Relevant bibliographies by topics / Triathlons

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Triathlons'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Triathlons"

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Lenherr, Reto, Beat Knechtle, Christoph Rüst, Thomas Rosemann, and Romuald Lepers. "From Double Iron to Double Deca Iron Ultra-Triathlon - A Retrospective Data Analysis from 1985 to 2011." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 54, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-012-0013-4.

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From Double Iron to Double Deca Iron Ultra-Triathlon - A Retrospective Data Analysis from 1985 to 2011Participation in ultra-endurance performance is of increasing popularity. We analyzed the historic development of the ultra-triathlon scene from 1985 to 2011 focusing on a) worldwide distribution of competition, b) participation, c) gender, and d) athlete nationality. We examined the participation trends of 3,579 athletes, involving 3,297 men (92.1%) and 300 women (7.9%), using linear regression analyses. Between 1985 and 2011, a total of 96 Double Iron ultra-triathlons (7.6km swimming, 360km cycling, and 84.4km running), 51 Triple Iron ultra-triathlons (11.6km swimming, 540km cycling, and 126.6km running), five Quadruple Iron ultra-triathlons (15.2km swimming, 720km cycling, and 168.8km running), five Quintuple Iron ultra-triathlons (19km swimming, 900km cycling, and 211km running), 11 Deca Iron ultra-triathlons (38km swimming, 1,800km cycling, and 422km running), and two Double Deca Iron ultra-triathlons (76km swimming, 3,600km cycling, and 844km running) were held. In total, 56.7% of the races were in Europe, 37.4% in North America, 5.3% in South America, and less than 1% in Asia. Europeans comprised 80% of the athletes. The number of male participants in Double (r2 = .56; P < .001) and Triple Iron ultra-triathlon (r2 = .47; P < .001) and the number of female participants in Double Iron ultra-triathlon (r2 = .66; P < .001) increased significantly. Less than 8% of the athletes total participated in an ultra-triathlon longer than a Triple Iron ultra-triathlon. Europeans won by far the most competitions in every distance. In conclusion, ultra-triathlon popularity is mainly limited to a) European and North American men and b) Double and Triple Iron ultra-triathlons. Future studies need to investigate the motivation of these ultra-endurance athletes to compete in these extreme races.
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Knechtle, Beat, Caio Victor de Sousa, Herbert Gustavo Simões, Thomas Rosemann, and Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis. "Effects of the Performance Level and Race Distance on Pacing in Ultra-Triathlons." Journal of Human Kinetics 67, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0079.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of the performance level and race distance on pacing in ultra-triathlons (Double, Triple, Quintuple and Deca), wherein pacing is defined as the relative time (%) spent in each discipline (swimming, cycling and running). All finishers (n = 3,622) of Double, Triple, Quintuple and Deca Iron ultra-triathlons between 1985 and 2016 were analysed and classified into quartile groups (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4) with Q1 being the fastest and Q4 the slowest. Performance of all non-finishers (n = 1,000) during the same period was also examined. Triple and Quintuple triathlons (24.4%) produced the highest rate of non-finishers, and Deca Iron ultra-triathlons produced the lowest rate (18.0%) (χ2 = 12.1, p = 0.007, φC = 0.05). For the relative swimming and cycling times (%), Deca triathletes (6.7 ± 1.5% and 48.8 ± 4.9%, respectively) proved the fastest and Double (9.2 ± 1.6% and 49.6 ± 3.6%) Iron ultra-triathletes were the slowest (p < 0.008) with Q4 being the fastest group (8.3 ± 1.6% and 48.8 ± 4.3%) and Q1 the slowest one (9.5 ± 1.5% and 50.9 ± 3.0%) (p < 0.001). In running, Double triathletes were relatively the fastest (41.2 ± 4.0%) and Deca (44.5 ± 5.4%) Iron ultra-triathletes the slowest (p < 0.001) with Q1 being the fastest (39.6 ± 3.3%) and Q4 the slowest group (42.9 ± 4.7%) (p < 0.001). Based on these findings, it was concluded that the fastest ultra-triathletes spent relatively more time swimming and cycling and less time running, highlighting the importance of the role of the latter discipline for the overall ultra-triathlon performance. Furthermore, coaches and ultra-triathletes should be aware of differences in pacing between Double, Triple, Quintuple and Deca Iron triathlons.
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Hue, Olivier, Olivier Galy, and Daniel Le Gallais. "Exercise intensity during repeated days of racing in professional triathletes." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-035.

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The purpose of this study was to estimate the exercise intensity from the competition heart rate (HR) of professional triathletes during a multi-triathlon race. Five internationally ranked professional triathletes completed incremental cycling and running tests to assess the first and second ventilatory thresholds (i.e., VT and RCT) and the HR at VT and RCT. HR was then monitored during a 5 d multi-triathlon race: a prologue time trial (PTT, 0.2 km swim - 5 km cycle - 1.2 km run) that opened the race; short-distance triathlons (SHD; 1.3 km swim - 36 km cycle - 8.4 km run) performed on the 2nd and 5th days; and sprint-distance triathlons (SPD; 0.75 km swim - 20 km cycle - 5 km run) performed on the 3rd and 4th days. All trials except the last (i.e., the second SHD) were performed above HR corresponding to RCT. PTT elicited significantly higher mean HR than the other trials (except for the first SPD trial). In contrast, the last SHD elicited significantly lower HR than the other trials. These responses were globally similar in the 3 segments (i.e., swim, cycle, and run). This study demonstrates that the triathletes performed at very high intensity during a drafting-permitted multi-triathlon race. However, as shown for multi-day cycling distances, the HR responses depended on (i) the distance covered and (ii) group behavior.Key words: heart rate, ventilatory thresholds, swim, cycle, run.
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Teległów, Aneta, Jakub Marchewka, Łukasz Tota, Bartłomiej Ptaszek, Wanda Pilch, Tomasz Pałka, Dariusz Mucha, Jadwiga Kubica, Paulina Aleksander-Szymanowicz, and Anna Marchewka. "Changes in the Morphological, Rheological, and Biochemical Blood Indicators in Triathletes." Folia Biologica 68, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/fb_68-3.13.

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The aim of this study was to assess how the influence of intense physical effort changes the morphological, rheological, and biochemical blood indicators in triathletes. The study group comprised 10 triathletes aged 30-45 years, members of the Active Side of Life Association (Kraków, Poland). Venous blood was collected from the study participants twice, before and after the DiablakBeskid Extreme Triathlon 2016 (the Carpathians, Poland), and once from the control group for analysis of the selected blood indicators. Statistically significant changes were observed in the study group before and after the triathlon in morphological blood indicators, in the elongation index at the shear stress of 0.30 and 0.58 Pa, in levels of electrolytes, creatinine (mmol/l), serum protein parameters, and high-sensitivity troponin (ng/l). No such differences were reported for the remaining parameters. In turn, when comparing the study group before the triathlon with the control group, statistically significant differences were recorded in MCHC (g/dl), in the elongation index at the shear stress of 0.30 and 0.58 Pa, and Cl– (mmol/l) levels. No such differences were reported for the remaining parameters. Blood haematological and biochemical indicators in individuals that participate in triathlons characterize the actual range and direction of effort-related changes well and allow for the diagnosis of transient adaptive effects. Rheological parameters, involving the evaluation of erythrocyte deformability and aggregation, are useful for monitoring the particularly undesirable, short- and long-term effects of practicing extreme sports such as triathlons.
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Hendy, Helen M., and Bonnie J. Boyer. "Specificity in the Relationship between Training and Performance in Triathlons." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 3_suppl (December 1995): 1231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1231.

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The present study examines whether swim, cycle, and run performance during a triathlon are predicted best by training in the same sport, as suggested by the theory of specificity for the relationship between sport training and performance. Using behavioral measures of training (pace, mileage, workouts), multiple regression analyses of questionnaire responses from 624 triathletes (443 men, 181 women) showed pace of training in the same sport to be the best predictor of swim and run performance for both sprint and endurance triathlons. No clear patterns were seen for cycle performance. Thus, specificity in the relationship between training and performance appears supported, especially for sports that rely more on the body (swim, run) and less on equipment (cycle).
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Millour, Geoffrey, Loic Janson, Sebastien Duc, Frederic Puel, and William Bertucci. "Effect of cycling shoe cleat position on biomechanical and physiological responses during cycling and subsequent running parts of a simulated Sprint triathlon: a pilot study." Journal of Science and Cycling 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/0620.jsc.02.

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Proper cleat adjustment improves cycling performance and prevents knee injuries. Recommendations have included positioning the first metatarsal head above the pedal spindle or slightly forward, but mid-foot cleat positions could be more appropriate in triathlons at constant load for their impact on the subsequent running performance. We evaluated the impact of antero-posterior cleat position on biomechanical and physiological variables during the cycling and running parts of a simulated Sprint triathlon. Seven participants performed two 32-min cycling tests including 8 sets of 3 min 30 s intervals performed at just below the power output at the first ventilatory threshold interspersed with 30 s sprints at > 100% of the maximal aerobic power. The cycling exercises were immediately followed by a maximal running performance of 20 min. The tests were performed with a 5-mm backward (BCP) and a 5-mm forward (FCP) first metatarsal cleat position. The BCP decreased the energetic cost during running (5.9%; p = 0.04; effect size [ES] = 0.92) despite no significant performance change in the cycling or the subsequent running tests. Moreover, the BCP resulted in a lower soleus recruitment during sub-maximal intensity (7.0%; p < 0.05; ES = 1.23) and of the gastrocnemius medialis (25.0%; ES = 1.00; p < 0.05) and tibialis anterior (11.9%; ES = 1.51) during the subsequent running. However, we observed much higher recruitment of the soleus (8.8%; ES = 1.36), vastus lateralis (10.1%; ES = 1.37), biceps femoris (12.0%; ES = 1.45), tibialis anterior (16.4%; ES = 3.35), and overall lower limb (11%; ES = 0.92) during sprints with the BCP. Therefore, the BCP could be more suitable in triathlons by being more economical for subsequent running despite the greater muscle activity during the cycling sprints, which form an important part of the cycling portion of Sprint triathlons.
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O??TOOLE, MARY L. "Training for ultraendurance triathlons." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 21, Supplement (October 1989): S214???S218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198910001-00015.

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Wainer, Howard, and Richard D. De Veaux. "Resizing Triathlons for Fairness." CHANCE 7, no. 1 (January 1994): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09332480.1994.10542407.

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Wainer, Howard, and Richard D. De Veaux. "RESIZING TRIATHLONS FOR FAIRNESS." ETS Research Report Series 1994, no. 1 (June 1994): i—12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1994.tb01588.x.

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McMurray, Robert, David K. Williams, and Claudio L. Battaglini. "The Timing of Fluid Intake during an Olympic Distance Triathlon." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 16, no. 6 (December 2006): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.16.6.611.

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Seven highly trained male triathletes, aged 18 to 35 years, were tested during two simulated Olympic distance triathlons to determine whether run performance was enhanced when consuming 177 ml of water at 8, 16, 24, and 32 kilometers (Early Trials) compared to consumption at 10, 20, 30, and 40 kilometers (Late Trials), during the cycling segment of the triathlon. Swim times for 1500 m were similar between trials; 40-km cycling times were ~10 s faster during the Late trials; however, 10-km run times were faster during the Early Trials (P < 0.02). No significant differences between run trials were found for the rating of perceived exertion, oxygen uptake, heart rate, and change in urine specific gravity. It was concluded that the consumption of fluids earlier in the cycle phase of the Olympic distance triathlon benefits the run and overall performance time.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Triathlons"

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Brandwold, Peter. "Deltagande och skadepanorama inom svensk triathlon : En deskriptiv studie om svensk triathlons deltagarfördelning beträffande kön, ålder och huvudsaklig tävlingsdistans, samt relaterade skador." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-3869.

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Inledning Triathlon är en uthållighetsidrott där momenten simning, cykel och löpning utförs i en följd. Svensk triathlon har vuxit beträffande antal utövare och tävlingar sedan år 2005. Syfte och frågeställningar Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur de tidigare outforskade svenska triathleter är fördelade beträffande kön, ålder och huvudsaklig tävlingsdistans, samt vilka skador som förekommer Hur ser fördelningen ut mellan män och kvinnor som tränar/tävlar mot viss distans? Hur ser fördelningen ut mellan olika kategorier av erfarenhet (år av idrottsutövande) mellan dem som tränar/tävlar mot viss distans? Hur är prevalensen för olika skador och hur ser skadepanoramat ut? Hur är prevalensen för skadeproblematik i förhållande till huvudsaklig tävlingsdistans? Metod En enkätundersökning baserad på tidigare internationell forskning bestående av tolv flervalsfrågor skapades beträffande den svenske triathletens bakgrund, erfarenheter, tränings- och/eller tävlingsdistans och skadeproblematik. Totalt inkom 614 varav 564 (92 %) kompletta svar. Studiens resultat visar på att triathleter som tränar och/eller tävlar i sprintdistans är de som är mest skadefria (30 %). Ökad distans ger ökad risk för skador och/eller överbelastningsproblematik, nästan 18 % av de som tränar/tävlar i längre distans än sprint har drabbats av akut muskelbristning. Flest andel (49,3 %) triathleter påträffas i olympisk och/eller halv Ironman-distans. Något fler kvinnor (24 %) än män (15 %) är aktiva inom sprint och färre kvinnor (27 %) än män (36 %) i ultradistans. Slutsats Svensk triathlon och triathleter är i denna studie snarlik fördelade likt tidigare internationell forskning. Manliga triathleter tränar och/eller tävlar i längre distans än sprint i större utsträckning (85 %) än kvinnliga (76 %). Det är marginellt fler triathleter som är 40 år eller äldre och flertalet av triathleterna (85 %) tränar och/eller tävlar i olympisk distans eller längre. Överbelastningsproblematik är det som svenska triathleter drabbas av i störst utsträckning (60 %), oavsett tävlingsdistans, och vanligen (64 %) drabbas de nedre extremiteterna.
Introduction Triathlon is the sport in which the athlete compete in the order swimming, cycling and running. Swedish triathlon has since year 2005 grown in numbers of practitioners and events. The aim of this study was to investigate how the previously non-examined Swedish triathlon have developed regarding numbers of events, practitioners, common injuries for the triathletes and at what distances the Swedish triathletes train and compete? The issues to be resolved were: How is the distribution between the sexes and race distance? How is the distribution between different categories of experiences (years as athlete) and different race distances? What is the prevalence for triathlon injuries and what injuries are there? What is the prevalence of injuries among the triathletes in different primary race distances? The method involved previous international research done in the field to serve as a basis for the creation of a questionnaire containing twelve multiple choice questions regarding the Swedish triathletes previous experiences within the sport and previous (if any) injuries sustained during either practice or race. 614 answers were collected of which 562 (92 %) were complete. Results from this study shows that the triathletes which are active at the sprint distance are those who have the highest rate (30 %) of answers with "no injury". Longer race distances means an increased risk for overuse injury, almost 18 % of the triathletes which train and/or compete at the longer distances have suffered from an acute muscle rupture. Most of the triathletes (49,3 %) in this study were active in the Olympic and/or half-Ironman distance. The conclusions of this study are that Swedish triathlon and triathletes are comparable to previous international studies. There is a slight difference between the sexes in race distance; there are slightly more (24 %) women active in sprint than men (15 %) and there are slightly less women (27 %) who are active in the Ironman distance than men (36 %). Among the Swedish triathletes there are marginally more of them who are 40 years of age or more and 85 % of all the triathletes train and/or race in Olympic distance or longer. The Swedish triathletes suffers commonly from overuse injury, regardless of race distance, in the lower extremities. This was the case for 64 % of the triathletes of which who completed the questionnaire.
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Bartolomeo, Kimberly M. "Habitual and competitive dietary practices of triathletes competing in a half-ironman triathlon." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1306383.

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The purpose of this research study is to examine the habitual and competitive dietary practices of triathletes competing in a half-ironman triathlon. Data was collected from 123 male and female triathletes who participated in the 2001 Muncie Endurathon held in Muncie, Indiana. Habitual and competitive dietary patterns and eating habits were assessed via a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Competitive dietary practices were evaluated using a questionnaire designed specifically for this study. The results of this study indicated that both energy and carbohydrate intakes of male and female triathletes were well below recommended levels. The male triathletes energy intake was on average 2,165 ± 919 kcal/d and females consuming significantly lower with 1,743 ± 1002 kcal/d. Carbohydrate intakes were similar between the male and female triathletes in both grams per kg (4.5 ± 144 g/kg/d vs. 5.2 ± 188 g/kg/d, respectively) grams per day (352 ± 144 vs. 306 ± 188 g/d, respectively), and percentage of energy (65% vs 70%, respectively). The triathletes were only slightly better in following carbohydrate recommendations before, during, and after exercise. The results also indicated that over half (66%) of the triathletes reported obtaining their nutrition information from magazines, while only (9%) of the participants used a registered dietitian for nutritional advice or consultation. This study has shown that triathletes in general do not meet all the recommendations set for endurance athletes. Triathletes can improve their overall performance by educating themselves on the importance of nutrition and by following the recommended guidelines set for endurance athletes.
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
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Brown, Candace. "MOTIVES FOR PARTICIPATION IN TRIATHLONS AMONG MIDLIFE TO OLDER BLACK WOMEN: A MIXED METHOD STUDY." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4181.

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BACKGROUND: Research has established the positive link between physical activity and its impact on health among adults. Generally, as people get older, they are less likely to be active. Black women comprise 13% of the women in the US but constitute 52% of women who are inactive. Existing articles on exercise motivation among Black women have generally assessed sedentary individuals. Little research has examined the motivations to exercise among physically active Black women. METHODS: Guided by the regulators of the Self Determination Theory, the 56 item Motivations of Marathoners Scales for Triathletes (MOMS-T) was used to assess the motives of (N =121) midlife to older Black women (36+) and then transformed into a semi structured guide to interview (n =12) women to further understand their motives for participating in triathlons. RESULTS: Univariate and two way analysis reveals age as a predictor for the four regulators (external, introjection, integration and intrinsic) but BMI and distance are not. Integration demonstrated the highest mean. Qualitative results indicated that construct of self competition and receiving medals are important aspects of participation but are not measured in the survey. A new scale, triathlete lifestyle, should be considered within the MOMS-T. CONCLUSION: Findings were representative of the study population and comparable to previous studies. The survey transformation of the MOMS-T into an interview guide provided additional qualitative explanations of the survey answers demonstrating a secondary method of gathering data as important to provide further understanding about constructs not measured in the survey form of the MOMS-T.
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Youngman, Jason D. "Risk for Exercise Addiction: A Comparison of Triathletes Training for Sprint-, Olympic-, Half-Ironman-, and Ironman-distance Triathlons." Scholarly Repository, 2007. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/12.

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Whereas clinical professionals and the general public recognize exercise in moderate amounts as an important component of a healthy lifestyle, researchers have noted that when taken to an excessive level, exercise may become addictive. Usually considered rare in the broad exercising population, risk for exercise addiction has been found to be more prominent among certain specialized groups, such as runners. This study investigated the risk for exercise addiction in a unique group of endurance athletes-Sprint-, Olympic-, Half-Ironman, and Ironman-distance triathletes. The sample consisted of 1285 male and female triathletes, ranging in age from 18 to 70 years old, recruited through the electronic newsletter of a national triathlon organization. During the past year participants completed at least one triathlon of Sprint-, Olympic-, Half-Ironman-, and/or Ironman-distance, or were in training for one. To measure the risk for exercise addiction, participants completed an online questionnaire, comprising the six items of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (Terry, Szabo, & Griffiths, 2004), six items added by the investigator, and a demographics section. Results indicate that approximately 20% of triathletes are at risk for exercise addiction, 79% are committed exercisers who exhibit some symptoms of exercise addiction, and 1% are asymptomatic. Results also demonstrate that female triathletes are at greater risk for exercise addiction than male triathletes. Training for longer distance races (e.g., Olympic-, Half-Ironman-, and Ironman-) put triathletes at greater risk for exercise addiction than training for shorter races. No significant association exists between the risk for exercise addiction and either the number of years of participating in the sport or the length of training sessions. However, as the number of weekly training hours or the number of weekly training sessions increases, so does a triathlete's risk for exercise addiction. Results demonstrate that triathletes have a lower than anticipated risk for exercise addiction, yet a higher risk than the general exercising population. Because at-risk triathletes need greater clinical attention, further research should be conducted to help clinicians develop enhanced awareness and appropriate interventions.
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McElligott, Mark, and n/a. "The relationship between strength and endurance in female triathletes." University of Canberra. Human and Heritage Sciences, 1992. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060918.160011.

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Joiner, Alexander Jason. "Time course of performance changes and fatigue markers during training for the ironman triathlon." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005212.

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Suboptimal preparation for the Ironman triathlon can have detrimental effects on mental and physical condition. The purpose of this longitudinal investigation was to examine the relationship between a number of performance changes and fatigue markers during training for an Ironman as well as immediately after the event, in an attempt to better understand the effects of ultraendurance training. Eighteen athletes training for the Ironman; South Africa, 2009 were recruited for the study. Over the 6 month data collection period body mass, training load (TRIMP and Session x RPE methods), physiological responses (waking heart rate, postural dizziness, sleep ratings), changes in psychological state (profile of mood states - POMS), reported immunological responses (symptoms of illness), biochemical changes (salivary cortisol and alpha amylase) and performance (8 km submaximal running time trial (TT) and race day performance) were measured. These responses were compared to a control sample (n=15). Results show a significant increase (p<0.05) in training load (3899.4 ± 2517.8) four weeks prior to the event. Fatigue scores significantly increased (p<0.05) concurrently with this significant increase (p<0.05) in training. TT performance did not significantly (p<0.05) alter during the time course of training. It was however strongly correlated to training load (R2=0.85) and modestly related to race performance (R2=0.65). The signs and symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) were prevalent during the training period, decreasing during the taper and race period. Large standard deviations were found within the majority of the responses. During the final two weeks of preparation, tension scores were significantly increased (p<0.05) while training load significantly decreased (p<0.05) during the final week of preparation. Cortisol increased significantly (p<0.05) immediately post race (0.507±0.15
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Main, Carey Anne. "To determine the relationship between dietary intake, body composition and incidence of upper respiratory tract infections in triathletes during training and competition for the Ironman." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80006.

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Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: The Ironman® triathlon is an ultra-endurance event. It has previously been shown that heavy training schedules and racing ultra-endurance events can lead to immune impairment. Evidence supporting the potential role of dietary intake and body composition on immune impairment or upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is currently lacking. Aim: To investigate the relationship between dietary intake, body composition and the incidence of URTI in triathletes residing in Port Elizabeth (PE), during training and competition for the Ironman® 2011 triathlon. Method: An observational longitudinal descriptive study with an analytical component was conducted. The study population included triathletes living in PE, who completed an Ironman® distance event one year prior to, and who were training for the April 2011 Ironman®. Habitual dietary intake was assessed with a quantitative food frequency questionnaire; and race dietary strategies with a three day food record. Body composition was determined with anthropometry and the incidence of URTI was assessed with the WURSS-44. A general health screen (SF-36) was also administered. Results: Habitual dietary intake during the three months pre- and post-Ironman® 2011 triathlon was adequate for all nutrients except for carbohydrate intake in female and male participants (pre-Ironman® of 4.0 (1.7) g/kg body weight (BW)/day and 5.4 (1.8) g/kg BW/day; and post-Ironman® 3.0 (1.0) g/kg BW/day and 4.7 (1.5) g/kg BW/day respectively). Carbohydrate-loading strategies were below recommendations with intakes of 6.0 (2.9) and 5.1 (2.5) g/kg BW/day for female and male participants respectively. Race day nutrition strategies were below recommendations for carbohydrate intake. Post-race dietary intake was below recommendations for carbohydrate in the female participants (0.9 (0.5) g/kg BW). Body mass index was 26.6 (3.4) kg/m2 and 26.1 kg/m2 (1.40) for female and male study participants respectively. Body fat percentage was at the upper end for endurance athletes (29.3 (9.4) % and 13.7 (5.1) % for females and males respectively). In this study 25 % of the triathletes (N=20) developed an episode of URTI during the 3 months post-Ironman®. Dietary intake parameters measured three months pre-Ironman® that had a significant influence on URTI were: potassium (p=0.04) and thiamine (p=0.02) and dietary intake parameters measured 3 months post-Ironman® that had a significant influence on URTI were: total protein (p=0.04); isoleucine (p=0.03); leucine (p=0.03); phenylalanine (p=0.03); valine (p=0.02); thiamine (p=0.01); and Beta-tocopherol (p=0.03). Dietary intake parameters measured during the race that had a significant influence on URTI were: selenium (p=0.04); folate (p=0.04) and proline (p=0.02). Body composition did not have a significant influence on URTI. Conclusion: Habitual dietary intake three months pre- and post-Ironman® as well as pre- and post Ironman race strategies were low for carbohydrate. Body composition indicated that athletes were at the upper end associated with endurance sport. There was a relationship found between an episode of URTI and dietary intake.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Die Ironman® driekamp is 'n ultra-uithouvermoë kompetisie. Daar is voorheen bewys dat swaar oefening skedules en ultra-uithouvermoë kompetisies kan lei tot ‘n immuungebrek. Daar is tans ‘n tekort aan wetenskaplike bewyse wat die potensiële rol van dieetinname en liggaamsamestelling op immuungebrek of boonste lugweginfeksies ondersoek. Doel: Die doel van die studie was om ondersoek in te stel oor die verhouding tussen dieetinname, liggaamsamestelling en die insidensie van boonste lugweg infeksies in driekamp atlete woonagtig in Port Elizabeth (PE), tydens oefening en deelname aan die Ironman® 2011 driekamp. Metodes: 'n Waargenome, longitudinale beskrywende studie is gedoen met 'n analitiese komponent. Die studiepopulasie het bestaan uit driekampatlete woonagtig in PE, wat 'n Ironman® afstand kompetisie voltooi het een jaar voor en wat oefen vir die April 2011 Ironman® kompetisie. Gewoontelike dieetinname is bepaal met 'n kwantitatiewe voedselfrekwensie vraelys, en dieet strategieë rondom die byeenkoms met 'n drie dag voedselrekord. Liggaamsamestelling is bepaal met antropometrie en die insidensie van boonste lugweg infeksies is bepaal met die WURSS-44. 'n algemene gesondheid vraelys (SF- 36) is ook ingevul. Resultate: Die gewoontelike dieetinname gedurende die drie maande voor- en na-Ironman® 2011 was voldoende vir alle voedingstowwe, behalwe vir koolhidraat-inname in die vroulike en manlike deelnemers (voor Ironman® 4.0 (1.7) g / kg liggaamsmassa (LM) / dag en 5.4 (1.8) g / kg LM / dag, en na Ironman® 3.0 (1.0) g / kg LM / dag en 4.7 (1.5) g / kg LM / dag onderskeidelik). Koolhidraatlading strategieë was ontoereikend met innames van 6.0 (2.9) en 5.1 (2.5) g / kg BW / dag vir vroulike en manlike deelnemers onderskeidelik. Die inname op die dag van die byeenkoms was onvoldoende vir koolhidraat. Die dieetinname na die byeenkoms was onvoldoende vir koolhidraat inname in die vroulike deelnemers (0.9 (0.5) g / kg LM). Die liggaamsmassa-indeks was 26.6 (3.4) kg/m2 en 26.1 (1.4) kg/m2 vir vroulike en manlike deelnemers onderskeidelik. Persentasie liggaamsvet was aan die boonste grens geassosieer met uithouvermoë oefening atlete 29.3 (9.4) % en 13.7 (5.1) % vir vrouens en mans onderskeidelik. Die insidense van boonste lugweg infeksies was 25% (N=20) gedurende die drie maande na Ironman®. Dieetinname paramters wat gemeet was drie maande voor Ironman® wat beduidende beïnvloed met boonste lugweginfeksies getoon het, was, kalium (p=0.04) en tiamien (p=0.02) en die dieetinname parameters wat drie maande na Ironman® gemeet is en betekenisvolle beïnvloed getoon het met boonste lugweginfeksies was, totale proteïen (p=0.04); isoleusien (p=0.03), leusien (p=0.03), fenielalanien (p=0.03), valien (p=0.02), tiamien (p=0.01), en B-tocopherol (p=0.03). Die dieetinname parameters wat gemeet was tydens die wedloop wat beduidende beïnvloed met boonste lugweginfeksies getoon het na Ironman® 2011 was, selenium (p=0.04), folaat (p=0.04) en prolien (p=0.02). Die antropometriese parameters gemeet het nie beïnvloed op boonste lugweginfeksies gehad nie. Gevolgtrekking: Die gewoontelike dieetinname drie maande voor- en na Ironman® sowel as voor- en na Ironman® kompetisie strategieë was onvoldoende vir koolhidrate. Liggaamsamestelling het aangedui dat atlete aan die boonste grens geassosieer met uithouvermoë oefening geval het. Daar was beduidende beïnvloed gevind tussen dieetinname en boonste lugweginfeksies.
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Schäfer, Sergej. "Performance Requirements and Capacity Profiles in Triathlon : Sprint and Olympic Distance Triathlon." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Tränarlänken, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-2260.

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Buchholz, Robert Henry. "Triathlon: an Original Screenplay." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504205/.

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A young man, out of college and work, sets out to make his mark on the world, by winning the endurance sport of the eighties: the Hawaiian Ironman Triathlon. As he eats, sleeps and breaths "Ironman," he shuts others out of his life because he feels that he must do it alone for the victory to be genuine; a philosophy that has been dogging him all his life.
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Susa, Matthew Stephen. "The Physiology of the Triathlon." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/322073.

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Books on the topic "Triathlons"

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Muller, Mathias. 17 hours to glory: Extraordinary stories from the heart of triathlon. Boulder, Colo: Velo Press, 2010.

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Timothy, Carlson, ed. 17 hours to glory: Extraordinary stories from the heart of triathlon. Boulder, Colo: Velo Press, 2010.

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Gordon, Byrn, ed. Going long: Training for ironman-distance triathlons. 2nd ed. Boulder, Colo: VeloPress, 2008.

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Edwards, Sally. Triathlons for women. 4th ed. Boulder, Colo: VeloPress, 2009.

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Fink, Don. Be iron fit: Time-efficient training secrets for ultimate fitness. 2nd ed. Guilford, Conn: Lyons Press, 2010.

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McCormack, Chris. I'm here to win: A world champion's advice for peak performance. New York: Center Street, 2011.

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Tim, Vandehey, ed. A world champion's advice for peak performance. New York: Center Street, 2011.

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You are an ironman: How six weekend warriors chased their dream of finishing the world's toughest triathlon. New York: Viking Adult, 2011.

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Ironman Hawaii: my story: A ten year dream. a two year plan. United States]: Frank Adornato, 2014.

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Bob, Babbitt, ed. Iron war: Dave Scott, Mark Allen & the greatest race ever run. Boulder, Colo: VeloPress, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Triathlons"

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Grim, Casper, and Thilo Hotfiel. "Triathlon." In Injury and Health Risk Management in Sports, 499–502. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60752-7_76.

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Arampatzis, Adamantios, Lida Mademli, Thomas Reilly, Mike I. Lambert, Laurent Bosquet, Jean-Paul Richalet, Thierry Busso, et al. "Triathlon." In Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 880–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6_279.

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Pyper, Ian, Emma Deakin, and Andrew Shaw. "Triathlon." In Routledge Handbook of Strength and Conditioning, 526–39. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge international handbooks: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315542393-29.

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Vleck, Veronica. "Triathlon." In Epidemiology of Injury in Olympic Sports, 294–320. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444316872.ch22.

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Twark, Claire, Laura Moretti, and Kimberly Webster. "Triathlon." In The ISSP Manual of Sports Psychiatry, 51–68. New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315211664-6.

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Pottenger, Brent C., and Sameer Dixit. "Triathlon." In Sports-related Fractures, Dislocations and Trauma, 959–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36790-9_74.

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Markus, Gergely, and Antonio Arimany. "ITU Triathlon History." In Triathlon Medicine, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22357-1_1.

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O’Donovan, James, Michael Koehle, and Don McKenzie. "Airway Dysfunction in Elite Athletes." In Triathlon Medicine, 147–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22357-1_10.

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Sharma, Sanjay, and Maximiliano Moreira Accame. "Cardiovascular Adaptations in Triathlon." In Triathlon Medicine, 159–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22357-1_11.

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Cairo, Gaetano. "Endurance Anemia, Relevance to Triathlon." In Triathlon Medicine, 173–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22357-1_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Triathlons"

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Fister, Iztok, Andres Iglesias, Suash Deb, Dusan Fister, and Iztok Fister. "Modeling preference time in middle distance triathlons." In 2017 5th International Symposium on Computational and Business Intelligence (ISCBI). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscbi.2017.8053546.

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Meyer-Aumiller, C. "Hämoptysen beim Triathlon (2 Fallberichte)." In 60. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e. V. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678304.

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Fister, Iztok, Janez Brest, Andres Iglesias, and Iztok Fister. "Framework for planning the training sessions in triathlon." In GECCO '18: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3205651.3208242.

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Kahouadji, Lyes, Maxime Costalonga, Philippe Brunet, Seungwon Shin, Jalel Chergui, Damir Juric, and Omar Matar. "Video: Walking, Climbing, shooting: a vibration-induced droplet triathlon." In 72th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics. American Physical Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/aps.dfd.2019.gfm.v0057.

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Cermelli, Fabio, Massimiliano Mancini, Elisa Ricci, and Barbara Caputo. "The RGB-D Triathlon: Towards Agile Visual Toolboxes for Robots." In 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968562.

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Fernández-Revelles, Andrés B., Irwin Ramírez-Granizo, Manuel Castro-Sánchez, and Rosario Padial-Ruz. "Men's triathlon correlation between stages and final result in the London 2012 Olympic Games." In Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2018 - Spring Conferences of Sports Science. Universidad de Alicante, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2018.13.proc2.35.

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Zakharova, Anna, and Kamiliia Mekhdieva. "Technologies of Effective Training Control in Amateur Triathlon - Non-Invasive Hemodynamic Measurements and Exercise Testing for Accurate Training Prescription." In 4th International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006082000830088.

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Espitia, Desiree, Marc Mitchell, David Echevarria, Jaslyn George, and Sean Richards. "“Thermal scissor” stabilizing pin removal tool for knee revision surgery: For use in Stryker Triathlon total stabilizing system revisions." In 2014 40th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NEBEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nebec.2014.6972784.

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