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Journal articles on the topic 'Trial state'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Lanni, Michael A., Michael G. Tecce, Valeriy Shubinets, Michael N. Mirzabeigi, and John P. Fischer. "The State of Prophylactic Mesh Augmentation." American Surgeon 84, no. 1 (January 2018): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481808400129.

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Prophylactic mesh augmentation (PMA) is the implantation of mesh during closure of an index laparotomy to decrease a patient's risk for developing incisional hernia (IH). The current body of evidence lacks refined guidelines for patient selection, mesh placement, and material choice. The purpose of this study is to summarize the literature and identify areas of research needed to foster responsible and appropriate use of PMA as an emerging technique. We conducted a comprehensive review of Scopus, Cochrane, PubMed, and clinicaltrials.gov for articles and trials related to using PMA for IH risk reduction. We further supplemented our review by including select papers on patient-reported outcomes, cost utility, risk modeling, surgical techniques, and available materials highly relevant to PMA. Five-hundred-fifty-one unique articles and 357 trials were reviewed. Multiple studies note a significant decrease in IH incidence with PMA compared with primary suture-only–based closure. No multicenter randomized control trial has been conducted in the United States, and only two such trials are currently active worldwide. Evidence exists supporting the use of PMA, with practical cost utility and models for selecting high-risk patients, but standard PMA guidelines are lacking. Although Europe has progressed with this technique, widespread adoption of PMA requires large-scale pragmatic randomized control trial research, strong evidence-based guidelines, current procedural terminology coding, and resolution of several barriers.

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Fares, Jawad, Deepak Kanojia, Alex Cordero, Aida Rashidi, Jason Miska, Charles W. Schwartz, Solomiia Savchuk, et al. "Current state of clinical trials in breast cancer brain metastases." Neuro-Oncology Practice 6, no. 5 (February 11, 2019): 392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nop/npz003.

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Abstract Background Breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) are the final frontier in neuro-oncology for which more efficacious therapies are required. In this work, we explore clinical trials in BCBM, and determine the shortcomings in the development of new BCBM therapies to shed light on potential areas for enhancement. Methods On July 9, 2018, we searched ClinicalTrials.gov for all interventional and therapeutic clinical trials involving BCBM, without limiting for date or location. Information on trial characteristics, including phase, status, start and end dates, study design, primary endpoints, selection criteria, sample size, experimental interventions, results, and publications were collected and analyzed. Results Fifty-three trials fulfilled the selection criteria. Median trial duration across phases ranged between 3 and 6 years. More than half of the trials were conducted in the United States. Although 94% of the trials were in early phases (I-II), 20% of patients were in phase III trials. Two phase III trials were anteceded by phase II trials that were non-randomized; one reported positive results. Approximately one-third of the trials were completed, whereas 23% of trials were terminated early; mostly due to inadequate enrollment. Only 13% of all trials and 22% of completed trials had published results directly linked to their primary outcomes. Conclusions The low number of trials and accrual numbers, the lack of diversity, and the scarcity of published results represent the main troubles in clinical BCBM research. Optimization of BCBM trials is necessary to achieve effective therapies.

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Rahamimoff, R., J. Edry-Schiller, and S. Ginsburg. "A long closed state of the synaptosomal bursting potassium channel confers a statistical memory." Journal of Neurophysiology 68, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 2260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.6.2260.

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1. The statistical properties of the bursting potassium channel from fused Torpedo synaptosomes were studied by using patch-clamp recording and time series analysis. 2. Voltage steps produce channel openings; the number of channels opening fluctuates from trial to trial. The maximal current observed in each trial is strongly dependent on the previous history of the membrane patch. Trials with no activity are frequently clumped together and so are trials with intense activity. 3. Autocorrelation analysis reveals a strong interdependence of successive responses, which is voltage dependent. 4. We propose that the strong statistical interdependence of responses to successive depolarizing pulses (the statistical "memory") is a manifestation of a long lived closed state. We speculate that this statistical memory may be of significance in frequency modulation of transmitter release.

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4

Albertsen, Peter C. "Cancer Trial Enrollment After State-Mandated Reimbursement." Journal of Urology 173, no. 2 (February 2005): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000149810.69381.55.

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Gross, C. P., V. Murthy, Y. Li, A. D. Kaluzny, and H. M. Krumholz. "Cancer Trial Enrollment After State-Mandated Reimbursement." Journal of Urology 175, no. 1 (January 2006): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)00074-1.

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Raudenbush, Stephen W., Randall P. Fotiu, and Yuk Fai Cheong. "Synthesizing Results from the Trial State Assessment." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 24, no. 4 (December 1999): 413–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986024004413.

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Raudenbush, Stephen W., Randall P. Fotiu, and Yuk Fai Cheong. "Synthesizing Results from the Trial State Assessment." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 24, no. 4 (1999): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1165371.

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Gross, C. P., V. Murthy, Y. Li, A. D. Kaluzny, and H. M. Krumholz. "Cancer Trial Enrollment After State-Mandated Reimbursement." JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96, no. 14 (July 20, 2004): 1063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djh193.

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9

Albertsen, Peter C. "Cancer Trial Enrollment After State-Mandated Reimbursement." Journal of Urology 175, no. 1 (January 2006): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005392-200601000-00093.

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10

Cole, Martin G. "Impact of Geriatric Home Screening Services on Mental State: A Systematic Review." International Psychogeriatrics 10, no. 1 (March 1998): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610298005183.

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The purpose of this report was to determine the impact of geriatric home screening services on mental state. Two computer databases, MEDLINE and HealthSTAR, were searched for relevant articles published from January 1975 to June 1997, and the bibliographies of retrieved articles were searched for additional references. Seven trials were located that met the four inclusion criteria: (a) original study; (b) published in English or French; (c) controlled trial (randomized or nonrandomized) of a geriatric home screening service; and (d) the trial included at least one measure of mental state. All trials met most of the validity criteria for intervention studies of the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Two trials reported a small effect on morale or self-perceived health and five trials reported no effect. Thus, there was little evidence that geriatric home screening services had an impact on the mental state of aged subjects.

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11

Unsworth, Nash, and Brittany D. McMillan. "Trial-to-trial fluctuations in attentional state and their relation to intelligence." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 40, no. 3 (2014): 882–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035544.

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12

Brod, Staley A. "Ingested Type I Interferon: State of the Art as Treatment for Autoimmunity." Experimental Biology and Medicine 227, no. 11 (December 2002): 981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153537020222701105.

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We have proposed a unifying hypothesis of the etiopathogenesis of autoimmunity that defines autoimmunity as a type I interferon (IFN) immunodeficiency syndrome. We have examined toxicity and potential efficacy in three phase I (type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis) and one phase II clinical trials in multiple sclerosis. In a phase I open-label trial in type 1 diabetes, ingested IFN-α preserved residual β-cell function in recent onset patients. In a second phase I trial, treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with ingested IFN-α reduced the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. In a third phase I trial in multiple sclerosis, there was a significant decrease in peripheral blood mononuclear cell IL-2 and IFN-γ production after ingesting IFN-α. In a phase II randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in multiple sclerosis, 10,000 IU ingested IFN-α significantly decreased gadolinium enhancements compared with the placebo group at month 5. Tumor necrosis factor-α and IFN-γ cytokine secretion in the 10,000 IU group at month 5 showed a significant decrease that corresponded with the effect of ingested IFN-α on decreasing gadolinium enhancements. Ingested IFN-α was not toxic in any of these clinical trials. These studies suggest that ingested IFN-α may have a potential role in the treatment of autoimmunity.

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Moffitt, K., R. D. Marsh, and C. Hudson. "The case for proactive, collaborative data-updating in a statewide cancer clinical trial matching service." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 6570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.6570.

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6570 Background Florida has the second highest cancer incidence of any state in the United States. To address Florida's growing cancer burden and the need for increased clinical trial participation, Florida Cancer Trials (FCT) launched a web-based and phone-based Clinical Trial Matching Service for the State of Florida on November 1, 2004 (operated by EmergingMed). After 2 years of monthly outreach to 96 trial sites, the FCT wanted to assess the outcome and ongoing need for intensive, grass-roots data verification activities in light of other publicly available cancer clinical trial databases. Methods On 10/23/06, FCT staff extracted all trials containing at least one Florida trial site from the PDQ and ClinicalTrials.gov (CT.gov) database. The same extraction was produced from the TrialCheck database on 11/10/06. Each database was compared to the list of active cancer clinical trials in the FCT/EmergingMed database on the same day. Every trial-site listed in the PDQ/CT.gov database, but missing from the FCT/EmergingMed database, was contacted by FCT staff to confirm the accuracy of each trial/site combination. Results PDQ/CT.gov contained 547 trials listed with Florida trial sites on 10/23/06 (the FCT/EmergingMed database contained 526 trials on the same day). On 11/10/06, the TrialCheck database listed 528 trials with Florida trial sites (the FCT/EmergingMed database contained 513 verified trials on the same day). The PDQ/CT.gov database was missing 25% of Florida's open trials, while the TrialCheck database was missing 36% of Florida's open trials. Moreover, 19% of PDQ/CT.gov's trial listings and 25% of TrialCheck's listings for Florida were erroneous. Conclusions With 25%–36% of Florida's trials missing from public databases, and 19%–25% of their current listings being false listings for Florida, the FCT continues to conclude that a grass-roots, monthly data verification schedule is necessary to maintain a cancer clinical trial database that is suitable for use in referring patients and physicians to Florida's cancer clinical trial sites. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Jain, Neha M., Alison Culley, Teresa Knoop, Christine Micheel, Travis Osterman, and Mia Levy. "Conceptual Framework to Support Clinical Trial Optimization and End-to-End Enrollment Workflow." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 3 (December 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.19.00033.

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In this work, we present a conceptual framework to support clinical trial optimization and enrollment workflows and review the current state, limitations, and future trends in this space. This framework includes knowledge representation of clinical trials, clinical trial optimization, clinical trial design, enrollment workflows for prospective clinical trial matching, waitlist management, and, finally, evaluation strategies for assessing improvement.

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15

Berghage, Robert D., Dennis J. Wolnick, E. Jay Holcomb, and John E. Erwin. "Trial Gardening in Cyberspace." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 903D—903. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.903d.

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The Internet offers many new and unique opportunities to disseminate information. The development of the World Wide Web (WWW) and information browsers like Netscap, Mosaic, and simple-to-use server software like MacHTTP provides means to allow low-cost access to information, including pictures and graphics previously unavailable to most people. The Pennsylvania State Univ. variety trial garden annually tests >1000 plants. Information is gathered on garden and pack performance, and photos of superior plants and varieties are taken. To provide wider access to this information, we have begun development of a Cyberspace trial garden on the internet. This server contains a wide variety of garden trial information developed from trials conducted in State College and Dauphin, Pa.. This server and a similar effort at Univ. of Minnesota are being constructed cooperatively. Hot links are provided between the server in Pennsylvania and the one in Minnesota, providing users with seamless access to information from both servers.

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Slivka, Dustin, Walter Hailes, John Cuddy, and Brent Ruby. "Caffeine and carbohydrate supplementation during exercise when in negative energy balance: effects on performance, metabolism, and salivary cortisol." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 6 (December 2008): 1079–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h08-093.

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The ingestion of carbohydrate (+CHO) and caffeine (+CAF) during exercise is a commonly used ergogenic practice. Investigations are typically conducted with subjects who are in a rested state after an overnight fast. However, this state of positive energy balance is not achieved during many work and exercise circumstances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the substrate use and performance effects of caffeine and carbohydrate consumed alone and in combination while participants were in negative energy balance. Male participants (n = 9; 23 ± 3 years; 74.1 ± 10.6 kg) completed 4 trials in random order: –CAF/–CHO, –CAF/+CHO, +CAF/–CHO, and +CAF/+CHO. Diet and exercise were prescribed for 2 days before each trial to ensure negative energy balance. For each trial, before and after 2 h of cycling at 50% of maximal watts, a saliva sample and a muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) were obtained. A simulated 20 km time trial was then performed. The respiratory exchange ratio was higher (p < 0.05) in +CHO trials and lower (p < 0.05) in the +CAF/+CHO trial than in the –CAF/+CHO trial. Salivary cortisol response was higher (p < 0.05) in the +CAF/–CHO trial than in any of the other trials. Muscle glycogen and heart rates were similar in all trials. Performance in the 20 km time trial was better in the –CAF/+CHO trial than in the –CAF/–CHO trial (p < 0.05), but the +CAF/+CHO trial was no better than the +CAF/–CHO trial (p > 0.05), or any of the other trials. When co-ingested with carbohydrate, caffeine increased fat use and decreased nonmuscle glycogen carbohydrate use over carbohydrate alone when participants are in negative energy balance; however, caffeine had no effect on the 20 km cycling time trial performance.

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17

TAKAHASHI, FUMIE. "Inspection by clinical trial comittee of drug and the present state of trials." Rinsho yakuri/Japanese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22, no. 1 (1991): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3999/jscpt.22.271.

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18

Le-Rademacher, Jennifer G., Ryan A. Peterson, Terry M. Therneau, Ben L. Sanford, Richard M. Stone, and Sumithra J. Mandrekar. "Application of multi-state models in cancer clinical trials." Clinical Trials 15, no. 5 (July 23, 2018): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774518789098.

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Background/aims The goal of this article is to illustrate the utility of multi-state models in cancer clinical trials. Our specific aims are to describe multi-state models and how they differ from standard survival methods, to illustrate how multi-state models can facilitate deeper understanding of the treatment effect on multiple paths along the disease process that patients could experience in cancer clinical trials, to explain the differences between multi-state models and time-dependent Cox models, and to briefly describe available software to conduct such analyses. Methods Data from 717 newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia patients who enrolled in the CALGB 10603 trial were used as an illustrative example. The current probability-in-state was estimated using the Aalen–Johansen estimator. The restricted mean time in state was calculated as the area under the probability-in-state curves. Cox-type regression was used to evaluate the effect of midostaurin on the various clinical paths. Simulation was conducted using a newly constructed shiny application. All analyses were performed using the R software. Results Multi-state model analyses of CALGB 10603 suggested that the overall improvement in survival with midostaurin seen in the primary analysis possibly resulted from a higher complete remission rate in combination with a lower risk of relapse and of death after complete remission in patients treated with midostaurin. Simulation results, in a three-state illness-death without recovery model, demonstrate that multi-state models and time-dependent Cox models evaluate treatment effects from different frameworks. Conclusion Multi-state models allow detailed evaluation of treatment effects in complex clinical trial settings where patients can experience multiple paths between study enrollment and the final outcome. Multi-state models can be used as a complementary tool to standard survival analyses to provide deeper insights to the effects of treatment in trial settings with complex disease process.

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Kaufman, Sarah Beth. "Judge and Punish: The Penal State on Trial." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 48, no. 6 (October 30, 2019): 651–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306119880196i.

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20

Ostrom, Brian J., Shauna M. Strickland, and Paula L. Hannaford-Agor. "Examining Trial Trends in State Courts: 1976-2002." Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 1, no. 3 (November 2004): 755–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2004.00023.x.

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21

Williams, Margaret. "Women's Representation on State Trial and Appellate Courts." Social Science Quarterly 88, no. 5 (December 2007): 1192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00498.x.

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22

McNulty, Craig Ryan, and Robert Andrew Robergs. "Repeat trial and breath averaging: Recommendations for research of VO2 kinetics of exercise transitions to steady-state." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 106 (2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019017.

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Multiple-breath and multiple-trial averaging have been used extensively in research of oxygen uptake kinetics to steady-state. However, specific guidelines outlining correct levels of averaging have not been discussed. The aim of this study was to assess error differences using multiple-trial and multiple-breath averaging systems, and make recommendations for future VO2 kinetics research. Eight male subjects were recruited for this study. Following a maximal cycle test to ascertain each subject’s ventilation threshold, eight identical repetition cycling exercise bouts were administered. The bouts consisted of 6-minute at 85% of the subject’s ventilation threshold. Firstly, multiple-trial and multiple-breath data were processed using traditional methods. As well, data were fit using a mono-exponential model to derive tau. Data for all levels of multiple-trial and multiple-breath methods were compared to an 8-trial and 13-breath average, respectively. Reduction in error from the 3-trial average and a 3-breath average represented ∼68% and ∼70% of total error reduction, respectively. Tau tended to increase with increasing breath averaging and decrease with increasing trial averaging. There is negligible benefit to averaging more than 3 repeat trials in VO2 kinetics research. Breath averaging beyond 3-breaths artificially increases tau.

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Elwood, Richard W. "Agreement Between Courts and SVP Evaluators in the State of Wisconsin." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 6 (March 29, 2019): 853–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854819839746.

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The study compares agreement between Department of Health Services (DHS) evaluator’s opinions and court decisions in all 132 sexually violent person (SVP) trials in Wisconsin from 2012 through 2016. Previous research on mock jurors in simulated SVP cases may not extend to real-world SVP legal proceedings. This is the first study to directly compare evaluator opinions with court decisions in actual SVP commitment cases. Trial courts found 81% of participants to be an SVP (SVP+). Courts agreed with the DHS evaluator’s opinion in 67% of the cases, which represents slight to fair agreement beyond chance. Trial courts agreed with evaluators’ SVP+ opinions far more than they did with evaluators’ SVP– (not SVP) opinions. The rates of SVP+ opinions differed widely among DHS evaluators. The implications for public policy and forensic practice are discussed.

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Schreiber, Abby Burch. "Review: The Amistad Trial and the Old State House, Connecticut’s Old State House." Public Historian 41, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2019.41.3.120.

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Schulze, Emiel, Hein A. M. Daanen, Koen Levels, Julia R. Casadio, Daniel J. Plews, Andrew E. Kilding, Rodney Siegel, and Paul B. Laursen. "Effect of Thermal State and Thermal Comfort on Cycling Performance in the Heat." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 5 (July 2015): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0281.

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Purpose:To determine the effect of thermal state and thermal comfort on cycling performance in the heat.Methods:Seven well-trained male triathletes completed 3 performance trials consisting of 60 min cycling at a fixed rating of perceived exertion (14) followed immediately by a 20-km time trial in hot (30°C) and humid (80% relative humidity) conditions. In a randomized order, cyclists either drank ambient-temperature (30°C) fluid ad libitum during exercise (CON), drank ice slurry (−1°C) ad libitum during exercise (ICE), or precooled with iced towels and ice slurry ingestion (15g/kg) before drinking ice slurry ad libitum during exercise (PC+ICE). Power output, rectal temperature, and ratings of thermal comfort were measured.Results:Overall mean power output was possibly higher in ICE (+1.4% ± 1.8% [90% confidence limit]; 0.4 > smallest worthwhile change [SWC]) and likely higher PC+ICE (+2.5% ± 1.9%; 1.5 > SWC) than in CON; however, no substantial differences were shown between PC+ICE and ICE (unclear). Time-trial performance was likely enhanced in ICE compared with CON (+2.4% ± 2.7%; 1.4 > SWC) and PC+ICE (+2.9% ± 3.2%; 1.9 > SWC). Differences in mean rectal temperature during exercise were unclear between trials. Ratings of thermal comfort were likely and very likely lower during exercise in ICE and PC+ICE, respectively, than in CON.Conclusions:While PC+ICE had a stronger effect on mean power output compared with CON than ICE did, the ICE strategy enhanced late-stage time-trial performance the most. Findings suggest that thermal comfort may be as important as thermal state for maximizing performance in the heat.

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Kisley, Michael A., and George L. Gerstein. "Trial-to-Trial Variability and State-Dependent Modulation of Auditory-Evoked Responses in Cortex." Journal of Neuroscience 19, no. 23 (December 1, 1999): 10451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.19-23-10451.1999.

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MacDonald, N., G. Kasymjanova, B. Gagnon, R. Sharma, V. Baracos, W. Droege, and H. Kreisman. "Markers of a chronic inflammatory state and trial completion: Data from cancer cachexia trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 26, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2008): 9594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.9594.

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Skea, Zoë C., Rumana Newlands, and Katie Gillies. "Exploring non-retention in clinical trials: a meta-ethnographic synthesis of studies reporting participant reasons for drop out." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e021959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021959.

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ObjectivesTo undertake a meta-ethnographic synthesis of findings from primary studies reporting qualitative data that have explored participant-reported factors influencing non-retention within a clinical trial context.DesignA systematic search and meta-ethnography was conducted for published papers (from 1946 to July 2018) that contained qualitative data from trial non-retainers.ParticipantsWe identified 11 studies reporting qualitative data from 13 trials. The studies were undertaken between 2008 and 2018. Each study included between 3 and 40 people who had dropped out from a trial, with findings from 168 people in total reported across the papers.ResultsEmergent from our synthesis was the significance of trial non-retainers’ perceptions around the personal ‘fit’ of key aspects of the trial with their personal beliefs, preferences, capabilities or life circumstances. These related to their own health state; preferences for receiving trial ‘care’; individual capabilities; beliefs about or experiences of trial medication and considerations whether trial participation could be accommodated into their broader lives. All these factors raise important issues around the extent to which initial decisions to participate were fully informed.ConclusionsTo improve retention in clinical trials, researchers should work to reduce the burden on trial participants both through the design of the intervention itself as well as through simplified data collection processes. Providing more detail on the nature of the trial interventions and what can be expected by ‘participation’ at the consenting stage may prove helpful in order to manage expectations.

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Brandenberger, L., M. Baker, D. Bender, F. Dainello, R. Earhart, J. Parsons, R. Roberts, et al. "209 Initiating a Statewide Evaluation System for Watermelons." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 478B—478. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.478b.

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During the past several years, watermelon trials have been performed in the state, but not as a coordinated effort. Extensive planning in 1997 led to the establishment of a statewide watermelon trial during the 1998 growing season. The trial was performed in five major production areas of the state including: The Winter Garden (Carrizo Springs); South Plains (Lubbock); East Texas (Overton); Cross Timbers (Stephenville); and the Lower Rio Grande Valley (Weslaco). Twenty seedless and 25 seeded hybrids were evaluated at each location. Drip irrigation with black plastic mulch on free-standing soil beds was used to grow entries in each area trial and yield data was recorded in a similar manner for each site. Results were reported in a statewide extension newsletter. Future plans include a continuation of the trial in the hope that multiple-year data will provide a basis for valid variety recommendations for watermelon producers in all areas of the state.

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Edwards, Susan. "Secretary of State for the Home Department v MB: Secretary of State for the Home Department v AF [2007] UKHL 46." Denning Law Journal 20, no. 1 (November 23, 2012): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v20i1.334.

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HUMAN SACRIFICES AT THE ALTAR OF TERRORIST CONTROLJoseph K in Franz Kafka’s The Trial is arrested and put on trial, but the evidence against him is never disclosed and so he is suspended in a legal nightmare. On December 16th 2004, the House of Lords, in A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ruled that indefinite detention of non-UK nationals, without charge or trial, was incompatible with Article 5 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). In A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department (No 2), Lord Carswell said, “…no court will readily lend itself to indefinite detention without charge, let alone trial.”

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Vargas, Nicole T., Christopher L. Chapman, Blair D. Johnson, Rob Gathercole, Matthew N. Cramer, and Zachary J. Schlader. "Thermal behavior alleviates thermal discomfort during steady-state exercise without affecting whole body heat loss." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 984–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00379.2019.

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We tested the hypothesis that thermal behavior resulting in reductions in mean skin temperature alleviates thermal discomfort and mitigates the rise in core temperature during light-intensity exercise. In a 27 ± 0°C, 48 ± 6% relative humidity environment, 12 healthy subjects (6 men, 6 women) completed 60 min of recumbent cycling. In both trials, subjects wore a water-perfused suit top continually perfusing 34 ± 0°C water. In the behavior trial, subjects maintained their upper body thermally comfortable by pressing a button to perfuse cool water (2.2 ± 0.5°C) through the top for 2 min per button press. Metabolic heat production (control: 404 ± 52 W, behavior: 397 ± 65 W; P = 0.44) was similar between trials. Mean skin temperature was reduced in the behavior trial (by −2.1 ± 1.8°C, P < 0.01) because of voluntary reductions in water-perfused top temperature ( P < 0.01). Whole body ( P = 0.02) and local sweat rates were lower in the behavior trial ( P ≤ 0.05). Absolute core temperature was similar ( P ≥ 0.30); however, the change in core temperature was greater in the behavior trial after 40 min of exercise ( P ≤ 0.03). Partitional calorimetry did not reveal any differences in cumulative heat storage (control: 554 ± 229, behavior: 544 ± 283 kJ; P = 0.90). Thermal behavior alleviated whole body thermal discomfort during exercise (by −1.17 ± 0.40 arbitrary units, P < 0.01). Despite lower evaporative cooling in the behavior trial, similar heat loss was achieved by voluntarily employing convective cooling. Therefore, thermal behavior resulting in large reductions in skin temperature is effective at alleviating thermal discomfort during exercise without affecting whole body heat loss. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of thermal behavior in maintaining thermal comfort during exercise by allowing subjects to voluntarily cool their torso and upper limbs with 2°C water throughout a light-intensity exercise protocol. We show that voluntary cooling of the upper body alleviates thermal discomfort while maintaining heat balance through convective rather than evaporative means of heat loss.

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Achten, J., S. L. Halson, L. Moseley, M. P. Rayson, A. Casey, and A. E. Jeukendrup. "Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood state." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 4 (April 2004): 1331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003.

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The aim of this study was to determine whether consumption of a diet containing 8.5 g carbohydrate (CHO)·kg-1·day-1 (high CHO; HCHO) compared with 5.4 g CHO·kg-1·day-1 (control; Con) during a period of intensified training (IT) would result in better maintenance of physical performance and mood state. In a randomized cross-over design, seven trained runners [maximal O2 uptake (V̇o2 max) 64.7 ± 2.6 ml·kg-1·min-1] performed two 11-day trials consuming either the Con or the HCHO diet. The last week of both trials consisted of IT. Performance was measured with a preloaded 8-km all-out run on the treadmill and 16-km all-out runs outdoors. Substrate utilization was measured using indirect calorimetry and continuous [U-13C]glucose infusion during 30 min of running at 58 and 77% V̇o2 max. Time to complete 8 km was negatively affected by the IT: time significantly increased by 61 ± 23 and 155 ± 38 s in the HCHO and Con trials, respectively. The 16-km times were significantly increased (by 8.2 ± 2.1%) during the Con trial only. The Daily Analysis of Life Demands of Athletes questionnaire showed significant deterioration in mood states in both trials, whereas deterioration in global mood scores, as assessed with the Profile of Mood States, was more pronounced in the Con trial. Scores for fatigue were significantly higher in the Con compared with the HCHO trial. CHO oxidation decreased significantly from 1.7 ± 0.2 to 1.2 ± 0.2 g/min over the course of the Con trial, which was completely accounted for by a decrease in muscle glycogen oxidation. These findings indicate that an increase in dietary CHO content from 5.4 to 8.5 g CHO·kg-1·day-1 (41 vs. 65% total energy intake, respectively) allowed better maintenance of physical performance and mood state over the course of training, thereby reducing the symptoms of overreaching.

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Imhof, Lorens A. "Multiple-trial conflicts and stochastic evolutionary game dynamics." Advances in Applied Probability 40, no. 04 (December 2008): 1174–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800003013.

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We consider stochastic replicator processes for games that are composed of finitely many trials. Several general results on the relation between Nash equilibria and the long-run behaviour of the stochastic processes are proved. In particular, a sufficient condition is given for almost sure convergence to a state where everyone plays in every trial a strict Nash equilibrium. The results are applied to multiple-trial conflicts based on wars of attrition and on sperm competition games with fair raffles, respectively.

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Imhof, Lorens A. "Multiple-trial conflicts and stochastic evolutionary game dynamics." Advances in Applied Probability 40, no. 4 (December 2008): 1174–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1231340169.

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We consider stochastic replicator processes for games that are composed of finitely many trials. Several general results on the relation between Nash equilibria and the long-run behaviour of the stochastic processes are proved. In particular, a sufficient condition is given for almost sure convergence to a state where everyone plays in every trial a strict Nash equilibrium. The results are applied to multiple-trial conflicts based on wars of attrition and on sperm competition games with fair raffles, respectively.

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Cohen, Thomas H., and Steven K. Smith. "Research Note: Examining Civil Trial Litigation in State Courts." Justice Research and Policy 6, no. 2 (December 2004): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3818/jrp.6.2.2004.79.

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Sanders, Rachel. "Justice at Trial: Dramatic Ironies of the Postracial State." Law, Culture and the Humanities 9, no. 1 (May 25, 2011): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1743872111400967.

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Brownstein, K. R. "Bound state variational principle employing a discontinuous trial function." Journal of Mathematical Physics 36, no. 1 (January 1995): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.531327.

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MacFarland, T., S. A. Vitiello, L. Reatto, G. V. Chester, and M. H. Kalos. "Trial shadow wave function for the ground state ofHe4." Physical Review B 50, no. 18 (November 1, 1994): 13577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.50.13577.

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Toribio, Josefa. "State Versus Content: The Unfair Trial of Perceptual Nonconceptualism." Erkenntnis 69, no. 3 (August 30, 2008): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-008-9120-3.

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Bulkin, David A., David G. Sinclair, L. Matthew Law, and David M. Smith. "Hippocampal state transitions at the boundaries between trial epochs." Hippocampus 30, no. 6 (December 3, 2019): 582–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.23180.

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Pires, Carla. "What Is the State-of-the-Art in Clinical Trials on Vaccine Hesitancy 2015–2020?" Vaccines 9, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040348.

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Background: Vaccine hesitancy is related to a delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination. Aim: to perform a systematic review of clinical trials on vaccine hesitancy (2015–2020). Methods: a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria (PRISMA). Five databases were screened—PubMed, Cochrane Library, DOAJ, SciELO and b-on—which comprise multiple resources. Keywords: “Vaccine hesitancy” and (“randomized controlled trial” or “clinical trial”). Inclusion criteria: trials about “vaccine hesitancy” enrolling patients and/or health professionals (2015–2020). Exclusion criteria: studies about other topics, repeated and qualitative studies, reviews and papers written in languages other than English, Portuguese, French or Spanish. Results: a total of 35 trials out of 90 were selected (19 PubMed, 14 Cochrane Library, 0 DOAJ, 0 SciELO and 2 b-on). Selected trials were classified into five topics: children/pediatric (n = 5); online or electronic information (n = 5); vaccination against a specific disease (n = 15) (e.g., influenza or COVID-2019); miscellaneous (n = 4); and educational strategies (n = 6). Conclusion: the provision of online or electronic information (e.g., through virtual reality, social websites of experts, or apps), communication-based interventions and training of health professionals, residents or subjects seemed to improve vaccine hesitancy.

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Kovalev, Nikolai, and Alexander Smirnov. "The Nature of the Russian Trial by Jury." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 22, no. 2 (April 11, 2014): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-22022043.

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This paper explores the legal and political role of the jury system in contemporary Russia. It aims to examine whether trial by jury is an essential right of Russian citizens (jurata patriae) or, rather, a prerogative of the state (raison d’état). The main focus of the paper is the analysis of the Russian Constitution and the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. In particular, the authors consider a recent majority decision of the Constitutional Court, which uphold the constitutionality of the law that abolished jury trials for terrorist, espionage and other crimes against the state.

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Elkin, Magdalyn E., and Xingquan Zhu. "Understanding and predicting COVID-19 clinical trial completion vs. cessation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): e0253789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253789.

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As of March 30 2021, over 5,193 COVID-19 clinical trials have been registered through Clinicaltrial.gov. Among them, 191 trials were terminated, suspended, or withdrawn (indicating the cessation of the study). On the other hand, 909 trials have been completed (indicating the completion of the study). In this study, we propose to study underlying factors of COVID-19 trial completion vs. cessation, and design predictive models to accurately predict whether a COVID-19 trial may complete or cease in the future. We collect 4,441 COVID-19 trials from ClinicalTrial.gov to build a testbed, and design four types of features to characterize clinical trial administration, eligibility, study information, criteria, drug types, study keywords, as well as embedding features commonly used in the state-of-the-art machine learning. Our study shows that drug features and study keywords are most informative features, but all four types of features are essential for accurate trial prediction. By using predictive models, our approach achieves more than 0.87 AUC (Area Under the Curve) score and 0.81 balanced accuracy to correctly predict COVID-19 clinical trial completion vs. cessation. Our research shows that computational methods can deliver effective features to understand difference between completed vs. ceased COVID-19 trials. In addition, such models can also predict COVID-19 trial status with satisfactory accuracy, and help stakeholders better plan trials and minimize costs.

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Erichsen, Jennifer, Brandon Dykstra, Mary Hidde, and Anthony Mahon. "Ratings of Perceived Exertion and Physiological Responses in Children During Exercise." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 12 (September 21, 2017): 897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-117609.

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AbstractOMNI ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and physiological responses in children (n=7 boys, 8 girls, 11.1±1.0 years) were examined during estimation (graded exercise test [GXT] and steady-state) and production (steady-state) trials on a cycle ergometer. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) was determined via a GXT with RPE estimated every 30 s. Later, two 6-min trials were completed: Participants 1) estimated RPE at ~75% of VO2peak, 2) produced a level of exertion corresponding to their RPE at ~75% of VO2peak during the GXT. Data analysis included a one-way MANOVA and a paired t-test. The target intensity during the GXT corresponded to 74.2±2.5% of VO2peak; the steady-state estimation and production trials were performed at 76.5±2.7% and 68.5±14.1% of VO2peak, respectively (p>0.05). Mean RPE at ~75% of VO2peak during the GXT and production trial was 6.7±1.5; during the steady-state estimation trial RPE was 5.8±2.0 (p>0.05). There were no differences (p>0.05) in the physiological responses. Participants estimated RPE similarly at ~75% of VO2peak during both graded and steady-state exercise, but when asked to produce a given RPE, marked variability was observed in physiological responses. These findings may have implications in optimizing exercise prescriptions for children.

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Galanter, Marc. "The Vanishing Trial: An Examination of Trials and Related Matters in Federal and State Courts." Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 1, no. 3 (November 2004): 459–570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2004.00014.x.

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Meng, Yang, Grant McCarthy, Anthony Berthon, and Jerome Dinet. "VP133 Patient-Reported Health State Utilities In Neuroendocrine Tumours." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317003828.

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INTRODUCTION:Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) are rare cancers most often found in the gastrointestinal system or the pancreas. However, patient-reported health state utilities based on clinical trials have not been previously reported in this disease area.METHODS:The CLARINET study collected the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 data from patients in both stable and progressive disease states, although data for the latter were only available during the early stage of progression due to trial design. Using published algorithms, data were mapped to EQ-5D utility values. Random-effects generalized least squares models were used to investigate the impacts of progression status, tumour site and other patient characteristics on mapped utility values.RESULTS:In total, 1,053 observations from 204 patients were mapped to EuroQol (EQ-5D) utilities using the McKenzie mapping algorithm. The final random-effects model included age, gender, baseline utility and progression status as covariates; it was not feasible to investigate time-to-death utility due to a limited number of death in the CLARINET study. Tumour location (midgut versus pancreas) does not seem to affect utility. However, the difference in utilities based on progression status is statistically significant (p<.05) in the base case analysis, and the estimated utilities for stable and progressive disease are .776 and .726, respectively. Furthermore, scenario analyses showed that utility for progressive disease is numerically lower than for stable disease, but this may not be statistically significant in some scenarios.CONCLUSIONS:Patients with GEP-NETs experience worse utility values in the progressive disease state compared to the stable disease state, based on patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQL) data from the CLARINET study. The decline of utility in the progressive disease state may be underestimated because progressive HRQL data were only collected shortly after the progression event in the trial. The estimated trial-based utilities can be used in future economic evaluations for GEP-NET treatments and to provide more insights to physicians on patient-reported quality of life outcomes in GEP-NETs.

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Wang, Daniel Wei L., and Octavio Luiz Motta Ferraz. "Pharmaceutical Companies vs. the State: Who is Responsible for Post-Trial Provision of Drugs in Brazil?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 2 (2012): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00657.x.

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This paper discusses so-called post-trial access to drugs for patients who participated in clinical trials in Brazil. Brazil is currently a relevant country for the pharmaceutical industry due to the dimensions of its actual and potential market. As a consequence, the number of pharmaceutical trials has been rising. It is the largest market for pharmaceutical companies in Latin America, the 8th biggest in the world and second only to China among the so-called BRICS’s emerging countries. The demand for pharmaceutical products in the country has been increasing by double digits over the last few years, reaching 20% in 2008. Not surprisingly, we are also witnessing a steady increase in the number of applications by national and international pharmaceutical companies before ethical research authorities for authorization to perform clinical trials of drugs.

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Tsao, Jennie C. I. "CAM for Pediatric Pain: What is State-of-the-Research?" Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3, no. 1 (2006): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nek003.

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Previously, we reviewed the evidence for the efficacy of CAM approaches for pediatric pain (volume 2; issue 2; 2005) using criteria developed by the American Psychological Association Division 12 Task Force. Our review focused on CAM modalities that had been tested with at least one controlled trial or multiple baseline study. In addition, only those trials in which children comprised the study sample were included. Thus, several CAM modalities were not included in our review. Key ethical and other reasons for the limited literature on CAM for pediatric pain as well as directions for future studies are discussed.

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Germaine, Mark, Kieran Collins, and Marcus Shortall. "The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion and Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on High-Intensity Running Performance." Sports 7, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7030063.

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The aim of the current study was to investigate whether carbohydrate mouth rinsing works synergistically with caffeine to augment high-intensity running in a fed state. Eight participants completed a total of three trials; (1) placebo (PLA) trial (placebo capsule + placebo mouth rinse), (2) caffeine (CAF) trial (400 mg caffeine + placebo mouth rinse) and (3) carbohydrate mouth rinse + caffeine (CMR + CAF) trial (400 mg caffeine + 6% carbohydrate mouth rinse). Each trial consisted of a 45 min steady-state run at 65% VO2max, followed by 90% VO2max high-intensity intervals (HIIT) at 1 min and subsequently by a 1 min recovery walking at 6 km·h−1, until exhaustion. Both CAF (46.8 ± 20.1 min) and CMR + CAF (46.9 ± 18.4 min) time to exhaustion were significantly greater than the PLA group (36.2 ± 14.8 min, p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed that there was a significant increase in time to exhaustion between PLA and CMR + CAF (p = 0.006) and PLA and CAF (p = 0.017) but not between CAF and CMR + CAF (p = 0.99). In conclusion, we provide novel data that suggest that caffeine alone would likely suffice as an ergogenic aid during high-intensity running while in a fed state.

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Trommelen, Jorn, Milou Beelen, Marjan Mullers, Martin J. Gibala, Luc J. C. van Loon, and Naomi M. Cermak. "A Sucrose Mouth Rinse Does Not Improve 1-hr Cycle Time Trial Performance When Performed in the Fasted or Fed State." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 25, no. 6 (December 2015): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0094.

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Carbohydrate mouth rinsing during exercise has been suggested to enhance performance of short (45–60 min) bouts of high-intensity (>75% VO2peak) exercise. Recent studies indicate that this performance enhancing effect may be dependent on the prandial state of the athlete. The purpose of this study was to define the impact of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on ~1-hr time trial performance in both the fasted and fed states. Using a double-blind, crossover design, 14 trained male cyclists (27 ± 6 years; 5.0 ± 0.5 W·kg−1) were selected to perform 4 time trials of ~1 hr (1,032 ± 127 kJ) on a cycle ergometer while rinsing their mouths with a 6.4% sucrose solution (SUC) or a noncaloric sweetened placebo (PLA) for 5 s at the start and at every 12.5% of their set amount of work completed. Two trials were performed in an overnight fasted state and two trials were performed 2 h after consuming a standardized breakfast. Performance time did not differ between any of the trials (fasted-PLA: 68.6 ± 7.2; fasted-SUC: 69.6 ± 7.5; fed-PLA: 67.6 ± 6.6; and fed-SUC: 69.0 ± 6.3 min; Prandial State × Mouth Rinse Solution p = .839; main effect prandial state p = .095; main effect mouth rinse solution p = .277). In line, mean power output and heart rate during exercise did not differ between trials. In conclusion, a sucrose mouth rinse does not improve ~1-hr time trial performance in well-trained cyclists when performed in either the fasted or the fed state.

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