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1
Brandwold, Peter. "Deltagande och skadepanorama inom svensk triathlon : En deskriptiv studie om svensk triathlons deltagarfördelning beträffande kön, ålder och huvudsaklig tävlingsdistans, samt relaterade skador." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-3869.
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Inledning Triathlon är en uthållighetsidrott där momenten simning, cykel och löpning utförs i en följd. Svensk triathlon har vuxit beträffande antal utövare och tävlingar sedan år 2005. Syfte och frågeställningar Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur de tidigare outforskade svenska triathleter är fördelade beträffande kön, ålder och huvudsaklig tävlingsdistans, samt vilka skador som förekommer Hur ser fördelningen ut mellan män och kvinnor som tränar/tävlar mot viss distans? Hur ser fördelningen ut mellan olika kategorier av erfarenhet (år av idrottsutövande) mellan dem som tränar/tävlar mot viss distans? Hur är prevalensen för olika skador och hur ser skadepanoramat ut? Hur är prevalensen för skadeproblematik i förhållande till huvudsaklig tävlingsdistans? Metod En enkätundersökning baserad på tidigare internationell forskning bestående av tolv flervalsfrågor skapades beträffande den svenske triathletens bakgrund, erfarenheter, tränings- och/eller tävlingsdistans och skadeproblematik. Totalt inkom 614 varav 564 (92 %) kompletta svar. Studiens resultat visar på att triathleter som tränar och/eller tävlar i sprintdistans är de som är mest skadefria (30 %). Ökad distans ger ökad risk för skador och/eller överbelastningsproblematik, nästan 18 % av de som tränar/tävlar i längre distans än sprint har drabbats av akut muskelbristning. Flest andel (49,3 %) triathleter påträffas i olympisk och/eller halv Ironman-distans. Något fler kvinnor (24 %) än män (15 %) är aktiva inom sprint och färre kvinnor (27 %) än män (36 %) i ultradistans. Slutsats Svensk triathlon och triathleter är i denna studie snarlik fördelade likt tidigare internationell forskning. Manliga triathleter tränar och/eller tävlar i längre distans än sprint i större utsträckning (85 %) än kvinnliga (76 %). Det är marginellt fler triathleter som är 40 år eller äldre och flertalet av triathleterna (85 %) tränar och/eller tävlar i olympisk distans eller längre. Överbelastningsproblematik är det som svenska triathleter drabbas av i störst utsträckning (60 %), oavsett tävlingsdistans, och vanligen (64 %) drabbas de nedre extremiteterna.<br>Introduction Triathlon is the sport in which the athlete compete in the order swimming, cycling and running. Swedish triathlon has since year 2005 grown in numbers of practitioners and events. The aim of this study was to investigate how the previously non-examined Swedish triathlon have developed regarding numbers of events, practitioners, common injuries for the triathletes and at what distances the Swedish triathletes train and compete? The issues to be resolved were: How is the distribution between the sexes and race distance? How is the distribution between different categories of experiences (years as athlete) and different race distances? What is the prevalence for triathlon injuries and what injuries are there? What is the prevalence of injuries among the triathletes in different primary race distances? The method involved previous international research done in the field to serve as a basis for the creation of a questionnaire containing twelve multiple choice questions regarding the Swedish triathletes previous experiences within the sport and previous (if any) injuries sustained during either practice or race. 614 answers were collected of which 562 (92 %) were complete. Results from this study shows that the triathletes which are active at the sprint distance are those who have the highest rate (30 %) of answers with "no injury". Longer race distances means an increased risk for overuse injury, almost 18 % of the triathletes which train and/or compete at the longer distances have suffered from an acute muscle rupture. Most of the triathletes (49,3 %) in this study were active in the Olympic and/or half-Ironman distance. The conclusions of this study are that Swedish triathlon and triathletes are comparable to previous international studies. There is a slight difference between the sexes in race distance; there are slightly more (24 %) women active in sprint than men (15 %) and there are slightly less women (27 %) who are active in the Ironman distance than men (36 %). Among the Swedish triathletes there are marginally more of them who are 40 years of age or more and 85 % of all the triathletes train and/or race in Olympic distance or longer. The Swedish triathletes suffers commonly from overuse injury, regardless of race distance, in the lower extremities. This was the case for 64 % of the triathletes of which who completed the questionnaire.
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Bartolomeo, Kimberly M. "Habitual and competitive dietary practices of triathletes competing in a half-ironman triathlon." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1306383.
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The purpose of this research study is to examine the habitual and competitive dietary practices of triathletes competing in a half-ironman triathlon. Data was collected from 123 male and female triathletes who participated in the 2001 Muncie Endurathon held in Muncie, Indiana. Habitual and competitive dietary patterns and eating habits were assessed via a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Competitive dietary practices were evaluated using a questionnaire designed specifically for this study. The results of this study indicated that both energy and carbohydrate intakes of male and female triathletes were well below recommended levels. The male triathletes energy intake was on average 2,165 ± 919 kcal/d and females consuming significantly lower with 1,743 ± 1002 kcal/d. Carbohydrate intakes were similar between the male and female triathletes in both grams per kg (4.5 ± 144 g/kg/d vs. 5.2 ± 188 g/kg/d, respectively) grams per day (352 ± 144 vs. 306 ± 188 g/d, respectively), and percentage of energy (65% vs 70%, respectively). The triathletes were only slightly better in following carbohydrate recommendations before, during, and after exercise. The results also indicated that over half (66%) of the triathletes reported obtaining their nutrition information from magazines, while only (9%) of the participants used a registered dietitian for nutritional advice or consultation. This study has shown that triathletes in general do not meet all the recommendations set for endurance athletes. Triathletes can improve their overall performance by educating themselves on the importance of nutrition and by following the recommended guidelines set for endurance athletes.<br>Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
3
Brown, Candace. "MOTIVES FOR PARTICIPATION IN TRIATHLONS AMONG MIDLIFE TO OLDER BLACK WOMEN: A MIXED METHOD STUDY." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4181.
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BACKGROUND: Research has established the positive link between physical activity and its impact on health among adults. Generally, as people get older, they are less likely to be active. Black women comprise 13% of the women in the US but constitute 52% of women who are inactive. Existing articles on exercise motivation among Black women have generally assessed sedentary individuals. Little research has examined the motivations to exercise among physically active Black women. METHODS: Guided by the regulators of the Self Determination Theory, the 56 item Motivations of Marathoners Scales for Triathletes (MOMS-T) was used to assess the motives of (N =121) midlife to older Black women (36+) and then transformed into a semi structured guide to interview (n =12) women to further understand their motives for participating in triathlons.
RESULTS: Univariate and two way analysis reveals age as a predictor for the four regulators (external, introjection, integration and intrinsic) but BMI and distance are not. Integration demonstrated the highest mean. Qualitative results indicated that construct of self competition and receiving medals are important aspects of participation but are not measured in the survey. A new scale, triathlete lifestyle, should be considered within the MOMS-T. CONCLUSION: Findings were representative of the study population and comparable to previous studies. The survey transformation of the MOMS-T into an interview guide provided additional qualitative explanations of the survey answers demonstrating a secondary method of gathering data as important to provide further understanding about constructs not measured in the survey form of the MOMS-T.
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Youngman, Jason D. "Risk for Exercise Addiction: A Comparison of Triathletes Training for Sprint-, Olympic-, Half-Ironman-, and Ironman-distance Triathlons." Scholarly Repository, 2007. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/12.
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Whereas clinical professionals and the general public recognize exercise in moderate amounts as an important component of a healthy lifestyle, researchers have noted that when taken to an excessive level, exercise may become addictive. Usually considered rare in the broad exercising population, risk for exercise addiction has been found to be more prominent among certain specialized groups, such as runners. This study investigated the risk for exercise addiction in a unique group of endurance athletes-Sprint-, Olympic-, Half-Ironman, and Ironman-distance triathletes. The sample consisted of 1285 male and female triathletes, ranging in age from 18 to 70 years old, recruited through the electronic newsletter of a national triathlon organization. During the past year participants completed at least one triathlon of Sprint-, Olympic-, Half-Ironman-, and/or Ironman-distance, or were in training for one. To measure the risk for exercise addiction, participants completed an online questionnaire, comprising the six items of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (Terry, Szabo, & Griffiths, 2004), six items added by the investigator, and a demographics section. Results indicate that approximately 20% of triathletes are at risk for exercise addiction, 79% are committed exercisers who exhibit some symptoms of exercise addiction, and 1% are asymptomatic. Results also demonstrate that female triathletes are at greater risk for exercise addiction than male triathletes. Training for longer distance races (e.g., Olympic-, Half-Ironman-, and Ironman-) put triathletes at greater risk for exercise addiction than training for shorter races. No significant association exists between the risk for exercise addiction and either the number of years of participating in the sport or the length of training sessions. However, as the number of weekly training hours or the number of weekly training sessions increases, so does a triathlete's risk for exercise addiction. Results demonstrate that triathletes have a lower than anticipated risk for exercise addiction, yet a higher risk than the general exercising population. Because at-risk triathletes need greater clinical attention, further research should be conducted to help clinicians develop enhanced awareness and appropriate interventions.
5
McElligott, Mark, and n/a. "The relationship between strength and endurance in female triathletes." University of Canberra. Human and Heritage Sciences, 1992. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060918.160011.
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Joiner, Alexander Jason. "Time course of performance changes and fatigue markers during training for the ironman triathlon." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005212.
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Suboptimal preparation for the Ironman triathlon can have detrimental effects on mental and physical condition. The purpose of this longitudinal investigation was to examine the relationship between a number of performance changes and fatigue markers during training for an Ironman as well as immediately after the event, in an attempt to better understand the effects of ultraendurance training. Eighteen athletes training for the Ironman; South Africa, 2009 were recruited for the study. Over the 6 month data collection period body mass, training load (TRIMP and Session x RPE methods), physiological responses (waking heart rate, postural dizziness, sleep ratings), changes in psychological state (profile of mood states - POMS), reported immunological responses (symptoms of illness), biochemical changes (salivary cortisol and alpha amylase) and performance (8 km submaximal running time trial (TT) and race day performance) were measured. These responses were compared to a control sample (n=15). Results show a significant increase (p<0.05) in training load (3899.4 ± 2517.8) four weeks prior to the event. Fatigue scores significantly increased (p<0.05) concurrently with this significant increase (p<0.05) in training. TT performance did not significantly (p<0.05) alter during the time course of training. It was however strongly correlated to training load (R2=0.85) and modestly related to race performance (R2=0.65). The signs and symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) were prevalent during the training period, decreasing during the taper and race period. Large standard deviations were found within the majority of the responses. During the final two weeks of preparation, tension scores were significantly increased (p<0.05) while training load significantly decreased (p<0.05) during the final week of preparation. Cortisol increased significantly (p<0.05) immediately post race (0.507±0.15<g.DL-1) and 1.5 hours later (0.796±0.23<g.DL-1). Overall the results indicate that the POMS questionnaire was a sensitive marker of fatigue and stress associated with ultraendurance training, and that the event itself placed a great deal of stress on the athletes which was illustrated by the post event measures.
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Main, Carey Anne. "To determine the relationship between dietary intake, body composition and incidence of upper respiratory tract infections in triathletes during training and competition for the Ironman." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80006.
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Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: The Ironman® triathlon is an ultra-endurance event. It has previously been
shown that heavy training schedules and racing ultra-endurance events can lead to immune
impairment. Evidence supporting the potential role of dietary intake and body composition on
immune impairment or upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is currently lacking.
Aim: To investigate the relationship between dietary intake, body composition and the
incidence of URTI in triathletes residing in Port Elizabeth (PE), during training and competition
for the Ironman® 2011 triathlon.
Method: An observational longitudinal descriptive study with an analytical component was
conducted. The study population included triathletes living in PE, who completed an Ironman®
distance event one year prior to, and who were training for the April 2011 Ironman®. Habitual
dietary intake was assessed with a quantitative food frequency questionnaire; and race
dietary strategies with a three day food record. Body composition was determined with
anthropometry and the incidence of URTI was assessed with the WURSS-44. A general
health screen (SF-36) was also administered. Results: Habitual dietary intake during the three months pre- and post-Ironman® 2011
triathlon was adequate for all nutrients except for carbohydrate intake in female and male
participants (pre-Ironman® of 4.0 (1.7) g/kg body weight (BW)/day and 5.4 (1.8) g/kg BW/day;
and post-Ironman® 3.0 (1.0) g/kg BW/day and 4.7 (1.5) g/kg BW/day respectively).
Carbohydrate-loading strategies were below recommendations with intakes of 6.0 (2.9) and
5.1 (2.5) g/kg BW/day for female and male participants respectively. Race day nutrition
strategies were below recommendations for carbohydrate intake. Post-race dietary intake was
below recommendations for carbohydrate in the female participants (0.9 (0.5) g/kg BW). Body
mass index was 26.6 (3.4) kg/m2 and 26.1 kg/m2 (1.40) for female and male study participants
respectively. Body fat percentage was at the upper end for endurance athletes (29.3 (9.4) %
and 13.7 (5.1) % for females and males respectively). In this study 25 % of the triathletes
(N=20) developed an episode of URTI during the 3 months post-Ironman®. Dietary intake
parameters measured three months pre-Ironman® that had a significant influence on URTI
were: potassium (p=0.04) and thiamine (p=0.02) and dietary intake parameters measured 3
months post-Ironman® that had a significant influence on URTI were: total protein (p=0.04);
isoleucine (p=0.03); leucine (p=0.03); phenylalanine (p=0.03); valine (p=0.02); thiamine
(p=0.01); and Beta-tocopherol (p=0.03). Dietary intake parameters measured during the race that had a significant influence on URTI were: selenium (p=0.04); folate (p=0.04) and proline
(p=0.02). Body composition did not have a significant influence on URTI.
Conclusion: Habitual dietary intake three months pre- and post-Ironman® as well as pre- and
post Ironman race strategies were low for carbohydrate. Body composition indicated that
athletes were at the upper end associated with endurance sport. There was a relationship
found between an episode of URTI and dietary intake.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Die Ironman® driekamp is 'n ultra-uithouvermoë kompetisie. Daar is voorheen
bewys dat swaar oefening skedules en ultra-uithouvermoë kompetisies kan lei tot ‘n
immuungebrek. Daar is tans ‘n tekort aan wetenskaplike bewyse wat die potensiële rol van
dieetinname en liggaamsamestelling op immuungebrek of boonste lugweginfeksies
ondersoek.
Doel: Die doel van die studie was om ondersoek in te stel oor die verhouding tussen
dieetinname, liggaamsamestelling en die insidensie van boonste lugweg infeksies in
driekamp atlete woonagtig in Port Elizabeth (PE), tydens oefening en deelname aan die
Ironman® 2011 driekamp.
Metodes: 'n Waargenome, longitudinale beskrywende studie is gedoen met 'n analitiese
komponent. Die studiepopulasie het bestaan uit driekampatlete woonagtig in PE, wat 'n
Ironman® afstand kompetisie voltooi het een jaar voor en wat oefen vir die April 2011
Ironman® kompetisie. Gewoontelike dieetinname is bepaal met 'n kwantitatiewe
voedselfrekwensie vraelys, en dieet strategieë rondom die byeenkoms met 'n drie dag
voedselrekord. Liggaamsamestelling is bepaal met antropometrie en die insidensie van
boonste lugweg infeksies is bepaal met die WURSS-44. 'n algemene gesondheid vraelys (SF-
36) is ook ingevul. Resultate: Die gewoontelike dieetinname gedurende die drie maande voor- en na-Ironman®
2011 was voldoende vir alle voedingstowwe, behalwe vir koolhidraat-inname in die vroulike
en manlike deelnemers (voor Ironman® 4.0 (1.7) g / kg liggaamsmassa (LM) / dag en 5.4 (1.8)
g / kg LM / dag, en na Ironman® 3.0 (1.0) g / kg LM / dag en 4.7 (1.5) g / kg LM / dag
onderskeidelik). Koolhidraatlading strategieë was ontoereikend met innames van 6.0 (2.9) en
5.1 (2.5) g / kg BW / dag vir vroulike en manlike deelnemers onderskeidelik. Die inname op
die dag van die byeenkoms was onvoldoende vir koolhidraat. Die dieetinname na die
byeenkoms was onvoldoende vir koolhidraat inname in die vroulike deelnemers (0.9 (0.5) g /
kg LM). Die liggaamsmassa-indeks was 26.6 (3.4) kg/m2 en 26.1 (1.4) kg/m2 vir vroulike en
manlike deelnemers onderskeidelik. Persentasie liggaamsvet was aan die boonste grens
geassosieer met uithouvermoë oefening atlete 29.3 (9.4) % en 13.7 (5.1) % vir vrouens en
mans onderskeidelik. Die insidense van boonste lugweg infeksies was 25% (N=20)
gedurende die drie maande na Ironman®. Dieetinname paramters wat gemeet was drie
maande voor Ironman® wat beduidende beïnvloed met boonste lugweginfeksies getoon het, was, kalium (p=0.04) en tiamien (p=0.02) en die dieetinname parameters wat drie maande na
Ironman® gemeet is en betekenisvolle beïnvloed getoon het met boonste lugweginfeksies
was, totale proteïen (p=0.04); isoleusien (p=0.03), leusien (p=0.03), fenielalanien (p=0.03),
valien (p=0.02), tiamien (p=0.01), en B-tocopherol (p=0.03). Die dieetinname parameters wat
gemeet was tydens die wedloop wat beduidende beïnvloed met boonste lugweginfeksies
getoon het na Ironman® 2011 was, selenium (p=0.04), folaat (p=0.04) en prolien (p=0.02). Die
antropometriese parameters gemeet het nie beïnvloed op boonste lugweginfeksies gehad
nie.
Gevolgtrekking: Die gewoontelike dieetinname drie maande voor- en na Ironman® sowel as
voor- en na Ironman® kompetisie strategieë was onvoldoende vir koolhidrate.
Liggaamsamestelling het aangedui dat atlete aan die boonste grens geassosieer met
uithouvermoë oefening geval het. Daar was beduidende beïnvloed gevind tussen
dieetinname en boonste lugweginfeksies.
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Schäfer, Sergej. "Performance Requirements and Capacity Profiles in Triathlon : Sprint and Olympic Distance Triathlon." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Tränarlänken, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-2260.
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Buchholz, Robert Henry. "Triathlon: an Original Screenplay." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504205/.
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A young man, out of college and work, sets out to make his mark on the world, by winning the endurance sport of the eighties: the Hawaiian Ironman Triathlon. As he eats, sleeps and breaths "Ironman," he shuts others out of his life because he feels that he must do it alone for the victory to be genuine; a philosophy that has been dogging him all his life.
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Susa, Matthew Stephen. "The Physiology of the Triathlon." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/322073.
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GERMANESE, PATRICKA. "Du triathlon propose comme sport d'integration sportive et de maitrise biomedicale." Besançon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BESA3033.
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Wong, Pui-man Stevie, and 黃佩文. "Quarry Triathlon: human reclamation at Mt Butler." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42664408.
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Dengel, Donald R. "Metabolic determinants of success during triathlon competition." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/452141.
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Eleven male triathletes were studied to determine the relationships between selected metabolic measurements and triathlon performance. Measurements were made for oxygen consumption (V02), pulmonary ventilation (Ve) and heart rate (HR) during submaximal and maximal 400-yd freestyle swimming (FS), cycle ergometry (CE) and treadmill running (TR). Submaximal workloads were 1 m/sec for swimming, 200 watts for cycling and 7.5 mph for running. The mean (1/min) was significantly (P<0.05) lower during 1/min) than CE (4.68 1/sin) or TR (4.81 1/min). cycling and running performance times during the (1.2 mile swim, 56 mile cycle, 13.1 mile run) were to have a low relationship to V0z max (ml/kg/min) -0.32 and -0.55, respectively. The V0z max when expressed as 1/min was found to significantly (P<0.05) related to cycling time (r=-0.70). However, at a selected workload the %VO2 max was found to be highly related to swimming (0.91), cycling (0.78) and running (0.86) performance times. Maximal HR (bts/min) was also observed to be significantly (P<0.05) lower during FS (163) than CE (176) or TR (183). Running and cycling times in the triathlon were highly correlated (P<0.05) to overall triathlon performance times, 0.97 and 0.81, respectively, whereas swimming was found to be less a contributor to the athlete's final time, r=0.30. This study suggests that economy of effort is of greater importance to a triathlete's performance than their maximal oxygen uptake.
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Wong, Pui-man Stevie. "Quarry Triathlon human reclamation at Mt Butler /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42664408.
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Thesis (M. L. A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009.<br>Includes special report study entitled: Slope protection : principles and techniques. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.
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Wheeler, Marissa Pearle, and Marissa Pearle Wheeler. "Tri Tri Again: The Physiology of Triathlon." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625240.
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The cardiovascular system plays an essential role in any endurance event. The Ironman Triathlon is a long distance event that is made up of a 2.4 mile swim, a 112 mile bike, and a 26.2 mile run for a total of 140.6 miles. Each segment of an Ironman Triathlon poses unique challenges to the cardiovascular system. In order to complete such a monstrous race cardiovascular adaptations occur during the chronic stress of training, and the body also makes acute adaptations during the metabolic stress of the race itself. These alterations of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood make the body more efficient at transporting oxygen and nutrients to the muscles via the circulatory system, at extracting oxygen and nutrients from red blood cells and into the tissues, and at maintaining homeostasis. The results of these changes are higher maximum heart rate, increased oxygen extraction, higher capillary bed density, higher mitochondrial density, increased VO2 max, increased cardiac output, better thermoregulation, and non-pathological hypertrophy of the heart. While an excessive amount of long-term vigorous endurance activity can have adverse impacts on the cardiovascular system, the body is surprisingly capable of racing such a long distance with the proper training adaptations.
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Almström, Jennie, and Simon Gustavsson. "Styrketräning en gång per vecka förbättrade anaerob kapacitet hos cyklister och triathleter : En 12 veckor lång interventionsstudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-17818.
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Triathleter och cyklister är uthållighetsidrottare med extrem träningsvolym och stort krav på aerob kapacitet, dock krävs även anaerob- power och muskelstyrka för delmoment som backar och tempoväxlingar. Många uthållighetsidrottare tvekar över att implementera styrketräning i tron att effekten ska påverka deras prestation negativt, dessutom gör den höga träningsvolymen det svårt att kombinera. Styrketräning som komplement till uthållighetsträning har dock visats ge positiv effekt och kan förslagsvis förbättra prestation. Syftet var att undersöka huruvida ett styrketräningspass per vecka kan förbättra anaerob kapacitet hos cyklister och triathleter samt om en eventuellt ökad benstyrka kan påverka simtiden hos triathleter. Metoden var en interventionsstudie med pre- och posttest där deltagarna fick genomföra ett styrketräningspass innehållandes tre övningar, en gång per vecka under 12 veckors tid, som komplement till ordinarie träning. Resultatet vid test av maximal styrka i benpressmaskin påvisade en signifikant ökad benstyrka för interventionsgruppen med p = 0,001, en styrkeförbättring på 16,5 %. Wingate- testet visade signifikant förbättring för maxeffekt, p = 0,003, en förbättring med 11,1 % samt maxeffekt per kilo kroppsvikt, p = 0,001, en förbättring på 11,9 %. För kontrollgruppen sågs inga noterbara förändringar och inget samband kunde heller ses mellan en ökad benstyrka och simprestation.Vår styrketräning i kombination med deras ordinarie träning kan förslagsvis fungera synergiskt och optimera prestationen.<br>Triathletes and cyclists are endurance athletes with extreme training volume and high demands on aerobic capacity but the sport also requires anaerobic power and muscular strength for example hills or changes in tempo. Many endurance athletes do hesitate to implement strength training with the belief that the effect will negatively affect their performance, the high training volume also makes it difficult to combine. Strength training as a complement to endurance exercise has been shown to have a positive effect and may improve performance. The aim was to investigate whether strength training once a week can improve anaerobic capacity among cyclists and triathletes, and if any potential increase in strength capacity may affect swim performance in triathletes. The method was an interventional study with pre and post-test in which participants had to conduct a workout consisting of the three exercises, once a week for 12 weeks, in addition to regular exercise. The results from the test of maximum strength in the leg press showed a significantly increased strength in the intervention group, p = 0.001, a strength improvement of 16.5%. The Wingate test showed a significant improvement in maximum power, p = 0.003, an improvement of 11.1%, and the maximum power per kilogram bodyweight, p = 0.001, an improvement of 11.9 %. For the control group, there were no noticeable changes and no association was seen between increased strength and swim performance. Our strength training in combination with the regular workout can probably work synergistically and optimize their performance.
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Bosse, Michel. "Suivi alimentaire et biologique d'un groupe de triathlètes." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON11064.
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Pauthier, Bruno. "Modèle biomécanique du crawl : application à l'étude de l'influence sur la nage du port de la combinaison de triathlon." Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET6201.
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Dumas, Pascal. "Etude de quelques paramètres sanguins et urinaires après une épreuve d'endurance : tri et biathlon." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11084.
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Helge, Torbjörn. "Krav och Kapacitetsanalys för triathlon : Långdistans och Ironmandistans." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Tränarlänken, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-1758.
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Puggina, Enrico Fuini. "Estudo do stress fisiológico em atletas de triathlon." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39132/tde-08102008-140452/.
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O treinamento e a competição em eventos de resistência promovem modificações fisiológicas nos atletas. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos do treinamento de resistência e de uma prova de triathlon em indicadores de composição corporal, lesões musculares, inflamação, shift metabólico, stress oxidativo, alterações urinárias, estado de ansiedade e percepção de esforço. A amostra consistiu de 12 atletas do sexo masculino com experiência média de 6,5 anos de treinamento e idade 32,6 anos. Foram realizadas medidas de composição corporal em três momentos do programa de treinamento (M1, M2 e M3) e 30 minutos após a competição (M4). Nos momentos M1, M2 e após a competição foram coletadas amostras de sangue e urina. O inventário SCAI-2 foi aplicado em M-1, M-2 e M-3 e a escala RPE de Borg foi aplicada após o triathlon. Foram encontradas reduções da porcentagem de gordura por bioimpedância elétrica para as medidas realizadas antes e depois da prova. Observou-se elevação dos valores de CK, LDH, IL-6 e IL-10 apenas após a prova. Para os indicadores de shift metabólico, obteve-se aumento da linha de base do cortisol em M-2 e de cortisol e AGL em M-4. Nos indicadores de stress oxidativo, não foram encontradas diferenças significantes. Nas amostras de urina, observou-se aumento da concentração de proteínas, creatinina, hemácias e leucócitos após a prova. Não foram encontradas alterações significantes do estado de ansiedade e a percepção do esforço ao final do triathlon foi maior. Os resultados encontrados nesse estudo permitem concluir que o treinamento exerceu influência na composição corporal (BIA) e em indicadores de shift metabólico (cortisol), ao passo que a prova de triathlon provocou alterações na composição corporal (BIA), lesões musuculares (CK e LDH), inflamação (IL-6 e IL-10), shift metabólico (cortisol e AGL), urina (proteínas, creatinina, hemácias e leucócitos) e percepção de esforço dos triatletas<br>Endurance training process and competition promote physiological changes in the athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the endurance training in the triathlete on body composition, muscle damage, inflamation, metabolic shift, oxidative stress, urine changes, state of anxiety, and perceived effort. Twelve male triathletes with 6,5 years of experience and 32,6 years old were measured in tree moments of the training program (M-1, M-2 and M-3) and 30´ after the competition (M-4) for the antropometric parameters (body mass, skin fold and electrical impedance). Blood and urine samples were collected on the M-1, M-2 and after the competition. The athletes answered the SCAI-2 on M-1, M-2 and M-3 and the RPE Borg scale was used after the competition. Reductions in body composition by electrical impedance were found before and after the race. Muscle injury enzymes and IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated only after the race. Both metabolic shift indicators (cortisol and free fatty acids) were elevated after the competition but cortisol showed elevated base line on M-2. Oxidative stress did not change in any moment. Urine protein, creatinine, erythrocytes and leucocytes were elevated only after the triathlon. There was no difference on the state anxiety and the perceived effort was higher in the end of triathlon. The results suggest that the endurance training program promoted changes in body composition (BIA) and metabolic shift (cortisol). The triathlon competition promoted changes in muscle damage indicators (CK and LDH), inflamation (IL-6 and IL-10), metabolic shift (cortisol and AGL), urine (proteins, creatinine, erythrocytes and leukocytes) and perceived effort on the athletes
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Rambourg, Bertrand. "Retentissement d'un triathlon olympique sur le metabolisme aerobie." Reims, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REIMM030.
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Möller, Friederike. "Untersuchungen zur Beeinflussung des kortikalen EEGs durch Ausdauersport unter Berücksichtigung psychobiologischer und physiologischer Zielparameter /." Taunusstein : Driesen, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2881285&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Curtis, S. McKay. "The "fair" triathlon : equating standard deviations using non-linear Bayesian models /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd428.pdf.
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Appleton, Elizabeth Allyn. "Body Composition and Nutrition Trends in Club Triathlon Members." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524056237786679.
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Werner, Sara M. "Attentional Focus Strategies of Multi-Sport Athletes." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4281/.
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The purpose of this study was to determine (a) the attentional focus strategies used by triathletes during the three stages of an Olympic distance triathlon, (b) if level of experience influences the attentional focus strategies used by triathletes, and (c) whether there is a relationship between athletes finishing times and the attentional strategies used in each stage of the race. Triathletes (N = 160) completed the Triathlon Attentional Focus Inventory, which measured association and dissociation during the swim, bike, and run. One-way ANOVAs revealed significant differences between the athletes' level of experience and the attentional strategies used, as well as differences between the athletes overall race time and the attentional strategies used during each stage of the triathlon. Athletes with more experience associated more during the race, whereas athletes with less experience dissociated more throughout the race.
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Toraa, Moncef. "Réponses cardio-respiratoires à l'exercice intense chez les triathlètes : adaptation cardiaque, comparaison de la réponse à l'exercice sur ergocycle et tapis roulant." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05S041.
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Le triathlon est une activité physique particulière et originale avec la succession de trois activités d'endurance différentes (natation, cyclisme et course à pieds). La réponse à l'effort du triathlète apparaît comme un problème multifactoriel. Cette étude montre que la consommation maximale d'oxygène est identique sur tapis roulant et bicyclette ergométrique. Par contre, les réponses au seuil d'accumulation des lactates sanguins sont différentes. (. . . )<br>Triathlon is a particular physical activity including a set of three different sub activities of endurance (swimming, bike riding and running). Responding to the triathlon effort seems to be a multi-factor question. This study shows that maximum oxygen consumption is the same for both treadmill and ergocycle. On the other hand, responding to blood lactate accumulation treshold is different. (. . . )
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Grillon, Jean-Luc. "Approche energetique chez le triathlete." Reims, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REIMM036.
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Sultana, Frédéric. "Effet du vieillissement sur les facteurs de la performance en triathlon." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00912327.
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Ce travail de thèse s'organise en trois parties l'observation de l'effet de l'avancée dans l'âge sur la performance entriathlon, l'étude du modèle du Master triathlète (i.e. > 40 ans) à travers les facteurs de la performance et la mesurede l'impact du vieillissement sur le rendement énergétique du pédalage. Le recrutement de Masters triathlètesentraînés a permis d'étudier rigoureusement l'impact du vieillissement sur les fonctions physiologiques impliquéesdans la performance, tout en contrôlant les effets supplémentaires liés à l'adoption d'un mode de vie sédentaire. Surune épreuve de triathlon et pour chaque mode de locomotion, le déclin de la performance a une forme exponentielle.Un déclin significatif sur triathlon distance olympique a été observé sur la performance totale à partir de 45 ans chezles Masters triathlètes hommes. Il est plus précoce chez les femmes. Il est plus prononcé sur Ironman que surdistance olympique. Comparé aux autres modes de locomotion, un moindre déclin des performances en cyclisme estobservé. Avant et après un triathlon distance olympique, VO 2max, vVO2max, les vitesses aux seuils ventilatoires etl'efficience énergétique étaient significativement plus faibles chez les Masters triathlètes, mais le couple maximalvolontaire était similaire pour les deux groupes. 24 heures après la course, une diminution significative et similairepour les deux groupes a été observée pour VO 2max et vVO2max. Il n'a pas été observé de différence sur le couplemaximal isométrique ou sur l'efficience énergétique de la course à pied en sous maximal. Lors de l'épreuve detriathlon, il n'a pas été observé de différence d'intensité relative d'effort entre les deux groupes. Ces résultatsindiquent que chez les sujets bien entraînés, l'intensité relative de l'effort sur l'ensemble d'un triathlon distanceolympique et la fatigue 24 heures après la course semblent indépendant de l'âge. La dernière partie du travailexpérimental consistait à mesurer l'impact du vieillissement sur le rendement énergétique du pédalage au sein d'unepopulation de cyclistes et triathlètes tous bien entraînés sur une large tranche d'âge. Un déclin significatif a étécaractérisé. Les hypothèses explicatives sont multifactorielles. Une relation entre l'efficience énergétique et laréduction de puissance ou la modification de la composition corporelle avec l'âge a été établie. D'autres hypothèsessont évoquées comme le remodelage du schéma d'activation musculaire et l'expertise du pédalage, les propriétésmécaniques du muscle ou la part du coût énergétique de la ventilation.
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Silva, Neto Luiz Vieira da 1987. "Efeito residual no triathlon : como nadar influência nas etapas seguintes." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275116.
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Previous issue date: 2014<br>Resumo: O Triathlon é uma modalidade esportiva composta por três etapas, que são nadar, pedalar e correr. Diversos estudos vem investigando como nadar influencia etapas seguintes, mas os resultados ainda são controversos em alguns aspectos. Existem estudos, que falam da importância de nadar para o desempenho geral da prova, pois à medida em que às distâncias das provas variam, a correlação com o resultado final varia. Com isso o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar como nadar 375 metros pode influenciar durante o pedalar e o correr, além do resultado geral em uma prova simulada de triathlon super sprint (nadar 375m- pedalar 10Km-correr 2.5Km). Foram avaliados 8 triatletas amadores, (27 ± 4 anos; 75 ± 6 kg; 179 ± 7 cm), que assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE), que foi aprovado junto ao projeto de pesquisa pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa da Unicamp com o Nº8999/2012. Foram realizados três protocolos de avaliação: 1º Triathlon (Tri) que consistia em nadar 375m, pedalar 10Km e correr 2.5Km, no 2º Pedalar e Correr (PC) onde o voluntário deveria pedalar 10Km e correr 2.5Km e no 3º Correr (C) e último o voluntário teve de correr 2.5Km. Todas as coletas foram randomizadas e obedeceram um intervalo que tinha o mínimo de 48 horas. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva, a normalidade foi testada através do teste de Shapiro-Wilk e após a normalidade dos dados aceita, foi usado o teste "t" pareado para se comparar duas situações e a correlação de Pearson de um momento com o outro, os resultados da presente pesquisa foram expostos em dois artigos. No primeiro estudo, nadar reduziu o desempenho do pedalar (-8,4%) e o tempo total (pedalar + correr; -5,4%) quando comparados à realização das mesmas sem a presença prévia do nadar, todas as etapas analisadas, com exceção do correr em PC, houveram correlações significativas com o tempo total de prova. No segundo estudo, houve diferença significativa nas variáveis, potência média e máxima, potência relativa média e máxima, além de velocidade média e máxima, entre os protocolos Tri e PC. Com base nos achados da presente pesquisa, concluímos que nadar previamente, reduz o desempenho do pedalar, mas não influencia no desempenho do correr, mesmo dessa forma o tempo total de prova foi influenciado, pelo nadar previamente<br>Abstract: Triathlon is a sport consisting of three stages, which are swimming, biking and running. Several studies have been investigating how swimming may influence on biking and how biking may influence on running, but the results still controversial in some aspects. There are studies that pointed out the importance of swimming for the overall performance in the competition. As the shorter the competition, the bigger the correlation with the final result were found. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze how to swim 375 meters may influence biking and running and the overall outcome in a simulated competition of super sprint triathlon (375m swim, 10km cycle, run 2,5 Km). Eight amateur triathletes (27 ± 4 years, 75 ± 6 kg, 179 ± 7 cm), who signed the consent form which was approved by UNICAMP research and ethics committee with number 8999/2012. Three protocols of evaluation were performed: 1st Tri which consisted of swimming 375m, cycling 10km and running 2.5 km; in the 2nd CR the volunteer should cycle 10km and run 2.5 km and in the 3rd R and the last one, the volunteer had to run 2, 5km. All samples were randomized and they had a minimum of 48 hours rest. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Normality was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk. "t" paired test was used to compare the situations and the correlation of Pearson of one moment with other. In the first study, swimming reduced biking performance (-8.4%) and the total time (cycling + running; -5.4%) when compared to the performance of biking and running without the prior presence of swimming. All stages analyzed, with exception of running on BR had significant correlations with the total time of the competition. In the second study, there were significant differences in the variables, average power, maximum power and maximum average relative, and average and maximum speed between the Tri and BR protocols. Based on the results of this research, we concluded that to perform swimming first reduces cycling performance, but does not influence the performance of the run. Finally the total time of the competition was influenced by the pre-swim<br>Mestrado<br>Biodinamica do Movimento e Esporte<br>Mestre em Educação Física
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Lazari, Marcio Eli Fernandes. "Análise do desempenho em testes de triathlon com diferentes intensidades durante a etapa natação = Analysis of triathlon trials performance using different intensities during swimming phase." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275132.
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Previous issue date: 2013<br>Resumo: O triatlo é uma modalidade olímpica que envolve três etapas consecutivas: natação, ciclismo e corrida. As pesquisas científicas recentes demonstraram que a intensidade da etapa natação tem forte relação com o desempenho final no triatlo. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar o desempenho entre o teste submáximo (T-tri80) e máximo (T-tri100) de triatlo. A amostra deste estudo foi composta por 8 triatletas amadores do sexo masculino com idade média de 27±5 anos e experiência de treinamento de 36±20 meses. O teste consistia em 375 metros de natação em piscina semi-olímpica, 10 quilômetros de ciclismo estacionário e 2500 metros de corrida em pista de atletismo com esforço máximo em todas as etapas, exceto para a etapa natação no T-tri80, onde a velocidade foi controlada em 80% através de pacing. Os dados obtidos sobre desempenho (TEMPO), concentração de lactato sangüíneo (LAC), frequência cardíaca (FC) e percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) foram coletados ao final da natação, após o ciclismo e ao término da etapa corrida. A análise estatística foi realizada através de ANOVA para medidas repetidas e teste-t pareado com um nível de significância adotado em p<0.05. Os principais resultados na comparação entre os testes revelam diferenças significantes nas seguintes variáveis em T-tri80 e T-tri100, respectivamente: TEMPO na etapa natação (429±89 e 363±114 s) e corrida (604±65 e 634±56 s); FC na natação (127±11 e 162±10 bpm), no ciclismo (155±19 e 162±15 bpm) e no teste completo (151±17 e 163±13 bpm); e também para PSE (9.5±2.6 e 14.5±3.9) e LAC (5.2±1.5 e 8.8±2.2 mmoloL-1) na etapa natação. A ANOVA em T-tri80 revelou diferenças significantes para FC, LAC e PSE em todas as etapas, enquanto que T-tri100 apresentou diferenças estatísticas significantes apenas na FC entre a etapa ciclismo e corrida. As principais conclusões indicam que o T-tri80 não apresentou desempenho superior ao T-tri100 (p=0.0419), ao contrário da etapa corrida em T-tri80 onde foi encontrado melhor desempenho em relação ao T-tri100 (p=0.012). As evidências apontam que a intensidade executada durante a etapa natação tem efeito residual sobre o desempenho nas etapas subsequentes, especialmente sobre a etapa corrida. Além disso, acredita-se que o teste de triathlon seja uma maneira prática de avaliação do desempenho em triathlon na distância super sprint<br>Abstract: Triathlon is an Olympic sport including three consecutive phases: swimming, cycling and running. Recent researches showed that swimming phase has a strong relationship with final performance. The main purpose of this study was to compare a submaximal (T-tri80) with a maximal triathlon trial (T-tri100). Eight amateur male triathletes with 27±5 years-old and 36±20 months of training experience were recruited as voluntaries. The trial consisted on a 375-m swimming, 10-km stationary cycling simulation and 2.5-km running track maximal effort trial for all phases, except for T-tri80 swimming phase which speed was controlled at 80% by pacing. Data for elapsed time (TIME), blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion scale (PES) were collected at the end of each phase. A statistical evaluation was conducted through variance analysis for repeated measures (ANOVA) and paired sample (t-test) with p <0.05. The main findings of t-tests showed significance differences in the following variables for T-tri80 and T-tri100, respectively: swimming TIME (429±89 vs. 363±114 sec) and running TIME (604±65 vs. 634±56 sec); swimming HR (127±11 vs. 162±10 bpm), cycling HR (155±19 vs. 162±15 bpm) and overall HR (151±17 vs. 163±13 bpm); and also for swimming PES (9.5±2.6 vs. 14.5±3.9) and swimming BL (5.2±1.5 e 8.8±2.2 mmoloL-1). The ANOVA comparison of HR, BL and PES showed significant differences in T-tri80 for all phases, whereas T-tri100 had significant differences only for cycling and running HR. The main conclusions of this study revealed that T-tri80 did not allow better performance than T-tri100 (p=0.0419). However, T-tri80 had better running performance than T-tri100 (p=0.012). These evidences demonstrated swimming intensity has a detrimental effect on subsequent performance, especially for the running phase. Moreover, we believe that triathlon trial is a practical way to evaluate super sprint triathlon performance<br>Mestrado<br>Biodinamica do Movimento e Esporte<br>Mestre em Educação Física
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Lemos, Roberto Melo de. "Atletas de Ironman apresentam variação de peso significativa antes da prova." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2008. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/389.
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Previous issue date: 2008-02-13<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The Ironman Triathlon consists in 3,8km of swimming, 180 km of cycling followed by 42,2 km of running, lasting an average of 12 hours. The extended exposition to the environmental factors, which the heat and humidity add more difficulty to the maintenance of the thermal equilibrium, brings a considerable dehydration by sweating. These values vary from 1 to 2 L/h. Therefore, it is important to estimate these losses in order to provide proper strategies to the races organizers and athletes themselves, as for the consumption of liquids and electrolytes during the race. The weighting before and after the race has been the method more useful to evaluate these hydric losses. However, it is important to note that not all the weight loss during an ultradistance triathlon reflects a truth fluid deficit. Some authors have suggested that absolute weight loss during an endurance race overestimates the actual fluid deficit. Indeed, 1 to 2 kg is likely to be lost from sources other than fluid, including the fat metabolism and carbohydrate reserves and intracellular water release associated with stored glycogen. The aim of this study is to describe the eletrolitic and hydric alteration found in athletes competing in the Ironman Brasil, held in Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, in the year of 2006 and the potential correction at these values. Data were collected with 26 athletes, which were weighted 15 days, 7 days and 2 days before the race, immediately before and after the race. It was also evaluated the body composition using skinfold technique 7 and 2 days before the race. The serum electrolytes analyses (Na and K) was done before and after the event. The positive weight variation at the days before the race was statistically significant at the 48 hours before the race start (t = -8,00) with an average of weight increase of 1,180 kg. The average weight loss by the sample group was of 3,023 kg, which represents an average of 4,23%. The Na concentration increased an average of 2,416 mEq (1,73%). The average values of K of 4,7 mEq/l before the race, and 4,49 mEq/l after the race, were not statistically significant. The results show that when the correction factor was applied, the percentage of subjects that were dehydrated, dropped considerable from 88,4 % to 46,15%. But none of these with a serious dehydration. This, against 7 or 26,26 % qualified as that, without the correction factor. There was a weak correlation between the final Na concentration and the weight loss (r = 0,263) and p= 0,195. It is concluded that there was a positive variation at the weight before the race. This evidence the glycogen and water stored at the muscle. Therefore, this extra weight does not contribute to the dehydration during the race.<br>O triathlon Ironman consiste em percorrer 3,8 km de natação, 180 km de ciclismo, seguidos de 42,2 km de corrida, com duração média de doze horas. A exposição prolongada aos fatores ambientais, dos quais o calor e a umidade trazem mais dificuldade para a manutenção do equilíbrio térmico, leva a uma substancial perda hídrica pelo suor, com taxas variando de 1 a 2 L/h. Portanto, é importante estimar estas perdas para prover estratégias corretas para organizadores e atletas quanto ao consumo de líquidos e eletrólitos durante a prova. A pesagem antes e após a prova tem sido o método mais aplicável para avaliar estas perdas hídricas. É importante observar, porém, que nem toda perda de peso no triathlon de longa duração reflete a verdade sobre e perda de líquidos. Alguns autores sugerem que a perda de peso absoluta durante uma prova de endurance superestima a perda líquida. De fato, 1 a 2 kg parecem ser perdidos de outras fontes que não fluidos, incluindo metabolismo da gordura e reservas de carboidrato e liberação de água intracelular associada ao glicogênio armazenado. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as alterações hídricas e eletrolíticas encontradas em atletas no Ironman Brasil em Florianópolis no ano de 2006 e a possível correção destes valores. Com este intuito 26 atletas foram pesados 15,7 e 2 dias antes da prova, imediatamente antes e após a realização da mesma. Também foi feita avaliação da composição corporal através de dobras cutâneas 7 e 2 dias antes da prova. A análise de eletrólitos (Na e K) sangüíneos foi feita antes e após o evento. A variação positiva de peso ocorrida nos dias que antecederam a prova foi significativa nas 48 horas que antecederam a largada (t = -8,00) com um ganho médio de peso de 1,180 kg. O peso médio perdido pelo grupo foi de 3,023 kg que representa uma média de 4,23%. A concentração de Na aumentou na média 2,416 mEq (1,73%). Os valores médios de K de 4,7 mEq/l antes da prova e 4,49 mEq/l após a prova não obtiveram variação significativa. Os resultados mostraram que ao se aplicar o fator de correção o percentual de sujeitos que estariam desidratados baixou consideravelmente de 88,4 % para 46,15% sendo que destes nenhum com desidratação séria contra 7 ou 26,26 % assim classificados sem a correção. Houve correlação fraca entre o a concentração de Na final de a variação de peso (r = 0,263) e p= 0,195. Concluiu-se que houve uma variação positiva no peso pré-prova. Isto evidenciou o acúmulo de glicogênio e água estocados no músculo. Desta maneira, esse peso extra não contribui para a avaliação da desidratação durante a prova.
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Coste, Olivier. "Approche biomécanique de la course à pied chez des triathlètes de haut niveau." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON11035.
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BUTTY, DOMINIQUE. "Etude comparative de la determination du seuil lactique en laboratoire et sur le terrain dans les trois situations d'exercice (nage, cyclisme, course a pied) chez sept triathletes." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO1M137.
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Jones, Amanda. "From subcultures to social worlds : women in sport, women in triathlon." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4159.
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Curtis, Steven McKay. "The "Fair" Triathlon: Equating Standard Deviations Using Non-Linear Bayesian Models." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2004. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/32.
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The Ironman triathlon was created in 1978 by combining events with the longest distances for races then contested in Hawaii in swimming, cycling, and running. The Half Ironman triathlon was formed using half the distances of each of the events in the Ironman. The Olympic distance triathlon was created by combining events with the longest distances for races sanctioned by the major federations for swimming, cycling, and running. The relative importance of each event in overall race outcome was not given consideration when determining the distances of each of the races in modern triathlons. Thus, there is a general belief among triathletes that the swimming portion of the standard-distance triathlons is underweighted. We present a nonlinear Bayesian model for triathlon finishing times that models time and standard deviation of time as a function of distance. We use this model to create "fair" triathlons by equating the standard deviations of the times taken to complete the swimming, cycling, and running events. Thus, in these "fair" triathlons, a one standard deviation improvement in any event has an equivalent impact on overall race time.
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Wang, Chi-An (Chi-An Lilian) 1979. "Product design and development of the Easy-Fit Triathlon Racing Shoe." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41806.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2001.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 30).<br>Triathlon is one of the fastest growing sports in the world. The swim-bike-run competition has opened a whole new market in the industry of athletic footwear. In a triathlon, athletes need to make fast transitions from the swim to the bike, then from the bike to the run. Therefore, there is a demand for a triathlon running shoe that is easy and quick to slip on. In this project, the upper portion of a new racing shoe is developed, called the Easy-Fit Triathlon Shoe. It is specially designed with an incredible ease of entry to minimize transition time. A worldwide survey was conducted, and it was found that racing shoe performance features, such as being lightweight and having adequate cushioning, are extremely important to the elite competitive triathlete. Therefore, these features were also integrated into the design of the Easy-Fit Triathlon Shoe. The innovative tongue and heel system expand the shoe opening then tighten the entire shoe efficiently. Collaborative work was done with New Balance, and a prototype was built.<br>by Chi-An Wang.<br>S.B.
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Schäfer, Sergej. "Time Trial Positions in Triathlon, Road and Track Cycling : Differences and Similarities." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Tränarlänken, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-2261.
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Clemen, Sebastian. "Erkundungsuntersuchung zu ausgewählten leistungsfördernden Faktoren bei Nachwuchsleistungssportlern im Kontext der Sportart Triathlon." Bachelor's thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-138388.
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In modernen Entwicklungsmodellen wird definiert, dass Entwicklung durch Erbanlagen und Umweltfaktoren bestimmt ist. Ebenso können Athleten durch Üben und Lernen bzw. Training ihre Entwicklung selbst gestalten. Hier stellt sich die Frage, welche körperlichen Voraussetzungen, welche Umweltbedingungen und welche Trainingskennziffern des Athleten besonders günstig auf die Möglichkeiten der Leistungsausbildung und Motivation wirken und somit die Wettkampfleistung beeinflussen. Dazu werden ausgewählte Faktoren bei erstplatzierten Triathleten der Deutschen Nachwuchs-meisterschaft genauer untersucht. Hier wird deutlich, dass die weiblichen erfolgreichen Probanden einen niedrigen BMI-Wert sowie ein retardiertes Alter aufweisen. Im Vergleich mit den DTU-Vorgaben trainieren im Mittel die jüngeren Probanden zu viel, die Junioren zu wenig. Ausgenommen davon ist das Athletiktraining, welches im Mittel deutliche Defizite in allen Altersklassen aufweist. Nachwuchsstützpunktgruppen und Unterstützungsleistungen des Umfeldes der Athleten, erweisen sich als leistungsförderlich. Die Ergebnisse bilden das Fundament für weitere Forschung in diesem Bereich.
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Langoski, Mônica Sêncio Paes. "Agentes estressores e fatores ergonômicos relacionados a atividade dos profissionais de Triathlon." Florianópolis, SC, 2002. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/83451.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção.<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-20T00:10:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>O presente estudo trata dos profissionais do esporte, especificamente da
modalidade de triathlon. O objetivo foi levantar os fatores ergonômicos e agentes estressores pertinentes à modalidade. A pesquisa foi exploratória e descritiva de corte transversal. A amostra foi composta por 21 triatletas profissionais que representou 33,87% dessa população no Brasil, sendo 10 triatletas feminino e 11 triatletas masculino. Como instrumento de pesquisa, referente aos fatores ergonômicos, foi utilizado um formulário de 66 questões abertas e fechadas; para a identificação dos agentes estressores, foi utilizado um formulário para identificação de situações causadoras de estresse em atletas, proposto por De Rose Jr. (1996). Este formulário foi adaptado à modalidade de triathlon e constou da análise de 154 variáveis divididos em cinco classes de agentes estressores: relacionamento profissional; aspectos emocionais e afetivos; fatores de risco; aspectos organizacionais; conseqüências da atividade. Os resultados encontrados nos aspectos ergonômicos mostram que os triatletas profissionais (elite), apesar de estarem sendo acompanhados por equipes multiprofissionais, precisam de uma
reestruturação no planejamento da atividade num todo, com o objetivo de reduzir os sintomas de estresse, supertreinamento, patologias desenvolvidas e número de lesões, proporcionando uma melhora no desempenho e na qualidade de vida desses profissionais. A vida pessoal desses triatletas está vinculada a sua condição de desportista, logo ao realizar a atividade dentro dos moldes que os resultados se apresentaram, conclui-se que a realização da atividade por si só já é estressante. Dentre as principais classes dos agentes estressores investigadas o destaque são os relacionados à arbitragem/organização das provas e a constante preocupação com o patrocínio.
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Schwabe, Karen. "Achilles tendon ultrasound findings in triathletes before and after the ironman triathlon." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2764.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-115).<br>The aim of this prospective cohort study therefoew was to assess the morphological and blood flow changes in the Achille tendons of triathletes competing in the 2006 South African Ironman Triathlon.<br>abstract
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Wahlstrand, Martin. "Pulsmätning som ett sätt att studera pacing under cykelmomentet i Ironman triathlon." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för idrottsvetenskap (ID), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-73742.
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Bakgrund: För att lyckas med att genomföra en Ironman krävs att man som utövare har en strategi gällande hur man ska disponera sin energi för att kunna bli en ”finisher”. Detta kallas pacing eller pacing strategi och är den egenstyrda ansträgningen som kan hjälpa utövaren att lyckas med sitt mål och optimera den egna prestationen. Att paca ”rätt” blir därför viktigt för att optimera den egna prestationen då loppet innehåller tre olika moment: simning, cykling och löpning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka pulsmätning som ett sätt att studera och förstå pacing inom Ironman triathlon. Finns det ett samband mellan utövarens intensitet och cykeltid och har de deltagare som haft en liten pulsvariation en bättre sluttid? Metod: 22 deltagare genomförde ett test för att fastställa sin maxpuls, HRmax. I samband med Ironman Kalmar 2016 registrerades deltagarnas pulsdata med hjälp av pulsmätare och utifrån insamlad pulsdata beräknades deltagarnas intensitet och pulsvariation under cykelmomentet. Dessa värden korrelerades mot deltagarnas cykeltider. Resultat: Den relativa arbetspulsen för studiegruppen var 140 ±9.2 slag/min. Varken intensitet eller variation i intensitet visade något signifikant samband med sluttid även om en trend mot signifikans fanns för intensitet vs cykeltid, p=0.066. Slutsats: Spridningen i gruppen gällande vald intensitet var för stor för att tydligt kunna studera intensitetens betydelse för prestation under cykeldelen i ett IronMan och fler studier är nödvändiga för att kunna kartlägga detta.<br>Background: In order to succeed in an Ironman it is necessary to have a strategy on how to dispose your energy during the 8-16 hour race. This is called pacing or pacing strategy and is the self-selected effort that can help the competitor to optimize their performance. Based on heart rate measurement, this is particularly interesting during the 180 km cycle section, where drafting is not allowed.Aim: The aim of this investigation was to study pacing in Ironman thriathlon. Is there a relationship between the competitors intensity and biketime and did those who had smaller variation in intensity achieved a better biketime?Method: 22 competitive triathletes undertook a test to find out their HRmax. In conjunction with Ironman Kalmar 2016 the participants HR-data was registered with heartrate monitors and the data was then analyzed in order to determine the participants mean intensity and variation in intensity. These factors were used to understand pacing based on the participants heartrate and correlated to biketimes for each participant. Results: Average intensity for the participants was 140 ±9.2 bpm and the results show no significanct correlation between biketime and either the intensity chosen by the competitor or the variation in intensity. However, there was a trend towards significance for the intensity vs biketime, p = 0.066. Conclusion: This study was unable to determine the effect of pacing due to the selected intensity within the group was too large to clearly study the importance of intensity for performance during the cycle part of an IronMan and further studies are required.
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Bam, Sunita. "Body composition, dietary intake and supplement use among triathletes residing in the Western Cape Region." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1489.
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Helge, Torbjörn. "Träningsplanering för långdistanstriathlon : Fokus på formtoppning." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Tränarlänken, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-1759.
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Schäfer, Sergej. "Training Planning – with special view on Balance and Strength Training : Olympic Distance Triathlon." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Tränarlänken, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-2259.
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Butcher, Dustin S. "The relationship of personality factors, athletic identity, and exercise dependence among triathletes and regular exercisers." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1366298.
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There were several purposes of this study. The first objective was to examine the correlation between exercise dependence and personality factors in triathletes and regular exercisers. The second purpose of the study was to identify the relationship between exercise dependence and athletic identity in triathletes. The final purpose of the study was to identify a difference in exercise dependence between triathletes and regular exercisers. The study included 122 triathletes and 129 regular athletes that exercised at least 30 minutes per bout at least five times a week and have been doing so for at least the prior three months. All of the participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS) and NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). The triathletes additionally completed the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). Past research has attempted to identify personality traits that correlate with exercise dependence. However, an apparent universal personality trait has not been established for any group of athletes with exercise dependence. The current study was able to identify a significant correlation (p < .05) between the personality trait, Neuroticism, and exercise dependence in both triathletes and regular exercisers. Additionally, a significant relationship (p < .05) between exercise dependence and athletic identity was identified in the triathletes. Findings also indicated a significant difference between triathletes and regular exercisers for exercise dependence. Triathletes displayed significantly more exercise dependent symptomology than regular exercisers.<br>School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Jarting, Daniel. "Har klossplaceringen på cykelskor någon påverkan på vadmuskelns funktion och uttröttning efter cykling och avslutande löpning hos triathleter?" Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-3351.
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Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med studien var att undersöka om två olika klossplaceringar under cykelskon påverkar vadmuskelns uttröttbarhet och funktion. Frågeställningarna i studien var: Förändras av m. gastrocnemius, m. soleus och m. tibialis anterior muskelaktiveringsgrad under cykling beroende på klossplacering under cykelmoment i triathlon? Påverkas den muskulära styrkan av m. gastrocnemius, m. soleus och m. tibialis anterior klossplacering under cykelmoment och sedan efterföljande löpning? Metod: Studien var en kvantitativ experimentell studie. Fem deltagare med triathlonbakgrund genomförde två tester som innefattade styrketest av vad, cykling och löpning. Det ena testet med normal placering av kloss under cykelsko i främre delen av skon och det andra testet med klossplaceringen mitt under skon. Efter installation av EMG elektroder på m. gastrocnemius lateralis, m. soleus och m. tibialis anterior påbörjades testerna med styrketest av höger vadmuskel i en Isomed2000 isokinetisk dynamometer (D&R Ferstl, GmbH, Tyskland). Därefter applicerades markörer på specifika anatomiska strukturer så att ett rörelseanalyssystem (Qualysis, Sverige) kunde följa rörelsen tredimensionellt. Ett högintensivt, 20 minuters cykelprotokoll genomfördes på en Monark LC4 med traditionell eller bakre placering av kloss under cykelskon. Efter cykelmomentet skedde en snabb övergång till högintensiv löpning i 15 minuter och testet avslutades med styrketest av vad igen. Resultat: Ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad (p≤0,05) kunde påvisas mellan muskelaktiveringsgrad för de två olika klossplaceringarna. Ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad (p≤0,05) kunde påvisas för styrka i dorsalflexorer eller plantarflexorer i underbenet mellan de olika klossplaceringarna. Slutsats: Cykling med längre bak placering av kloss på cykelskorna visar ingen signifikant skillnad på vadmuskelns funktion och uttröttning. Dock visar resultaten av studien en viss minskad aktivering av vadmuskeln med cykling med kloss längre bak placerad dock var denna skillnad inte statistiskt signifikant. Framtida studier bör genomföra studien på en större population med ökad statistisk power för att utröna effekt av annan position av kloss på funktion och eventuell skadeprevention.<br>Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to compare two different cleat positions on the bicycle shoe and how those positions affect calf muscle function and fatigue. The aims were to investigate 1. how the muscle activity changes for m. gastrocnemius, m. soleus and m. tibialis anterior during cycling depending on cleat position during cycling in triathlon? 2. whether there is an increase in muscle fatigue in m. gastrocnemius, m. soleus and m. tibialis anterior depending on cleat position during the cycling leg of a triathlon? Method: The study was a quantitative experimental design. Five subjects with background in triathlon conducted two tests which included measurement of calf muscle strength and a cycling and running protocol. One of the tests was conducted with a normal cleat position underneath the front of the bicycle shoe and one test with the cleat in a midposition underneath the bicycle shoe. After attachment of the EMG electrodes on m gastrocnemius lateralis, m soleus and m tibialis anterior the tests began with strength test of the right calf muscles in an isokinetic dynamometer (Isomed2000, D&R Ferstl, GmbH, Tyskland). Reflective markers permitting a motion analysis system (Qualysis, Sweden) to identify relevant anatomical structures were also attached. The subjects performed a 20 minute high-intensity cycling protocol on a Monark LC4 bicycle ergometer. This was proceeded by a fast transition and a high–intensity 15 minute running protocol on a treadmill. The experimental protocol concluded with a repeated strength test of the calf muscles. Results: No statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was detected between muscle activation during cycling for the two different cleat positions. No statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was detected for strength after the exercise protocols either in the dorsi- or plantarflexors for the two different cleat positions. Conclusions: Cycling with the cleat in the midposition under the foot compared to the standard more anterior cleat position resulted in no statistically significant difference in calf muscle function during cycling and fatigue. However, the results of the study showed a reduction in m. triceps surae activation with the cleat in midposition although this trend was not statistically significant. Future studies should conduct the study on a larger population to increase the statistical power and to determine the impact of different position of the cleat and its possible effect on function and the possible injury prevention.
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Andersson, Rasmus, and Viktor Wahrenberg. "Sambandet mellan delta efficiency i cykling och löpning för elitaktiva triathleter." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-36489.
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SyfteSyftet med denna studie var att undersöka sambandet mellan delta efficiency (DE) i cykling (DEcykel) och löpning (DElöp) för elitaktiva triathleter. Vidare syftade studien till att undersöka om DEcykel och DElöp skiljer sig samt om det är skillnad i DE mellan kvinnliga och manliga triathleter vid respektive aktivitet.MetodFem kvinnliga (22 ± 6 år) och fem manliga (24 ± 5 år) elitaktiva triathleter utförde två submaximala test, ett cykeltest och ett löptest på rullband med konstant lutning på 2,5˚. Hastigheten ökad stegvis med 2,4 km·tim-1 under cykeltestet och 0,6 km·tim-1 under löptestet för respektive intervall á fem minuter för att fastställa DE. DE är förhållandet mellan förändringen i utfört arbete och förändringen i energiförbrukning, presenterat i procent. Triathleterna använde sin personliga cykel- och löputrustning.ResultatDet fanns inget statistiskt samband mellan DEcykel och DElöp för elitaktiva triathleter (p > 0,05). En statistisk signifikant skillnad påvisades mellan DEcykel och DElöp (p < 0,001). Ingen skillnad i varken DEcykel eller DElöp upptäcktes mellan kvinnor och män (båda p > 0,05).SlutsatserTriathleters DEcykel är signifikant högre än DElöp. Det upptäcktes inget samband mellan DEcykel och DElöp bland triathleterna på individnivå vilket innebär att en triathlet med högt värde för DEcykel inte per automatik även har högt värde för DElöp. Ingen könsrelaterad skillnad upptäcktes bland triathleterna.<br>PurposeThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between delta efficiency (DE) in cycling (DEcycle) and running (DErun) among elite triathletes. Furthermore, another aim of the study was to investigate if DE differ between the activities and/or gender.MethodsFive elite female (22 ± 6 years) and five elite male (24 ± 5 year) triathletes preformed two submaximal tests, a cycling test and a running test on a motorized treadmill in a constant inclination of 2,5˚. The treadmill speed between stages was increased by 2.4 km·h-1 for the cycling test and 0.6 km·h-1 for the running test. Each stage was five minutes followed by a one minute pause. DE is the relation between the change in work rate (WR) and the change in metabolic rate (MR), presented in percentages. The triathletes own bikes and running equipment were used during the tests.ResultsThe results did not show a relationship between DEcycle and DErun between elite triathletes (p > 0,05). A statistical significant difference was found between DEcycle and DErun (p < 0,001). No gender difference was found for either DEcycle or DErun (both p > 0,05).ConclusionsThe DEcycle were significantly higher among the triathletes compared to DErun. No relationship between DEcycle and DErun were found, which means that triathletes with a grate DEcycle does not automatically have a grate DErun. No gender related difference was discovered between the triathletes.
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Martin, Michel. "Enregistrements Holter de la fréquence cardiaque et de la température centrale chez les triathlètes." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR2M096.
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Van, Ewyk Gerald University of Ballarat. "The influence of glycerol hyperhydration on run performance within an Olympic distance triathlon." University of Ballarat, 2004. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/12777.
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This study was designed to determine the impact of glycerol hyperhydration, compared with a placebo hyperhydration, on the run performance during an Olympic distance triathlon. Ten competitive triathletes (mean peak oxygen consumption, VO2 peak = 65.5 ± 5.5 ml.kg.-1min-1) undertook two simulated Olympic Distance Triathlons in 31° C and 61% relative humidity. The trials were split into two work phases: a fixed workload phase comprising a 18-20 min swim and a 60 min cycle and, a self regulated time trial run over 10 kilometres conducted on a treadmill. One hundred and fifty min prior each trial, either a glycerol solution (1 g.kg.-1 body mass (BM) in a 4% carbohydrate – electrolyte drink) or a placebo of equal volume of the 4% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution was ingested over one hour. The total fluid intake in each trial was 23 ml.kg.-1 BM. A randomised, double blind, cross over design was used. Due to either 1) the arduous nature of the trials 2) the side effects associated with the ingestion of glycerol 3) or the combination of the two aforementioned reasons, only five of the 10 subjects completed the final 10 km self regulated time trial for both treatments. Only the data obtained from these five subjects were reported in this study. Glycerol ingestion expanded body water over the placebo by 154 ml (26%). At 60 and 90 min after the start of drinking, urine output was significantly higher with glycerol than placebo treatment (216.4, 366.4 ml vs 81.0, 242.0 ml, respectively) but significantly higher at 120 min in the placebo (421.6 ml vs 131.2 ml). There were no significant differences in heart rate and rectal temperature during the swim and cycle phases. However, there were significant increases in heart rate (at 5, 10, 15, 25 and 30 min) and rectal temperature (at 5, 20 and 30 min) during the 10 km run in the glycerol trial. The mean 10 km run time for the placebo trial was 40 min 21 sec (± 2.9 min) while the glycerol trial was 39 min 22 sec (± 2.0 min). The mean difference of 2.1% in finishing time between trials was not significant. Three of the five subjects in the glycerol trial improved their 10 km time by 7.0, 2.4 and 2.7%, respectively. The finishing time for one subject did not change for both trials while another subject had deteriorated by 2.3% in the glycerol trial. In the glycerol treatment, five subjects complained of bloating and nausea while only one subject complained of feeling unwell in the placebo treatment. Data from this study have shown that glycerol hyperhydration did not significantly improve performance while plasma volume expansion and subsequent lower rectal temperature and lower heart rates were not evident. The exact mechanisms of how glycerol hyperhydration can improve performance warrant further investigation.<br>Masters in Applied Science