Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trial practice – United States

Academic literature on the topic 'Trial practice – United States'

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Published: 26 July 2024
Last updated: 27 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Trial practice – United States"

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Lund, Jennifer L., Michael A. Webster-Clark, Daniel Westreich, Hanna K. Sanoff, Nicholas Robert, Jennifer R. Frytak, Marley Boyd, Shahar Shmuel, Til Stürmer, and Alexander P. Keil. "Visualizing External Validity: Graphical Displays to Inform the Extension of Treatment Effects from Trials to Clinical Practice." Epidemiology 35, no. 2 (January 30, 2023): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000001694.

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Background: In the presence of effect measure modification, estimates of treatment effects from randomized controlled trials may not be valid in clinical practice settings. The development and application of quantitative approaches for extending treatment effects from trials to clinical practice settings is an active area of research. Methods: In this article, we provide researchers with a practical roadmap and four visualizations to assist in variable selection for models to extend treatment effects observed in trials to clinical practice settings and to assess model specification and performance. We apply this roadmap and visualizations to an example extending the effects of adjuvant chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil vs. plus oxaliplatin) for colon cancer from a trial population to a population of individuals treated in community oncology practices in the United States. Results: The first visualization screens for potential effect measure modifiers to include in models extending trial treatment effects to clinical practice populations. The second visualization displays a measure of covariate overlap between the clinical practice populations and the trial population. The third and fourth visualizations highlight considerations for model specification and influential observations. The conceptual roadmap describes how the output from the visualizations helps interrogate the assumptions required to extend treatment effects from trials to target populations. Conclusions: The roadmap and visualizations can inform practical decisions required for quantitatively extending treatment effects from trials to clinical practice settings.
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Baum, Michael. "Limitations of Nonscience in Surgical Epistemology: The Second-Look Laparotomy." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 5, no. 3 (July 1989): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300007443.

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Decision-making in medicine is a very complex process that demands input both from the doctor and from the client. From the doctor's point of view, the most important component for this decision concerns the quality of evidence available that the recommended intervention is the best available in terms of both cost and benefit. Good quality evidence demands good quality science. The randomized controlled trial is the expression of this scientific process at work within medical practice. This article reviews both the rationale and the ethics of randomized controlled trials in the epistemology of surgery. The ethical dilemma is accentuated because surgery by its very nature is invasive and often irreversible. As an illustration of the scientific and ethical dilemmas arising out of randomized controlled trials in surgery, a description of the CEA directed second-look laparotomy trial in the United Kingdom is provided. This trial may be judged essential because of the clash of attitudes between surgeons in the United States and the United Kingdom. It is unlikely that the truth lies entirely with one or other national groupings of surgeons, and this randomized trial will eventually resolve a conflict of ideas to the ultimate benefit of all patients with operable colorectal cancer.
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Frelick, R. W. "The Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) story: review of community oncologists' experiences with clinical research trials in cancer with an emphasis on the CCOP of the National Cancer Institute between 1982 and 1987." Journal of Clinical Oncology 12, no. 8 (August 1994): 1718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1994.12.8.1718.

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PURPOSE To review the growth of community physicians' involvement in National Cancer Institute (NCI) clinical research trials as a significant contribution to cancer control, and to show their impact, not yet fully realized, on cancer morbidity and mortality in the United States. DESIGN Background information, based on the personal experience of participants, as well as a review of pertinent literature, portrays the evolution of the clinical research component of community oncology in the United States over the last 25 years. RESULTS Data from Community Clinical Oncology Programs (CCOPs) I and II have been used to outline some of the results of this far-reaching program. CONCLUSION The CCOP was introduced at an appropriate time to expand the clinical trial resources of the NCI, while at the same time helping community oncologists practice state-of-the-art cancer management found in the research protocols. This in turn provided improved resources to manage cancer patients, as most of them are treated in their own communities. CCOPs have also indirectly had a positive impact on the trial processes of the NCI cooperative groups and comprehensive cancer centers, and have helped to widen the scope and hasten progress in cancer-control research and practice.
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Potter, Danielle, Raven Brothers, Andrej Kolacevski, Jacob E. Koskimaki, Amy McNutt, Robert S. Miller, Jatin Nagda, et al. "Development of CancerLinQ, a Health Information Learning Platform From Multiple Electronic Health Record Systems to Support Improved Quality of Care." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 4 (October 2020): 929–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.20.00064.

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PURPOSE ASCO, through its wholly owned subsidiary, CancerLinQ LLC, developed CancerLinQ, a learning health system for oncology. A learning health system is important for oncology patients because less than 5% of patients with cancer enroll in clinical trials, leaving evidence gaps for patient populations not enrolled in trials. In addition, clinical trial populations often differ from the overall cancer population with respect to age, race, performance status, and other clinical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Working with subscribing practices, CancerLinQ accepts data from electronic health records and transforms the local representation of a patient’s care into a standardized representation on the basis of the Quality Data Model from the National Quality Forum. CancerLinQ provides this information back to the subscribing practice through a series of tools that support quality improvement. CancerLinQ also creates de-identified data sets for secondary research use. RESULTS As of March 2020, CancerLinQ includes data from 63 organizations across the United States that use nine different electronic health records. The database includes 1,426,015 patients with a primary cancer diagnosis, of which 238,680 have had additional information abstracted from unstructured content. CONCLUSION As CancerLinQ continues to onboard subscribing practices, the breadth of potential applications for a learning health care system widen. Future practice-facing tools could include real-world data visualization, recommendations for treatment of patients with actionable genetic variations, and identification of patients who may be eligible for clinical trials. Feeding these insights back into oncology practice ensures that we learn how to treat patients with cancer not just on the basis of the selective experience of the 5% that enroll in clinical trials, but from the real-world experience of the entire spectrum of patients with cancer in the United States.
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Mousaei Ghasroldasht, Mohammad, Jin Seok, Hang-Soo Park, Farzana Begum Liakath Ali, and Ayman Al-Hendy. "Stem Cell Therapy: From Idea to Clinical Practice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (March 5, 2022): 2850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052850.

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Regenerative medicine is a new and promising mode of therapy for patients who have limited or no other options for the treatment of their illness. Due to their pleotropic therapeutic potential through the inhibition of inflammation or apoptosis, cell recruitment, stimulation of angiogenesis, and differentiation, stem cells present a novel and effective approach to several challenging human diseases. In recent years, encouraging findings in preclinical studies have paved the way for many clinical trials using stem cells for the treatment of various diseases. The translation of these new therapeutic products from the laboratory to the market is conducted under highly defined regulations and directives provided by competent regulatory authorities. This review seeks to familiarize the reader with the process of translation from an idea to clinical practice, in the context of stem cell products. We address some required guidelines for clinical trial approval, including regulations and directives presented by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States, as well as those of the European Medicine Agency (EMA). Moreover, we review, summarize, and discuss regenerative medicine clinical trial studies registered on the Clinicaltrials.gov website.
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STAHN, CARSTEN, and VOLKER NERLICH. "The International Criminal Court and Co-operation: Introductory Note." Leiden Journal of International Law 21, no. 2 (June 2008): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156508005013.

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Co-operation has proved to be one of the greatest challenges in the first practice of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The Court cannot fulfil its mandate effectively without co-operation from states, international organizations, and other actors. The Prosecutor requires co-operation and assistance at various stages of proceedings (preliminary examination, investigation, judicial proceedings) in order to conduct investigations and prosecutions. The Court depends on the co-operation of states to execute the warrants of arrest and proceed to trial. In the context of its first practice, the Court has operated in situations of ongoing conflict and/or environments where the security situation is volatile. The level and modalities of co-operation were influenced by the factual and political conditions on the ground and the institutional support of other entities (e.g. the United Nations).
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Szasz, Thomas. "1. Psychiatric Justice." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, no. 6 (June 1989): 864–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.154.6.864.

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It is now widely accepted, especially in the United States, that confining lawbreakers in mental hospitals as insane, without the benefit of a real trial, rather in prisons as criminals, after a proper trial, is a recent, enlightened Western practice. Nothing could be further from the truth. The practice is not recent, enlightened, or typically Western – resembling the Oriental despotic arbitrariness towards troublesome persons much more closely than the Occidental legal respect towards persons accused of crimes. Many 19th-century cases illustrate the procedure and support my foregoing interpretation of it. The following is a typical example.
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Heilbrun, Kirk, and Greg M. Kramer. "Involuntary medication, trial competence, and clinical dilemmas: Implications of Sell v. United States for psychological practice." Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 36, no. 5 (2005): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.5.459.

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GYAMFI-BANNERMAN, CYNTHIA. "Antenatal Late Preterm Steroids: The Evolution of the ALPS Trial." Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology 67, no. 2 (April 29, 2024): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/grf.0000000000000865.

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The Antenatal Late Preterm Steroids (ALPS) trial was designed to address respiratory morbidity common in infants born late preterm. The study was published in April, 2016 and, shortly thereafter, changed clinical practice in obstetrics in the United States. The following chapter describes the ALPS trial study design in detail, including the background leading to the trial, the study outcomes, and the initial findings of the long-term follow-up study. The ALPS story would not be complete without Elizabeth Thom, PhD, who died before her time. Her brilliance largely contributed to the design of the ALPS trial.
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Smith, T. J., B. E. Hillner, N. Schmitz, D. C. Linch, P. Dreger, A. H. Goldstone, M. A. Boogaerts, et al. "Economic analysis of a randomized clinical trial to compare filgrastim-mobilized peripheral-blood progenitor-cell transplantation and autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 15, no. 1 (January 1997): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1997.15.1.5.

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PURPOSE High-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with peripheral-blood progenitor cell (PBPC) and autologous bone marrow (ABM) transplant (T) has documented survival benefits for relapsed Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Treatment costs associated with HDC and its supportive care have restricted its use both on and off clinical trial. In a prospective randomized clinical trial, filgrastim-mobilized PBPCT resulted in faster recovery of bone marrow function, with less hospitalization and supportive care than ABMT. This study was undertaken to analyze the costs of the two strategies using prospectively collected data from a randomized clinical trial that compared filgrastim-mobilized PBPCT versus ABMT. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical results and resource utilization from a randomized clinical trial that compared filgrastim-mobilized PBPCT versus ABMT following carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan (BEAM) HDC for HD and NHL are presented. The trial was performed in six centers in Germany, the United Kingdom, and Belgium. Resource utilization data were used to project costs and Massay Cancer Center (MCC) in the United States incurred the cost of treating the cohort. Costs were projected to the United States, because the economic implications to United States centers are significant, costs of care vary markedly among countries but resource utilization on this trial did not, and a randomized trial is unlikely to be performed in the United States. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients with relapsed HD or NHL underwent HDC with BEAM. The PBPCT and ABMT groups had similar short-term survival after BEAM. PBPCT patients had a shorter hospitalization (median, 17 v 23 days; P = .002), neutrophil recovery (11 v 14 days; P = .005), platelet recovery to > or = 20 x 10(9)/L (16 v 23 days; P = .02), and days of platelet transfusions (6 v 10; P < .001). Estimated costs were $8,531 for ABM harvest and $5,760 for PBPC collection, including filgrastim mobilization. The total estimated average cost was $59,314 for each ABMT patient versus $45,792 for each PBPCT patient. Cost savings of $13,521 (23%) were due to shorter hospitalizations with less supportive care. CONCLUSION PBPCT is as safe and more effective than ABMT for HD and NHL in the short term. PBPCT represents a significant cost savings due to lower autograft collection costs, shorter hospital stays, and less supportive care. The savings exceed the costs for filgrastim mobilization and PBPC collection. Actual savings will vary depending on local practice patterns, charges, and costs.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trial practice – United States"

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Heller, Gillis L. "Hepatic and renal impairment trials : FDA guidance and industry practice /." Thesis, View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38030548.

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Hockin, Jennifer. "Knowledge, perceptions and practices of risk-based monitoring among clinical practitioners in the United States." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7017.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
This study investigated the current knowledge, perceptions, and practices of Risk-Based Monitoring (RBM) using written and verbal responses to an ethics review board approved questionnaire. Responses were collected from individuals involved in the practice, oversight, and implementation of clinical trial monitoring in the USA. RBM was viewed as a positive force with a bright future. However the results suggested that a renewed focus on change management strategies is needed to ensure RBM practices penetrate all levels of clinical trial management. The site sponsor/site operational relationship was identified as a key RBM component. Shortcomings in this relationship were identified as significant operational barriers to effective RBM practice. Respondents indicated that current RBM training efforts were lacking. Because RBM is new and its practices deviate significantly from the past total monitoring efforts, both industry and the clinic need to work harder to ensure that everyone involved in clinical trial monitoring understands these differences. Fortunately, overcoming the identified barriers will not require massive changes to current RBM practice. By refocusing efforts on the sponsor/CRO and investigative sites to attain RBM governance, develop quality control plans, institute an optimal RBM platform, and improve training, the true promise of RBM is within reach. Each of these are critical pieces to an effective RBM implementation methodology and correcting initial stumbles in their implementation can assure the RBM future is as promised.
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Ustad, Karen L. (Karen Lee). "Standardization of the Assessment of Competency to Stand Trial." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278831/.

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Evaluations of the Georgia Court Competency Test - Mississippi Version Revised (GCCT-MSH) and the Competency Screening Test (CST) have supported their use with pretrial defendants. The present study evaluated the efficacy of the measures with an inpatient population. Both measures were factor analyzed in an attempt to replicate; previously identified factor structures. Neither factor structure was replicated however, a distinct factor structure was identified for the GCCT-MSH. In addition, the relationship between sociodemographic variables, clinical variables, current symptomatology, and competency status were evaluated using discriminant functions analyses. The results suggest that the best predictors of incompetency in this sample are a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder or a non-psychotic affective disorder and a low measured IQ. Current symptomatology, as measured by the SCL-90-R, was not an effective predictor of competency status in this sample.
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Latham, Evelyn Hartzell. "The electoral college system for the election of the President of the United States on trial." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2192.

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This thesis briefly reviews the content of Article II, section 1 of the Constitution which established the Electoral College (modified by Amendment XII), and the principel reform plans that have developed over the years. The reform efforts are examined, together with their possible effects on the entire political system.
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Dexter, Hedy Red. "In search of the fair jury : does extended voir dire remedy the effects of pretrial publicity?" FIU Digital Commons, 1990. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2787.

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The present study asked two important questions: Does prejudicial pretrial publicity produce bias which may impair juror objectivity and, if it does, can voir dire remedy its untoward effects? Subjects were 68 college undergraduates whose political attitudes had been assessed and who had or had not read case-specific pretrial publicity one week before viewing a murder trial. Trial proceedings took place at the University of Miami law school. Voir dire, trial viewing, and deliberations were conducted in UM's moot courtroom. As predicted, analyses revealed main effects for both voir dire and pretrial publicity such that pretrial publicity increased conviction rate and the extended voir dire decreased conviction rate, but the extended voir dire failed to reduce the specific prejudicial effect of pretrial publicity. These findings suggest that prejudgment of a general nature (e.g., confusion about legal concepts) may be neutralized by an extended voir dire but that prejudice specifically created by exposure to inflammatory news stories is not offset by an extended voir dire format. There is reason to believe, however, that with more time spent explaining case facts and with greater attention to individual jurors, voir dire could eliminate even the specific prejudice created by pretrial publicity.
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Ball, Heather L. "Caucasian Teachers of Native American Students: The Interplay of Ideology and Practice." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2011. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BallHL2011.pdf.

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Clark, V. Allen. "Enrollment Management in Higher Education: From Theory to Practice." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2651/.

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This study investigated enrollment management practices found in higher education. The research identified enrollment management and retention practices described in the higher education literature. These suggested practices were incorporated into a sixty-six question survey that was distributed to a random sample of colleges and universities taken from the 1999 US News and World Report of college rankings. The survey data were used to identify which of the suggested enrollment management practices were of greatest utility. First, the sixty-six items were grouped into 14 categories of enrollment management strategies. Second, the institutional responses for each category were averaged and then correlated with each institution's graduation rate. Finally, each institution's "yes" responses for the entire survey were totaled and correlated with each institution's graduation rate. This study developed a list of the 26 most frequently used enrollment management practices in higher education, and as well, identified the 10 least used enrollment management practices. Given the results of this study graduation rate is not a sufficient criterion to assess enrollment management practices at a college or university. Enrollment management strategies contribute to many institutional and student outcomes; thus, multiple indicators are required to accurately evaluate enrollment management practices.
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Wanamaker, Pamela Christine Mansir. "'One nation under God': the pledge of allegiance as a ritual practice in American civil religion." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15884.

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Bibliography: pages 103-109.
This document suggests and then illustrates a neglect in the study of American civil religious ritual. It argues that a primary carrier for American civil religion has been the public school system and that one vehicle used in the task of perpetuating the American identity has been the civil religious ritual of saying the Pledge of Allegiance which most American school children routinely perform at the start of each school day. The methodological approach used in this study of the Pledge ritual is a process analysis formulated by Ronald Grimes which combines the concern of sociology with that of history. Three key questions are dealt with: the process of change (a historical study); the social process effecting the ritual (this centers on the legal conflicts) and the processes which the ritual affect (this concentrates on grassroots responses to the ritual and the power, positive or negative, which it generates. The negative power behind the ritual is a dynamic force which has left its mark in the legislature of the country and in the attitude of the adult population towards the Pledge of Allegiance. This paper identifies and explains four motivators which underlie much of the ritual processing, namely, consensus, conflict, crisis and control. It concludes that the Pledge of Allegiance ritual is a dynamic force which reflects the growth and development of the civil-religious dimension of the American nation.
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TIEDEMANN, MARJORIE LORA. "EDUCATIONAL AND CURRICULAR FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICIAN PRACTICE LOCATION." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184120.

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The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between educational and curricular factors and physician location decisions. As a background to the study, a literature search traced the history of medical education in the U.S., focusing on various influences on physician distribution. In the research on physician location decision, this study is unique in its use of the constant comparative method. This method is an inductive approach developed and refined by Glaser and Strauss, used in this study to generate theory regarding the role of educational factors in physician location decisions. In this research, two groups of physicians who completed training after 1965 were selected for study, based on their locations in distinctly different practice settings in Arizona: urban and rural. An open-ended interview format was developed, and each physician was interviewed, with data analysis beginning during the first interview and continuing through the entire period of data collection. Using the constant comparative method, similar groups (rural physicians) were compared to bring out basic properties of categories, and different groups (urban physicians) were then compared to establish boundaries of applicability of the theory. As the interviews proceeded a basic theoretical framework emerged, enabling development of a grounded theory of physician location decisions. The study presents strong empirical evidence in support of the proposition that educational factors are influential in the decision of a physician to enter practice in a rural area. Four primary influences were identified: faculty role modeling, participation in rural clerkships, preceptorships, or required family practice rotations, service activities related to health care for medically underserved populations, and education in a non-traditional setting, or residency training in a rural area. Curriculum content and requirements take on major significance when these influences are subsumed under the major influence of socialization. The extent to which these educational factors play a role in the practice locations of physicians varies according to educational opportunities available during the training period.
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Morgan, Steven A. "The Mini-Trial : a valuable alternative dispute resolution tool for the United States Navy." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA340947.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1997.
"December 1997." Thesis advisor(s): David V. Lamm, Mark W. Stone. Includes bibliographical reference (p. 127-131). Also available online.
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Books on the topic "Trial practice – United States"

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Dubin, Lawrence. Trial practice. Cincinnati: Anderson Pub. Co., 1991.

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D, Blanchard Roderick, and Blanchard Roderick D, eds. Litigation and trial practice. 6th ed. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2007.

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Haydock, Roger S. Trial: Theories, tactics, techniques. St. Paul, Minn: West Pub. Co., 1991.

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Division, United States Dept of Justice Felony Trial. Trial manual. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Division, 1988.

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O, Sonsteng John, ed. Trial: Advocacy before judges, jurors, and arbitrators. 3rd ed. St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West, 2004.

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C, Larkin Christopher, Kirkpatrick Richard L. 1954-, and Practising Law Institute, eds. Navigating Trademark Trial and Appeal Board practice. New York, NY: Practising Law Institute, 2001.

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Brill, Steven. Trial by jury. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.

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On trial: Lessons from a lifetime in the courtroom. New York: Alm Pub., 2001.

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Bright, Myron H. Objections at trial. 4th ed. New York: Lexis Pub., 2001.

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Bright, Myron H. Objections at trial. Boulder, Colorado: National Institute for Trial Advocacy, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trial practice – United States"

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McMullen, Ronald. "United States." In Modern Diplomacy in Practice, 189–224. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26933-3_10.

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Goetcheus, Cari. "United States." In Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Practice, 188–95. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315203119-21.

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Holley, Karri A. "United States." In Doctoral Examination: Exploring Practice Across the Globe, 177–86. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003197706-20.

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Kennedy, William, and Lionel D. Edwards. "United States Regulations." In Principles and Practice of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 409–21. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444325263.ch34.

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Ghosh, Shubha. "Patent Exhaustion on Trial in the United States." In Global Governance of Intellectual Property in the 21st Century, 51–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31177-7_4.

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Abramson, Leslie W. "Extradition in The United States." In The European Arrest Warrant in Practice, 377–96. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-563-6_20.

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Frase, Richard S. "Fair Trial Standards in the United States of America." In The Right to a Fair Trial, 31–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60274-0_2.

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Cutrona, Cheryl. "Community Mediation in the United States." In Clinical Sociology: Research and Practice, 69–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2885-1_5.

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van Terheyden, Nick. "Radiological Reporting in the United States." In Radiological Reporting in Clinical Practice, 109–25. Milano: Springer Milan, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0682-9_16.

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Husain, Altaf, Fatima Y. Mirza, and Taqi Tirmazi. "Muslim Youth in the United States." In Radicalisation, Extremism and Social Work Practice, 48–69. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367824358-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Trial practice – United States"

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McGilvray, Kirk C., Amy S. Lyons, A. Simon Turner, Vikas V. Patel, and Christian M. Puttlitz. "Kinetic and Biomechanical Testing of Two-Level Cervical Disc Replacement." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175338.

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Cervical disc replacement has become an increasingly common practice in Europe and several disc designs are currently being evaluated via clinical trial for regulatory approval in the United States. The majority of these procedures have been performed at one level in the absence of adjacent level fusion. However, recent conference proceedings have reported on multi-level implantations of these devices. Numerous literature accounts have reported on the in vitro kinetics and kinematics of these devices that have generally shown motion equivalence to the intact spine when implanted at one level. The current study seeks to build upon this previous work by investigating the kinetics associated with two-level disc replacement. In addition, we investigated the implications of a minimally invasive two-level salvage procedure that would involve direct plating over an implanted disc prosthesis while maintaining the disc replacement at an adjacent level.
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Kirmaci, A., D. Guner, K. Karadeniz, and T. Sherizadeh. "Distinct Element Analysis of Various Structural Element Responses for Coal Rib Support Simulation." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0782.

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ABSTRACT Understanding the bolt responses for the efficacy of bolt performance during coal rib support applications plays a key role in controlling the stability of underground coal mine openings. Conducting pull-out tests is imperative to gain a better understanding of these responses. Field conditions such as block volume and degree of cleating may significantly impact bolt performance. These field conditions can be efficiently implemented in numerical modeling approaches, and selecting a proper structural element type for these numerical studies is crucial. This study developed a pull-out test model and compared the performance of structural elements as support members in the coal rib model using 3DEC, a three-dimensional distinct element-based numerical modeling code. This study covered commonly utilized cable, pile, and hybrid structural elements in rib models with explicitly introduced face cleats. The bolt response of numerical models was calibrated with the field data showing the load-displacement response of a pull-out test. Comparing the rib models with these structural elements showed that hybrid structural elements demonstrated better agreement with the field observation as they can simulate the reaction to shearing along the discontinuities by inducing bending stresses. The impact of support density on rib stability is also presented in this study. INTRODUCTION The fact that injuries and fatalities linked to rib failure persist in underground coal mines, despite measures taken to ensure rib stability emphasizes the urgent need to develop and validate support systems that can effectively reduce coal rib failures. Currently, there is no standard practice for coal rib supports that can effectively address the diverse range of conditions encountered in coal mines across the United States (Guner et al., 2023). That leaves mine operators with no option but to rely on trial-and-error or industrial legacy practices. The severity of rib instabilities as a ground control hazard in underground coal mines is highlighted by the average annual fatality rate caused by coal rib failures, which remained at 1.6 between 2009 and 2022, as reported by MSHA (2022). Although coal rib failures pose a significant risk to the safety of the miners, there is limited information on these events and how rib support can mitigate them. Therefore, conducting studies to analyze the current rib support strategies and reduce injuries and fatalities resulting from rib failures in the coal mining industry is essential.
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Galily, Daniel. "The theory of nineteenth-century American pragmatism." In 9th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade - Serbia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.09.11105g.

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The purpose of this overview is to give a short introduction to the ideas and activities of nineteenth-century American pragmatism theory for a philosophy conference at the BEN Science Institute in Bulgaria. Pragmatism is a philosophical theory that sees thought as a tool and device for predicting, solving problems and planning action. The philosophy of pragmatism addresses the practical consequences of ideas by examining them in the light of human experience, so that the truth of a claim is determined by practical results and the utility it serves. Pragmatism began in the United States around 1870 by Charles S. Pierce. In addition to Peirce, philosophers such as William James and John Dewey who were members of the “Metaphysical Club” held at Cambridge University in the late 19th century (where the theory was formulated) helped to develop its principles. By reviewing the theory of pragmatism, we must concentrate on the Pragmatic Maxim, the rule for clarifying ideas, which for both Peirce and James, was the core of pragmatism. Another important idea in the theory is Skepticism and fallibilism. This idea claims, according to Pierce, that we should try to doubt propositions and keep them only if they are with absolutely certainty and there is no way to doubt them. The test of certainty, as Peirce points out, lies in the individual mind: trial by doubt is something each must do for himself, and the examination of our beliefs is guided by reflection on hypothetical possibilities: we cannot trust our perceptual beliefs. For example, because we cannot rule out the possibility that they were created by a dream or by evil scientists manipulating our minds. The more we try to avoid errors, the more likely we are to miss truths; And the more effort we put into searching for truths, the more likely we are to introduce errors. The doubt method may make sense in the special case where enormous weight is given to avoiding mistakes, even if it means losing truth. Once we recognize that we are making a practical decision about the relative importance of two good options, the Cartesian strategy no longer seems the only rational one. Inquiry, as already suggested, is pragmatic accounts of the normative standards to which we must act in arriving at beliefs about the world cast in terms of how we can conduct inquiries in a disciplined, self-controlled manner. That is, our ability to think about external things and constantly improve our understanding of them is based on our experience. It would be wrong to conclude that pragmatism is limited to the United States or that the only important pragmatist thinkers were Peirce, James, and Dewey. Richard Rorty has described his philosophy as “pragmatist” on several occasions - what pragmatists teach us about truth, he tells us, is that there is nothing very systematic or constructive to say about truth at all.
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Nikolaou, S., J. E. Go, C. Z. Beyzaei, C. Moss, and P. W. Deming. "Geo-Seismic Design in the Eastern United States: State of Practice." In GeoCongress 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412138.0030.

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Hoan, Le Xuan, Hans Hanson, Magnus Larson, Shigeru Kato, and Shin-ichi Aoki. "Modeling Regional Sediment Transport and Barrier Elongation on Long Island Coast, United States." In Conference on Coastal Engineering Practice 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41190(422)39.

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Sedat, Robert, and Jerry Gann. "Controlling Pitch to Save Fuel." In SNAME 10th Propeller and Shafting Symposium. SNAME, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/pss-2003-14.

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The United States Coast Guard R&D Center and Naval Surface Warfare Center have developed an analytical method to determine the most fuel-efficient combination of throttle and pitch settings for any desired speed through the water. Most control systems for controllable pitch propellers have a pre-determined pitch setting associated with each throttle position. This is often a somewhat arbitrary linear pitch ramp-up at lower throttle positions, followed by a constant pitch at all higher throttle positions. This pitch schedule does not generally give the best possible foe/ efficiency. Under the method recommended here, standard calculations for HP and RPM are performed at various speeds and pitches. Lines of constant speed are then plotted on an engine map, along with lines of constant fuel rate from engine bench tests. It is then possible to determine where each line of constant speed achieves the lowest fuel consumption. The corresponding throttle and pitch settings can then be programmed into a software-based control system to implement the most fuel-efficient pitch schedule. Analyses are presented for a diesel-powered US Coast Guard WLB, a USCG High Endurance Cutter operating in gas turbine mode, and for a gas turbine-powered US Navy CG-47 Guided Missile Cruiser. Fuel savings relative to current practice are presented, and the most fuel-efficient operating modes (e.g. trail shaft, split plant, and full plant) for various speed ranges are readily apparent. The method also gives some insight for non-CPP vessels on the economic implications of selecting a particular fixed-pitch propeller. The paper also includes some discussion on the selection of appropriate service margins.
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Sparkling, Anthony E., Ha Kyun Ju, and Kyubyung Kang. "State of Practice in Electrical Contracting and Infrastructure Opportunities in the United States." In Construction Research Congress 2024. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784485286.047.

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Cahalan, Susan, Yee Cho, Kathleen Campbell, and Matthew Kwan. "Geothermal Energy: Sustainability, Climate Change, and State of the Practice in the United States." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41173(414)91.

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Denavit, Mark D., Jerome F. Hajjar, Tiziano Perea, and Roberto T. Leon. "Seismic Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Frame Structures and Design Practice in the United States." In International Conference on Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479735.041.

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"THE PRACTICE OF APPLYING THE SYSTEM OF DEFINED BENEFIT PENSION PLANS IN THE UNITED STATES." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-2-182/186.

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Reports on the topic "Trial practice – United States"

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Brink, Malia, Pamela Metzger, and Jiacheng Yu. How to Solve the Initial Appearance Crisis. SMU Dedman School of Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/dc.11.

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Across the United States, people are arrested and held behind bars for days, weeks, and sometimes even months, without ever seeing a judge or attorney. These delays violate the United States Constitution’s promise that an arrested person—who is innocent unless proven guilty—will have prompt access to the courts, the assistance of counsel, and a fair and speedy trial. These due process milestones begin at initial appearance: the first time an arrested person sees a judge about their case. At an initial appearance, the judge should inform an arrested person of the charges against them. The judge should also make an informed decision about whether, and under what conditions, to release a person from jail pending trial. The judge should hold this initial appearance promptly after arrest, and an attorney should advocate for the arrested person. Too often, none of these things happen. This policy brief outlines five best legal practices for jurisdictions to honor the United States Constitution and protect the rights of all arrested people. In addition to detailing each best practice, the publication outlines strategies for success that jurisdictions can use when implementing these vital policies.
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Lazonick, William. Investing in Innovation: A Policy Framework for Attaining Sustainable Prosperity in the United States. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp182.

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“Sustainable prosperity” denotes an economy that generates stable and equitable growth for a large and growing middle class. From the 1940s into the 1970s, the United States appeared to be on a trajectory of sustainable prosperity, especially for white-male members of the U.S. labor force. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing proportion of the U.S labor force has experienced unstable employment and inequitable income, while growing numbers of the business firms upon which they rely for employment have generated anemic productivity growth. Stable and equitable growth requires innovative enterprise. The essence of innovative enterprise is investment in productive capabilities that can generate higher-quality, lower-cost goods and services than those previously available. The innovative enterprise tends to be a business firm—a unit of strategic control that, by selling products, must make profits over time to survive. In a modern society, however, business firms are not alone in making investments in the productive capabilities required to generate innovative goods and services. Household units and government agencies also make investments in productive capabilities upon which business firms rely for their own investment activities. When they work in a harmonious fashion, these three types of organizations—household units, government agencies, and business firms—constitute “the investment triad.” The Biden administration’s Build Back Better agenda to restore sustainable prosperity in the United States focuses on investment in productive capabilities by two of the three types of organizations in the triad: government agencies, implementing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and household units, implementing the yet-to-be-passed American Families Act. Absent, however, is a policy agenda to encourage and enable investment in innovation by business firms. This gaping lacuna is particularly problematic because many of the largest industrial corporations in the United States place a far higher priority on distributing the contents of the corporate treasury to shareholders in the form of cash dividends and stock buybacks for the sake of higher stock yields than on investing in the productive capabilities of their workforces for the sake of innovation. Based on analyzes of the “financialization” of major U.S. business corporations, I argue that, unless Build Back Better includes an effective policy agenda to encourage and enable corporate investment in innovation, the Biden administration’s program for attaining stable and equitable growth will fail. Drawing on the experience of the U.S. economy over the past seven decades, I summarize how the United States moved toward stable and equitable growth from the late 1940s through the 1970s under a “retain-and-reinvest” resource-allocation regime at major U.S. business firms. Companies retained a substantial portion of their profits to reinvest in productive capabilities, including those of career employees. In contrast, since the early 1980s, under a “downsize-and-distribute” corporate resource-allocation regime, unstable employment, inequitable income, and sagging productivity have characterized the U.S. economy. In transition from retain-and-reinvest to downsize-and-distribute, many of the largest, most powerful corporations have adopted a “dominate-and-distribute” resource-allocation regime: Based on the innovative capabilities that they have previously developed, these companies dominate market segments of their industries but prioritize shareholders in corporate resource allocation. The practice of open-market share repurchases—aka stock buybacks—at major U.S. business corporations has been central to the dominate-and-distribute and downsize-and-distribute regimes. Since the mid-1980s, stock buybacks have become the prime mode for the legalized looting of the business corporation. I call this looting process “predatory value extraction” and contend that it is the fundamental cause of the increasing concentration of income among the richest household units and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities for most other Americans. I conclude the paper by outlining a policy framework that could stop the looting of the business corporation and put in place social institutions that support sustainable prosperity. The agenda includes a ban on stock buybacks done as open-market repurchases, radical changes in incentives for senior corporate executives, representation of workers and taxpayers as directors on corporate boards, reform of the tax system to reward innovation and penalize financialization, and, guided by the investment-triad framework, government programs to support “collective and cumulative careers” of members of the U.S. labor force. Sustained investment in human capabilities by the investment triad, including business firms, would make it possible for an ever-increasing portion of the U.S. labor force to engage in the productive careers that underpin upward socioeconomic mobility, which would be manifested by a growing, robust, and hopeful American middle class.
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Lynne, Rex D. Relocate GTMO Detainees to Stand Trial in the United States. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada553126.

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Schwabe, Paul D., David J. Feldman, Donald E. Settle, and Jason Fields. Wind Energy Finance in the United States: Current Practice and Opportunities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1374963.

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Goss, John R., and III. Teaching at the United States Army War College. Philosophy, Practice, and Resources AY 2000. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada376297.

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Wagner, Jesse, Hanan Aboumatar, and Jonathan R. Treadwell. Engaging Family Caregivers with Structured Communication for Safe Care Transitions. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepc_mhs4engaging.

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Objectives. To summarize recent relevant literature on patient safety practices (PSPs) focused on engaging family caregivers with structured communication during care transitions and assess the effectiveness of these PSPs to improve safety during care transitions. This review provides information for clinicians, health system leaders, and policymakers to better inform approaches to engaging family caregivers with structured communication to improve safety during care transitions. Methods. We followed rapid review processes provided by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for eligible studies published in 2010 through June 30, 2023, supplemented by targeted gray literature searches and review of reference lists in relevant systematic reviews. We used prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria to assess relevant studies conducted in the United States that analyzed the effect of structured communication on care transitions with family caregivers. Prespecified clinical and patient-related outcomes included healthcare utilization, symptom exacerbation, quality of life, satisfaction, and unintended harms, among others. Findings. We identified 323 unique citations for possible inclusion; we assessed 86 full-text articles for inclusion. We included nine studies on effectiveness (2 randomized controlled trials, 6 pre-post studies, and 1 single-arm study) which assessed PSPs focused on discharge to home, transfers from intensive care units, and transitions from residential care. In residential treatment facility discharges, we found PSPs improved caregiver satisfaction (low strength of evidence [SOE]). We found insufficient evidence of other PSPs on any other included outcomes. Five studies detailed implementation facilitators, and two studies noted specific barriers to PSP implementation. While no studies specifically reported the resources required to implement PSPs, based on study descriptions, we identified four prominent resource considerations: (1) allocated time for pre-implementation intervention development and staff training; (2) designated time to deliver PSPs to family caregivers; (3) technology-based resources; (4) staff-expertise/addition training for designated roles. None of the studies reported rates of unintended harms. Conclusions. Clear communication with patients and caregivers during care transitions is important, but there is little evidence on the effectiveness of these PSPs. Included studies showed improvement in caregiver satisfaction, but more high-quality research is needed to assess the effectiveness of PSPs and unintended harms.
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Walker, Brooke, Douglas Krafft, Brian McFall, Hande McCaw, and Scott Spurgeon. Current state of practice of nearshore nourishment by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45280.

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This US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) special report prepared by the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, provides an overview of the current state of practice for nearshore nourishment with dredged sediment. This special report was completed with responses and input from professionals across the dredging and placement teams from each of the USACE Coastal and Great Lakes districts, providing comprehensive overviews of the decision trees these districts utilize in the placement of their dredged sediment. This report describes the general practice of nearshore nourishment, the impediments and concerns faced by nearshore nourishment projects, and the practical methods utilized by the Coastal and Great Lakes districts for their nearshore nourishment projects. Understanding the current state of practice, along with the general and specific impediments the districts face, enables further research in and development of best practices for use across the USACE and better communication of the practice to other stakeholders.
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Cantor, Amy G., Rebecca M. Jungbauer, Andrea C. Skelly, Erica L. Hart, Katherine Jorda, Cynthia Davis-O'Reilly, Aaron B. Caughey, and Ellen L. Tilden. Respectful Maternity Care: Dissemination and Implementation of Perinatal Safety Culture To Improve Equitable Maternal Healthcare Delivery and Outcomes. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer269.

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Objective. To summarize current research defining and measuring respectful maternity care (RMC) and evaluate the effectiveness of RMC and implementation strategies to improve health outcomes, particularly for populations at risk for health disparities. Data sources. Ovid MEDLINE®, Embase®, and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to November 2022 and SocINDEX to July 2023; manual review of reference lists and responses to a Federal Register Notice. Review methods. Dual review of eligible abstracts and full-text articles using predefined criteria. Data abstraction and quality assessment dual reviewed using established methods. Systematic evaluation of psychometric studies of RMC tools using adapted criteria. Meta-analysis not conducted due to heterogeneity of studies and limited data. Results. Searches identified 4,043 unique records. Thirty-seven studies were included across all questions, including the Contextual Question (CQ). Twenty-four validation studies (3 observational studies, 21 cross-sectional studies) evaluated 12 tools for measuring RMC. One randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluated RMC effectiveness. There were no effectiveness trials from settings relevant to clinical practice in the United States and no studies evaluating effectiveness of RMC implementation. For the CQ, 12 studies defined 12 RMC frameworks. Two types of frameworks defined RMC: (1) Disrespect and Abuse (D&A) and (2) Rights-Based. Components of D&A frameworks served as indicators for recognizing mistreatment during childbirth, while Rights-Based frameworks incorporated aspects of reproductive justice, human rights, and anti-racism. Overlapping themes from RMC frameworks included: freedom from abuse, consent, privacy, dignity, communication, safety, and justice. Tools that measured RMC performed well based on psychometric measures, but no single tool stood out as the best measure of RMC. The intrapartum version of the Mother’s Autonomy in Decision-Making (MADM), Mothers On Respect index (MORi), and the Childbirth Options, Information, and Person-Centered Explanation (CHOICES) index for measuring RMC demonstrated good overall validity based on analysis of psychometric properties and were applicable to U.S. populations. The Revised Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ-2) demonstrated good overall validity for measuring childbirth experiences and included RMC components. One fair-quality RCT from Iran demonstrated lower rates of postpartum depression at 6-8 weeks for those who received RMC compared with controls (20% [11/55] vs. 50% [27/54], p=0.001), measured by the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. No studies evaluated any other health outcomes or measured the effectiveness of RMC implementation strategies. Conclusions. RMC frameworks with overlapping components, themes, and definitions were well described in the literature, but consensus around one operational definition is needed. Validated tools to measure RMC performed well based on psychometric measures but have been subject to limited evaluation. A reliable metric informed by a standard definition could lead to further evaluation and implementation in U.S. settings. Evidence is currently lacking on the effectiveness of strategies to implement RMC to improve any maternal or infant health outcome.
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Miller Juve, Amy. Reflective Practice and Readiness for Self-directed Learning in Anesthesiology Residents Training in the United States. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.235.

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Harris, John L. Seismic Practice Needs for Buildings and Lifeline Infrastructure Located in the Central and Eastern United States. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.gcr.23-041.

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