Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tribology

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tribology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 October 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Tribology"

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Sasaki, Shinya. "Environmentally friendly tribology (Eco-tribology)." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 24, no. 1 (January 2010): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-009-1154-1.

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Dewald, Erlwine. "Mehr Rheologie indie Tribologie / More Rheology in Tribology." Applied Rheology 5, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arh-1995-050413.

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Charles, J. A. "Tribology." Surface Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 1993): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sur.1993.9.1.38.

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Spencer, Nicholas D. "Tribology." Faraday Discussions 156 (2012): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2fd20075a.

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KATO, Koji. "Tribology." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 75, no. 1 (2009): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.75.99.

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Roylance, B. J. "Engine tribology tribology series volume 16." Tribology International 28, no. 4 (June 1995): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-679x(95)90033-o.

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Ciulli, Enrico. "Vastness of Tribology Research Fields and Their Contribution to Sustainable Development." Lubricants 12, no. 2 (January 24, 2024): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020033.

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Tribology is related to all studies on friction, wear, and lubrication. One of the main aims of these studies is a reduction in friction and wear. Tribology is extremely vast, being also multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary. Therefore, it is very difficult to organize the several tribology subjects in an unique way and different classifications have been proposed by different authors. In this work, several subjects treated by tribology are reviewed and organized in six branches: Fundamental Tribology, Tribology of Materials and Lubricants, Micro and Nanotribology, Industrial Tribology, Biotribology, and New Frontiers of Tribology. The main subjects treated by the six branches are briefly reviewed in this paper in order to highlight the vastness of tribology and its important contribution to sustainability. Particularly, friction and wear reductions are strictly related to greater efficiency and material saving, which means less energy losses and material wastes, less pollution and therefore a more sustainable life according to the sustainable development goals. The connections among the latter and the several different tribological subjects are discussed.
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Molitor, Dirk, Stefan Volz, Jonas Launhardt, and Peter Groche. "Maschinelles Lernen in der Tribologie/Machine learning in tribology." wt Werkstattstechnik online 112, no. 10 (2022): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2022-10-13.

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Bei der Nutzung von FE-Simulationen in der Auslegung umformtechnischer Prozesse ist es notwendig, die Kontaktbedingungen mit einem Reibwert zu beschreiben. Im industriellen Alltag wird dabei oft auf Erfahrungswerte zurückgegriffen und der Reibwert als konstant angenommen, obgleich vielfach nachgewiesen ist, dass sich der Reibwert in Abhängigkeit von zeitlich und räumlich divergierenden Einflussgrößen ändert. Dieser Beitrag zeigt einen neuartigen Weg auf, das tribologische System mit Ansätzen des maschinellen Lernens (ML) zu beschreiben. When using FE simulations in the design of forming processes, it is necessary to define a coefficient of friction. In industrial practice, established empirical values are used and the coefficient of friction is assumed to be constant, although it is well known that the coefficient of friction depends on temporally and spatially divergent influencing variables. This paper presents a novel way to describe the tribological system using machine learning (ML) approaches.
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de Mello, José Daniel Biasoli, and Henara Lilian Costa. "Brazilian Tribology: origin, status quo and future perspectives." Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 11, no. 3 (August 24, 2023): 030201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ace83e.

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Abstract This first regional issue published in STMP highlights the potential and importance of the research carried out in Latin America regarding surface engineering and tribology. In order to celebrate this important initiative, a complete historical account of Brazilian tribology is presented for the first time. It initiates with the first steps of Brazilian tribology in the 1980s, followed by the evolution and expansion of tribology research both in academic centres and industry. Focus is given to two outstanding achievements of Brazilian tribology: the fully flexible engines that run at any proportion of ethanol and gasoline and a fully innovative, completely oil-less family of hermetic compressors. The status-quo of the current research groups on tribology is described. Finally, the future trends envisaged by the Brazilian tribology community are presented.
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Nosonovsky, Michael, and Bharat Bhushan. "Green tribology: principles, research areas and challenges." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1929 (October 28, 2010): 4677–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0200.

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In this introductory paper for the Theme Issue on green tribology, we discuss the concept of green tribology and its relation to other areas of tribology as well as other ‘green’ disciplines, namely, green engineering and green chemistry. We formulate the 12 principles of green tribology: the minimization of (i) friction and (ii) wear, (iii) the reduction or complete elimination of lubrication, including self-lubrication, (iv) natural and (v) biodegradable lubrication, (vi) using sustainable chemistry and engineering principles, (vii) biomimetic approaches, (viii) surface texturing, (ix) environmental implications of coatings, (x) real-time monitoring, (xi) design for degradation, and (xii) sustainable energy applications. We further define three areas of green tribology: (i) biomimetics for tribological applications, (ii) environment-friendly lubrication, and (iii) the tribology of renewable-energy application. The integration of these areas remains a primary challenge for this novel area of research. We also discuss the challenges of green tribology and future directions of research.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tribology"

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Schnabel, Stephan. "High Frequency Elastic Wave Emission Caused by a Single Elastohydrodynamically Lubricated Contact: Fundamental sources and Principles." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-343.

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Elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) contacts are fundamental for severalrotating machine elements. For example gears, rolling element bearingsand lubricated chain drives work due to the principle of EHL. All of these machineelements require maintenance and, as condition based maintenance hasincreased in industry, the need for monitoring techniques has also increased. Inorder to avoid incorrect condition indications, since the 60’s researchers haveimproved signal processing of existing monitoring tools and developed newtechniques as a complement to these existing tools. In the past two decadesacoustic emission has been identified as a new complementary tool for monitoringof rolling element bearings and investigated intensively by several researchgroups. However, most of the investigations were carried out at lowrotational speeds. Furthermore, most of the investigations used simple signalprocessing methods like activation counts (AC) or trend analysis of the rootmean square signal (RMS). One reason for using simple experimental conditionsand signal processing methods is the complexity of a rolling elementbearing itself. A rolling element bearing consists of several EHL contacts andeach contact has different operational conditions (film thickness, slide to rollratio, contact pressure, entrainment speed). The measured signal is the summationof all EHL contacts. This complexity is one reason why the high frequencyemissions of an EHL contact are still not fully understood. Therefore, an investigationof the acoustic emission of a single EHL contact was here carriedout within the framework of a PhD project.In this thesis simplified experiments were used to represent either a single EHLcontact or elements of an EHL contact. Both acoustic emissions of tensile testsand ball impacts on a solid plate were studied and analyzed with respect totheir significance for EHL contacts. For all investigations carried out in thisthesis an absolute calibration method developed by McLaskey and Glaser wasused. This calibration method was validated for boundary restricted systems,where a good agreement for zero frequencies was found, however, unsatisfying agreement was discovered for resonances of a boundary restricted system. Theinvestigation found elastic waves in boundary restricted systems consist of twofundamental types. Zero frequencies will be enhanced for cases were excitationsource and elastic wave are independent, while an interaction of sourceand elastic wave results in a pure resonance problem.Furthermore, the time dependency of acoustic emission signals was investigated.As mentioned previously most existing investigations are carried outat low and constant rotational speed. The dependency of acoustic emissionsignals and speed is reported in literature as well as difficulties with acousticemission measurements at elevated rotational speeds. By using ball impactswith different ball sizes and tensile tests with different displacement speeds thetime dependency was analyzed with respect to excitation time (contact time ofball impact) and event frequency (amount of dislocation movement and planeslip movements in a certain time frame). Thereby an indirect quadratic proportionalitybetween acoustic emission amplitude and contact time was found.This proportional relationship is also valid for RMS signals with short averagingwindows if system damping is low. For event frequency and RMS signalsthe results of the tensile tests suggest a direct proportional relationship.Furthermore, Hertzian and EHL contact impacts were studied and compared.Thereby it was observed that the overall amplitude of the signal increases forEHL contacts in comparison to Hertzian contacts. In addition the third zerofrequency disappears, which is most likely due to cavitation effects. Furthermore,the results show a shift of the first and second zero frequency towardshigher frequencies, which is caused by the localised deformation of EHL contactsas a result of the solidification of the lubricant. This behaviour of zerofrequencies was in line with simulation results. However, the agreement betweensimulation and measurement for the location of zero frequencies and thesignal amplitude was not satisfying. This mismatch was most likely caused bythe assumption of the global contact force acting at a single point, causing aperfect elastic deformation in the simulation. Additionally, for the findings regardingzero frequencies, a change in the excitation of resonances above thefirst zero frequency in boundary restricted systems was also found, comparingHertzian and EHL impacts.Finally, full scale tests on a complete rolling element bearing were carried outduring the PhD project to validate findings of the single contact experiments.Magnetite contaminated rolling element bearings and their acoustic emissionsignals were investigated with respect to the use of sulfur additives, contaminationand rotational speed. These tests were executed at varying speed forsingle measurements and constant speed for continuous measurement recording. The results of the full scale tests showed good agreement with previousresults of the component tests, such as bouncing ball and tensile tests. Transientforces are the main source of signals for well lubricated rolling elementbearings or bearings at high rotational speed, while acoustic emission signalsof contaminated bearings at low rotational speed were dominated by plasticdeformation signals. Furthermore, it was found that sulfur additives reducethe plastic deformation signal by up to 70% in comparison to contaminatedbearings lubricated with plain grease.
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Shirzadegan, Mohammad. "Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Cam and Roller Follower Applications: : Fast and Reliable Predictions of Friction." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-60375.

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Modelling and simulation in tribology, and more specifically of friction in lubricated contacts, has gained increasing attention over the past years. In a lubricated contact, the dissipation of energy is due to the relative motion of the mating surfaces and arise due to direct contact as well as shearing of the lubricant film. The presence of a thin lubricant film is crucial for the operation of various machine elements, e.g., for the concentrated contact between the rolling element and the raceway in a bearing. The contact in this type of applications is typically exhibiting substantial elastic deformation which together with hydrodynamics governs the formation of the lubricant film. Therefore, these type of contacts are said to operate in the Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regime. An elastohydrodynamically lubricated contact can be classified as line, circular or elliptical. The line contacts can also represent a truncated ellipse or be of finite length. The line contact that appears between two cylindrically shaped bodies of infinite length does of course not exist in reality. It does, however, constitute an important type of simplification of the contact in real applications where the contact length perpendicular to direction of motion is comparatively large. The reason for this is that it permits a 2D-model for the flow and there are analytical solutions, at least in the most elementary cases. The circular and the fully elliptical contacts are more complicated. The case where the surfaces are fully separated by the lubricant film has, however, been addressed by many researchers and there are quite a few papers reporting numerical predictions validated by experimental data. The finite length line and truncated elliptical contact are even more challenging, but these are also the only physically reasonable models for EHL contacts exhibiting edge effects, created by profiled rollers or in cases where the contact ellipse becomes larger than the physical size of the contacting elements. This thesis presents the development of a fully coupled model that can be used to predict the pressure build-up and lubricant film formation in finite length line contacts. More precisely, in EHL contacts where the rolling element have profiled edges (fillets) and the surface of the counteracting element is wider than the roller, e.g., in a typical cam-roller follower contact. Hereafter this type of contact will be referred to as a 'finite EHL line contact'. The numerical analyses, conducted with the present model, were designed so that generic knowledge about friction in cam-roller follower applications would be generated, but also to provide for the development of a semi-analytical for fast and efficient estimation of friction. There are quite a few parameters that affect the friction in EHL contacts and it is already a challenge to include the most basic ones in the model. The most advanced and sophisticated models are very complex with millions of degrees of freedom and are, therefore, not yet feasible to conduct parametric studies with. The extreme conditions associated with EHL, i.e., nm thin films, with phase transition from liquid to solid, GPa pressure, temperature increase with considerable implications on lubricant flow and surface chemistry, etc., makes it even more difficult to model these systems. When modelling a cam-roller follower application, which typically results in a finite length EHL line contact, the size and geometry of the contacting parts further complicates modeling of EHL. The main objective, with this thesis project, was to design a low degree of freedom model that can be employed in a multibody dynamics model, to estimate EHL friction in milliseconds and yet capturing the most important features of a lubricated contact including edge effects. This resulted in a semi-analytical low degree of freedom (LDOF) model taking thermal effects into account and that include lubricant shear thinning and compressibility, in order to estimate the viscosity and volume of the lubricant. In addition, this LDOF model was extended to perform friction prediction covering the mixed lubrication regime where colliding asperities partially influence shearing of the lubricant. The extended, mixed lubrication LDOF, model was utilized to perform friction predictions covering a range of operating conditions, which were also covered in an experimental investigation using a ball-on-disk test device. The results turned out to compare well, suggesting that the model established in this project, is a usable tool that can be employed when designing lubricated devices and that it constitutes a suitable foundation for further developments.
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Li, Jinxia. "Lubricating grease Experiments and modeling of wall-bounded- and free-surface flows." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26489.

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Lubricating grease is commonly applied to lubricate e.g. rolling bearings, sealsand gears. Grease has some clear advantages over lubricating oil: it is a semisolidmaterial, which prevents it from flowing/ leaking out from the bearingsystem and gives it sealing properties, and it also protects the system fromcontaminants and corrosion. Due to its consistency, lubricating grease has manyadditional advantages over lubricating oil: it does not require pumps, filters andsumps. However, the rheology of grease makes it more difficult to measure andstudy its flow dynamics. This study focuses on the influence of rheology ongrease flow in different geometries involving a straight channel with restrictions,concentric cylinder geometry, and free-surface flow on a rotating disc.To better understand grease flow in bearings and seals, two types of flowrestrictions were applied into the straight channel in order to simulate the flowof grease near a seal pocket. In the case of a single restriction, the horizontaldistance required for the velocity profile to fully develop is approximately thesame as the height of the channel. In the corner before and after the restriction,the velocities are very low and part of the grease is stationary. For the channelwith two flow restrictions, this effect is even more pronounced in the narrowspace between the restrictions. Clearly, a large part of the grease is not moving.This condition particularly applies in the case of a low-pressure gradient andwhere high-consistency grease is used. In practice this means that grease may belocally trapped and consequently old/contaminated grease will remain in theseal pockets.A configuration comprising a rotating shaft and two narrow gap sealing-likerestrictions (also called Double Restriction Seal, DRS) was designed to simulatea sealing contact. Two different gap heights in the DRS have been used tocompare the grease flow. It is shown that partially yielded grease flow isdetected in the large gap geometry and fully yielded grease flow in the small gapgeometry. For the small gap geometry, it is shown that three distinct grease flowregions are present: a slip layer close to the stationary wall, a bulk flow layer,and a slip layer near the rotating shaft. The shear thinning behaviour of thegrease and its wall slip effects have been determined and discussed.Free-surface flow of grease occurs in a variety of situations such as during relubrication and inside a rolling element bearing which is filled to about 30%with grease in order to prevent heavy churning. Here the reflow of lubricant tothe bearing races is a key point in the lubricant film build-up, and centrifugalforces have a direct impact on the amount of available grease. Understanding ofthe free-surface flow behaviour of grease is hence important for theunderstanding of the lubrication mechanism. Adhesion and mass loss aremeasured for greases with different rheology on different surfaces andtemperatures. It is shown that the critical speed at which the grease starts tomove is mostly determined by grease type, yield stress and temperature ratherthan surface material. A developed analytical model covers a stationary analysisof the flow resulting in solutions for the velocity profile of the grease as well as asolution for the thickness of the viscous layer remaining on the disc.
Godkänd; 2014; 20141017 (jinlit); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Jinxia Li Ämne: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Avhandling: Lubricating Grease Experiments and Modellingo f Wall-Bounded and Free-Surface Flours Opponent: Professor Arto Lehtovaara, University of Technology, Tampere, Finland Ordförande: Professor Erik Höglund, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 19 december 2014, kl 09.00 Plats: E632, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Berglund, Kim. "Predicting wet clutch service life performance." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26491.

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Godkänd; 2013; 20130529 (kimber); Tillkännagivande disputation 2013-09-11 Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Kim Berglund Ämne: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Avhandling: Predicting Wet Clutch Service Life Performance Opponent: Professor Homer Rahnejat, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK Ordförande: Bitr professor Pär Marklund, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 4 oktober 2013, kl 09.00 Plats: D770, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Spencer, Andrew. "A simulation tool for optimising combustion engine cylinder liner surface texture." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26512.

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Fuel efficiency is one of the most important areas of automotive vehicle research and development today, with rising fuel costs, energy security and environmental concerns being at the forefront of customers and legislators minds. Heavy Duty Diesel Engines (HDDE) are the primary source of mechanical power generation in today’s trucks and buses and this is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. In the 2011 European Commission White Paper on transport, a reduction of at least 60% of greenhouse gas emissions from transport by 2050, with respect to 1990 levels, was called for. The report concludes that acting on vehicles’ efficiency through new engines, materials and design will help in the reduction of oil dependence, the competitiveness of Europe’s automotive industry as well as health benefits, especially improved air quality in cities. Therefore, the efficiency and frictional losses in a vehicles powertrain are areas of great interest. This thesis focuses on the Piston Ring to Cylinder Liner (PRCL) contact and the potential for improving its performance through the specification of an optimised cylinder liner surface texture. The PRCL contact is one of the biggest contributors to mechanical losses in a HDDE and so there is potential for large performance gains to be achieved through optimisation of this contact. This research has led to the development of a simulation tool capable of calculating the friction, lubrication regime, oil consumption risk and wear that occurs in the full ring-pack of a HDDE. Furthermore, the tool allows for the evaluation of the relative performance of different cylinder liner surface topographies. A mixed lubrication model, incorporating flow factors calculated using the homogenization technique, has been implemented to allow all regimes of lubrication to be considered. A mass-conserving cavitation algorithm, formulated as a Linear Complimentarity Problem, enables lubricant cavitation, fully-flooded or starved inlet conditions and the quantity of lubricant deposited on the cylinder liner surface to be modelled. The simulation tool is validated with both reciprocating bench tests and full single cylinder fired engine tests. The reciprocating bench tests measured both friction and film thickness and both showed good correlation with the predictions from the simulation tool. Simulations and experiments were conducted on four different cylinder liner variants and both ranked the frictional performance of the cylinder liner variants in the same order. A parametric study of honing depth, spacing and angle was undertaken using the developed simulation tool and the influence of these parameters on lubricant film thickness, friction, wear and oil consumption was investigated. The thesis concludes that a reduction in specific fuel consumption is achieveable through the optimisation of cylinder liner texture and outlines how this might be achieved.
Godkänd; 2013; 20131110 (spencer); Tillkännagivande disputation 2013-11-22 Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Andrew Spencer Ämne: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Avhandling: A Simulation Tool for Optimising Combustion Engine Cylinder Liner Surface Texture Opponent: Professor Martin Priest, School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Leeds, UK Ordförande: Professor Roland Larsson, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 13 december 2013, kl 10. Plats: E632, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Perez, Rafols Francesc. "Two-scale stochastic modelling and analysis of leakage through metal-to-metal seals." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-66694.

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A seal is a commonly used machine element whose function is to preventthe flow of a fluid from a high to a low pressure region. Metal-to-metalseals, in particular, are used whenever extreme conditions prevent theuse of less expensive rubber seals. Situations where such extreme condi-tions may be encountered are found, for example, in oil wells and nuclearpower plants. In such applications, the failure of a metal-to-metal sealcan become catastrophic, as it might mean the leakage of hazardousfluids to the environment. In order to minimize the risk, it is critical tounderstand the mechanisms controlling the seal’s performance and,if possible, be able to predict capability to prevent leakage on before-hand. Not surprisingly, the surface topography plays a crucial role hereand therefore requires careful consideration when conducting studies ofthis kind. Indeed, it has been shown that even very small details in thetopography (of size of the order of micrometres) can have a large effecton the performance of the whole seal (of size of the order of centimetresor larger). Another complicating factor is the topography’s stochas-tic nature, which makes even the identification of the relevant detailschallenging. Modelling is, in this context, a desirable approach, as itprovides the possibility to easily zoom in those fine details as well asisolate individual parameters. Moreover, it can provide for a predictionon the expected leakage.This work focuses primarily on the development of a model suitablefor studying the mechanisms controlling the performance of metal-to-metal seals and to enable prediction of leakage. To accomplish this, amodel that follows a two-scale approach is proposed. More precisely,the small details in the topography are considered in a local problemconnected to a highly resolved local-scale domain, while the componentlevel features are considered in a global problem allowing for a coarsegrid discretisation of the corresponding global-scale domain. During the present work it was also found that realistic results can only be obtainedif the model explicitly considers the surface topography’s stochastic na-ture. The model was first developed for liquids and was based on theassumption of incompressible and iso-viscous flow. Further work, withthe objective to enable studies of more complex type of flow situations,resulted in a versatile transformation translating results for incompress-ible and iso-viscous to compressible and piezo-viscous fluids and viceversa. This means that, the flow of gases and other more complex fluidscan be studied by combining the model for the simplistic incompressibleand iso-viscous flow with this newfound transformation.Using the model developed, the sealing performance of metal-to-metal seals during load cycling, i.e., by gradually increasing the load toa certain value and then releasing it again, is studied. The scope of thisstudy is to assess how the plastic deformation that the metal surfacesundergoes during the loading phase can affect the leakage during unload-ing. It is shown that this results in a change of the original topographythat may lead to a better sealing performance during unloading. Themain result obtained is, however, that given the right conditions, the ap-plied load can be released considerably (even down to half of the reachedbefore starting the unloading) with only a small increase in leakage asa result. This shows the seal’s capability to prevent leakage evenif an unexpected reduction of load occurs and is therefore is a valuabledescription of the robustness of the seal.
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Gebretsadik, Daniel Woldegebriel. "Tribological characteristics of some multi-layered Pb-free engine bearing materials." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-62495.

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Lead (Pb) containing alloys such as white metals and Cu-Pb-Sn (lining) with Pb-based overlay plating have been extensively used as materials for internal combustion engine bearings during the last several decades. However, owing to environmental and health concerns, the use of Pb containing materials in automotive engine components is being restricted. In view of this, attempts are under way to develop and replace Pb-containing materials with Pb–free bearing materials. The tribological characteristics of these recently developed Pb-free bearing materials have, however, not been fully investigated and only a limited results about their tribological performance are available in open literature. This thesis therefore focuses on investigating the tribological performance of some recently developed Pb-free engine bearing materials. Although engine bearings are designed to operate in full film lubrication conditions yet they also operate in mixed and boundary lubrication regimes where the material properties do affect their tribological performance. There is thus a need to study the tribological behaviour of these new Pb-free bearing materials in mixed and boundary lubrication conditions vis a vis that of conventional Pb-containing bearing linings and overlays. This work has therefore aimed at investigating the tribological characteristics such as friction and wear, seizure behaviour, interaction with different oil formulations and embeddability behaviour of some selected Pb-free engine bearing materials. Friction and wear properties of Pb-free bearing materials Al-Sn based lining without overlay, bronze lining coated with Polyamide-Imide (PAI) based overlay containing MoS2 and graphite, bronze lining coated with Al-Sn based and PAI based overlay containing MoS2 and graphite, bronze lining coated with Sn-based overlay, and bismuth (Bi) containing bronze lining coated with Sn-based overlay have been studied using a block-on-ring test configuration under unidirectional sliding conditions in mixed and boundary lubrication regimes. The conventional Pb-containing bearing material was also studied as a reference material. Al-Sn based material showed considerably higher friction compared to the other bearing materials. The bearing material with PAI based overlay containing MoS2 and graphite showed superior friction and wear properties compared to all other materials. Sn-based overlay coated materials resulted in comparable friction and wear properties to that of Pbbased overlay. Wear mechanism in Al-Sn based material is mainly adhesive and abrasive in case of Sn based overlay. Seizure behaviour of the bearing materials were also studied using the block-on-ring test configuration in dry as well as lubricated conditions using pure base oil and a fully formulated engine oil. The PAI based overlay containing MoS2 and graphite showed no sign of seizure even at the highest test load in dry as well as lubricated conditions. Al-Sn based lining without overlay seizes at relatively lower load in dry condition compared to the other bearing materials. Adhesion or wear debris smearing onto the counter surface is the main causes of seizure in dry condition. In lubricated condition, seizure occurred at relatively higher load and the conventional Pb-containing material was found to have better seizure performance compared to the Al-Sn based and Sn-based overlay plated materials. Tribological compatibility of Pb-free bearing materials with different oil formulations was studied using a ball-on-bearing specimen test configuration in boundary lubrication under reciprocating sliding conditions. Four different bearing materials were investigated using different lubricants with and without oil additives. In general, the bearing materials lubricated with pure PAO base oil showed higher friction compared to those lubricated with oils containing additives. Lubricants containing additives improved wear properties of the bearing materials except in the case of Al-Sn based lining without overlay. It was also observed that the anti-wear additive level did not significantly influence the wear performance of bearing overlays. The embeddability behaviour of Pb-free bearing materials was studied using a fully formulated engine oil contaminated with SiC particles. Pb-free bearing materials with Snbased overlay, Bi-based overlay, PAI-based overlay containing MoS2 and composite overlay containing PAI, Al, PTFE were investigated. Tests at different rotational speeds (i.e. different oil film thickness) and a constant load were carried out using a journal bearing test rig. It was found that material removal from bearing and shaft surfaces due to abrasive wear is influenced by the lubricant film thickness. The steel counter surface showed lower wear in tests using Sn based overlay and a PAI, Al and PTFE containing composite overlay compared to Bi-based overlay and PAI-based overlay containing MoS2.
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Söderfjäll, Markus. "Friction in Piston Ring - Cylinder Liner Contacts." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-62155.

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With today’s striving towards reduction of fuel consumption it is moreimportant than ever to understand the function of different componentsin the internal combustion engine. There is a need to develop and usetools to investigate and predict the result of specific design changesmade on the components. In this work, the mechanics and the tribologyof the power cylinder unit and more specifically the operation of thepiston rings was investigated both numerically and experimentally. Theobjectives of the numerical part of this thesis were to develop simulationtools that can be used to quantify design changes to the TLOCR andthe cylinder liner. Such as the dimensions of the ring itself but also ringtension, running land profile, out of roundness of the cylinder liner andsurface texture of dimple type applied on the cylinder liner. Numericalsimulation models were developed and used to investigate operation of atwin land oil control ring (TLOCR). TLOCR are typically used in heavyduty diesel engines (HDDE). The TLOCR plays a very important role inthe engine since it is supposed to distribute the correct amount of oil onthe liner to lubricate the other rings. It is important that the TLOCRdoes not leave too much oil on the liner for the two top rings since itcould lead too high oil consumption. In a HDDE the piston assemblyis the largest contributor to frictional losses where the piston ring packaccounts for the major part of this. The oil control ring is the largestcontributor to frictional losses in the piston ring pack therefore makingit very interesting to study from a fuel consumption perspective. One ofthe models developed in this work accounts for the tribological interfaceof the TLOCR against the cylinder liner and piston ring groove as wellas the elastic deformation of the ring and the ring dynamics within thepiston ring groove. The actual ring cross section was modelled in orderto account for the full three dimensional elastic deformation of the ring.By solving all of these problems as a coupled system, the entire operation of the oil control ring can be understood in a better way than earlierand this opens up new optimisation possibilities for the TLOCR. Sincethe cylinder liner in an engine will always have some deviation fromperfectly round this is important. The full ring is modelled in order toaccount for out of round cylinder liners. The model can therefore beused to investigate the effect on oil distribution by reduced ring tensionwhich will affect the frictional losses of the system. It was found that thereduction in tangential force on the TLOCR with kept sealing capability,enabled by reduced out-of-roundness, could result in friction reductionof 40 % at mid-stroke.Because of the complexity, a multi-physics model of this type introducesdifficulties with convergence. Especially when implementinga mass conserving cavitation model and solving for the reversal of thepiston ring. Implementation and numerical verification of a mass conservingcavitation model was therefore performed. A method for dealingwith the convergence problem close to reversal was implemented and discussed.A model considering texture, of dimple type, on the cylinder linerwas also developed to find dimple dimensions optimal for reduced fuelconsumption. Since the dimples are modelled in a deterministic manner,only a periodic section of one land of the TLOCR was considered. Themodel takes mixed lubrication and inertia of the ring into considerationand a mass conserving cavitation algorithm were implemented. Theresults from the model predict friction reduction of approximately 40 %at mid-stroke speeds.The objective of the experimental part of this thesis is to developa novel test method for evaluation of piston ring friction at realisticspeeds. The test-rig was designed and constructed during the first halfof the project. The rig was designed so that standard HDDE productionpiston rings and cylinder liners could be easily mounted, and so thatpiston ring friction could be measured without influence from pistonfriction. Both cylinder liner and oil tank were equipped with heaters,where the oil supply resembles that in an actual engine. Repeatabilityof the results was found to be good. Influence on friction by differentcylinder liner surface roughness and coatings were investigated. Variouspiston ring designs, ring tension and coatings were also investigated. Itwas found that friction of the TLOCR could be reduced with close to50 % with kept sealing capability by reduced ring tension and differentgeometry on the lands in contact with the cylinder liner. The numerical simulation model governing the full cross section of the TLOCR wasvalidated against measured piston ring friction data at a number ofdifferent speeds and excellent correlation was found.
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Björling, Marcus. "Friction in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17478.

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Today, with increasing demands on industry to reduce energy consumption and emissions, the strive to increase the efficiency of machine components is maybe bigger than ever. This PhD thesis focus on friction in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), found in, among others, gears, bearings and cam followers. Friction in such contacts is governed by a complex interaction of material, surface and lubricant parameters as well as operating conditions. In this work, experimental studies have been conducted that show how friction varies over a wide range of running conditions when changing parameters like lubricant viscosity, base oil type, surface roughness and lubricant temperature. These measurements have also been used to predict the friction behaviour in a real gear application. Numerical modeling of elastohydrodynamic (EHD) friction and film thickness are important for increased understanding of the field of EHL. Due to the high pressure and shear normally found in EHD contacts it is crucial that appropriate rheological models are used. An investigation has been carried out in order to assess the friction prediction capabilities of some of the most well founded rheological models. A numerical model was used to predict friction coefficients through the use of lubricant transport properties. Experiments were then performed that matches the predicted results rather well, and the deviations are discussed. The numerical model in combination with experimental measurements are used to investigate the friction reducing effect of diamond like carbon (DLC) coatings in EHL. A new mechanism of friction reduction through thermal insulation is proposed as an alternative to the current hypothesis of solid-liquid slip. These findings opens up for new families of coatings where thermal properties are in focus that may be both cheaper, and more effective in reducing friction in certain applications than DLC coatings of today.
Godkänd; 2014; 20140825 (marbjo); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Marcus Björling Ämne: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Avhandling: Friction in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Opponent: Professor H P Evans, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK Ordförande: Professor Roland Larsson, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Torsdag den 2 oktober 2014, kl 09.00 Plats: E231, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Minatchy, Georges. "Contribution à l’étude des propriétés mécaniques à l’échelle nanométrique de films réducteurs de frottement et de l’usure." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0706/document.

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La tribologie est définie comme la science qui étudie les phénomènes de frottement, d’usure et de lubrification. Elle intervient à chaque fois que deux surfaces sont en mouvement relatif l’une par rapport à l’autre. On la rencontre donc principalement dans les moteurs, les instruments de coupe, les assemblages mécaniques etc. Le frottement et l’usure sont les causes principales des pertes de performances et de durabilité des systèmes. L’usure coute 3 % du PIB en France et on estime que 10 % à 30 % de l’énergie produite dans le monde est consommée par frottement, c’est dire l’importance que porte le monde industriel à cette science.C'est la lubrification qui a pour rôle de minimiser le frottement et de protéger les surfaces de l'usure. Il existe différents régimes de lubrification, cependant les travaux effectués au cours de cette thèse de doctorat s’intéressent exclusivement au régime de lubrification limite. Dans ce régime de lubrification, l’épaisseur du film de lubrifiant est du même ordre de grandeur que la hauteur des aspérités des surfaces en contact et le frottement et l'usure des surfaces peuvent être très sévères. La stratégie mise en place pour lutter contre ces phénomènes consiste à ajouter des additifs à l'huile lubrifiante, qui formeront au cours du frottement un film protecteur (le tribofilm). Il apparait donc primordial de bien caractériser ces tribofilms afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de réduction de frottement et de l’usure, qui restent encore à ce jour mal connus.Les nanotechnologies permettent aujourd'hui d'apporter un nouvel éclairage sur cette problématique et nous les avons mises à profit pour étudier le comportement mécanique des tribofilms à l’échelle nanométrique.L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre les processus de réduction de frottement observés à l’échelle macroscopique lorsque des particules de composés lamellaires sont associées à un liquide de faible viscosité. Les tribofilms étudiés sont formés à partir de trois composés lamellaires différents, le graphite, le thiophosphate de nickel NiPS3 et le bisulfure de molybdène MoS2. Pour ces trois composés, deux types de tribofilms ont été étudiés : ceux formés à partir des particules seules (les tribofilms secs) et ceux formés en présence de liquide (les tribofilms éther).L’analyse des propriétés tribologiques mesurées à macro et nano échelle, nous ont permis de mieux comprendre la contribution des effets individuels et collectifs sur les mécanismes réducteurs de frottement. Ces expériences ont permis de mettre en évidence que la réduction du coefficient de frottement observée à macro-échelle n'est pas due à la nanostructuration des tribofilms ni à une baisse des interactions entre les feuillets mais plutôt à un effet collectif des particules et du liquide
Tribology is the science of friction phenomena, wear and lubrication. It takes part every time two surfaces are in relative motion. It performs meanly in engine and mechanical systems. Friction and wear are the mean reasons of loose of performance and durability of mechanical systems. Wear costs 3% of the GDP in France and about 10% to 30% of the produced energy in the world is consumed by friction.The aim of lubrication is to reduce friction and protect the surface against wear. There are four different types of lubrication regimes but this study is focused on the boundary regime. In this regime, lubricant thickness is of the same order of the magnitude of the sliding surfaces roughness, leading to a high-level of friction and wear. Additives are added to the lubricating base oil, in order to build a protecting tribofilm. Characterization of the tribofilms appears essential to better understand the friction and wear reduction mechanisms.Nanotechnology allows to bring a new insight on this issue through the study of the mechanical behavior of the tribofilms at nanoscale.The aim of this work is to better understand the process of the friction reduction observed at macroscale when lamellar particles are associated to a low viscosity liquid. The tribofilms are formed from three different lamellar compounds, graphite, nickel thiophosphate NiPS3 and molybdenum disulfide MoS2. Two different kinds of tribofilms are studied: those formed with the solids particles only (dry tribofilms) and those formed in presence of liquid (wet tribofilms).The analyses of the tribological properties measured at nanoscale allow us to better understand the contribution of the individual and collective effects on friction reduction mechanims. We show that the reduction of the friction coefficient observed at macroscale is not related to the surface nanostructuration of the tribofilms neither to the decrease of the interaction energy between the sliding surfaces, but rather to collective effects of the liquid and the particles in the contact
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Books on the topic "Tribology"

1

Arnell, R. D., P. B. Davies, J. Halling, and T. L. Whomes. Tribology. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21387-0.

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Arnell, R. D., P. B. Davies, J. Halling, and T. L. Whomes. Tribology. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8974-3.

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Havas, George D. Tribology. Washington, D.C: Science Reference Section, Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress, 1987.

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Justin, Furness, Farrow Mike, and Materials Information Service, eds. Tribology. London: Institute of Materials, 1994.

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Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology (22nd 1995 Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon, France). The third body concept: Interpretation of tribological phenomena : proceedings of the 22nd Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, held in the Laboratoire de mécanique des contacts, Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon, France, 5th-8th September 1995. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996.

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1949-, Bhushan Bharat, ed. Modern tribology handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.

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Rao, T. V. V. L. N., Salmiah Binti Kasolang, Xie Guoxin, Jitendra Kumar Katiyar, and Ahmad Majdi Abdul Rani. Green Tribology. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003139386.

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Katiyar, Jitendra Kumar, T. V. V. L. N. Rao, Alessandro Ruggiero, and J. Paulo Davim. Industrial Tribology. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003243205.

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Mang, Theo, Kirsten Bobzin, and Thorsten Bartels. Industrial Tribology. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527632572.

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Katiyar, Jitendra Kumar, Shantanu Bhattacharya, Vinay Kumar Patel, and Vikram Kumar, eds. Automotive Tribology. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0434-1.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tribology"

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Wang, Q. Jane, and Yip-Wah Chung. "Tribology." In Encyclopedia of Tribology, 3816–18. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92897-5_1320.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Tribology." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 762. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12082.

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Weik, Martin H. "tribology." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1837. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_20131.

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Jing-Yan, Lu. "Tribology." In Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, 4321–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_9794.

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Deters, Ludger. "Tribology." In Springer Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, 295–326. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30738-9_5.

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Deters, Ludger, and Dirk Bartel. "Tribology." In Springer Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, 293–322. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47035-7_9.

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Ghosh, Dhananjoy. "Tribology." In Lubricants and Waxes, 163–65. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003334422-6.

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Igual Munoz, Anna, Nuria Espallargas, and Stefano Mischler. "Tribology Basis." In Tribocorrosion, 19–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48107-0_3.

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Flom, Donald G. "Tribology Modeling." In Approaches to Modeling of Friction and Wear, 49–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3814-0_4.

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Schmitz, Tony L., and K. Scott Smith. "Machining Tribology." In Machining Dynamics, 345–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93707-6_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tribology"

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BULLOUGH, W. A., P. L. WONG, C. FENG, and W. C. LEUNG. "FUNDAMENTAL TRIBOLOGY: ESF." In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777546_0015.

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Segal, David, and Leonid Kandel. "Orthopedics and Tribology." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59310.

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Mammalian joints, including human joints, are mostly synovial joints, which have low friction and are long lasting. With life expectancy on the rise, we are facing an increase in joint “wear and tear” resulting in cartilage damage. Biological repair has its limitations and when the articular cartilage is severely affected joint replacement is the solution. The longevity of artificial joints is also limited requiring new avenues of research to extend their durability and reduce the cost of repeated operations.
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Myshkin, N. K., S. S. Pesetskii, and A. Ya Grigoriev. "Polymer Composites in Tribology." In BALTTRIB 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/balttrib.2015.25.

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There are many options for tribological applications of basic polymers primarily as matrices and fillers of compound material due to the structural peculiarities of polymers. The polymer materials for tribosystems and their processing technique are briefly described. It is shown that composites with thermoplastic matrix are effective antifriction materials just as composites with thermosetting matrix is basically used as brake materials. Information on tribological behavior of polymer-based materials is presented. Polymer nanocomposites made by mixing nanofillers with melted thermoplastics are considered. The use cases of polymer composites and nanocomposites in industry are described.
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Taylor, R. I. "Lubrication, Tribology & amp; Motorsport." In Motorsports Engineering Conference & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-3355.

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Chang, Taung-Sea P., Robert H. Krueger, Michael E. Graham, and William D. Sproul. "Tribology of Sputtered Hard Coatings." In Earthmoving Industry Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/920913.

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Friedrich, Klaus. "Advances in polymer composites’ tribology." In THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS - ICSAAM 2019. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5140274.

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Zahouani, H., F. Flament, R. Vargiolu, A. Le Bot, and A. Mavon. "Acoustic Tribology of Human Skin." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-64216.

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From the point of view of the tribology of the touch quality, when one speaks about softness of an object, one very easily associates it his roughness, the friction and the mechanical properties of materials [1,2,3]. With regard to the human skin, the stratum corneum (SC), or cornea layer, is the part of skin surface, which is permanently requested during a friction test. In this work, we present a new approach developed in our laboratory, in order to understand the friction mechanisms of the human skin, and to identify the acoustic, signatures which can be correlated with the touch quality. The results show that the acoustic emission is correlated the stiffness and roughness of the stratum coreneum. The application to the analysis of ageing, show clearly the increase of acoustic emission during ageing of human skin.
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Gitis, Norm. "Effective Tribology Testing of Lubricating Oils." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63078.

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There are several solutions suggested to develop the unified approach to tribological testing of oils. For evaluation of the coefficient of friction and wear, it is suggested to monitor friction force, normal load, and in-situ wear dynamics, as well as to clearly distinguish the running-in and stable-wear components. Tests on lab-bench testers are recommended to start from obtaining a Stribeck curve in a wide range of loads and speeds. During the tests, monitoring additional parameters of contact acoustic emission and contact electrical resistance is beneficial for sensitive and comprehensive characterization of oils and greases.
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Wagner, Stefan. "Tribology in Drawing Car Body Parts." In International Body Engineering Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-3228.

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Tian, Jiaoyu, Yong Chen, and Jiachao Sun. "Survey of solid mechanics in tribology." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MECHANICS, STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS SCIENCE (MSMS 2020). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0014991.

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Reports on the topic "Tribology"

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Gates, Richard Stephen, Richard Stephen Gates, Stephen M. Hsu, and E. Erwin Klaus. Ceramic tribology. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.758.

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Yust, C. S. (Tribology conferences and forums). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6203482.

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Ling, Frederick F. Fundamental Research on Tribology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada169974.

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Marks, Laurence D. Soft Interfaces, Quasicrystals and Tribology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada435776.

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Gellman, Andrew J. ACS Symposium on Molecular Tribology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401270.

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Peterson, M. B., and T. M. Levinson. Assessment of government tribology programs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5196325.

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Mirley, C. L., and J. T. Koberstein. Tribology of Langmuir-Blodgett Films. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada250075.

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Rumble, John, and Lewis Sibley. Towards a tribology information system. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.sp.737.

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Prasad, Somuri V., Michael Thomas Dugger, Brad Lee Boyce, and Thomas Edward Buchheit. Mechanics and tribology of MEMS materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/918765.

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Mirley, C. L., and J. T. Koberstein. Tribology of Functionally-Terminated Oligomer Films. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada250076.

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