the result of a design composition with a higher silicate substitution (3 wt%). The silicate substitution resulted in small changes in the unit cell parameters of the alpha-TCP. More importantly, this small level of silicate substitution had a strong effect on the thermal stability of the alpha-TCP phase, with the silicate substitution stabilising the alpha-polymorph to lower temperatures. This has an immediate advantage in that the quenching conditions are not as critical for the production of silicate-substituted alpha-TCP compositions compared to silicate-free alpha- TCP.

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38

Jongprateep, Oratai, Prawin Laomorakot, and Krongkarn Sirinunwatana. "Composition and Microstructure of Cement-Like Materials Synthesized by Solution Combustion Technique." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.16.

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Massive production of Portland cement through mining process imposes detrimental effects on environment. Utilization of industrial and agricultural wastes as alternative raw materials for cement production, thus, has a pronounced positive impact on human quality of life. This study aimed at synthesizing constituents that exist in Portland cement by the solution combustion technique. Cockleshell, rice husk ash, and alumina wastes were used as initial reagents for the synthesis. Compositional analysis of the synthesized powders exhibited desired phases of dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, and tricalcium aluminate. Compositional and microstructural analyses of the specimens cast from combusted powders revealed similar features compared with Portland cement. Ettringite, calcium hydroxide, and calcium silicate hydrate were prominent phases observed from both compositional and microstructural analyses.

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39

Faure, Quentin, and Tatjana Jevremovic. "Molecular dynamics and reaction kinetics analyses of gamma radiation impact on concrete hydration." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 35, no. 1 (2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp2001001f.

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MOPAC and LAMMPS molecular dynamics codes and reaction kinetics code based on multi-ionic continuum-based model are used to analyze the impact of gamma radiation on concrete hydration. The experimental studies showed that while cured with the low gamma dose concrete shows a statistically significant increase in its strength compared to conventionally cured concrete. The potential reason is the interactions of gamma rays with water causing concrete faster hydration. The question then to ask is would the higher gamma dose enhance the concrete curing further producing its higher strength. This paper provides in-depth numerical analyses of the high-dose gamma radiation effect on concrete based on molecular dynamics and reaction kinetics models. Under these conditions, it is assumed that gamma radiation interacting with water within the concrete induces water radiolysis. These numerical simulations show that the reactivity is generally increased in the presence of electrophiles. However, the early hydration models of tricalcium silicate (alite) and dicalcium silicate (belite) with H+, OH-, and H3O+ show that the hydration process is slowed down leading to a lower concrete strength. Additionally, the reaction kinetics model used to estimate the effect of [OH-] on tricalcium silicate hydration shows that an increase or decrease of [OH-] during tricalcium silicate hydration can respectively slow down or enhance its rate of hydration. The dose necessary to produce the water radiolysis resulting in varying [OH-] during tricalcium silicate hydration is required to be extremely high and therefore, will damage the concrete structure itself. This leads to the conclusion that increasing the gamma dose to concrete above that used in the experimental studies in order to induce water radiolysis will not improve concrete strength, therefore water radiolysis is not the required condition for improving concrete strength when cured under gamma radiation.

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40

Rahimbaev, S., N. Onoprienko, and O. Sal'nikova. "THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF TRICALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATION." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 6, no. 4 (May 7, 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-6-4-75-81.

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Thermodynamic analysis of the hydration processes of tricalcium silicate 3CaO•SiO2 is difficult due to the unreliability of the initial data for hydration products. In addition, there are disagreements about the basicity of the hydration phases (3CaO•SiO2•3H2O or 2CaO•SiO2•2H2O). For the latter, there is no free energy of formation in the reference literature. There are also no data on the water solubility of these calcium hydrosilicates. The proposed values of ∆G0298 for these hydrosilicates, equal to 1064,3 and 639,7, as well as the enthalpies of formation (∆Н0298), equal to 1157,2 and 696,9 kcal/mol, re-spectively. Further thermodynamic calculations were performed using these values. To calculate the composition of the liquid phase, a simplified Born-Haber cycle is used. The values of the calculated heat release of tricalcium silicate with the formation of C3S2H3 and C2SH2, obtained using the pro-posed values of enthalpies, differ little from each other and are close to the experimental data. The calculated solubility of C3S2H3 is 0,7 g/l CaO, and C2SH2 is 0,92 g/l CaO. Since the solubility of C3S2H3 is much lower than of Ca(OH)2 (portlandite), which is formed during hydration of tricalcium silicate in large quantities, C3S2H3 is unstable under these conditions and its basicity increases. It is suggested that C3S2H3 is the main hydration product of CEM III and other cements with a high content of active mineral additives, and C2SH2 is CEM I and CEM II.

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41

Noor-ul-Amin, Sultan Alam, Saeed Gul, and Khan Muhammad. "Hydration mechanism of tricalcium silicate (alite)." Advances in Cement Research 25, no. 2 (April 2013): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/adcr.11.00061.

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42

Tenório, J. A. S., S. S. R. Pereira, A. V. Ferreira, D. C. R. Espinosa, A. M. Barros, and F. G. da S. Araújo. "CCT diagrams of tricalcium silicate decomposition." Advances in Cement Research 20, no. 1 (January 2008): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2008.20.1.31.

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43

Chung, Ren Jei, Tsung Shune Chin, Ching Wen Huang, Pu-Chi Lin, Tuan Jung Hsu, and Fong In Chou. "Bone Cements Based on Tricalcium Silicate." Key Engineering Materials 240-242 (May 2003): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.240-242.337.

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44

Shebl, F. A., A. B. Summan, and F. M. Helmy. "Conductance of tricalcium silicate in water." Cement and Concrete Research 18, no. 1 (January 1988): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(88)90129-9.

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45

Reformat, M., F. Bellmann, and H. M. Ludwig. "High energy milling of tricalcium silicate." Cement and Concrete Research 120 (June 2019): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.03.015.

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46

Nicoleau, L., A. Nonat, and D. Perrey. "The di- and tricalcium silicate dissolutions." Cement and Concrete Research 47 (May 2013): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.01.017.

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47

Okada, Yoshihiko, Hideki Ishida, and Takeshi Mitsuda. "Thermal Decomposition of Tricalcium Silicate Hydrate." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 77, no. 9 (September 1994): 2277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1994.tb04594.x.

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48

King, T. C., C. M. Dobson, and S. A. Rodger. "Hydration of tricalcium silicate with D2O." Journal of Materials Science Letters 7, no. 8 (August 1988): 861–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00723787.

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49

Morejón-Alonso, Loreley, Oscar Jacinto Bareiro Ferreira, Raúl Garcia Carrodeguas, and Luis Alberto dos Santos. "Bioactive composite bone cement based on α-tricalcium phosphate/tricalcium silicate." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 100B, no. 1 (October 17, 2011): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31926.

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50

Ravaszová, Simona, and Karel Dvořák. "Changes in Crystallite Size of Tricalcium Silicate during the Laboratory Grinding." Solid State Phenomena 321 (July 26, 2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.321.23.

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The paper is focused on one of the most important component of Portland clinker-on the tricalcium silicate. The study reported in this article is focuses on the changes in crystallite size of synthetic tricalcium silicate obtained using solid state reaction method. Crystallite size changes are monitored during the grinding in three types of laboratory mills in two different conditions. Changing in crystallite size at various grinding time up to 120 minutes are studied with the aid of X-ray diffraction and using the Scherrer equation. It has been found that the most efficient laboratory mill in terms of speed and fineness of the material was the planetary mill.

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