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Journal articles on the topic "Trial practice Australia"
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Walters, Judi, Kate Light, and Nathan Robinson. "Using agricultural metadata: a novel investigation of trends in sowing date in on-farm research trials using the Online Farm Trials database." F1000Research 9 (May 26, 2021): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26903.2.
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Background: A growing ability to collect data, together with the development and adoption of the FAIR guiding principles, has increased the amount of data available in many disciplines. This has given rise to an urgent need for robust metadata. Within the Australian grains industry, data from thousands of on-farm research trials (Trial Projects) have been made available via the Online Farm Trials (OFT) website. OFT Trial Project metadata were developed as filters to refine front-end database searches, but could also be used as a dataset to investigate trends in metadata elements. Australian grains crops are being sown earlier, but whether on-farm research trials reflect this change is currently unknown. Methods: We investigated whether OFT Trial Project metadata could be used to detect trends in sowing dates of on-farm crop research trials across Australia, testing the hypothesis that research trials are being sown earlier in line with local farming practices. The investigation included 15 autumn-sown, winter crop species listed in the database, with trial records from 1993 to 2019. Results: Our analyses showed that (i) OFT Trial Project metadata can be used as a dataset to detect trends in sowing date; and (ii) cropping research trials are being sown earlier in Victoria and Western Australia, but no trend exists within the other states. Discussion/Conclusion: Our findings show that OFT Trial Project metadata can be used to detect trends in crop sowing date, suggesting that metadata could also be used to detect trends in other elements such as harvest date. Because OFT is a national database of research trials, further assessment of metadata may uncover important agronomic, cultural or economic trends within or across the Australian cropping regions. New information could then be used to lead practice change and increase productivity within the Australian grains industry.
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Walters, Judi, Kate Light, and Nathan Robinson. "Using agricultural metadata: a novel investigation of trends in sowing date in on-farm research trials using the Online Farm Trials database." F1000Research 9 (November 6, 2020): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26903.1.
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Background: A growing ability and interest in the collection of data, together with the development and adoption of the FAIR guiding principles, has increased the amount of data available in many disciplines. This has given rise to an urgent need for robust metadata. Within the Australian grains industry, data from over thousands of on-farm research trials (Trial Projects) have been made available via the Online Farm Trials (OFT) website. OFT Trial Project metadata were developed as filters to refine front-end database searches, but could also be used as a dataset to investigate trends in metadata elements. Australian grains crops are being sown earlier, but whether on-farm research trials reflect this change is currently unknown. Methods: We investigated whether OFT Trial Project metadata could be used to detect trends in sowing dates of on-farm crop research trials across Australia, testing the hypothesis that research trials are being sown earlier in line with local farming practices. The investigation included 15 autumn-sown, winter crop species listed in the database, with trial records from 1993 to 2019. Results: Our analyses showed that (i) OFT Trial Project metadata can be used as a dataset to detect trends in sowing date; and (ii) cropping research trials are being sown earlier in Victoria and Western Australia, but no trend exists within the other states. Discussion/Conclusion: Our findings show that OFT Trial Project metadata can be used to detect trends in crop sowing date, suggesting that metadata could also be used to detect trends in other metadata elements such as harvest date. Because OFT is a national database of research trials, further assessment of metadata may uncover important agronomic, cultural or economic trends within or across the Australian cropping regions. New information could then be used to lead practice change and increase productivity within the Australian grains industry.
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Goller, Jane L., Jacqueline Coombe, Meredith Temple-Smith, Helen Bittleston, Lena Sanci, Rebecca Guy, Christopher Fairley, et al. "Management of Chlamydia Cases in Australia (MoCCA): protocol for a non-randomised implementation and feasibility trial." BMJ Open 12, no. 12 (December 2022): e067488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067488.
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IntroductionThe sexually transmitted infection chlamydia can cause significant complications, particularly among people with female reproductive organs. Optimal management includes timely and appropriate treatment, notifying and treating sexual partners, timely retesting for reinfection and detecting complications including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). In Australia, mainstream primary care (general practice) is where most chlamydia infections are diagnosed, making it a key setting for optimising chlamydia management. High reinfection and low retesting rates suggest partner notification and retesting are not uniformly provided. The Management of Chlamydia Cases in Australia (MoCCA) study seeks to address gaps in chlamydia management in Australian general practice through implementing interventions shown to improve chlamydia management in specialist services. MoCCA will focus on improving retesting, partner management (including patient-delivered partner therapy) and PID diagnosis.Methods and analysisMoCCA is a non-randomised implementation and feasibility trial aiming to determine how best to implement interventions to support general practice in delivering best practice chlamydia management. Our method is guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and the Normalisation Process Theory. MoCCA interventions include a website, flow charts, fact sheets, mailed specimen kits and autofills to streamline chlamydia consultation documentation. We aim to recruit 20 general practices across three Australian states (Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland) through which we will implement the interventions over 12–18 months. Mixed methods involving qualitative and quantitative data collection and analyses (observation, interviews, surveys) from staff and patients will be undertaken to explore our intervention implementation, acceptability and uptake. Deidentified general practice and laboratory data will be used to measure pre-post chlamydia testing, retesting, reinfection and PID rates, and to estimate MoCCA intervention costs. Our findings will guide scale-up plans for Australian general practice.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from The University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee (Ethics ID: 22665). Findings will be disseminated via conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications and study reports.
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Tirimacco, Rosy, Briony Glastonbury, Caroline O. Laurence, Tanya K. Bubner, Mark D. Shephard, and Justin J. Beilby. "Development of an accreditation program for Point of Care Testing (PoCT) in general practice." Australian Health Review 35, no. 2 (2011): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09792.
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Objectives. To describe the development and evaluation of an accreditation program for Point of Care Testing (PoCT) in general practice, which was part of the PoCT in general practice (GP) Trial conducted in 2005–07 and funded by the Australian Government. Setting and participants. Thirty general practices based in urban, rural and remote locations across South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria, which were in the intervention arm of the PoCT Trial were part of the accreditation program. A PoCT accreditation working party was established to develop an appropriate accreditation program for PoCT in GP. A multidisciplinary accreditation team was formed consisting of a medical scientist, a general practitioner or practice manager, and a trial team representative. Methodology and sequence of events. To enable practices to prepare for accreditation a checklist was developed describing details of the accreditation visit. A guide for surveyors was also developed to assist with accreditation visits. Descriptive analysis of the results of the accreditation process was undertaken. Outcomes. Evaluation of the accreditation model found that both the surveyors and practice staff found the process straightforward and clear. All practices (i.e. 100%) achieved second-round accreditation. Discussion and lessons learned. The accreditation process highlighted the importance of ongoing education and support for practices performing PoCT. What is known about the topic? Currently there is no rebate for Point of Care testing in Australia. Before the Australian Government can consider a rebate it has to be shown that PoCT is safe for patient care. Implementation of a quality framework and an accreditation model for PoCT is vital to ensure that clinical care is not compromised by use of this technology. What does this paper add? This paper provides a model for PoCT accreditation that meets requirements of both the GP and scientific community. It reports on the first government-funded PoCT in general practice trial and illustrates what needs to be considered if the Government decides to fund PoCT in general practice. What are the implications for practitioners? Description of a PoCT accreditation process highlights to practitioners what is entailed in following the interim standards for PoCT currently available. This study is an important piece of work as it shows that PoCT in general practice can be performed safely within a quality framework that meets scientific accreditation requirements.
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Corcoran, Tomás B., Paul S. Myles, Andrew B. Forbes, Ed O'Loughlin, Kate Leslie, David Story, Timothy G. Short, et al. "The perioperative administration of dexamethasone and infection (PADDI) trial protocol: rationale and design of a pragmatic multicentre non-inferiority study." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e030402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030402.
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IntroductionThe intraoperative administration of dexamethasone for prophylaxis against postoperative nausea and vomiting is a common and recommended practice. The safety of the administration of this immunosuppressive agent at a time of significant immunological disruption has not been rigorously evaluated in terms of infective complications.Methods/analysisThis is a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. A total of 8880 patients undergoing elective major surgery will be enrolled. Participants will be randomly allocated to receive either dexamethasone 8 mg or placebo intravenously following the induction of anaesthesia in a 1:1 ratio, stratified by centre and diabetes status. Patient enrolment into the trial is ongoing. The primary outcome is surgical site infection at 30 days following surgery, defined according to the Centre for Disease Control criteria.Ethics/disseminationThe PADDI trial has been approved by the ethics committees of over 45 participating sites in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, South Africa and the Netherlands. The trial has been endorsed by the Australia and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Clinical Trials Network and the Australian Society for Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Network. Participant recruitment began in March 2016 and is expected to be complete in mid-2019. Publication of the results of the PADDI trial is anticipated to occur in early 2020.Trial registration numberACTRN12614001226695.
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Sturgiss, Elizabeth, Nilakshi Gunatillaka, Lauren Ball, Tina Lam, Suzanne Nielsen, Renee O'Donnell, Chris Barton, et al. "Embedding brief interventions for alcohol in general practice: a study protocol for the REACH Project feasibility trial." BJGP Open 5, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): BJGPO.2021.0037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2021.0037.
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BackgroundAlcohol is a major source of harm in Australia that disproportionately affects low-income communities. Alcohol brief interventions (ABIs) combine an assessment of a person’s alcohol use with advice to reduce health risks. Despite their effectiveness, ABIs are not routinely performed by clinicians. This article presents a protocol for a feasibility trial of pragmatic implementation strategies and a new set of resources to support clinicians to complete ABIs in Australian general practices.AimTo explore the facilitators and barriers to increasing the uptake of ABIs in primary care, including acceptability, reach, adoption, fidelity, and sustainability.Design & settingA mixed-methods evaluation of the uptake of ABIs in general practice clinics serving low-income communities in Melbourne, Australia. The approach is informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and Normalisation Process Theory (NPT).MethodThe implementation strategies and resources will be trialled in five general practices over 12 months. The primary outcome will be change in the proportion of adult patients with a complete alcohol history in their electronic medical records. Baseline data collection includes a practice survey to describe practice routines for ABIs and de-identified patient medical record data on completed alcohol histories (repeated at 3, 6, 9, and 12-months post-intervention). Survey and interview data will also be collected from clinicians, patients, and primary health network staff to assess acceptability and feasibility of the intervention.ConclusionThe study will explore how the implementation strategies and resources can improve alcohol screening and management among low-income patients in general practice.
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Pearson, Sallie-Anne, Clare L. Ringland, and Robyn L. Ward. "Trastuzumab and Metastatic Breast Cancer: Trastuzumab Use in Australia—Monitoring the Effect of an Expensive Medicine Access Program." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 24 (August 20, 2007): 3688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.11.2516.
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Purpose Data from clinical trials are used for drug registration; however, many cancer medicines are ultimately used off-label. This study examines the extent to which the clinical practice use of trastuzumab for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer differs from its use under trial conditions. Methods This study involved all women (N = 1,469) with metastatic breast cancer who received trastuzumab in Australia between December 2001 and March 2005. Given that Australia operates a universal health care system, administrative databases could be examined to determine the duration of therapy, rate of off-label use, compliance with cardiac monitoring, and the extent of drug wastage (volume and cost). Results A total of 433 enrollees (29.5%) received trastuzumab as monotherapy and 1,036 enrollees (70.5%) received the drug in combination with chemotherapy. A total of 321 women (22%) received off-label trastuzumab. The median duration of trastuzumab therapy was longer than that on trial: 5.6 v 3.1 months for enrollees receiving monotherapy and 12.5 v 6.9 months for concomitant chemotherapy. Only 47 (3%) of enrollees received cardiac monitoring before and during trastuzumab therapy. We estimated 24% of trastuzumab dispensed was discarded, at a cost of $21.1 million Australian. Alternative administration schedules and the addition of another vial size potentially reduce wastage to 6% of volume dispensed. Conclusion Debates about the use of expensive cancer medicines should consider postmarketing assessments as well as trial experience. The longer duration of trastuzumab use in clinical practice and the high rates of off-label use provide incentive for new clinical trials. Strategies to improve cardiac monitoring and to minimize drug wastage are issues that require immediate attention.
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Browne, Lois H., and Peter H. Graham. "Good intentions and ICH-GCP: Trial conduct training needs to go beyond the ICH-GCP document and include the intention-to-treat principle." Clinical Trials 11, no. 6 (July 14, 2014): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774514542620.
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Background: It is assumed investigators and statisticians fully understand the importance of avoiding missing outcomes and the intention-to-treat principle during design and analysis phases of a randomised controlled trial in order to obtain the most valuable and reliable results. However, many personnel undertaking day-to-day trial conduct and data collection commonly rely exclusively for guidance on the widely implemented, indeed regulated, International Conference on Harmonisation–Good Clinical Practice document as the guideline and standard for trial conduct. Purpose: This article describes adverse consequences of omission of intention-to-treat principles from training for trial personnel and explores the need for training in addition to the International Conference on Harmonisation–Good Clinical Practice guideline document. Methods: Data from the Breast Boost Study were used to illustrate a comparison of actual results, where vigilant senior investigators re-enforced intention-to-treat requirements throughout all aspects of trial conduct with results that could easily have occurred if study personnel did not understand the importance of intention-to-treat principles. Experience as a co-ordinating centre for an international trial (Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group 08.06 Breast STARS) acted as an audit of data-management culture regarding intention-to-treat in Australia and New Zealand. Results: Despite the Breast Boost Study exceeding planned accrual, it was demonstrated that the study, which found a statistically significant result, could have reported a negative or inconclusive result under the scenario of trial conduct personnel having lack of understanding of the importance of avoiding losses to follow-up. Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology 08.06 co-ordination experience verified that data-management culture in Australia and New Zealand does not adequately recognise intention-to-treat principles, and this is reflected in trial conduct. Limitations: Trial data described are limited to two trials and in the Australian and New Zealand setting. Conclusion: To be both scientifically and ethically valid, guidelines for trial conduct should include and stress the importance of the intention-to-treat principle and in particular avoiding missing outcomes. Our discussion highlights the vitally important role played by personnel involved in day-to-day trial conduct. Inclusion of scientific principles in guideline documents and/or training which goes beyond International Conference on Harmonisation–Good Clinical Practice to include intention-to-treat is essential to achieve robust research results. Related aspects of randomised trial consent and ethics are discussed.
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Patterson, Elizabeth, Heidi Muenchberger, and Elizabeth Kendall. "The role of practice nurses in coordinated care of people with chronic and complex conditions." Australian Health Review 31, no. 2 (2007): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah070231.
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General practice in Australia must cope with growing numbers of individuals with chronic and complex needs. The Australian Government has recognised the need to reform the primary health care sector to address this issue, with recent initiatives, such as coordinated care. The overall goal of coordinated care at a national level is to facilitate integrated care for people with chronic and complex conditions, by enhancing collaborative partnerships among general practitioners, primary health care providers, community service providers and clients. Interestingly, practice nurses (PNs) have not been identified as key stakeholders in the coordinated care service delivery model in Australia. In contrast, an expanded role for PNs has been in place in the United Kingdom and New Zealand for some time. This paper is based on focus group discussions with Australian PNs who have had a range of experiences in coordinated care models. The study identifies an important role for PNs, suggesting trial of a variety of models of coordinated care that include PNs in chronic disease management process.
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Wood, Ellen, Paul Harpur, and Nancy Pachana. "Teaching an old dog new tricks: Using courthouse facility dogs in Australia." Alternative Law Journal 43, no. 2 (June 2018): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x18767694.
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Courthouse facility dogs are increasingly used to support child witnesses and complainants during testimony in courtrooms across the globe. Although already commonplace in the United States, this practice has been largely unexplored in the Australian context. This paper puts forward the case for courthouse facility dogs in Australia and offers some insight into striking the delicate balance between protecting defendants’ rights to a fair trial, and improving the efficiency and quality of the legal system for vulnerable witnesses and victims.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trial practice Australia"
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Gregory, Shannon Therese. "The role of the judge in civil trials : a comparison of German and Australian processes /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18532.pdf.
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Davies, Bernice. "Regulating the regulators. An empirical study of the influences on the research governance practices in Victorian public healthcare agencies." Thesis, 2018. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/36771/.
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This thesis investigated how the National Mutual Acceptance (NMA) model of single ethical review has currently impacted, and how it is likely to impact the future, on the research governance practices of public healthcare agencies participating in multi-site clinical trials.
This study sought to describe the variables associated with the impact of the NMA through the theory of Institutional Isomorphism proposed by DiMaggio and Powell , which proposes that comparable organisations develop similarities in order to appear legitimate to their stakeholders. Consolidation is influenced by: coercive isomorphism, which involves pressures from other entities on which they are dependent; mimetic isomorphism, which refers to the tendency of an organisation to imitate a more successful organisation; and normative isomorphism, which is driven by professional pressures. Data was collected in two phases.
Phase One focused on the collection of quantitative data relating to perceptions of the importance of research and the impact of the NMA. Phase Two involved collection of qualitative data to explore the reasons behind current irregularities in the NMA and expectations of the future.
Although participants agreed that the NMA could provide isomorphic pressures, there were concerns regarding bureaucratic inconsistency that created uncertainty in the processes. The strongest isomorphic influence provided by the NMA was coercive pressure, which was also identified as a possible future mechanism. In contrast to findings in other literature, neither mimetic nor normative pressures were perceived as influential because emphasis on the practices of individual agencies prevented a coherent system from developing.
The study made three contributions to Institutional Isomorphism theory. It identified the importance of robust coercive forces to allowing mimetic and normative forces to emerge. It also highlighted the need for agencies to recognise implications of research governance beyond their own organisational boundaries and the need to quantify the responsibilities of governance personnel to strengthen coercive impact.
Recommendation included the need to address: organisational leadership of the NMA, to strengthen the knowledge base through education and training, the development of a stakeholder engagement framework and opportunities to expand the NMA.
This research provides new insight into understanding research governance in the context of the Australian public healthcare sector and provides a model though which further exploration may be undertaken.
Books on the topic "Trial practice Australia"
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Feld, Francine. Criminal procedure in Australia. Chatswood, N.S.W: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2015.
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Western Australia. Parliament. Legislative Assembly. Trial standing orders of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of Western Australia. [Perth, W.A.]: The Assembly, 1999.
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Bayne, Peter. Uniform evidence law: Text and essential cases. Sydney: Federation Press, 2003.
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Australian civil procedure. 8th ed. Pyrmont, N.S.W: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia, 2009.
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Cairns, Bernard C. Australian civil procedure. 8th ed. Pyrmont, N.S.W: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia, 2009.
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Cairns, Bernard C. Australian civil procedure. 9th ed. Pyrmont, N.S.W: Thomson Reuters, Lawbook Co., 2011.
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Eddie, Mabo, ed. Edward Koiki Mabo: His life and struggle for land rights. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 1996.
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Kirsty, Gover. Tribal Constitutionalism. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587094.001.0001.
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In settler societies, tribal self-governance creates a legal distinction between indigeneity (defined by settler governments) and tribal membership (defined by tribes). Many legally indigenous persons are not tribal members, and some tribal members are not legally indigenous. This book considers the membership rules included in the constitutions and membership codes of nearly 750 recognized tribes in Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States. It addresses the first-order question of tribal constitutionalism: who are the members of tribes, and how are they chosen? The question is of practical and theoretical import. A large proportion of indigenous peoples in each state are not enrolled in a recognized tribe, and the majority of indigenous peoples do not live near their tribal territories. The book's empirical study challenges many of the assumptions used to model tribalism in theories of cultural pluralism, especially those that depict tribes as distinctively insular, ascriptive, and territorially-confined. The book shows that while they are descent-based groups, tribes also self-constitute relationally, by enrolling non-descendants in accordance with cultural and social criteria, and by recruiting from other indigenous communities. The book draws on tribal law and practice, political theory, legal doctrine, policy, and demographic data to critically assess the strategies used by tribes and states to manage the jurisdictional and ideological challenges of tribal membership governance.
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Butt, Simon, and Tim Lindsey. Criminal Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199677740.003.0012.
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This chapter deals with Indonesia’s criminal process from trial to sentencing and release. It is intended to be read alongside Chapter 11, which covers pre-trial procedure. This chapter covers extradition, the rules of evidence, the presumption of innocence, and the appeal process from the district court to the high court to the Supreme Court (including the ‘PK’ reconsideration, a form of final appeal). This chapter also explains punishment options, including imprisonment and death sentences, and parole, remissions, and clemency. The chapter then summarises proposals for reform of the Criminal Code (KUHAP), and concludes with a study of the high-profile case of an Australian narcotics offender, Schapelle Corby, which demonstrates how the system can work in practice.
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Loos, Noel. Edward Koiki Mabo. University of Queensland Pr (Australia), 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Trial practice Australia"
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Cashman, Peter. "Civil Liability in Australia for International Human Rights Violations." In Human Rights Litigation against Multinationals in Practice, 140–67. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866220.003.0006.
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Peter Cashman reviews the current state of play in Australia regarding the imposition of civil liability on multinationals for human rights abuses and environmental damage occurring overseas. He considers cases based on a direct tort law-based duty of care and the relevance in that regard of developments in English law and also environmental damage associated with the operations of Australian multinationals, in particular the historic OK Tedi litigation against BHP Billiton and the recent class action trial of the claim by Indonesian seaweed farmers arising from the Montara oil spill. Important aspects of the law on jurisdiction, forum non conveniens, and choice of law and the opt-out class action regime in federal and State courts are outlined. The rules relating to the running of cases by private law firms and third party litigation funders on the basis of contingency fee agreements are explained
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Hoffman, Lauren J., Elaina A. Zendegui, and Brian C. Chu. "Commentary." In Case Studies Within Psychotherapy Trials, 108–18. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199344635.003.0004.
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The work of Thastum and his colleagues (this volume) presents exciting new directions for improving the robustness and accessibility of evidence-based services. Their chapter describes efforts to replicate evidence-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment programs from one country, Australia, to another, Denmark, which contributes to the ever-expanding evidence base for global applicability of CBT for youth anxiety. We comment on the contributions of this replication trial and its implications for further dissemination of evidence-based practice across the globe, in addition to the unique role that mixed methods can play in this effort....
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Wickramasinghe, Nilmini, and Steve L. Goldberg. "Accountable Care and Evidence-Based Decision Making." In Handbook of Research on Healthcare Administration and Management, 567–76. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0920-2.ch034.
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In today's cost challenged healthcare environment accountable care and evidence-based decision making have become important considerations. Contemporaneous to this is the fact that the superior management of diabetes has become a global priority especially given the exponential increase in the number of diabetes patients as well as the financial implications of treating this silent epidemic. Thus, this research focuses on trying to address these respective yet critical issues by examining the possibility of using a mobile web-based reporting system that taps into existing widely available resources to monitor and manage gestational diabetes. To test this solution, we adopted a randomized control trial with two-arm cross over applied to a not-for profit hospital in Victoria, Australia. From the perspective of practice, we have uncovered far reaching implications for hospital management's cost vs. quality care to patients. In particular, it appears that the adoption of smartphones to support many aspects of care and patient-clinician interactions is prudent.
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Turk, Andrew. "Representations of Tribal Boundaries of Australian Indigenous Peoples and the Implications for Geographic Information Systems." In Information Technology and Indigenous People, 232–44. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-298-5.ch031.
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This chapter explores the concepts of boundary (“limit of country”) held by indigenous Australians and how they might be represented in computer-based information systems, especially geographic information systems (GIS) and digital cadastre databases. The impact of these representational issues on native title processes and determinations will also be discussed. The analysis provides a partial understanding of the nature of tribal boundaries, especially variations which occur in the physical definition of boundaries and their (intentional and unintentional) indeterminacy. The chapter goes on to draw some conclusions regarding the representation of indigenous boundaries in the property cadastres of Australian States and Territories. If such “official” boundaries are to do justice to indigenous law and culture, they must reasonably reflect the ontology and epistemology of the concepts of boundary held by indigenous Australians. Hence, there is a significant interaction between constraints imposed by particular information technology (IT) practices and indigenous concepts of place.
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Marshall, Virginia. "Indigenous Ontologies in ‘Caring for Country’: Indigenous Australia's Sustainable Customs, Practices and Laws." In Clan and Tribal Perspectives on Social, Economic and Environmental Sustainability, 23–32. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-365-520211004.
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Farquhar, John W., and Lawrence W. Green. "Community intervention trials in high-income countries." In Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health, edited by Roger Detels, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Fran Baum, Liming Li, and Alastair H. Leyland, 129–40. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0033.
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Community intervention trials in high-income countries. This chapter summarizes results of combined mass media and community organizing methods used and evaluated during the past 40 years to achieve chronic disease prevention through changes in behaviour and risk factors. These studies are examples of experimental epidemiology and community-based participatory research, using cost-effective health promotion methods. The chapter also reviews earlier experiences in public screening, immunization, family planning, HIV/AIDS, and tobacco control, which provided useful theory and methods on which the later trials built. Major advances in theory development and intervention methods occurred in the 1970s from two pioneering community intervention projects on cardiovascular disease prevention from Stanford (USA) and Finland. These projects, followed in the 1980s and beyond in North America, Europe, Australia, and elsewhere, added many major lessons in both theory and practice. These lessons, considered ‘operational imperatives’, are: economic, social normative (or ‘denormalization’), informed electorate, public health, surveillance, comprehensiveness, formative, ecological, and logical sequencing of needs and action. Therefore, these recent decades of applying ‘total community’ health promotion in developed countries achieved considerable change at reasonable cost. Such communities were changed greatly through organizing and education; changes requiring advocacy, activism, partnership building, leadership, and regulations. This results in community transformation, creating ‘community efficacy’, a composite of enhanced self-efficacy of the community’s residents and leaders. Such transformed communities, as models, allow leverage in disseminating methods, including regulatory tactics. Such dissemination can lead to national changes analogous to those of the recent decade’s tobacco control successes.
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Cao, Longbing, and Chengqi Zhang. "Domain-Driven Data Mining." In Data Warehousing and Mining, 831–48. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-951-9.ch051.
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Extant data mining is based on data-driven methodologies. It either views data mining as an autonomous data-driven, trial-and-error process or only analyzes business issues in an isolated, case-by-case manner. As a result, very often the knowledge discovered generally is not interesting to real business needs. Therefore, this article proposes a practical data mining methodology referred to as domain-driven data mining, which targets actionable knowledge discovery in a constrained environment for satisfying user preference. The domain-driven data mining consists of a DDID-PD framework that considers key components such as constraint-based context, integrating domain knowledge, human-machine cooperation, in-depth mining, actionability enhancement, and iterative refinement process. We also illustrate some examples in mining actionable correlations in Australian Stock Exchange, which show that domain-driven data mining has potential to improve further the actionability of patterns for practical use by industry and business.
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Myers, Cynthia D., and Margaret L. Stuber. "Spirituality and Complementary and Alternative Medicine." In Comprehensive Handbook of Childhood Cancer and Sickle Cell Disease. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195169850.003.0015.
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The use of complementary and alternative medicine by children with cancer appears to be common, with 31% to 84% of pediatric oncology samples reportedly using at least one complementary or alternative therapy according to surveys conducted in several regions of the world, including North America (Fernandez et al., 1998; T. Friedman et al., 1997; Kelly et al., 2000; Neuhouser et al., 2001); Australia (Sawyer et al., 1994); the Netherlands (Grootenhuis et al., 1998); Finland (Mottonen & Uhari, 1997); and Taiwan (Yeh et al., 2000). This chapter reviews the medical literature regarding complementary and alternative medicine in relation to pediatric oncology. To begin, the issue of defining complementary and alternative medicine is addressed. Studies of complementary and alternative medicine use by the general adult population and by adults with cancer as well as by pediatric oncology samples are described to highlight issues concerning definitions of complementary and alternative medicine and to ascertain the prevalence of use of specific complementary and alternative medicine modalities. Available reports of clinical trials testing complementary and alternative medicine modalities in the context of pediatric cancer are summarized. Finally, a discussion is provided on spirituality and religion in relation to complementary and alternative medicine and the challenges faced by children with cancer and their families. Complementary and alternative medicine was described by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) at the National Institutes of Health as “a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine.” The NCCAM indicated that the term complementary therapy refers to therapies used in conjunction with conventional medicine; alternative therapies are those that are used in place of conventional medicine, for which conventional medicine is defined as medicine as practiced by holders of medical doctor (M.D.) or doctor of osteopathy (D.O.) degrees and other health professionals, including physical therapists, psychologists, and registered nurses. According to the NCCAM, additional terms for conventional medicine include allopathy, Western, mainstream, orthodox, regular medicine, and biomedicine; additional terms for complementary and alternative medicine include unconventional, nonconventional, and unproven medicine.
Conference papers on the topic "Trial practice Australia"
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Liang, Jenifer, Michael Abramson, Nicholas Zwar, Grant Russell, Anne Holland, Billie Bonevski, Ajay Mahal, et al. "Management of COPD in Australian general practices: experiences from a cluster randomised trial." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa956.
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Turnbull, Darren, Ritesh Chugh, and Jo Luck. "Creating an inclusive educational environment for vocational learning: A tale of two cities." In ASCILITE 2021: Back to the Future – ASCILITE ‘21. University of New England, Armidale, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14742/ascilite2021.0148.
Full textAbstract:
One of the significant challenges facing vocational training institutions is the conundrum of providing the best possible learning outcomes to a diverse range of people using pedagogical practices and materials that by design demand uniformity in delivery approaches. In this paper, we examined a snapshot of perspectives from teachers and students in two distinctly different vocational training institutions, one in China and the other in Australia. Comments from participants revealed that flexible approaches to course delivery, the provision of a range of different types of learning materials, and institutional support in teacher training and curriculum design are vital elements in implementing an inclusive learning space for students. This paper proposes that a triad of interrelated elements, consisting of pedagogy, learning materials and institutions, are bound together by learning management systems that facilitate the creation of multi-modal course delivery approaches. We further contend that teaching practices that pigeonhole people as belonging to immutable categories of learning styles are outmoded and detract from creating inclusive learning environments. The findings from this study indicate that best practice approaches for developing truly engaging educational environments are rooted in the facilitation of individual autonomy in the learning process. The creation of opportunities for constructive interaction between learners is needed.