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1
Schnabel, Stephan. "High Frequency Elastic Wave Emission Caused by a Single Elastohydrodynamically Lubricated Contact: Fundamental sources and Principles." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-343.
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Elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) contacts are fundamental for severalrotating machine elements. For example gears, rolling element bearingsand lubricated chain drives work due to the principle of EHL. All of these machineelements require maintenance and, as condition based maintenance hasincreased in industry, the need for monitoring techniques has also increased. Inorder to avoid incorrect condition indications, since the 60’s researchers haveimproved signal processing of existing monitoring tools and developed newtechniques as a complement to these existing tools. In the past two decadesacoustic emission has been identified as a new complementary tool for monitoringof rolling element bearings and investigated intensively by several researchgroups. However, most of the investigations were carried out at lowrotational speeds. Furthermore, most of the investigations used simple signalprocessing methods like activation counts (AC) or trend analysis of the rootmean square signal (RMS). One reason for using simple experimental conditionsand signal processing methods is the complexity of a rolling elementbearing itself. A rolling element bearing consists of several EHL contacts andeach contact has different operational conditions (film thickness, slide to rollratio, contact pressure, entrainment speed). The measured signal is the summationof all EHL contacts. This complexity is one reason why the high frequencyemissions of an EHL contact are still not fully understood. Therefore, an investigationof the acoustic emission of a single EHL contact was here carriedout within the framework of a PhD project.In this thesis simplified experiments were used to represent either a single EHLcontact or elements of an EHL contact. Both acoustic emissions of tensile testsand ball impacts on a solid plate were studied and analyzed with respect totheir significance for EHL contacts. For all investigations carried out in thisthesis an absolute calibration method developed by McLaskey and Glaser wasused. This calibration method was validated for boundary restricted systems,where a good agreement for zero frequencies was found, however, unsatisfying agreement was discovered for resonances of a boundary restricted system. Theinvestigation found elastic waves in boundary restricted systems consist of twofundamental types. Zero frequencies will be enhanced for cases were excitationsource and elastic wave are independent, while an interaction of sourceand elastic wave results in a pure resonance problem.Furthermore, the time dependency of acoustic emission signals was investigated.As mentioned previously most existing investigations are carried outat low and constant rotational speed. The dependency of acoustic emissionsignals and speed is reported in literature as well as difficulties with acousticemission measurements at elevated rotational speeds. By using ball impactswith different ball sizes and tensile tests with different displacement speeds thetime dependency was analyzed with respect to excitation time (contact time ofball impact) and event frequency (amount of dislocation movement and planeslip movements in a certain time frame). Thereby an indirect quadratic proportionalitybetween acoustic emission amplitude and contact time was found.This proportional relationship is also valid for RMS signals with short averagingwindows if system damping is low. For event frequency and RMS signalsthe results of the tensile tests suggest a direct proportional relationship.Furthermore, Hertzian and EHL contact impacts were studied and compared.Thereby it was observed that the overall amplitude of the signal increases forEHL contacts in comparison to Hertzian contacts. In addition the third zerofrequency disappears, which is most likely due to cavitation effects. Furthermore,the results show a shift of the first and second zero frequency towardshigher frequencies, which is caused by the localised deformation of EHL contactsas a result of the solidification of the lubricant. This behaviour of zerofrequencies was in line with simulation results. However, the agreement betweensimulation and measurement for the location of zero frequencies and thesignal amplitude was not satisfying. This mismatch was most likely caused bythe assumption of the global contact force acting at a single point, causing aperfect elastic deformation in the simulation. Additionally, for the findings regardingzero frequencies, a change in the excitation of resonances above thefirst zero frequency in boundary restricted systems was also found, comparingHertzian and EHL impacts.Finally, full scale tests on a complete rolling element bearing were carried outduring the PhD project to validate findings of the single contact experiments.Magnetite contaminated rolling element bearings and their acoustic emissionsignals were investigated with respect to the use of sulfur additives, contaminationand rotational speed. These tests were executed at varying speed forsingle measurements and constant speed for continuous measurement recording. The results of the full scale tests showed good agreement with previousresults of the component tests, such as bouncing ball and tensile tests. Transientforces are the main source of signals for well lubricated rolling elementbearings or bearings at high rotational speed, while acoustic emission signalsof contaminated bearings at low rotational speed were dominated by plasticdeformation signals. Furthermore, it was found that sulfur additives reducethe plastic deformation signal by up to 70% in comparison to contaminatedbearings lubricated with plain grease.
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Shirzadegan, Mohammad. "Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Cam and Roller Follower Applications: : Fast and Reliable Predictions of Friction." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-60375.
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Modelling and simulation in tribology, and more specifically of friction in lubricated contacts, has gained increasing attention over the past years. In a lubricated contact, the dissipation of energy is due to the relative motion of the mating surfaces and arise due to direct contact as well as shearing of the lubricant film. The presence of a thin lubricant film is crucial for the operation of various machine elements, e.g., for the concentrated contact between the rolling element and the raceway in a bearing. The contact in this type of applications is typically exhibiting substantial elastic deformation which together with hydrodynamics governs the formation of the lubricant film. Therefore, these type of contacts are said to operate in the Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regime. An elastohydrodynamically lubricated contact can be classified as line, circular or elliptical. The line contacts can also represent a truncated ellipse or be of finite length. The line contact that appears between two cylindrically shaped bodies of infinite length does of course not exist in reality. It does, however, constitute an important type of simplification of the contact in real applications where the contact length perpendicular to direction of motion is comparatively large. The reason for this is that it permits a 2D-model for the flow and there are analytical solutions, at least in the most elementary cases. The circular and the fully elliptical contacts are more complicated. The case where the surfaces are fully separated by the lubricant film has, however, been addressed by many researchers and there are quite a few papers reporting numerical predictions validated by experimental data. The finite length line and truncated elliptical contact are even more challenging, but these are also the only physically reasonable models for EHL contacts exhibiting edge effects, created by profiled rollers or in cases where the contact ellipse becomes larger than the physical size of the contacting elements. This thesis presents the development of a fully coupled model that can be used to predict the pressure build-up and lubricant film formation in finite length line contacts. More precisely, in EHL contacts where the rolling element have profiled edges (fillets) and the surface of the counteracting element is wider than the roller, e.g., in a typical cam-roller follower contact. Hereafter this type of contact will be referred to as a 'finite EHL line contact'. The numerical analyses, conducted with the present model, were designed so that generic knowledge about friction in cam-roller follower applications would be generated, but also to provide for the development of a semi-analytical for fast and efficient estimation of friction. There are quite a few parameters that affect the friction in EHL contacts and it is already a challenge to include the most basic ones in the model. The most advanced and sophisticated models are very complex with millions of degrees of freedom and are, therefore, not yet feasible to conduct parametric studies with. The extreme conditions associated with EHL, i.e., nm thin films, with phase transition from liquid to solid, GPa pressure, temperature increase with considerable implications on lubricant flow and surface chemistry, etc., makes it even more difficult to model these systems. When modelling a cam-roller follower application, which typically results in a finite length EHL line contact, the size and geometry of the contacting parts further complicates modeling of EHL. The main objective, with this thesis project, was to design a low degree of freedom model that can be employed in a multibody dynamics model, to estimate EHL friction in milliseconds and yet capturing the most important features of a lubricated contact including edge effects. This resulted in a semi-analytical low degree of freedom (LDOF) model taking thermal effects into account and that include lubricant shear thinning and compressibility, in order to estimate the viscosity and volume of the lubricant. In addition, this LDOF model was extended to perform friction prediction covering the mixed lubrication regime where colliding asperities partially influence shearing of the lubricant. The extended, mixed lubrication LDOF, model was utilized to perform friction predictions covering a range of operating conditions, which were also covered in an experimental investigation using a ball-on-disk test device. The results turned out to compare well, suggesting that the model established in this project, is a usable tool that can be employed when designing lubricated devices and that it constitutes a suitable foundation for further developments.
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Li, Jinxia. "Lubricating grease Experiments and modeling of wall-bounded- and free-surface flows." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26489.
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Lubricating grease is commonly applied to lubricate e.g. rolling bearings, sealsand gears. Grease has some clear advantages over lubricating oil: it is a semisolidmaterial, which prevents it from flowing/ leaking out from the bearingsystem and gives it sealing properties, and it also protects the system fromcontaminants and corrosion. Due to its consistency, lubricating grease has manyadditional advantages over lubricating oil: it does not require pumps, filters andsumps. However, the rheology of grease makes it more difficult to measure andstudy its flow dynamics. This study focuses on the influence of rheology ongrease flow in different geometries involving a straight channel with restrictions,concentric cylinder geometry, and free-surface flow on a rotating disc.To better understand grease flow in bearings and seals, two types of flowrestrictions were applied into the straight channel in order to simulate the flowof grease near a seal pocket. In the case of a single restriction, the horizontaldistance required for the velocity profile to fully develop is approximately thesame as the height of the channel. In the corner before and after the restriction,the velocities are very low and part of the grease is stationary. For the channelwith two flow restrictions, this effect is even more pronounced in the narrowspace between the restrictions. Clearly, a large part of the grease is not moving.This condition particularly applies in the case of a low-pressure gradient andwhere high-consistency grease is used. In practice this means that grease may belocally trapped and consequently old/contaminated grease will remain in theseal pockets.A configuration comprising a rotating shaft and two narrow gap sealing-likerestrictions (also called Double Restriction Seal, DRS) was designed to simulatea sealing contact. Two different gap heights in the DRS have been used tocompare the grease flow. It is shown that partially yielded grease flow isdetected in the large gap geometry and fully yielded grease flow in the small gapgeometry. For the small gap geometry, it is shown that three distinct grease flowregions are present: a slip layer close to the stationary wall, a bulk flow layer,and a slip layer near the rotating shaft. The shear thinning behaviour of thegrease and its wall slip effects have been determined and discussed.Free-surface flow of grease occurs in a variety of situations such as during relubrication and inside a rolling element bearing which is filled to about 30%with grease in order to prevent heavy churning. Here the reflow of lubricant tothe bearing races is a key point in the lubricant film build-up, and centrifugalforces have a direct impact on the amount of available grease. Understanding ofthe free-surface flow behaviour of grease is hence important for theunderstanding of the lubrication mechanism. Adhesion and mass loss aremeasured for greases with different rheology on different surfaces andtemperatures. It is shown that the critical speed at which the grease starts tomove is mostly determined by grease type, yield stress and temperature ratherthan surface material. A developed analytical model covers a stationary analysisof the flow resulting in solutions for the velocity profile of the grease as well as asolution for the thickness of the viscous layer remaining on the disc.Godkänd; 2014; 20141017 (jinlit); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Jinxia Li Ämne: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Avhandling: Lubricating Grease Experiments and Modellingo f Wall-Bounded and Free-Surface Flours Opponent: Professor Arto Lehtovaara, University of Technology, Tampere, Finland Ordförande: Professor Erik Höglund, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 19 december 2014, kl 09.00 Plats: E632, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Berglund, Kim. "Predicting wet clutch service life performance." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26491.
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Godkänd; 2013; 20130529 (kimber); Tillkännagivande disputation 2013-09-11 Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Kim Berglund Ämne: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Avhandling: Predicting Wet Clutch Service Life Performance Opponent: Professor Homer Rahnejat, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK Ordförande: Bitr professor Pär Marklund, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 4 oktober 2013, kl 09.00 Plats: D770, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Spencer, Andrew. "A simulation tool for optimising combustion engine cylinder liner surface texture." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26512.
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Fuel efficiency is one of the most important areas of automotive vehicle research and development today, with rising fuel costs, energy security and environmental concerns being at the forefront of customers and legislators minds. Heavy Duty Diesel Engines (HDDE) are the primary source of mechanical power generation in today’s trucks and buses and this is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. In the 2011 European Commission White Paper on transport, a reduction of at least 60% of greenhouse gas emissions from transport by 2050, with respect to 1990 levels, was called for. The report concludes that acting on vehicles’ efficiency through new engines, materials and design will help in the reduction of oil dependence, the competitiveness of Europe’s automotive industry as well as health benefits, especially improved air quality in cities. Therefore, the efficiency and frictional losses in a vehicles powertrain are areas of great interest. This thesis focuses on the Piston Ring to Cylinder Liner (PRCL) contact and the potential for improving its performance through the specification of an optimised cylinder liner surface texture. The PRCL contact is one of the biggest contributors to mechanical losses in a HDDE and so there is potential for large performance gains to be achieved through optimisation of this contact. This research has led to the development of a simulation tool capable of calculating the friction, lubrication regime, oil consumption risk and wear that occurs in the full ring-pack of a HDDE. Furthermore, the tool allows for the evaluation of the relative performance of different cylinder liner surface topographies. A mixed lubrication model, incorporating flow factors calculated using the homogenization technique, has been implemented to allow all regimes of lubrication to be considered. A mass-conserving cavitation algorithm, formulated as a Linear Complimentarity Problem, enables lubricant cavitation, fully-flooded or starved inlet conditions and the quantity of lubricant deposited on the cylinder liner surface to be modelled. The simulation tool is validated with both reciprocating bench tests and full single cylinder fired engine tests. The reciprocating bench tests measured both friction and film thickness and both showed good correlation with the predictions from the simulation tool. Simulations and experiments were conducted on four different cylinder liner variants and both ranked the frictional performance of the cylinder liner variants in the same order. A parametric study of honing depth, spacing and angle was undertaken using the developed simulation tool and the influence of these parameters on lubricant film thickness, friction, wear and oil consumption was investigated. The thesis concludes that a reduction in specific fuel consumption is achieveable through the optimisation of cylinder liner texture and outlines how this might be achieved.Godkänd; 2013; 20131110 (spencer); Tillkännagivande disputation 2013-11-22 Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Andrew Spencer Ämne: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Avhandling: A Simulation Tool for Optimising Combustion Engine Cylinder Liner Surface Texture Opponent: Professor Martin Priest, School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Leeds, UK Ordförande: Professor Roland Larsson, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 13 december 2013, kl 10. Plats: E632, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Perez, Rafols Francesc. "Two-scale stochastic modelling and analysis of leakage through metal-to-metal seals." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-66694.
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A seal is a commonly used machine element whose function is to preventthe flow of a fluid from a high to a low pressure region. Metal-to-metalseals, in particular, are used whenever extreme conditions prevent theuse of less expensive rubber seals. Situations where such extreme condi-tions may be encountered are found, for example, in oil wells and nuclearpower plants. In such applications, the failure of a metal-to-metal sealcan become catastrophic, as it might mean the leakage of hazardousfluids to the environment. In order to minimize the risk, it is critical tounderstand the mechanisms controlling the seal’s performance and,if possible, be able to predict capability to prevent leakage on before-hand. Not surprisingly, the surface topography plays a crucial role hereand therefore requires careful consideration when conducting studies ofthis kind. Indeed, it has been shown that even very small details in thetopography (of size of the order of micrometres) can have a large effecton the performance of the whole seal (of size of the order of centimetresor larger). Another complicating factor is the topography’s stochas-tic nature, which makes even the identification of the relevant detailschallenging. Modelling is, in this context, a desirable approach, as itprovides the possibility to easily zoom in those fine details as well asisolate individual parameters. Moreover, it can provide for a predictionon the expected leakage.This work focuses primarily on the development of a model suitablefor studying the mechanisms controlling the performance of metal-to-metal seals and to enable prediction of leakage. To accomplish this, amodel that follows a two-scale approach is proposed. More precisely,the small details in the topography are considered in a local problemconnected to a highly resolved local-scale domain, while the componentlevel features are considered in a global problem allowing for a coarsegrid discretisation of the corresponding global-scale domain. During the present work it was also found that realistic results can only be obtainedif the model explicitly considers the surface topography’s stochastic na-ture. The model was first developed for liquids and was based on theassumption of incompressible and iso-viscous flow. Further work, withthe objective to enable studies of more complex type of flow situations,resulted in a versatile transformation translating results for incompress-ible and iso-viscous to compressible and piezo-viscous fluids and viceversa. This means that, the flow of gases and other more complex fluidscan be studied by combining the model for the simplistic incompressibleand iso-viscous flow with this newfound transformation.Using the model developed, the sealing performance of metal-to-metal seals during load cycling, i.e., by gradually increasing the load toa certain value and then releasing it again, is studied. The scope of thisstudy is to assess how the plastic deformation that the metal surfacesundergoes during the loading phase can affect the leakage during unload-ing. It is shown that this results in a change of the original topographythat may lead to a better sealing performance during unloading. Themain result obtained is, however, that given the right conditions, the ap-plied load can be released considerably (even down to half of the reachedbefore starting the unloading) with only a small increase in leakage asa result. This shows the seal’s capability to prevent leakage evenif an unexpected reduction of load occurs and is therefore is a valuabledescription of the robustness of the seal.
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Gebretsadik, Daniel Woldegebriel. "Tribological characteristics of some multi-layered Pb-free engine bearing materials." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-62495.
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Lead (Pb) containing alloys such as white metals and Cu-Pb-Sn (lining) with Pb-based overlay plating have been extensively used as materials for internal combustion engine bearings during the last several decades. However, owing to environmental and health concerns, the use of Pb containing materials in automotive engine components is being restricted. In view of this, attempts are under way to develop and replace Pb-containing materials with Pb–free bearing materials. The tribological characteristics of these recently developed Pb-free bearing materials have, however, not been fully investigated and only a limited results about their tribological performance are available in open literature. This thesis therefore focuses on investigating the tribological performance of some recently developed Pb-free engine bearing materials. Although engine bearings are designed to operate in full film lubrication conditions yet they also operate in mixed and boundary lubrication regimes where the material properties do affect their tribological performance. There is thus a need to study the tribological behaviour of these new Pb-free bearing materials in mixed and boundary lubrication conditions vis a vis that of conventional Pb-containing bearing linings and overlays. This work has therefore aimed at investigating the tribological characteristics such as friction and wear, seizure behaviour, interaction with different oil formulations and embeddability behaviour of some selected Pb-free engine bearing materials. Friction and wear properties of Pb-free bearing materials Al-Sn based lining without overlay, bronze lining coated with Polyamide-Imide (PAI) based overlay containing MoS2 and graphite, bronze lining coated with Al-Sn based and PAI based overlay containing MoS2 and graphite, bronze lining coated with Sn-based overlay, and bismuth (Bi) containing bronze lining coated with Sn-based overlay have been studied using a block-on-ring test configuration under unidirectional sliding conditions in mixed and boundary lubrication regimes. The conventional Pb-containing bearing material was also studied as a reference material. Al-Sn based material showed considerably higher friction compared to the other bearing materials. The bearing material with PAI based overlay containing MoS2 and graphite showed superior friction and wear properties compared to all other materials. Sn-based overlay coated materials resulted in comparable friction and wear properties to that of Pbbased overlay. Wear mechanism in Al-Sn based material is mainly adhesive and abrasive in case of Sn based overlay. Seizure behaviour of the bearing materials were also studied using the block-on-ring test configuration in dry as well as lubricated conditions using pure base oil and a fully formulated engine oil. The PAI based overlay containing MoS2 and graphite showed no sign of seizure even at the highest test load in dry as well as lubricated conditions. Al-Sn based lining without overlay seizes at relatively lower load in dry condition compared to the other bearing materials. Adhesion or wear debris smearing onto the counter surface is the main causes of seizure in dry condition. In lubricated condition, seizure occurred at relatively higher load and the conventional Pb-containing material was found to have better seizure performance compared to the Al-Sn based and Sn-based overlay plated materials. Tribological compatibility of Pb-free bearing materials with different oil formulations was studied using a ball-on-bearing specimen test configuration in boundary lubrication under reciprocating sliding conditions. Four different bearing materials were investigated using different lubricants with and without oil additives. In general, the bearing materials lubricated with pure PAO base oil showed higher friction compared to those lubricated with oils containing additives. Lubricants containing additives improved wear properties of the bearing materials except in the case of Al-Sn based lining without overlay. It was also observed that the anti-wear additive level did not significantly influence the wear performance of bearing overlays. The embeddability behaviour of Pb-free bearing materials was studied using a fully formulated engine oil contaminated with SiC particles. Pb-free bearing materials with Snbased overlay, Bi-based overlay, PAI-based overlay containing MoS2 and composite overlay containing PAI, Al, PTFE were investigated. Tests at different rotational speeds (i.e. different oil film thickness) and a constant load were carried out using a journal bearing test rig. It was found that material removal from bearing and shaft surfaces due to abrasive wear is influenced by the lubricant film thickness. The steel counter surface showed lower wear in tests using Sn based overlay and a PAI, Al and PTFE containing composite overlay compared to Bi-based overlay and PAI-based overlay containing MoS2.
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Söderfjäll, Markus. "Friction in Piston Ring - Cylinder Liner Contacts." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-62155.
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With today’s striving towards reduction of fuel consumption it is moreimportant than ever to understand the function of different componentsin the internal combustion engine. There is a need to develop and usetools to investigate and predict the result of specific design changesmade on the components. In this work, the mechanics and the tribologyof the power cylinder unit and more specifically the operation of thepiston rings was investigated both numerically and experimentally. Theobjectives of the numerical part of this thesis were to develop simulationtools that can be used to quantify design changes to the TLOCR andthe cylinder liner. Such as the dimensions of the ring itself but also ringtension, running land profile, out of roundness of the cylinder liner andsurface texture of dimple type applied on the cylinder liner. Numericalsimulation models were developed and used to investigate operation of atwin land oil control ring (TLOCR). TLOCR are typically used in heavyduty diesel engines (HDDE). The TLOCR plays a very important role inthe engine since it is supposed to distribute the correct amount of oil onthe liner to lubricate the other rings. It is important that the TLOCRdoes not leave too much oil on the liner for the two top rings since itcould lead too high oil consumption. In a HDDE the piston assemblyis the largest contributor to frictional losses where the piston ring packaccounts for the major part of this. The oil control ring is the largestcontributor to frictional losses in the piston ring pack therefore makingit very interesting to study from a fuel consumption perspective. One ofthe models developed in this work accounts for the tribological interfaceof the TLOCR against the cylinder liner and piston ring groove as wellas the elastic deformation of the ring and the ring dynamics within thepiston ring groove. The actual ring cross section was modelled in orderto account for the full three dimensional elastic deformation of the ring.By solving all of these problems as a coupled system, the entire operation of the oil control ring can be understood in a better way than earlierand this opens up new optimisation possibilities for the TLOCR. Sincethe cylinder liner in an engine will always have some deviation fromperfectly round this is important. The full ring is modelled in order toaccount for out of round cylinder liners. The model can therefore beused to investigate the effect on oil distribution by reduced ring tensionwhich will affect the frictional losses of the system. It was found that thereduction in tangential force on the TLOCR with kept sealing capability,enabled by reduced out-of-roundness, could result in friction reductionof 40 % at mid-stroke.Because of the complexity, a multi-physics model of this type introducesdifficulties with convergence. Especially when implementinga mass conserving cavitation model and solving for the reversal of thepiston ring. Implementation and numerical verification of a mass conservingcavitation model was therefore performed. A method for dealingwith the convergence problem close to reversal was implemented and discussed.A model considering texture, of dimple type, on the cylinder linerwas also developed to find dimple dimensions optimal for reduced fuelconsumption. Since the dimples are modelled in a deterministic manner,only a periodic section of one land of the TLOCR was considered. Themodel takes mixed lubrication and inertia of the ring into considerationand a mass conserving cavitation algorithm were implemented. Theresults from the model predict friction reduction of approximately 40 %at mid-stroke speeds.The objective of the experimental part of this thesis is to developa novel test method for evaluation of piston ring friction at realisticspeeds. The test-rig was designed and constructed during the first halfof the project. The rig was designed so that standard HDDE productionpiston rings and cylinder liners could be easily mounted, and so thatpiston ring friction could be measured without influence from pistonfriction. Both cylinder liner and oil tank were equipped with heaters,where the oil supply resembles that in an actual engine. Repeatabilityof the results was found to be good. Influence on friction by differentcylinder liner surface roughness and coatings were investigated. Variouspiston ring designs, ring tension and coatings were also investigated. Itwas found that friction of the TLOCR could be reduced with close to50 % with kept sealing capability by reduced ring tension and differentgeometry on the lands in contact with the cylinder liner. The numerical simulation model governing the full cross section of the TLOCR wasvalidated against measured piston ring friction data at a number ofdifferent speeds and excellent correlation was found.
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Björling, Marcus. "Friction in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17478.
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Today, with increasing demands on industry to reduce energy consumption and emissions, the strive to increase the efficiency of machine components is maybe bigger than ever. This PhD thesis focus on friction in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), found in, among others, gears, bearings and cam followers. Friction in such contacts is governed by a complex interaction of material, surface and lubricant parameters as well as operating conditions. In this work, experimental studies have been conducted that show how friction varies over a wide range of running conditions when changing parameters like lubricant viscosity, base oil type, surface roughness and lubricant temperature. These measurements have also been used to predict the friction behaviour in a real gear application. Numerical modeling of elastohydrodynamic (EHD) friction and film thickness are important for increased understanding of the field of EHL. Due to the high pressure and shear normally found in EHD contacts it is crucial that appropriate rheological models are used. An investigation has been carried out in order to assess the friction prediction capabilities of some of the most well founded rheological models. A numerical model was used to predict friction coefficients through the use of lubricant transport properties. Experiments were then performed that matches the predicted results rather well, and the deviations are discussed. The numerical model in combination with experimental measurements are used to investigate the friction reducing effect of diamond like carbon (DLC) coatings in EHL. A new mechanism of friction reduction through thermal insulation is proposed as an alternative to the current hypothesis of solid-liquid slip. These findings opens up for new families of coatings where thermal properties are in focus that may be both cheaper, and more effective in reducing friction in certain applications than DLC coatings of today.Godkänd; 2014; 20140825 (marbjo); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Marcus Björling Ämne: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Avhandling: Friction in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Opponent: Professor H P Evans, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK Ordförande: Professor Roland Larsson, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Torsdag den 2 oktober 2014, kl 09.00 Plats: E231, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Minatchy, Georges. "Contribution à l’étude des propriétés mécaniques à l’échelle nanométrique de films réducteurs de frottement et de l’usure." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0706/document.
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La tribologie est définie comme la science qui étudie les phénomènes de frottement, d’usure et de lubrification. Elle intervient à chaque fois que deux surfaces sont en mouvement relatif l’une par rapport à l’autre. On la rencontre donc principalement dans les moteurs, les instruments de coupe, les assemblages mécaniques etc. Le frottement et l’usure sont les causes principales des pertes de performances et de durabilité des systèmes. L’usure coute 3 % du PIB en France et on estime que 10 % à 30 % de l’énergie produite dans le monde est consommée par frottement, c’est dire l’importance que porte le monde industriel à cette science.C'est la lubrification qui a pour rôle de minimiser le frottement et de protéger les surfaces de l'usure. Il existe différents régimes de lubrification, cependant les travaux effectués au cours de cette thèse de doctorat s’intéressent exclusivement au régime de lubrification limite. Dans ce régime de lubrification, l’épaisseur du film de lubrifiant est du même ordre de grandeur que la hauteur des aspérités des surfaces en contact et le frottement et l'usure des surfaces peuvent être très sévères. La stratégie mise en place pour lutter contre ces phénomènes consiste à ajouter des additifs à l'huile lubrifiante, qui formeront au cours du frottement un film protecteur (le tribofilm). Il apparait donc primordial de bien caractériser ces tribofilms afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de réduction de frottement et de l’usure, qui restent encore à ce jour mal connus.Les nanotechnologies permettent aujourd'hui d'apporter un nouvel éclairage sur cette problématique et nous les avons mises à profit pour étudier le comportement mécanique des tribofilms à l’échelle nanométrique.L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre les processus de réduction de frottement observés à l’échelle macroscopique lorsque des particules de composés lamellaires sont associées à un liquide de faible viscosité. Les tribofilms étudiés sont formés à partir de trois composés lamellaires différents, le graphite, le thiophosphate de nickel NiPS3 et le bisulfure de molybdène MoS2. Pour ces trois composés, deux types de tribofilms ont été étudiés : ceux formés à partir des particules seules (les tribofilms secs) et ceux formés en présence de liquide (les tribofilms éther).L’analyse des propriétés tribologiques mesurées à macro et nano échelle, nous ont permis de mieux comprendre la contribution des effets individuels et collectifs sur les mécanismes réducteurs de frottement. Ces expériences ont permis de mettre en évidence que la réduction du coefficient de frottement observée à macro-échelle n'est pas due à la nanostructuration des tribofilms ni à une baisse des interactions entre les feuillets mais plutôt à un effet collectif des particules et du liquideTribology is the science of friction phenomena, wear and lubrication. It takes part every time two surfaces are in relative motion. It performs meanly in engine and mechanical systems. Friction and wear are the mean reasons of loose of performance and durability of mechanical systems. Wear costs 3% of the GDP in France and about 10% to 30% of the produced energy in the world is consumed by friction.The aim of lubrication is to reduce friction and protect the surface against wear. There are four different types of lubrication regimes but this study is focused on the boundary regime. In this regime, lubricant thickness is of the same order of the magnitude of the sliding surfaces roughness, leading to a high-level of friction and wear. Additives are added to the lubricating base oil, in order to build a protecting tribofilm. Characterization of the tribofilms appears essential to better understand the friction and wear reduction mechanisms.Nanotechnology allows to bring a new insight on this issue through the study of the mechanical behavior of the tribofilms at nanoscale.The aim of this work is to better understand the process of the friction reduction observed at macroscale when lamellar particles are associated to a low viscosity liquid. The tribofilms are formed from three different lamellar compounds, graphite, nickel thiophosphate NiPS3 and molybdenum disulfide MoS2. Two different kinds of tribofilms are studied: those formed with the solids particles only (dry tribofilms) and those formed in presence of liquid (wet tribofilms).The analyses of the tribological properties measured at nanoscale allow us to better understand the contribution of the individual and collective effects on friction reduction mechanims. We show that the reduction of the friction coefficient observed at macroscale is not related to the surface nanostructuration of the tribofilms neither to the decrease of the interaction energy between the sliding surfaces, but rather to collective effects of the liquid and the particles in the contact
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Guha, Kaustav. "Molecular tribology." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3248/.
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Surface-active agents play an important role in lubrication technology and are often used as additives in liquid lubricants films to reduce the friction and wear. Under high loads, in asperity contacts or when there is no relative motion between two surfaces, fluid lubrication breaks down and boundary lubricants are essential to prevent wear and seizure. In other applications where the use of ‘thick’ films of liquid lubricants is not possible or desirable (i.e. micromotors, hard disk drives), lubrication between contacting surfaces is exclusively in the boundary regime. Despite the use of boundary lubricants in engineering applications for centuries, our understanding of how boundary lubricants work at the molecular level remains unclear. My thesis describes the use of total internal reflection (TIR) Raman scattering to characterise model boundary lubricants both ex situ and in situ, under realistic conditions of pressure and shear. The model systems comprise either Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers of long chain fatty acids (e.g. Zn arachidate) and phospholipids (e.g. DPPC) deposited on silica and SF10 glass, or phospholipid bilayers (e.g. DMPC) fused to silica and SF10 glass surfaces in water. TIR Raman scattering is a form of vibrational spectroscopy with sub-nanometer sensitivity and spatial resolution of a few microns. Control of the polarisation of the incoming and scattered light allows us to probe the orientation of adsorbed molecules and how that orientation changes under pressure and shear. The resonant frequency and intensity of different molecular vibrations is also sensitive to the packing and conformational order in the lubricant film. LB monolayers of Zn arachidate and DPPC are first characterised ex situ and then subjected to increasing load (upto ~750 MPa) in a contact between a fused silica ball and the flat surface of an SF10 hemisphere. A better packing or a higher orderliness of the molecules are observed at higher pressure without the monolayers being squeezed out. In contrast, application of load to the DMPC bilayer appears to squeeze some of the lipid materials out of contact. The designs of two Raman tribometers are described that allow Raman measurements in a sheared contact with simultaneous measurements of friction and load. Elasto-hydrodynamic and boundary lubrication regimes are studied with the tribometers overcoming the engineering difficulties up to a significant extent.
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Teixeira, Kleber Donizetti [UNESP]. "Influência da velocidade de deslizamento no desgaste do par tribológico ferro fundido cinzento (MC 12 e MC 13) - ferro fundido cinzento centrifugado." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94464.
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teixeira_kd_me_guara.pdf: 3359686 bytes, checksum: 99856978cd25324653f6bcfa0f289211 (MD5)O Ferro Fundido é amplamente utilizado na indústria de autopeças do setor automobilístico, principalmente em anéis de pistão, camisa de cilindros, discos de freios e outros, devido a sua boa resistência ao atrito e desgaste, por ter boa condutividade térmica e ser antivibracional. Com a globalização, grandes esforços vêm sendo feitos por pesquisadores, direcionados ao desenvolvimento de novos materiais que atendam os mercados mundiais, trazendo a competitividade necessária na busca de processos de fabricação e pesquisas, objetivando redução de custos, qualidade e produtividade, sendo que no ramo automobilístico a realidade não é diferente. Motores menores e mais leves têm aumentado constantemente os carregamentos térmicos e mecânicos dos componentes, na qual o sistema tribológico do anel de pistão é dos mais complexos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento tribológico através do teste de bancada pino-disco dos pares: Ferro Fundido Cinzento Centrifugado/ Ferro Fundido Cinzento MC12 e Ferro Fundido Cinzento Centrifugado/ Ferro Fundido Cinzento MC13 em função da velocidade de deslizamento (0,5 m/s, 1,0 m/s e 1,5 m/s). Para os discos (MC 12 e MC 13) a taxa de desgaste decresceu linearmente com o aumento da velocidade de deslizamento, já para os pinos em Ferro Fundido Cinzento Centrifugado, a taxa de desgaste decresceu até 1,0 m/s, e a 1,5 m/s a taxa de desgaste apresentou um ligeiro aumento, determinado pela instabilidade gerada pelo aquecimento da superfície e formação da camada de óxido. O par Centrifugado/ MC 13 apresentou melhor desempenho a 0,5 m/s e o par Centrifugado/ MC 12 a 1,0 e 1,5 m/s. Verificou-se que os mecanismos de desgaste atuantes são: adesão (0,5 m/s), adesão + oxidação (1,0 m/s) e oxidação (1,5 m/s). Em todas as velocidades de deslizamento, os mecanismos principais de desgaste são seguidos de microabrasão
The cast iron is widely used in auto parts industry in the automotive sector, mainly in piston rings, cylinder liners, brake discs and others due to its good resistance to friction and wear, to have good thermal conductivity and be antivibrational. With globalization, great efforts have been made by researchers, directed the development of new materials that meet the global markets, bringing the competitiveness required in the pursuit of manufacturing processes and research, aiming at cost reduction, quality and productivity, and the branch automotive reality is no different. Smaller engines and lighter loads have steadily increased thermal and mechanical components, in which the tribological system piston ring is the most complex. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tribological behavior through the test bench pin-disk pairs: Centrifuged Gray Cast Iron/ Gray Cast Iron MC 12 and Centrifuged Gray Cast Iron/ MC 13 depending on sliding velocity (0.5m/s, 1.0 m/s and 1.5 m/s). For discs (MC 12 and MC 13) the wear rate decreased linearly with increasing sliding velocity, since the pins on Cast Iron Grey centrifuged, the wear rate decreased to 1.0 m / s, and 1, 5 m / s the wear rate increased slightly, as determined by the instability caused by surface heating and the formation of the oxide layer. The pair centrifuged / MC 13 performed better than 0.5 m / s and centrifuged pair / MC 12 to 1.0 and 1.5 m / s. It was found that the prevalent wear mechanisms are adhesion (0.5 m / s), adhesion + oxidation (1.0 m / s) and oxidation (1.5 m / s). In all sliding velocities, the main mechanisms of wear are followed by abrasion
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Mofidi, Mohammad. "Tribology of elastomers." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18278.
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In this work, the tribological behaviour of different sealing elastomers has been studied. The influence of aging of a sealing elastomer in different lubricants on its tribological behaviour has been investigated. Tribological behaviour of sealing elastomers in dry condition and the mechanisms occurring in run-in period have been studied. Further studies pertaining to the influence of lubrication on the abrasive wear of a sealing elastomer have also been carried out.Godkänd; 2007; 20071128 (ysko)
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Mofidi, Mohammadreza. "Tribology of elastomers /." Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2007. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2007/62/.
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Lizhang, Jia. "Tribology of hemiarthroplasty." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12747/.
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Hip hemiarthroplasty (HA) is a conservative treatment for hip diseases (e.g. osteoporosis, femoral head necrosis) and injuries (e.g. femoral neck fractures) compared to total hip replacement (THR). HA is commonly used in elder patients who have low activity requirements and can be delivered with reduced blood loss, shorter operation time, and hospital stay. HA has been developed to unipolar and bipolar prostheses, and the range of motion has been improved with new designs of the bipolar prostheses. However, satisfaction of HA is not always positive due to the erosion, degradation of the acetabular cartilage, and the dislocation of femoral head which have reported in clinical studies. Hence, the mechanical factors which affect the tribological properties of articular cartilage in HA have been investigated experimentally in an in- vitro simulation of HA. In a simple geometry HA model, the articular cartilage coefficient of friction, deformation, and wear have been examined in a cartilage pin on metal plate model. The loading time, contact stress levels, contact areas, stroke lengths and sliding velocities were set as the input variables, and it was found that: 1) coefficient of friction was time- and load- dependent in short-term (1 hour) testing; 2) wear was load-dependent in long-term (24 hours) testing; 3) contact area only affected the coefficient of friction when both fluid and solid phase of cartilage supported the load due to the different aspect ratio; 4) the stroke length and sliding velocity affected the coefficient of friction only under low level of contact stress (≤2 MPa), but affected the cartilage wear under all levels of contact stresses. In an entire simulation of HA, the acetabular cartilage coefficient of friction, surface roughness, wear, and deformation have been studied with metal or ceramic heads articulating against acetabular cartilage in a pendulum friction simulator. The clearance between the head and acetabulum, loading types, and prosthesis design were set as the input variables, and it was demonstrated that: 1) a trend of decrease of the coefficient of friction was shown with increasing clearances under both constant and dynamic loading; 2) severe cartilage severe damage was observed when radial clearance was >1.8 mm under constant loading; 3) ceramic heads decreased the cartilage wear, and change of surface roughness compared to metal heads; 4) a novel bipolar design with a thin metal cup and metal head failed to reduce the coefficient of friction due to the cup locking in the acetabulum. The methodologies and findings in this research can currently adopted for related future studies, additionally the anatomic pendulum friction natural joint simulation can be used for the pre-clinical studies in less invasive procedures in the future.
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Teixeira, Kleber Donizetti. "Influência da velocidade de deslizamento no desgaste do par tribológico ferro fundido cinzento (MC 12 e MC 13) - ferro fundido cinzento centrifugado /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94464.
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Resumo: O Ferro Fundido é amplamente utilizado na indústria de autopeças do setor automobilístico, principalmente em anéis de pistão, camisa de cilindros, discos de freios e outros, devido a sua boa resistência ao atrito e desgaste, por ter boa condutividade térmica e ser antivibracional. Com a globalização, grandes esforços vêm sendo feitos por pesquisadores, direcionados ao desenvolvimento de novos materiais que atendam os mercados mundiais, trazendo a competitividade necessária na busca de processos de fabricação e pesquisas, objetivando redução de custos, qualidade e produtividade, sendo que no ramo automobilístico a realidade não é diferente. Motores menores e mais leves têm aumentado constantemente os carregamentos térmicos e mecânicos dos componentes, na qual o sistema tribológico do anel de pistão é dos mais complexos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento tribológico através do teste de bancada pino-disco dos pares: Ferro Fundido Cinzento Centrifugado/ Ferro Fundido Cinzento MC12 e Ferro Fundido Cinzento Centrifugado/ Ferro Fundido Cinzento MC13 em função da velocidade de deslizamento (0,5 m/s, 1,0 m/s e 1,5 m/s). Para os discos (MC 12 e MC 13) a taxa de desgaste decresceu linearmente com o aumento da velocidade de deslizamento, já para os pinos em Ferro Fundido Cinzento Centrifugado, a taxa de desgaste decresceu até 1,0 m/s, e a 1,5 m/s a taxa de desgaste apresentou um ligeiro aumento, determinado pela instabilidade gerada pelo aquecimento da superfície e formação da camada de óxido. O par Centrifugado/ MC 13 apresentou melhor desempenho a 0,5 m/s e o par Centrifugado/ MC 12 a 1,0 e 1,5 m/s. Verificou-se que os mecanismos de desgaste atuantes são: adesão (0,5 m/s), adesão + oxidação (1,0 m/s) e oxidação (1,5 m/s). Em todas as velocidades de deslizamento, os mecanismos principais de desgaste são seguidos de microabrasãoAbstract: The cast iron is widely used in auto parts industry in the automotive sector, mainly in piston rings, cylinder liners, brake discs and others due to its good resistance to friction and wear, to have good thermal conductivity and be antivibrational. With globalization, great efforts have been made by researchers, directed the development of new materials that meet the global markets, bringing the competitiveness required in the pursuit of manufacturing processes and research, aiming at cost reduction, quality and productivity, and the branch automotive reality is no different. Smaller engines and lighter loads have steadily increased thermal and mechanical components, in which the tribological system piston ring is the most complex. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tribological behavior through the test bench pin-disk pairs: Centrifuged Gray Cast Iron/ Gray Cast Iron MC 12 and Centrifuged Gray Cast Iron/ MC 13 depending on sliding velocity (0.5m/s, 1.0 m/s and 1.5 m/s). For discs (MC 12 and MC 13) the wear rate decreased linearly with increasing sliding velocity, since the pins on Cast Iron Grey centrifuged, the wear rate decreased to 1.0 m / s, and 1, 5 m / s the wear rate increased slightly, as determined by the instability caused by surface heating and the formation of the oxide layer. The pair centrifuged / MC 13 performed better than 0.5 m / s and centrifuged pair / MC 12 to 1.0 and 1.5 m / s. It was found that the prevalent wear mechanisms are adhesion (0.5 m / s), adhesion + oxidation (1.0 m / s) and oxidation (1.5 m / s). In all sliding velocities, the main mechanisms of wear are followed by abrasion
Orientador: Sergio João Crnkovic
Coorientador: Humberto Lopes Rodrigues
Banca: Ana Paula Rosifini Alves Claro
Banca: Sandra Giacomin Schneider
Mestre
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Nilsson, Maria. "Tribology in Metal Working." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Materialteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-11730.
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This thesis focuses on the tribological performance of tool surfaces in two steel working operations, namely wire drawing and hot rolling. In all forming operations dimensions and surface finish of the products are of utmost importance. Forming basically includes three parts – forming conditions excluded – that may be changed; work material, tool and (possibly) lubricant. In the interface between work material and tool, the conditions are very aggressive with – generally or locally – high temperatures and pressures. The surfaces will be worn in various ways and this will change the conditions in the process. Consequently, the surface finish as well as the dimensions of the formed product may change and in the end, the product will not fulfil the requirements of the customer. Therefore, research and development in regard to wear, and consequently tribology, of the forming tools is of great interest. The investigations of wire drawing dies focus on coating adhesion/cohesion, surface characteristics and material transfer onto the coated steel both in laboratory scale as well as in the wire drawing process. Results show that it in wire drawing is possible to enhance the tribological performance of drawing dies by using a lubricant together with a steel substrate coated by a polished, dual-layer coating containing both hard and friction-lowering layers. The investigations of hot rolling work rolls focus on microstructure and hardness as well as cracking- and surface characteristics in both laboratory scale and in the hot strip mill. Results show that an ideal hot work roll material should be made up of a matrix with high hardness and a large amount of complex, hard carbides evenly distributed in the microstructure. The surface failure mechanisms of work rolls are very complex involving plastic deformation, abrasive wear, adhesive wear, mechanical and thermal induced cracking, material transfer and oxidation. This knowledge may be used to develop new tools with higher wear resistance giving better performance, lower costs and lower environmental impact.
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Sharifi, Shayan. "Tribology of bio-implants." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22710.
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The service life of bio-materials used as implants depends on many factors. One of the factors which may significantly reduce the implant's service life duration is wear. Many tribologists have attempted to propose a model to predict wear behaviours involving a wide range of material properties and operating conditions, but it is still believed that there is no way of predicting tribological performances of surfaces with absolute certainty. As a result, laboratory tests on wear of different bio-implants are the most trusted method to evaluate the wear performance of such components in this era. Bio-tribological techniques are developing constantly as long-term clinical results from various designs and materials are needed and wear testing is a critical gating item for preclinical evaluation. Recently, for abrasive wear tests, sphere-on-disc technique in microscale has been used to study the performance of different materials under abrasive wear. However, the possibility of occurrence of different wear mechanisms simultaneously in a tribological environment is high. Therefore, methods have been developed to combine different types of wear mechanisms with a variety of sliding conditions such as tribocorrosion testing. Wear processes which occur in the oral cavity can lead to dental defects which may require a restoration or replacement of damaged tissues. In the first part of this work the tribological behaviour of Y-TZP, as a dental restoration material, in popular caffeine based soft drinks, tea and coffee, under micro-abrasion conditions is investigated. The results suggested that the tea environment is less detrimental to Y-TZP implants than that of coffee. It was also suggested that Y-TZP implants will last up to twice as long when drinking coffee with milk compared to plain coffee, and up to four times as long compared to coffee with sugar. Evidence from the experiments showed that viscosity and acidity exacerbate the effects of load and exposure time. The work continues with investigating the tribocorrosion and wear performance of 316L grade stainless steel as an orthodontic material in artificial saliva using a micro-abrasioncorrosion apparatus. The results showed that linearity in the relationship between load and wear volume is limited to certain ranges. Also, the observed differences between the corrosion potentials at the various loads with and without particles indicated that the stability of tribo-films is critically dependent on the tribological conditions in such environments. Wear is also one of the main limiting factors on the life of total hip joint replacements. As bio-implants in the human body can be exposed to simultaneous chemical/electrochemical and mechanical stresses such as tribocorrosion, the evaluation of such surface degradation were carried out as a combined mechanism of corrosion and mechanical wear. The later part of this work considers and compares the tribological behaviour of a titanium alloy (Ti- 6Al -4V) with a CoCr alloy (CoCrMo) as common bearing materials in artificial hip joints, coated with DLC coating under micro-abrasion-corrosion conditions. The results analysis suggested that the combination of DLC coating and CoCrMo can exhibit a better performance for hip replacement applications. Also, the role of adhesion between the coating and substrate on material removal was pointed out. In order to understand the wear mechanisms involved in each set of experiments, wear mechanism maps were developed to describe the influences of different parameters.
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Nilsson, Daniel. "Tribology of hydraulic motor." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2009. http://pure.ltu.se/ws/fbspretrieve/2760914.
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Hakami, Ferial. "Tribology Study on Elastomers." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/76048.
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A comprehensive experimental and analytical study is done on tribological behaviour of elastomers. According to the results, ascending rate of wear and friction changes with variation of operating variables and mechanical properties. New approaches are described for a better understanding of wear and friction process. Furthermore, to predict the wear rate a non-linear equation is developed by quantifying contribution of operating variables and mechanical properties. This study provides enhanced insight into elastomers wear in practice.
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Kang, Tae Hun 1967. "Tribology of atomically smooth surfaces." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13108.
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Liu, Feiyang. "Tribology of free-rolling tyres." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611436.
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Mofidi, Mohammadreza. "Tribology of elastomeric seal materials /." Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2009. http://pure.ltu.se/ws/fbspretrieve/2634672.
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Isaksson, Patrik. "Simulation of tribology in hydraulic motors." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26381.
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Tribology is the science of friction, lubrication and wear. A tribological interface is composed of two contacting surfaces in relative motion. The radial piston hydraulic motor includes a lot of tribological interfaces. The interfaces are made up of the contacts between the moving parts in the motor that transform energy in the form of hydraulic flow into motion of the output shaft. Many of them are highly loaded due to the large forces that must be transmitted to produce the required torque. The performance in view of efficiency of the hydraulic motor depends strongly on the tribological properties in these interfaces. In industry today, there is a general strive towards better efficiency to minimize impact on the environment by lowering energy consumption. This puts a lot of focus on tribology, especially in applications like the hydraulic motor whose purpose is to convert energy into some desired motion. Indeed, minimizing the losses/friction in the tribological interfaces leads to less energy needed to produce the desired motion. Another aspect of tribology is wear in the interfaces which can affect durability or toughness of the motor. At present, design and optimization of tribological interfaces is mostly done by trial and error experimental work and testing. This will always be needed but if more of the testing can be done using computer based computational models a more cost effective and faster design process could be achieved. A computational model would also lead to better understanding of tribological processes present in the simulated application due to the possibility to investigate properties that are very hard to measure. The work in this thesis involves development of computer based computational models for simulation of the tribology in hydraulic motors. The model is validated through comparison with experiments. Furthermore it is shown that modelling can be used to analyze tribology in the hydraulic motor and consequently can be used as a design tool for improving efficiency.Godkänd; 2010; 20100816 (patisa); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Examinator: Professor Roland Larsson, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Doctor Hubert Herbst, Scania, Södertälje Tid: Onsdag den 15 september 2010 kl 10.00 Plats: E243, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Fabricius, John. "Homogenization theory with applications in tribology." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Matematiska vetenskaper, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25720.
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Homogenization is a mathematical theory for studying differential equations with rapidly oscillating coefficents. Many important problems in physics with one or several microscopic length scales give rise to this kind of equations. Hence there is a need for methods that enable an efficient treatment of such problems. To this end several homogenization techniques exist, ranging from the fairly abstract ones to those that are more oriented towards applications. This thesis is concerned with two such methods, namely the "asymptotic expansion method", also known as the "method of multiple scales", and multiscale convergence. The former method, sometimes referred to as the "engineering approach to homogenization" has, due to its versatility and intutive appeal, gained wide acceptance and popularity in the applied fields. However, it is not rigorous by mathematical standards. Multiscale convergence, introduced by Nguetseng in 1989, is a notion of weak convergence in Lp spaces that is designed to take oscillations into account. Although not the most general method around, multiscale convergence has become widely used by homogenizers because of its simplicity. In spite of its success, the multiscale theory is not yet sufficiently developed to be used in connection with certain nonlinear problems with several microscopic scales. In Paper A we extend some previously obtained results in multiscale convergence that enable us to homogenize a nonlinear problem with three scales. In Appendix to Paper A we present in more detail some results that were used in the proof of some of the main theorems in Paper A. Tribology is the science of bodies in relative motion interacting through a mechanical contact. An important aspect of tribology is to explain the principles of friction, lubrication and wear. Tribological phenomena are encountered everywhere in nature and technology and have a huge economical impact on society. An important example is that of two sliding solid surfaces interacting through a thin film of viscous fluid (lubricant). Hydrodynamic lubrication occurs when the pressure generated within the lubricant, through the viscosity of the fluid, is able to sustain an externally applied load. Many common bearings, e.g. journal bearings or slider bearings, operate according to this principle. As a branch of fluid dynamics, the mathematical foundations of lubrication theory are given by the Navier-Stokes equations, describing the motion of a viscous fluid. Because of the thin film assumption several simplifications are possible, leading to various reduced equations named after Osborne Reynolds, the founding father of lubrication theory. The Reynolds equation is used by engineers to compute the pressure distribution in various situations of thin film lubrication. For extremely thin films, it has been observed that the surface micro topography is an important factor in hydrodynamic performance. Hence it is important to understand the influence of surface roughness with small characteristic wavelength upon the pressure solution. Since the 1980s such problems have been increasingly studied by homogenization theory. The idea is to replace the original equation with a homogenized equation where the roughness effects are "averaged out". One problem consists of finding an algorithm that gives the homogenized equation. Another problem, consists of showing, by introducing the appropriate mathematical defintions, that the homogenized equation really is the correct one. Papers B and C investigate the effects of surface roughness by means of multiscale expansion of the pressure in various situations of hydrodynamic lubrication. Paper B, for which Paper A constitutes a rigorous basis, considers homogenization of the stationary Reynolds equation and roughness with two characteristic wavelengths. This leads to a multiscale problem and adds to the complexity of the homogenization process. To compare the homogenized solution to the solution of the unaveraged Reynolds equation, some numerical examples are also included. Paper C is devoted to homogenization of a variational principle which is a generalization of the unstationary Reynolds equation (both surfaces are rough). The advantage of adopting the calculus of variations viewpoint is that the recently introduced "variational bounds" can be computed. Bounds can be seen as a "cheap" alternative to computing the realtively costly homogenized solution. Several numerical examples are included to illustrate the utility of bounds.Godkänd; 2008; 20080905 (ysko)
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Goodman, Simon John Nye. "On the tribology of gold electrodeposits." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303264.
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Xu, Xiaoyin. "Application of electrochemical techniques to tribology." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419874.
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Garrec, David. "Understanding fluid gels and hydrocolloid tribology." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4295/.
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This thesis seeks to expand the knowledge on fluid gels and hydrocolloid tribology from a microstructural perspective. This was based on recent research highlighting the significance of tribology for in-mouth fat-related textural analysis during oral processing and the use of hydrocolloids, including fluid gels, for the development of reduced fat liquid and semi-solid foods. This thesis considers the control of fluid gel microstructures and the influence of hydrocolloid microstructure on material properties and lubrication. It is shown that the microstructure of a fluid between two-rubbing surfaces determines the tribological response which cannot necessarily be predicted from that fluid’s rheology. The microstructure of foods is therefore important in determining textural attributes, and tribology is an important field to study alongside rheology for the designed formulation of low-fat foods with acceptable mouth-feel. Particles of kappa-carrageenan fluid gels are shown to form aggregated percolated networks at low volume fractions and to have rheological properties between that typical for linear-polymers and hard-spheres. This behaviour is suggested to result from the particles having ‘hairy’ structures, that is, disordered polymer chains, resultant from a disruption of the molecular ordering process caused by the applied shear during their formation.
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Золотарьова, Віра Григорівна, Вера Григорьевна Золотарева, Vira Hryhorivna Zolotarova, and N. V. Prodanov. "Computational modeling in nanometer-scale tribology." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16058.
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Moumakwa, Donald Omphemetse. "Tribology in coal-fired power plants." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16616.
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Includes bibliographical references (pages 90-94).A series of alumina ceramics and silicon carbide (SiC) particulate composites were evaluated in terms of their erosive and abrasive wear behaviour under different conditions, with the aim of reducing wear damage in power plants. The alumina ceramics tested ranged in composition from 90% alumina to 97% alumina content. A nitride fired and an oxide fired SiC particulate composites were also tested for comparison. The impact angle, impact velocity, as well as particle size and type were varied for solid-partide erosion, whereas effects of the applied load, abrasive speed and type of abrasive were studied for abrasive wear. The target materials were also evaluated in terms of morphology and mechanical properties including hardness, flexural modulus and flexural strengths. The erosion rates of the tested alumina ceramics increase with an increase in the impact angle, reaching a maximum at 90°. The high purity 96% alumina dry-pressed body has the best erosion resistance at most impact angles, while the 92% alumina dry pressed body has the worst erosion resistance. The erosion rates also increased with an increase in particle impact velocity, resulting in a velocity exponent (n) value of 1.5. A decrease in the erosion rate was observed for both an increase in particle size range and a decrease in erodent partide hardness. At all angles of impact, solid partide erosion of the target materials is dominated by intergranular fracture and surfaces are typically characterized by erosion pits. The five alumina target materials also show a marked increase in erosion rates when the test temperature is increased from ambient to 150°C. The abrasive wear rates for the materials increased with both applied load and abrasive speed, owing to increased tribological stresses at the contacting asperities. There is also a general trend of increasing abrasion resistance with increasing alumina content. Severe wear, characterized by fracture and grain pullout, is the dominant mechanism of material removal during abrasive wear. This was accompanied by the formation of grooves on the wear surfaces. Although this study was successful in terms of material selection for wear damage reduction in power plants, it also highlighted significant factors and modifications that might need to be considered in future studies.
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Kurnia, Evan. "High Temperature Tribology in Hot Stamping." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-75695.
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Many automotive components are made of Al-Si coated ultra-high strength boron steel (UHSS) and are produced by hot stamping process. In this process, the workpiece is heated to an austenitizing temperature and is then formed and quenched simultaneously between the tools to achieve the desired shape and high strength. During hot stamping process, friction and wear occur which affect formability and maintenance intervals for tool replacement and repair. To repair worn tools, metal is deposited by fusion welding technique. The tribological behaviour of repair welded tool steel sliding against Al-Si coated UHSS has not been studied in detail and there is a need to investigate if the modified tool surface will affect friction and wear. Hot stamping, similar to many manufacturing processes, is affected by the global mega trend of digitalization and Industry 4.0. To monitor the process and optimize the control and operation are the main aims. In view of this, tribological condition monitoring is a promising approach that can allow measurement of physical properties such as vibrations, temperatures, and acoustic emission to be coupled to the tribological response of the system. The aim is to monitor the hot stamping process and enable early detection of changes in friction and wear which can be used for e.g. optimized maintenance and minimized scrap. The aim of this M.Sc. thesis was to improve the robustness of hot forming processes by studying the tribological behaviour of repair welded tool steel sliding against Al-Si coated UHSS under conditions relevant for hot stamping. Another aim was to obtain more predictable tool maintenance by the implementation of acoustic emission measurement system on a hot-strip tribometer and correlating condition monitoring signals to friction and wear phenomena. The tribological tests were carried out using a hot-strip tribometer in conditions representative of a hot stamping process of automotive components. Acoustic emission during sliding between hot work tool steel and different automotive component material surfaces was measured at room temperature in the same strip drawing tribometer and correlated to friction and wear of the surfaces to get more predictable maintenance intervals. Tool steel specimens were welded with the same material as the base material QRO90. Before conducting the tribological test, the repair welded tool steel pin cross-section was polished, etched, and observed under optical microscope and SEM to analyze the effect of Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process on the microstructure. The analysis was completed with EDS to study the elements in the microstructure. Microhardness was measured to obtain the microhardness profile from the repair welded tool steel pin surface to the bulk in order to study the effect of different microstructures on the mechanical properties. The weight and surface roughness of the pins were measured before the tribological test. After the test was finished, the weight of the pins was measured to calculate the weight difference. The sliding surface of the pins and the strips were photographed. The sliding surface of the pins was also observed and analyzed using SEM and EDS after the test to study wear characteristic of the repair welded tool steel at high temperatures. Acoustic emission signal from the sliding was studied using Toolox44 pins with surface roughness 300-400 nm and with lay direction parallel and perpendicular to sliding direction. Toolox44 pins were sliding against uncoated UHSS, as-delivered Al-Si coated UHSS, and heat-treated Al-Si coated UHSS strips. Acoustic emission was measured during the sliding at the same time as COF measurement. Weight of the pins was measured before and after the test and the wear damage on both surfaces was photographed. COF, AE signals in the time and frequency domain, and wear damage were compared and analyzed. It is found that repair welded tool steel has similar COF compared to the original hot work tool steel with the largest weight gain from the test at 700 ⁰C due to compaction galling mechanism with slower lump formation and the presence of wear particles, transfer layer, and formation of lumps. The weight gain is smaller from the test at 750 ⁰C due to faster lump formation. The weight loss from the test at 600 ⁰C is due to abrasive wear mechanism. SEM micrographs revealed that the repair welded tool steel surface and transfer layers can be found beneath a transfer layer. Wear particles adhered on the repair welded tool steel surface come from broken transfer layer or directly from Al-Si coated UHSS. A change in wear mechanism is indicated by acoustic emission burst signals or gradual amplitude change in the time domain. Frequency analysis of AE signals revealed a change in wear mechanism due to the formation of transferred material in the form of a lump causes AE signals with peaks at higher frequencies above 0.3 MHz to shorten.
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Yoon, Yeoungchin. "Nano-tribology of discrete track recording media." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/fullcit?p3407975.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 23, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Gupta, Surojit Barsoum M. W. "Tribology of MAX phases and their composites /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2006. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860%20/875.
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Andersson, Joakim. "Microengineered CVD Diamond Surfaces : Tribology and Applications." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4261.
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Zugic, Richard. "Modelling the tribology of thin film interfaces." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365788.
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Hainsworth, Sarah Victoria. "Factors influencing the tribology of ceramic surfaces." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358043.
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Sourty, Erwan. "The tribology of linear tape recording systems." Thesis, Aston University, 2002. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/8011/.
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This thesis is devoted to the tribology at the head~to~tape interface of linear tape recording systems, OnStream ADRTM system being used as an experimental platform, Combining experimental characterisation with computer modelling, a comprehensive picture of the mechanisms involved in a tape recording system is drawn. The work is designed to isolate the mechanisms responsible for the physical spacing between head and tape with the aim of minimising spacing losses and errors and optimising signal output. Standard heads-used in ADR current products-and prototype heads- DLC and SPL coated and dummy heads built from a AI203-TiC and alternative single-phase ceramics intended to constitute the head tape-bearing surface-are tested in controlled environment for up to 500 hours (exceptionally 1000 hours), Evidences of wear on the standard head are mainly observable as a preferential wear of the TiC phase of the AI203-TiC ceramic, The TiC grains are believed to delaminate due to a fatigue wear mechanism, a hypothesis further confirmed via modelling, locating the maximum von Mises equivalent stress at a depth equivalent to the TiC recession (20 to 30 nm). Debris of TiC delaminated residues is moreover found trapped within the pole-tip recession, assumed therefore to provide three~body abrasive particles, thus increasing the pole-tip recession. Iron rich stain is found over the cycled standard head surface (preferentially over the pole-tip and to a lesser extent over the TiC grains) at any environment condition except high temperature/humidity, where mainly organic stain was apparent, Temperature (locally or globally) affects staining rate and aspect; stain transfer is generally promoted at high temperature. Humidity affects transfer rate and quantity; low humidity produces, thinner stains at higher rate. Stain generally targets preferentially head materials with high electrical conductivity, i.e. Permalloy and TiC. Stains are found to decrease the friction at the head-to-tape interface, delay the TiC recession hollow-out and act as a protective soft coating reducing the pole-tip recession. This is obviously at the expense of an additional spacing at the head-to-tape interface of the order of 20 nm. Two kinds of wear resistant coating are tested: diamond like carbon (DLC) and superprotective layer (SPL), 10 nm and 20 to 40 nm thick, respectively. DLC coating disappears within 100 hours due possibly to abrasive and fatigue wear. SPL coatings are generally more resistant, particularly at high temperature and low humidity, possibly in relation with stain transfer. 20 nm coatings are found to rely on the substrate wear behaviour whereas 40 nm coatings are found to rely on the adhesive strength at the coating/substrate interface. These observations seem to locate the wear-driving forces 40 nm below the surface, hence indicate that for coatings in the 10 nm thickness range-· i,e. compatible with high-density recording-the substrate resistance must be taken into account. Single-phase ceramic as candidate for wear-resistant tape-bearing surface are tested in form of full-contour dummy-heads. The absence of a second phase eliminates the preferential wear observed at the AI203-TiC surface; very low wear rates and no evidence of brittle fracture are observed.
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Harrison, Matthew J. K. "The tribology of laminated magnetic recording heads." Thesis, Aston University, 1999. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/7990/.
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This thesis investigates the mechanisms that lead to pole tip recession (PTR) in laminated magnetic recording heads (also known as "sandwich heads"). These heads provide a platform for the utilisation of advanced soft magnetic thin films in practical recording heads suitable for high frequency helical scan tape recording systems. PTR results from a differential wear of the magnetic pole piece from the tape-bearing surface of the head. It results in a spacing loss of the playback or read signal of 54.6dB per recording wavelength separation of the poles from the tape. PTR depends on the material combination used in the head, on the tape type and the climate - temperature and relative humidity (r.h.). Five head materials were studied: two non-magnetic substrate materials- sintered multi granular CaTi03 and composite CaTi03/ZrTi04/Ti02 and three soft magnetic materials- amorphous CoNbZr, and nanocrystalline FeNbSiN and FeTaN. Single material dummy heads were constructed and their wear rates measured when cycling them in a Hi-8 camcorder against commercially available metal particulate (MP) and metal evaporated (ME) tapes in three different climates: 25°C/20%r.h., 25°C/80%r.h. and 40°C/80%r.h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to examine changes the head surface chemistry. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to examine changes in head and tape surface topography. PTR versus cycling time of laminated heads of CaTi03/ZrTiO4/Ti02 and FeTaN construction was measured using AFM. The principal wear mechanism observed for all head materials was microabrasion caused by the mating body - the tape surface. The variation in wear rate with climate and tape type was due to a variation in severity in this mechanism, except for tape cycling at 40°C in which gross damage was observed to be occurring to the head surface. Two subsidiary wear mechanisms were found: third body scratching (all materials) and grain pullout (both ceramics and FeNbSiN). No chemical wear was observed, though tribochemical reactions were observed on the metal head surfaces. PTR was found to be caused by two mechanisms - the first differential microabrasion of the metal and substrate materials and which was characterised by a low (~10nm) equilibrium value. The second was by deep ploughing by third body debris particles, thought mainly to be grain pullout particles. This level of PTR caused by this mechanism was often more severe, and of a non-equilibrium nature. It was observed more for ME tape, especially at 40°C/80%r.h. and 25°c/20%r.h. Two other phenomena on the laminated head pole piece were observed and commented upon: staining and ripple texturing.
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Goldade, Anton Viktorovich. "Micro/nanoscale tribology of linear tape drives." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5num=osu1063316361.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 191 p. : ill. Advisor: Bharat Bhushan, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-183).
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Kraszczuk, André. "Caracterização microestrutural, mecânica e tribológica de um aço AISI 440B após os tratamentos de têmpera e nitretação a plasma." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-06122017-081003/.
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Em tribossistemas pode ser necessário o controle do atrito e a minimização do desgaste dos materiais. Dentre as soluções propostas, se encontram tratamentos térmicos e termoquímicos, deposição de filmes finos e formação de revestimentos duplex. O objetivo desse trabalho é entender e comparar como variam a microestrutura, as propriedades mecânicas, o desempenho tribológico e os mecanismos de desgaste em um aço inoxidável martensítico AISI 440B após os tratamentos de i) têmpera e ii) nitretação a plasma pulsada. A caracterização da microestrutura consistiu na identificação das fases por difração de raios - X, observação por microscopia ótica e por MEV-FEG. A caracterização das propriedades mecânicas consistiu em medições de dureza Rockwell C e microdureza Vickers (carga de 100gf). Por fim, o desempenho tribológico e os mecanismos de desgaste foram avaliados através de: a) determinação dos parâmetros de rugosidade por rugosimetria e AFM; b) levantamento das curvas de coeficiente de atrito vs. tempo através do ensaio de desgaste linear cíclico (SRV) sem lubrificação; c) perda de massa dos discos e esferas; d) observação das trilhas de desgaste e das calotas de desgaste por meio de MEV-FEG/EDS; e) levantamento do perfil topográfico da superfície dos discos desgastados e f) profundidade das trilhas através de interferometria ótica. Obteve-se microestrutura da camada nitretada constituída de martensita revenida e nitretos ?\', ? e CrN. A camada nitretada apresentou dureza máxima de 1340 HV0,1 e profundidade de camada NHT de ~100µm. Durante a nitretação a matriz martensítica sofreu revenimento que diminuiu a dureza de 54 HRC (temperado) para 50 HRC. Constatou-se que no tribossistema \"deslizamento a seco entre esfera de AISI 52100 e disco de AISI 440B Temperado\", ocorreram no corpo: i) deformação plástica, ii) abrasão de 3 corpos nas extremidades das trilhas, iii) desgaste oxidativo e iv) delaminação (arrancamento do filme óxido). Já no contra-corpo: i) abrasão suave e ii) adesão de debris óxidos. No tribossistema \"deslizamento a seco de esfera de AISI 52100 contra disco de AISI 440B Nitretado\" ocorreram no corpo: i) microcutting, ii) desgaste oxidativo e iii) delaminação (arrancamento de asperezas e/ou de filme óxido). Já no contra-corpo: i) abrasão severa e ii) adesão de debris óxidos.In tribosystems to control friction and wear is necessary. Several solutions have been developed over the last few years, such as heat treatments, thermo-chemical treatments, thin films deposition and duplex coatings. The purpose of the present work is to understand how the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of AISI 440B vary after being subjected to the following treatments i) quenching, ii) plasma nitriding. The approach to study AISI 440B microstructure consisted of XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), optical microscopy and SEM (Scanning electron microscopy). The approach to study AISI 440B mechanical properties consisted of Rockwell C hardness and Vickers microhardness. Finally, the approach to study AISI 440B tribological performance was: a) surface and roughness observations through contact rugosimetry and AFM, b) friction coefficient vs. time curves through unlubricated reciprocating tribological test (ASTM G133-05), c) disc and sphere mass loss, d) wear track and wear cap observations through SEM-FEG/EDS, e) surface profile and wear track depth through optical interferomety. The nitrided layer presented tempered martensite as well as ?, ? and CrN nitrides. The maximum surface hardness was 1340 HV 0,1 and a case depth of ~100 µm was found. Regarding the wear mechanisms, in the \"dry sliding of AISI 52100 sphere against as-quenched AISI 440B discs\" tribosystem, the wear mechanisms acting in the body were: severe wear with i) severe plastic deformation, ii) 3-body abrasion at the ends of the wear tracks, iii) oxidation, and iv) mild delamination (oxide pull-out). Regarding the counterbody, it was found: i) mild abrasion and ii) oxide adhesion. In the \"dry sliding plasma nitrided AISI 440B against AISI 52100 spheres\" tribosystem the body suffered mild wear with i) oxidation and ii) delamination. The counterbody suffered i) strong abrasion and ii) oxide adhesion.
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Cornélio, Gilson Teixeira. "Caracterização de materiais utilizados na fabricação de cilindros de laminação submetidos ao desgaste abrasivo /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97099.
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Resumo: O avanço da tecnologia de laminação incrementou as solicitações sobre os cilindros laminadores, e, portanto, o desenvolvimento de materiais mais resistentes ao desgaste, visando aumento da produtividade do laminador e melhor qualidade superficial dos produtos laminado, em especial tiras a quente. Como estudo de desgaste em campo é muito complexa devido à influência de diversos mecanismos e muitas vezes combinados entre si, os ensaios laboratoriais têm se mostrado como um meio mais fácil para estudar os materiais em serviço, além de auxiliar o projeto novas ligas. Dessa forma, foi proposto um ensaio de desgaste abrasivo puro para um tribômetro Plint & Partners, modelo TE-079, com o intuito de simular condições de utilização das últimas cadeira do trem acabador de um laminador de tiras a quente. Para sua validação foram utilizados três materiais: o ferro fundido de coquilhamento indefinido, o ferro fundido branco de alto cromo e o ferro fundido branco multicomponente, os quais apresentam comportamento conhecido em serviço. Esses materiais foram submetidos a uma caracterização metalográfica, microdureza e topografia de desgaste. Os resultado obtido mostraram-se coerentes com a prática observada na aplicação real, ou seja, reproduziram o comportamento de desgaste no laminador, sendo válida a proposta do ensaio tribológico.Abstract: The progress towards mill technology has increased the demand on the rolling mill rolls, and therefore, the development of wear resistant seekink productivity of the rolling mills and better superficial quality of the rolled products, especially in the hot strip mill has also increased. As the wear study in field is very complex due to the influence of several mechanisms wish are usually combined amongst themselves, the labs test have shown an easy way to study the materials in service, besides aiding the project of new leagues. In that way, a pure abrasive wear test was developed tribômetro Plint & Partners, model TE-079 with the intent of simulating the job conditions in the hot strip mill finishing chairs. For the validation three materials were used: an indefinite chill cast iron, a high chrome cast iron and a kind of multicomponent white cast iron, which presents knowm behavior in service. Those materials were submitted to a metallography characterization, microhardness measurement and wear topograpy observation. The obtained results were shown coherent with the practice observed in the real application, and then became possible a prediction of that behavior for the materials projects developed at laboratory, being valid the proposal of the rehearsal tribológico.
Orientador: Valdir Alves Guimarães
Coorientador: Amilton Sinátora
Banca: Gustavo Aristides Santana Martínez
Banca: Enrico José Giordani
Mestre
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Lind, Jonna. "Tribology of polymer composites for elevated temperature applications." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad materialvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-332985.
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Polymers as construction material are common in the industry. Although more recently the use of polymer composites in more demanding applications has increased, requiring more of them mechanically, tribologically and thermally. To enhance the properties various fillers are used, from common glass fibers to more advanced nanoparticles. For this study three types of base polymers have been studied: poly-amide (PA), poly-phenylene-sulphide (PPS) and poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK). They have been filled with glass fibers, carbon fibers, poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene (PTFE), graphite and thermally conductive modifier in various combinations. Fibers are used to increase the mechanical properties, PTFE and graphite are added as lubricating additives to reduce the friction, and the thermally conductive modifier to increase the thermal conductivity. Five general groups of polymer composites were studied. Pure PEEK PPS, PA and PEEK filled with fibers PPS, PA and PEEK filled with fibers and lubricating additives PA filled with lubricating additives PEEK filled with fibers and additives for lubrication and thermal conductivity The polymer composites have been tribologically tested in a reciprocating sliding test set-up. Friction, wear and surface damage have been studied. Three types of counter surfaces have been used: ball bearing steel balls, stainless steel cylinders and anodized aluminum cylinders. Load, surface temperature of the polymer composites and number of cycles were varied to study any changes in friction and wear. The wear marks on the polymer composites were studied using an SEM. Cross sections of some tested samples were prepared to study any subsurface damage. From the tests the polymer composites showed similarities in friction. Lubricating additives gave lower friction, often around 0.05-0.15, while pure and only reinforced gave higher, often around 0.4-0.5. The wear was also less for polymer composites with lubricating additives. There was no clear influence of temperature but for most tests an increase in temperature gave lower friction. The only influence of load was that higher load gave wider wear tracks. Since no cross sections were prepared to compare subsurface damage due to different loads there might be a possibility that there were some differences below the surface as well. Otherwise cross sections showed that polymer composites with only fibers had cracks and cracked fibers below the surface due to the high stresses the polymer composite had been subjected to. With lubricating additives there was no large subsurface damage and it seems as if the lubricating additives formed a protective tribofilm in the wear track, giving both lower friction and wear. The presence of such a tribofilm was confirmed by XPS analysis that showed a surface layer containing F from PTFE. The conclusions are that the tribological properties of a polymer composite are strongly dependent on its fillers. Lubricating additives form a tribofilm that lowers friction and wear. Elevated temperatures might drastically change the tribological behavior of a polymer composite why it is important to do tests at higher temperatures. Cross sections can give information about subsurface damage and might help to understand the wear mechanisms and deformation of polymer composites better. More microscopy and mechanism studies are required in order to further understand the tribological behavior of polymer composites.
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Zhu, Bo, and lswan@deakin edu au. "Tribology of lubricated nitrocarburised and titanium carbonitride surfaces." Deakin University. School of Engineering and Technology, 2004. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20061024.112959.
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In the current work, two different coatings, nitrocarburised (CN) and titanium carbonitride (TiCN) on M2 grade high speed tool steel, were prepared by commercial diffusion and physical vapour deposition (PVD) techniques, respectively. Properties of the coating were characterised using a variety of techniques such as Glow-Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GD-OES) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Three non-commercial, oil-based lubricants with simplified formulations were used for this study.
A tribological test was developed in which two nominally geometrically-identical crossed cylinders slide over each other under selected test conditions. This test was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a pre-applied lubricant film and a surface coating for various conditions of sliding wear. Engineered surface coatings can significantly improve wear resistance of the tool surface but their sliding wear performances strongly depend on the type of coating and lubricant combination used. These coating-lubricant interactions can also have a very strong effect on the useful life of the lubricant in a tribological system. Better performance of lubricants during the sliding wear testing was achieved hen used with the nitrocarburised (CN) coating.
To understand the nature of the interactions and their possible effects on the coating-lubricant system, several surface analysis techniques were used. The molecular level investigation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that oxidative degradation occurred in all used oil-based lubricants during the sliding wear test but the degradation behaviour of oil-based lubricants varied with the coating-lubricant system and the wear conditions. The main differences in the carbonyl oxidation region of the FTIR spectra (1900-1600 cm-1) between different coating-lubricant systems may relate to the effective lifetime of the lubricant during the sliding wear test.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling shows that the CN coating has the highest lubricant absorbability among the tested tool surfaces. Diffusion of chlorine (C1), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) into the surface of subsurface of the tool suggested that strong interactions occurred between lubricant and tool surface during the sliding wear test. The possible effects of the interactions on the performance of whole tribological system are also discussed.
The study of Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) indicated that the envelope of hydrocarbons (CmHn) of oil lubricant in the positive TOF-SIMS spectra shifted to lower mass fragment after the sliding wear testing due to the breakage of long-chain hydrocarbons to short-chain ones during the degradation of lubricant. The shift of the mass fragment range of the hydrocarbon (CmHn) envelope caries with the type of both tool surface and lubricant, again confirming that variation in the performance of the tool-lubricant system relates to the changes in surface chemistry due to tribochemical interactions at the tool-lubricant interface under sliding wear conditions.
The sliding wear conditions resulted in changes not only in topography of the tool surface due to mechanical interactions, as outlined in Chapter 5, but also in surface chemistry due to tribochemical interactions, as discussed in Chapters 6 and 7.
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Xu, Jianfeng. "Head/disk interface tribology in the nanometer regime." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3289185.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed February 5, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Plainfosse, Marie. "Mechanical Properties and Tribology of Tissue Engineered Cartilage." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515453.
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Jones, Alan Hywel. "Synthesis and tribology of Sialon/TiB2 ceramic composites." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/56017/.
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The inclusion of TiB2 particles in a Si3N4 or sialon matrix has the potential to improve the materials properties over those of the Si3N4 alone. The combination of the excellent properties of sialon and the high hardness of the TiB2 makes these materials potentially suitable for tribological applications. This research has investigated the use of chemical reactions that can take place during sintering to synthesise TiB2 from TiN and BN. The reactions not only produce TiB2 but simultaneously synthesise the matrix material. The sialon matrix is used as a flexible receptor for excess nitrogen and oxygen. Using such reactions, sialonlTiB 2 composites were successfully produced by both hot pressing and pressureless sintering. It was shown that these materials achieve densities close to the theoretical and contain only the required phases of TiB2 and ~ sialon. Pressureless sintered materials also contain residual sintering aid as an intergranular phase. The composites wee characterised with respect to their microstructure, hardness, fracture toughness and tribological properties. A specially designed wear test apparatus was constructed for the tribological testing. The pin-on-disc apparatus was capable of testing the small volumes of material (minimum diameter of disc ~ 15mm) typically produced at the development stage. The materials were found to have high hardness and reasonable fracture toughness which was attributed primarily to the properties of the matrix phase with some possible toughening from the presence of TiB 2 . Tribological testing revealed high dry sliding coefficients of friction (Jl) for the composites sliding on themselves and reasonable values for the wear coefficient (k) were measured. Wear was found to be dominated by tribochemical reactions forming tribofilms which act to reduce wear of the disc. However, the presence of TiB2 was not seen to contribute directly to the tribological properties of these materials and the usefulness of this type of composite is questioned.
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Mathieson, Derek. "Tribology, morphology and functionality of microengineered turbine actuators." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/739.
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Bunker, Matthew. "The nanoscale characterisation of particle interactions and tribology." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438350.
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Ramsey, Philip Michael. "The tribology of ceramic guides and textile fibres." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291996.
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Moghadas, Mobarakeh Parshia. "Tribology of ball-and-socket total disc arthroplasty." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3436/.
Full textAbstract:
Total disc arthroplasty (TDA) can be used to replace a degenerated intervertebral disc in the spine. There are different designs of TDAs, but one of the most common is a ball-and-socket combination. Contact between the bearing surfaces of such designs can result in high frictional torque, which can then result in wear and implant loosening. This study was designed to determine the effects of change in design factors, such as dimensions and material combinations, on friction and wear of ball-and-socket TDAs. Friction tests were carried out on generic models with ball radii 10, 12, 14 and 16 mm. Three material combinations were investigated; metal-on-metal, metal-on-polymer and for the first time polymer-on-metal. Wear tests were performed on metal-on-polymer Charité® TDAs and generic metal-on-metal models to compare the wear rate under the same conditions. Friction test results showed that polymer-on-metal TDAs create less friction than metal-on-polymer and metal-on-metal TDAs. Wear test results showed that under the same conditions, metal-on-metal TDAs create 23 times less wear debris than metal-on-polymer. The results were in agreement with studies on total hip arthroplasty (THA). The results of this work suggest possible alternatives for future TDA designs.