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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trial'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Kim, Anne(Anne Y. ). "Optimizing clinical trials with Open Trial Chain." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121787.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 59-64).
The objective of this thesis is to study the challenges of data sharing in healthcare (namely clinical trials), and propose the use of Open Algorithms (OPAL) as a viable solution for research collaboration that allows for access to data without compromising data ownership (data is only used once for the intended purpose, raw data is never leaked, the value generated from the data is transferred to the owner). This thesis surveys the challenges unique to clinical trials, and highlights the various methods for privacy-preserving computation prior to this work. Through the overview of OPAL's solution in the space of privacy-preserving computation, we show the implementation details of how OPAL was applied to clinical trials in a project called Open Trial Chain, a platform for clinical trial data built for analytics, security, and incentivized sharing through technologies like federated learning and blockchain. With motivated examples derived from real-world reported problems in healthcare, we also demonstrate speed, accuracy, and security metrics. In the application, Open Trial Chain can drastically reduce clinical trial costs, reduce error, and increase quality of analysis diversity. Overall, this project shows promise for further extension in other health datasets for compliance in an ever-complicated move towards regulations that reflect for conscientiousness for data security, ownership, and provenance.
by Anne Kim.
M. Eng.
M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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2

Julian, Robert F. "The role of the judge and jury in complex trials." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28172.

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This thesis examines the mode of trial concerns in the U.S.A., New York State, California, England and Wales and Canada --specifically the ability of the jury to comprehend complex cases and the perception/reality that bench trials may not be as fair as jury trials. Defining complex cases as those involving serious fraud indictments, capital murder trials, and lawsuits or indictments against corporations and their managers, the thesis examines problems associated with jury trials in such cases. It evaluates the comparative law and customs and practices regarding the use of juries, emphasizing problems with jury selection, deficits in jury deliberation and post trial problems associated with jury verdicts. The thesis also evaluates the judge only trial, attempting to determine whether a state imposed non jury trial in a criminal case as is presently proposed in the England and Wales Parliament creates an unfairness to the defendant because bench trials significantly differ from jury trials in the application of the rules of evidence and in the role of the judge. The thesis reports on the results of a survey of New York State trial judges, a like survey of New York State lawyers, and the opinions of nine England and Wales judges authorized to try serious fraud cases who were interviewed regarding these issues. The surveys and interviews finds that there is a high degree of support for jury verdicts expressed by the judges, examines evidentiary and pretrial practices in both modes of trial and attempts to evaluate whether claims of procedural flaws and prejudice in bench trials by respected academics are accurate. The thesis concludes by affirming the competence of juries to try complex cases, proposing modifications to post jury verdict procedures to evaluate jury misconduct and advocating that the bench trial evidentiary rules and conduct rules become comparable to the jury trial. The thesis recommends that mode of trial choices be given to the defendant, advocates that when a bench trial is selected that peremptory challenges of the trial judge be permitted and postulates that these reforms will make the bench trial a more attractive alternative to the jury trial in complex cases.

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3

Richert, Laura. "Trial design and analysis of endpoints in HIV vaccine trials." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22048/document.

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Des données complexes sont fréquentes dans les essais cliniques récents et nécessitent des méthodes statistiques adaptées. La recherche vaccinale du VIH est un exemple d’un domaine avec des données complexes et une absence de critères de jugement validés dans les essais précoces. Cette thèse d’Université concerne des recherches méthodologiques sur la conception et les aspects statistiques des essais cliniques vaccinaux du VIH, en particulier sur les critères de jugement d’immunogénicité et les schémas d’essai de phase I-II. A l’aide des données cytokiniques multiplex, nous illustrons les aspects méthodologiques spécifiques à une technique de mesure. Nous proposons ensuite des définitions de critères de jugement et des méthodes statistiques adéquates pour l'analyse des données d'immunogénicité multidimensionnelles. En particulier, nous montrons l’intérêt des scores multivariés non-paramétriques, permettant de résumer l’information à travers différents marqueurs d’immunogénicité et de faire des comparaisons inter- et intra-groupe. Dans l’objectif de contribuer à la conception méthodologique des nouveaux essais vaccinaux, nous présentons la construction d’un schéma d’essai optimisé pour le développement clinique précoce. En imbriquant les phases I et II d’évaluation clinique, ce schéma permet d’accélerer le développement de plusieurs stratégies vaccinales en parallèle. L’intégration d’une règle d’arrêt est proposée dans des perspectives fréquentistes et Bayesiennes. Les méthodes mises en avant dans cette thèse sont transposables à d’autres domaines d’application avec des données complexes, telle que les données d’imagerie ou les essais d’autres immunothérapies
Complex data are frequently recored in recent clinical trials and require the use of appropriate statistical methods. HIV vaccine research is an example of a domaine with complex data and a lack of validated endpoints for early-stage clinical trials. This thesis concerns methodological research with regards to the design and analysis aspects of HIV vaccine trials, in particular the definition of immunogenicity endpoints and phase I-II trial designs. Using cytokine multiplex data, we illustrate the methodological aspects specific to a given assay technique. We then propose endpoint definitions and statistical methods appropriate for the analysis of multidimensional immunogenicity data. We show in particular the value of non-parametric multivariate scores, which allow for summarizing information across different immunogenicity markers and for making statistical comparisons between and within groups. In the aim of contributing to the design of new vaccine trials, we present the construction of an optimized early-stage HIV vaccine design. Combining phase I and II assessments, the proposed design allows for accelerating the clinical development of several vaccine strategies in parallel. The integration of a stopping rule is proposed from both a frequentist and a Bayesian perspective. The methods advocated in this thesis are transposable to other research domains with complex data, such as imaging data or trials of other immune therapies

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4

Flowers, Shawn Marvin. "Pre-trial publicity: free speech versus fair trial." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5672.

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Magister Legum - LLM
News coverage of high profile criminal matters has increased in South Africa. Such matters are of public concern, as every citizen has a right to receive and impart information and to debate openly and frankly matters which are of public concern, including matters before the courts. The legitimacy of the courts is dependent on robust media reportage and public scrutiny of judicial matters which such reportage stimulates. However, criminal trials of high profile accused persons such as Oscar Pistorius, Shrien Dewani and J Arthur Brown, turn easily into a show with strong entertainment value, giving the media strong profitmaking reasons to cover it. In their pursuit of profit and in seeking to satisfy the curiosity of their readers, listeners or viewers, the media regularly resort to trial by media or adverse pre-trial publicity. Trial by media is nothing more than commercially motivated expression which does not warrant constitutional protection. At the receiving end of such coverage are accused persons. Public censure of crime and of accused persons which follows trial by media should not be imposed on the innocent. The right to a fair trial requires that an accused be treated fairly from the inception of the criminal process, from which point the person suspected of committing the crime in question is considered innocent. Any pre-trial process which implies that the accused is guilty, including any such process influenced by media reports surrounding criminal offences, violates the presumption of innocence. Despite the availability of remedies, the media in South Africa usually are not held to account for their actions and persist with adverse, biased and irresponsible pre-trial reporting. Courts have shown a tendency to protect the media in these cases, despite the effect of such reporting on the judicial process, the administration of justice and the fair trial rights of accused persons. The reason for this is usually the hesitation on the part of judges to recognise their susceptibility to extraneous matters. Judges should not be placed in a position where their independence and impartiality are questioned as a result of media sensationalism. Where the media create mistrust in the integrity of the judiciary, the rule of law is in peril.

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5

Ostler, Megan Jane. "The Triad Trial: Online Education for Coaches on the Prevention of the Female Athlete Triad." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3565.

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High school coaches play a huge role in establishing a healthy environment for their athletes and often students. The coach-°©‐athlete relationship has proven to be a strong and useful bond in prevention of adverse behaviors of athletes or in prevention of health problems such as concussions. The female athlete triad (triad) is a common health problem among female athletes. Many high school coaches are unaware of the triad or the serious health and performance consequences for their athletes. The triad is a syndrome marked by 3 interrelated adverse effects: decreased energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and decreased bone mineral density. The Purpose of this study was to develop an online educational resource aimed at educating coaches about the triad. After the online education materials were created and reviewed by small panel groups, the materials were launched online and available to the public with the aim to target high school coaches. We collected online surveys from 90 participants including coaches and parents of high school female athletes and found a lack of knowledge, attitudes, and confidence in preventing the triad. By educating coaches and providing the tools for prevention, we hypothesize that coaches can play a large role in the prevention of the triad among high school athletes and help to keep our student athletes healthy and performing well in school and sports.

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6

Purvis, Emily Dorothea. "Justice on Trial: German Unification and the 1992 Leipzig Trial." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin158835712317814.

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7

Coconis, Michel Angela. "Transcripts on trial: a comparative analysis of two Ohio capital murder trials through the use of written documentation of trial level proceedings /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148785690625709.

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8

Clark, L. J., R. Walser, and E. W. Carpenter. "Lettuce Variety Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220344.

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Eleven head lettuce varieties and four leaf lettuce varieties were grown in a replicated small plot trial on the Safford Agricultural Center in 1998. Desertgreen variety of head lettuce from Harris Moran produced a crop with the best head weight, size and firmness rating. Premiere variety followed closely behind. Of the leaf lettuce varieties tested, Saguaro Romaine produced the best quality and quantity product. Per acre yields are calculated for each variety in the study.

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9

Clark, L. J., R. Walser, and E. W. Carpenter. "Melon Variety Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220394.

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Seven cantaloupe varieties and two Honeydew melon varieties were grown in a replicated small plot trial on the Safford Agricultural Center in 1998. Varieties were picked regularly during the growing season. Yields are shown in tabular form to indicate how each variety performed during the season.

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10

Clark, L. J., R. Walser, and E. W. Carpenter. "Squash Variety Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220395.

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Five Zucchini varieties and four yellow crook/straight-necked squash were grown in a replicated small plot trial on the Safford Agricultural Center in 1998. Varieties were picked regularly during the growing season. Yields are shown in tabular form and also graphically to indicate how each variety performed throughout the season.

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11

Butler, Marvin, and Stan Heathman. "Poast/Lettuce Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221442.

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12

Pearce, Gregory T. "Negative pretrial publicity and juror verdicts testing the demand characteristics hypothesis /." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-1/pearceg/gregorypearce.pdf.

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13

Menezes, Prema Miller William C. "Is there a trial effect in HIV clinical trials? identifying who participates in clinical trials and assessing the effect of trial participation on the response to highly active antiretroviral therapy /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2061.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Feb. 17, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health." Discipline: Epidemiology; Department/School: Public Health.

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14

Wittmann, Rebecca Elizabeth. "Holocaust on trial?, the Frankfurt Auschwitz trial 1963-1965 in historical perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ63679.pdf.

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15

Ali, Myzoon. "The Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA) : promulgation of a clinical trial resource." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/509/.

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Abstract Chapter 1 provides an introduction to stroke including its current prevalence both nationally and globally, aetiology, global importance and social & financial burden. We also describe here current acute stroke management practices, the role of clinical trials in the development of therapies, the richness of data within clinical trials and changes in regulatory thinking regarding data access. We provide recommendations for the use of trial data for novel exploratory investigations of clinical trial design and epidemiological studies. In Chapter 2 we describe the establishment of the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA) to address the need for reliable data on which to plan future clinical trials. This chapter details the methodology and logistics of establishing the resource, including details of regulatory policy for data collection and use, establishment of a Steering Committee and development of a constitution to safeguard data access and use. As of June 2008, VISTA contains 28 acute stroke clinical trials and one acute stroke registry. We collated data on over 27,500 patients with either ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke. Patient age ranges from 18 to 103 years and outcome measures include Barthel Index, Scandinavian Stroke Scale, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Orgogozo Scale, and modified Rankin Scale. Medical history and onset to treatment times are readily available and computed tomography (CT) lesion data are available for selected trials. We discuss the establishment and potential uses of this resource in the context of existing stroke resources. Chapter 3 demonstrates how we utilised VISTA to investigate natural history patterns in acute stroke. There are prominent differences in stroke incidence and outcome across different geographical locations; these are not confined to the Eastern- Western axis. We aimed to examine whether there were any differences in index stroke severity, stroke risk factors, and stroke outcome between geographical locations, after adjusting for case-mix. We found that patients who were enrolled in the USA and Canada had the worst index strokes, whilst patients enrolled in Austria and Switzerland had the mildest index stroke, and better functional (p=0.023) and neurological outcome (p=0.034) at 90 days. 90 –day survival was greater in patients who were enrolled in Spain and Portugal (p<0.0001). Chapter 4 demonstrates the use of VISTA to inform stroke clinical trial design by examining the impact of early follow up on adverse event and functional outcome profiles. We aimed to assess the contribution of adverse complications unrelated to stroke, to 30 and 90- day functional outcome. If fewer ‘stroke-unrelated’ adverse events were seen at later time points, and if the absence of these events appeared to influence functional outcome, then further investigation into shortening the follow up period of clinical trials with a view to minimizing complications may be warranted. We identified idiopathic post-stroke complications (deemed to be ‘stroke- unrelated’) but their absence did not beneficially alter outcome at either 30 days (p<0.0001, adjusted OR for good outcome =0.47, 95% CI [0.26, 0.67]), or 90 days (p=0.002, adjusted OR for good outcome =0.38, 95% CI [0.14, 0.61]). We concluded that shortening the follow up period with the aim of minimizing ‘stroke-unrelated’ complications did not benefit functional outcome, however further investigation is required. Chapter 5 illustrates the use of VISTA to investigate the natural history of complications after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Treatments available for ICH remain limited. The use of haemostatic agents to promote local coagulation has had no significant benefit on outcome. However promising results from a subgroup analysis of patients from the FAST trial has raised the possibility of treatment with recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) in patients with ICH. We sought to document the natural history of complications after ICH in order to inform safety in future trials of haemostatic agents for ICH. We found that the risk of thromboembolic complications after ICH was low (4 events affecting 2% of patients). The absence of these thromboembolic complications did not significantly affect the attainment of good functional outcome (p>0.05). The occurrence of haemorrhagic expansion was common, affecting 14% of patients, and significantly influenced attainment of good functional outcome at 90 days (p= p<0.0001, adjusted odds ratio for good functional outcome=21.9, 95% confidence interval [5.5, 88.3]). Although infection occurred in 11% of patients, this did not significantly influence attainment of good functional outcome at 90 days (p=0.8). The complications encountered in this investigation and their time to onset will serve to inform prophylaxis in future ICH clinical trials. Chapter 6 describes the processes involved in drug development from phase I, first- in – man studies to phase III efficacy trials and identifies a key area in the drug development process where use of VISTA as a historical comparator resource could be of benefit: phase II studies. We detail here the types of conventional comparator groups available for use in a phase II investigation, advantages and disadvantages of using each of these comparator groups, the potential for use of historical comparators in some scenarios where use of conventional comparator groups is infeasible, and possible solutions to address the limitations associated with use of historical comparators. Chapter 7 illustrates the use of VISTA as a resource for historical comparators in the context of an acute stroke device trial conducted by a small company with limited resources. BrainsGate, the manufacturers of the NeuroPath™ Device for treatment of ischaemic stroke, sought to collaborate with the VISTA group to examine initial efficacy of their device against outcomes derived from VISTA historical comparators. We discuss the example of this device in early phase testing, where VISTA was primed for use as a resource for historical comparators. We also describe the limitations associated with the use of historical comparators, how these limitations could be overcome in practice through use of matched patients, implementation of strict eligibility criteria and use of similar follow up periods and stroke scales, as well as the measures taken to ensure the validity of results. Chapter 8 describes a collaboration with the DESTINY trial group to investigate stroke outcomes after malignant middle cerebral artery occlusion (mMCAO). The DESTINY trial examined the impact of decompressive hemicraniectomy on outcome after mMCAO, compared with randomised controls. We compared the outcomes of operated patients from the DESTINY trial with historical comparators from VISTA to determine whether the findings could be replicated and if historical comparators could be used as an alternative in a situation where a randomised controlled trial (RCT) is infeasible or unethical. We found that fewer patients in the VISTA comparator group achieved a good functional outcome by mRS at final follow up (19%), when compared with the DESTINY surgical group (47%, Chi- Square test p=0.04). This difference persisted after adjusting for baseline NIHSS (logistic regression p=0.04). Analysis of Barthel Index at final follow up revealed no significant difference between the two groups and we also found no difference in 6 month survival rates between the surgical and VISTA comparator groups (Cox Proportional Hazards model p>0.05). We concluded that for effective replication of results, the database from which historical comparators are to be drawn should cover a similar or broader spectrum of patient prognostic factors. Chapter 9 discusses the implications of the investigations described in this thesis, outlines the scope for expanding the resource and proposes areas for future research.

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16

Louden, Harper L. "Deconstructing the mock trial." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2006. http://165.236.235.140/lib/HLouden2006.pdf.

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17

Randall, William Emerson. "One-trial motor learning." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0025/MQ51453.pdf.

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18

Howe, Kimberly Palazzo. "Mechanical Ventilation Antioxidant Trial." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1112877564.

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19

Sissons, Heather T. "Overexpectation and trial massing." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.

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20

Johnson, Kelsey. "Sim-plete feeding trial /." Click here to view, 2009. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/ascisp/1/.

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21

Barstow, Ben. "Alfalfa Insecticide Trial, Coolidge." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200497.

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22

Rethwisch, Michael D. "Spring Alfalfa Insecticide Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201373.

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23

Butler, M. D., T. A. Hannon, and D. R. Howell. "Aphicide Trial on Cabbage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214162.

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24

McGrady, John, John Nelson, Mike Nichols, Phil Tilt, and Garry Hart. "International Asparagus Cultivar Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214249.

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25

McGrady, John, and Phil Tilt. "Vegetable Transplant Container Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214255.

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26

McGrady, John, John Nelson, Mike Nichols, Phil Tilt, and Garry Hart. "International Asparagus Cultivar Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214469.

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27

Butler, Marvin, and Norm Oebker. "Watermelon Variety Trial, 1989." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214473.

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28

Butler, Marvin. "Cantaloupe Variety Trial, 1991." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214488.

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29

Wilcox, Mark. "Cantaloupe Variety Trial, 1993." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214709.

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30

Clark, L. J., E. W. Carpenter, R. A. Neff, and S. T. Martin. "Sweet Corn Variety Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220396.

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Sixteen sweet corn varieties were grown in replicated small plot trials with two dates of planting at the Safford Agricultural Center in 1999. Candy Corner ranked number one and two in the early and late dates of planting, respectively, and FMX 413 ranked number one in the later date of planting study. Both varieties produced over 2,500 dozen ears per acre. Sugar readings were made and tabulated for all varieties using a portable refractometer.

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31

Butler, Marvin, and Keith Mayberry. "Cantaloupe Variety Trial, 1990." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221406.

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32

Butler, Marvin. "Watermelon Variety Trial, 1990." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221408.

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33

McGrady, John, and Phil Tilt. "International Asparagus Cultivar Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221409.

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34

Hutchison, Catherine B. "A randomised controlled trial of an audiovisual patient information intervention in cancer clinical trials." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/442.

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Introduction and background Recruitment to cancer clinical trials needs to be improved, as does patient understanding about clinical trials, to enable patients to make an informed choice about whether or not to take part. The main reason that clinically eligible patients do not take part in clinical trials is because they refuse; poor understanding of the research has been associated with patient refusal. Audiovisual patient information (AVPI) has been shown to improve knowledge/understanding in various areas of practice but there is limited information about its effect in the cancer clinical trial setting, particularly in relation to recruitment rates. Understanding the research is necessary for informed consent, and it was hypothesised that if patient understanding about clinical trials was increased with AVPI, then this could result in a reduction in the number of patients refusing clinical trials, and therefore provide an ethical approach to improving recruitment. This study aimed to test the impact of an audiovisual patient information intervention on recruitment to randomised cancer clinical trials (refusal rates), patient understanding of the information given, and levels of anxiety. Reasons for patients’ decisions about trial participation were also assessed. Method An AVPI intervention was developed that aimed to address the common misconceptions associated with randomisation and clinical equipoise, as well as improve patient understanding generally of randomised cancer trials, and of other core clinical trial informational requirements, such as voluntariness. Patients were randomised to receive either AVPI in addition to the standard trial-specific written information, or the written information alone. A new questionnaire was developed to assess patient understanding (also referred to as knowledge) in the randomised trial setting and, following testing with patients and research nurses, this was shown to be reliable and valid. Patients completed self-report questionnaires to assess their understanding (new knowledge questionnaire) and anxiety (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), at baseline and after they had made their decision about clinical trial entry, when their perceptions of the intervention, as well as factors contributing to their decision were also determined (this tool incorporated Jenkins and Fallowfield’s (2005) questionnaire which assessed reasons for accepting and declining randomised cancer trials). Results A total of 173 patients with breast cancer (65%), colorectal cancer (32%) and lung cancer (3%) were entered into the main study. The median age was 60 (range 37-92 years). There was no difference in clinical trial recruitment rates between the two groups: 72.1% in the AVPI group and 75.9% in the standard information group. The estimated odds ratio for refusal (intervention/no intervention) was 1.19 (95% ci 0.55-2.58, p=0.661). Knowledge scores increased more in the intervention group compared to the standard group (U= 2029, p=0.0072). The change in anxiety score between the arms was also statistically significant (p=0.011) with anxiety improving in the intervention arm more than in the no-intervention arm. The estimated difference in the median anxiety change score between the groups is –4.6 (95% ci –7.0 to –2.0). Clinical trial entry was not influenced by tumour type, stage of cancer, age, educational qualifications or previous research experience, however, there was a modest association with deprivation status (p=0.046) where more affluent patients were the least likely to consent to a trial. Educational qualifications and stage of cancer were independently associated with knowledge: patients who were better educated had higher levels of knowledge about randomised trials, and patients who had limited stage of cancer had higher baseline knowledge than patients with advanced cancer. Acceptability of the intervention was high with 93% of those who watched it finding it useful, and 42% stating that it made them want to take part in the clinical trial. Personal benefit and altruism were key motivating factors for clinical trial participation, with reasons for refusal being less clear. Discussion and conclusions Although the potential for AVPI to increase clinical trial recruitment rates was highlighted in the literature, in this study, AVPI was not shown to have any effect on refusal rates to randomised cancer trials. However, by improving patient understanding prior to decision making, AVPI was shown to be a useful addition to the consent process for randomised cancer trials. AVPI addresses the fundamental ethical challenges of informed consent by improving patient understanding, and supports the ethical framework integral to Faden and Beauchamp’s (1986) theory of informed consent. The new knowledge questionnaire was shown to be a sensitive and effective instrument for measuring understanding of randomised clinical trials in the cancer setting, although it would benefit from further testing. The AVPI appears to reduce anxiety at the decision making time point and has been shown to be an acceptable medium for patients. This study confirms existing findings from studies assessing factors affecting decision making, with personal benefit and altruism being key motivating factors, and reasons for refusal being less clear. The need for further qualitative work in this area is highlighted to gain a deeper understanding of what is important to patients, in terms of why they refuse clinical trial participation. Implications for practice and further research Several implications for practice have been identified, including using AVPI as part of the standard information package for patients considering randomised cancer trials, and focussing on patient and staff education in this area. The knowledge questionnaire could be introduced to routine practice as a tool to determine patient understanding prior to decision making, allowing clinicians the opportunity to correct any misconceptions prior to consent. Further research focussing on AVPI specific to individual trials would be helpful, to determine if a more customised approach would be of benefit in terms of clinical trial recruitment. The importance of studying other aspects of the consent process such as the interaction between the clinician and the patient, in addition to more detailed exploration of the factors affecting patients’ decisions were highlighted.

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35

Bloxham, Donald. "Genocide on trial : war crimes trials and the formation of Holocaust history and memory /." Oxford : Oxford university press, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb390951061.

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Texte remanié de: Ph.D.--Southampton, 1998. Titre de soutenance : The Holocaust on trial : the war crime trials in the formartion of history and memory.
Documents en annexes (verdicts du procès de Nuremberg et d'autres procès). Bibliogr. p. 233-261. Index.

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36

Choo, Andrew Li-Teik. "The relation between pre-trial executive improprieties and the outcome of the criminal trial." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7f62fb47-6a82-4197-9f30-24284f36db59.

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The issue of the implications which pre-trial police or prosecutorial improprieties should have for a criminal trial has not been the subject of serious consideration in English law. The courts have acknowledged that such improprieties may lead in certain circumstances to the exclusion of evidence or to a stay of proceedings, but have not properly identified the underlying rationales and principles. I expose the deficiencies in the existing law and indicate the path to reform. My main argument is that where pre-trial executive impropriety is established, the court should consider what I have called the principle of legitimacy. This principle is premised on a recognition that criminal justice is concerned not only with the conviction of the guilty but also with the moral integrity of the criminal process. Thus, a decision as to whether a pre-trial executive impropriety should lead to exclusion or a stay (as the case may be) should be reached by weighing (1) the public interest in the conviction of the guilty against (2) the public interest in the moral integrity of the criminal process. If (2) outweighs (1) then the evidence should be excluded or the proceedings stayed (as the case may be). The application of the legitimacy principle is discussed in detail, and the relation between exclusion and a stay is explained. I identify a number of guidelines which are of relevance to the application of the legitimacy principle, and some theoretical issues associated with the concept of judicial discretion are explored. The specific issue of the application of the legitimacy principle to determine the circumstances in which pre-trial delay by the executive should lead to a stay of proceedings is addressed. The specific problem of entrapment is also examined, and it is suggested that English law ought to recognise a defence of entrapment.

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37

Neagoe, Alexandru. "The trial and confirmation of the gospel : an apologetic reading of Luke's trial narratives." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314116.

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38

Mehta, Tapan Anil. "Treating claudication : a randomised trial." Thesis, University of Hull, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445737.

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39

Hedenström, Felix. "Trial Division : Improvements and Implementations." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211090.

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Trial division is possibly the simplest algorithm for factoring numbers.The problem with Trial division is that it is slow and wastes computationaltime on unnecessary tests of division. How can this simple algorithms besped up while still being serial? How does this algorithm behave whenparallelized? Can a superior serial and a parallel version be combined intoan even more powerful algorithm?To answer these questions the basics of trial divisions where researchedand improvements where suggested. These improvements where later im-plemented and tested by measuring the time it took to factorize a givennumber.A version using a list of primes and multiple threads turned out to bethe fastest for numbers larger than 10 10 , but was beaten when factoringlower numbers by its serial counterpart. A problem was detected thatcaused the parallel versions to have long allocation times which slowedthem down, but this did not hinder them much.
Trial division är en av de enklaste algoritmerna när det kommer till attfaktorisera tal. Problemet med trial division är att det är relativt långsamtoch att det gör onödiga beräkningar. Hur kan man göra denna algoritmsnabbare utan att inte göra den seriell? Hur beter sig algoritmen när denär parallelliserad? Kan en förbättrad seriell sedan bli parallelliserad?För att besvara dessa frågor studerades trial division och dess möjligaförbättringar. Dessa olika förbättringar implementerades i form av flerafunktioner som sedan och testades mot varandra.Den snabbaste versionen byggde på att använda en lista utav primtaloch trådar för att minimera antal ’trials’ samt att dela upp arbetet. Denvar dock inte alltid snabbast, då den seriella versionen som också användeen lista av primtal var snabbare för siffror under 10 10 . Sent upptäck-tes ett re-allokeringsproblem med de parallella implementationerna, meneftersom de ändå var snabbare fixades inte detta problemet.

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40

Huat, Bujang bin Kim. "Simulation of field trial structures." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294076.

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41

Antoniou, Miranta. "Biomarker-guided clinical trial designs." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3019460/.

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Personalized medicine is a rapidly growing area of research which has attracted much attention in recent years in the field of medicine. The ultimate aim of this approach is to ensure that the most appropriate treatment which provides clinical benefit will be tailored to each patient according their personal characteristics. However, testing the effectiveness of a biomarker-guided approach to treatment in improving patient health yields challenges both in terms of trial design and analysis. Although a variety of biomarker-guided designs have been proposed recently, their statistical validity, application and interpretation has not yet been fully explored. A comprehensive literature review based on an in-depth search strategy has been conducted with a view to providing researchers with clarity in definition, methodology and terminology of the various reported biomarker-guided trial designs. Additionally, a user-friendly online tool (www.BiGTeD.org) informed by our review has been developed to help investigators embarking on such trials decide on the most appropriate design. Simulation studies for the investigation of key statistical aspects of such trial designs and statistical approaches such as the sample size requirement under different settings have been performed. Furthermore, a strategy has been applied to choose the most optimal design in a given setting where a previously proposed clinical trial proved inefficient due to the very large sample size that was required. Statistical techniques to calculate the corresponding sample size have been applied and an adaptive version of the proposed design has been explored through simulations. Practical challenges of biomarker-guided trials in terms of funding, ethical and regulatory issues, recruitment, monitoring, statistical analysis plan, biomarker assessment and data sharing issues are also addressed in this thesis. The different biomarker-guided designs proposed so far need to be better understood by the research community in terms of analysis and planning and practical application as their proper use and choice can increase the probability of success of clinical trials which will result in development of personalised treatments in the future. Therefore, with this PhD thesis, we contribute to the knowledge enhancement of researchers regarding these studies by providing essential information and presenting statistical issues arising in their implementation. We hope that this work will help scientists to choose the right clinical trial design in the era of personalized medicine which is of utmost importance for the translation of drug development into the improvement of human health.

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42

Reed, Raymond E. "Canine Irradiated Spherule Vaccine Trial." The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/620698.

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In the early 1970s, a trial was conducted in Beagles comparing an irradiated spherule vaccine for Valley Fever against a control vaccine. The results did not show a significant difference between the vaccinated and the control dogs. Reactions to the vaccine were significant.

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43

Moser, H., G. Hart, and L. Clark. "Upland Cotton Regional Variety Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197464.

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Each year the University of Arizona conducts upland cotton variety tests to evaluate the performance of a diverse set of experimental lines and commercial varieties in Arizona. One such program is the Regional Variety Test (RVT). In 1999, we evaluated a total of 59 varieties at one or more locations in Arizona. These varieties were submitted to us for testing by 16 private seed companies and two public breeding programs. This report presents the results of the trials conducted at Maricopa, Marana, and Safford.

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Dawson, Lester, and David K. Parsons. "Alfalfa Variety Trial, Maricopa County." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200499.

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45

Farrell, Steve, David K. Parsons, and Lee J. Clark. "Field Corn Variety Trial, Duncan." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200521.

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46

Hagler, J. R. "Hybrid Onion Seed Trial, 1987." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214155.

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Successful seed production of open pollinated onion (Allium cepa L.) is difficult in Arizona. Providing adequate pollen transfer by honey bees (Apis mellifera) to ensure adequate seed set is a problem often encountered. Honey bees discriminate between onion cultivars. Onion flowers appear to be less attractive to honey bees than flowers of most competing plants. Bees may neglect the crop, particularly if another highly attractive plant species is in bloom. This honey bee discrimination has led to poor onion seed yields. This report compares seed production among five onion cultivars in Tucson, Arizona.

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47

Butler, Marvin, Mike Kilby, and Bob Rush. "Hydrogen Cyanamide Trial, 1984/1985." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215707.

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48

Mancino, C. F., D. M. Kopec, L. Salo, and R. Bermudez. "1988 Tall Fescue Variety Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215829.

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Mancino, C. F., D. M. Kopec, A. E. Ralowicz, A. Maricic, and D. Nelson. "1989 Tall Fescue Variety Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216074.

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Tall fescue is a very heat and drought tolerant, cool season turf, which can remain green throughout the year in the arid Southwest. Data are lacking on the performance of tall fescue varieties in this location. Sixty-five tall fescue entries were established in November 1987 and their performance as a home-lawn turf rated for quality, color, density, percent ground cover, pest incidence and water use. All varieties performed very well during the first seven months of 1989, but a decline in August quality was observed during summer monsoons mainly due to the incidence of large brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani L.) and record-setting high temperatures. Turf still showed signs of stress by mid-September. Turfgrass irrigation water use from 1 January to 23 September totalled 43.3 inches (1100.5 mm) and averaged 63 % of predicted evapotranspiration.

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Kopec, David M., and Jeffrey J. Gilbert. "Overseed Greens Trial 1997-1998." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216391.

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Perennial ryegrass germplasm was quicker to establish plot cover on a "Tifgreen" bermudagrass green than that of Poa trivialis when used alone. Poa trivialis alone produced lighter color turfs when compared to perennial ryegrass. Turfgrass color was generally uniform in appearance, however, within each entry. Therefore, color as a selection criteria is a matter of choice by the user. The turfgrass mixture "Catalina/Winterplay" (80% perennial ryegrass/20% Poa trivialis) was intermediate in turfgrass color. "Brightstar II" PR generally produced a dark turf throughout the growing season. For overall turfgrass quality, the perennial ryegrasses generally out performed the Poa trivialis germplasm. The mixture of "Catalina/Winterplay" produced a very dense turf, followed closely by "Turfstar Plus" PR, "95-1" PR and "PT-4" PT. ASnowbird@ PT had the least amount of living ground cover by May 31, which is desirable from a transition standpoint.

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