Journal articles: 'Trees Diseases and pests Victoria'

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Bertolini, Vincenzo, Noé Manuel Montaño, Eduardo Chimal Sánchez, Lucía Varela Fregoso, Jaime Gómez Ruiz, and José Martín Martínez Vázquez. "Abundancia y riqueza de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares en cafetales del Soconusco, Chiapas, México." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i1.27946.

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In the Mexican economy, particularly in the Soconusco region of Chiapas, the cultivation of coffee generates significant inputs; however, coffee plants are susceptible to pests and diseases, so it is necessary to reinforce its production through sustainable management. In this study, we searched for the native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that could be used as biofertilizers in coffee cultivation. We collected 21 soil samples coming from seven coffee plantations (Coffea canephora) in the Soconusco region Chiapas, Mexico in November 2015. We isolated the spores of AMF by the wet sieving and decanting method to quantify their abundance, richness and composition of morphospecies, as well as their relationships with soil properties. A total of 20 morphospecies and five new records of AMF were obtained, and the most frequent genera were Acaulospora and Glomus. The Toluca and Victoria sites had higher morphospecies richness (17 spp. c/u) than San Agustín, November 20 and San Luis Nexapa (4-7 spp. c/u); while Providencia and Platanar sites recorded an intermediate richness and the highest values of spore abundance. The dissimilarity of Victoria and Toluca in its composition of AMF, respect to the other sites, was explained by the low concentration of PO4-3 in the soil. P availability, linked to soil acidity, is the factor that could be regulating the AMF communities in the soil of the rhizosphere of coffee trees at Soconusco. We consider that could have consortia of AMF specific for soil P-levels and acidity of coffee sites, i.e. Acaulospora and Glomus consortia, which are common into the environmental conditions of coffee plantations in México. Anyway, we need to examin deeply these strains to evaluate their compatibility and functionality before proposing them as native biofertilizers that promote the development and yield of coffee plantations in this tropical region of Mexico.

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Luck, Joanne E., Rosa Crnov, Barbara Czerniakowski, Ian W. Smith, and Jane R. Moran. "Investigating the Presence of Biotic Agents Associated with Mundulla Yellows." Plant Disease 90, no. 4 (April 2006): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0404.

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The role of biotic agents in the dieback syndrome Mundulla Yellows (MY) was investigated by analysis of 40 Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. leucoxylon, or E. cladocalyx trees and soil samples from South Australia and Victoria, Australia. No pathogenic fungi, bacteria, phytoplasmas, or insect pests or vectors were found to be associated with MY. However, nematode analysis identified Merlinius spp. to be associated with soil, but not roots, from symptomatic trees. Interveinal chlorosis symptoms were not transmissible by seed, mechanical inoculation, or grafting using plant material derived from symptomatic trees. Virus-like particles were detected at a single symptomatic study site using transmission electron microscopy. MY symptoms were induced in E. camaldulensis seedlings by sowing seed from asymptomatic trees into sterilized and unsterilized soil collected from underneath symptomatic trees. Significantly, sterilized soil induced more severe symptoms in seedlings than unsterilized soil. Soil collected from under asymptomatic trees did not induce MY symptoms. This preliminary investigation indicates that, with the exception of Merlinius spp., pathogenic organisms and pests were not consistently associated with MY symptoms.

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Gonda, István, Imre Holb, and Klára Bitskey. "Previous data on the relationship between the intensity of pruning and the degree of damage in integrated and organic applegrowing systems." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (May 27, 2001): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/3585.

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In Hungary, fruit growers are increasingly interested in environmentally friendly growing methods, such as organic and integrated systems. Vital is the establishment of a strengthened system of cultivar-pruning-plant protection in production technology. Consequently, our aim was to examine the susceptibility of apple cultivars to diseases and pests and the effect of pruning technique on diseases and pests in organic and integrated growing systems.Two pathogens (Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha) and two pests (Leucoptera malifoliella, Pannonychus ulmi) were observed in organic and integrated systems under „strong” and „weak” pruning techniques. Our results on six cultivars showed that the pathogens and pests infested the trees more in the organic system, as compared to that of integrated production. The pruning technique affected mainly the susceptiblecultivars to diseases and pests. The „weak” pruning technique caused a higher level of diseases and pests infestations than the „strong” pruning technique, especially in the organic growing system. The likely reason is that the shoots grow fast and powerfully under “strong” pruning technique. This supports better preservation of the trees supported by susceptibility of plant tissues to diseases and pests.

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Mouen Bedimo, Joseph Aubert, Bernard P. Dufour, Christian Cilas, and Jacques Avelino. "Effects of shade trees on Coffea Arabica pests and diseases." Cahiers Agricultures 21, no. 2-3 (March 2012): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2012.0550.

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Tubby, K. V., and J. F. Webber. "Pests and diseases threatening urban trees under a changing climate." Forestry 83, no. 4 (September 27, 2010): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpq027.

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Graziosi, Ignazio, Mathias Tembo, Jean Kuate, and Alice Muchugi. "Pests and diseases of trees in Africa: A growing continental emergency." PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET 2, no. 1 (June 2, 2019): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.31.

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Situmorang, Lamhot, and Fristi Riandari. "Expert System Mediagnosa Hama On Phon Oil With Certainty Factor Method." Journal Of Computer Networks, Architecture and High Performance Computing 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/cnapc.v2i2.416.

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The process of palm oil culture is influenced by various factors, one of which is the pest and disease factors. Generally the problem of farmers differentiating pests and diseases, this is dyed most of the farmers lack information and rely on the experience of other farmers to overcome the existing pest and disease problems. In handling pests and diseases, it is necessary to have a farmer consilant who is able to diagnose pests and diseases on oil palm trees. In this study, an expert system for diagnosing pests and diseases in palm tree plants, as well as providing various solutions for pests or diseases. The method used in this expert system is the Certainty Fators method. Certainty Method The factors was chosen because this method is suitable in the process of determining the identification of pests and diseases and the result of this application is the percentage of the system. The percentage is influenced by the CF value obtained from the system, the percentage of expert system consultations is taken from the highest yield as an alternative to other pests or diseases that attack oil palm tree crops.

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Byron, Morgan, Eleanor Phillips, and Jennifer Lynn Gillett-Kaufman. "Develop Your Own Florida Olive IPM Plan." EDIS 2019, no. 4 (August 2, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1251-2019.

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To remain in optimal health and produce optimal yield, olive trees need excellent nutrition, the right irrigation, and good care to help them stay healthy so that they can withstand injury from pests and diseases. This 10-page fact sheet written by Morgan Byron, Eleanor Phillips, and Jennifer L. Gillett-Kaufman and published by the UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department touches on some aspects of olive tree health that will help improve your trees' natural resistance to pests and pathogens. At the end of the guide is a monthly care and observation schedule to help you recognize when you should begin scouting for key pests and when important grove management decisions should be made. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1251

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Magasi, Laszlo. "Insects and Diseases of the Urban Forest in the Maritimes." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1995.002.

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There are over 3500 insect species and over 400 diseases known to affect trees in the Maritimes. These add further stresses to trees already faced with existing environmental and urban challenges. Urban tree pests affect all parts of nearly all tree species. Insects and diseases affecting the various tree parts - foliage, shoots, twigs and branches, trunk and roots - are very briefly discussed and a few local examples are mentioned for hardwoods and conifers. Five references are cited for insect and disease identification in eastern Canada.

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Helfer, Stephan. "Plant Health and How it Affects Private Gardens: Experience from a Botanic Garden Pathologist." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 3 (October 31, 2005): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2005.112.

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Like many other botanic gardens the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) provides advice about plant pests and diseases to amateur gardeners. This paper summarises the main problem plant categories (such as trees and vegetables), plant problems (such as pests or fungal infection) and other observations, such as number of enquiries by month noted by pathology staff at the Garden over the last twenty years.

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Gartland, Kevan, Robert Crow, Trevor Fenning, and Jill Gartland. "Genetically Modified Trees: Production, Properties, and Potential." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 29, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2003.030.

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Genetic modification using Agrobacterium- or biolistic-mediated gene transfer can overcome the limitations of conventional tree breeding. Alternatives to the use of antibiotic resistance selectable markers and how they might be used to overcome potential public concerns are described. Applications of genetic modifications to trees include altered wood properties, speeding up breeding cycles, forests as pharmaceutical factories, dendroremediation, and improved resistance to pests and diseases, as well as the restoration of sensitive landscapes.

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BOROVINOVA, Maria, Vilina PETROVA, and Svetla MANEVA. "Effect of Different Growing Systems of Apple on Trunk and Branch Diseases and Pests." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 40, no. 2 (November 5, 2012): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4028165.

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The presented study aimed to determine apples trunk and branch diseases and pests in three growing systems conventional, integrated and biological (organic). The investigations were made on an experimental apple orchard (1 ha) of the Institute of Agriculture at Kyustendil, Southwest Bulgaria in four consecutive years from 2007 to 2010. Three scab resistant cultivars Prima, Florina and Erwin Baur grafted on rootstocks MM106 were planted in 1996. The orchard was divided into four plots. One plot was treated conventionally with a normal pesticide programme, two plots were treated integrated according to the general principles, rules and standards of integrated apple production and one plot for biological (organic). The monitoring of pests and diseases and assessment of their density were done every two weeks. It was established that during the experimental period important disease and pests on apple trees in different growing systems were black rot Botryosphaeria obtusa, apple clearwig moth Synanthedon myopaeformis and shorthole borer Scolytus rugulosus. The damages by trunk and branch diseases and pests on apple were considerable higher in biological growing system. The mean rate of attack of cultivar Erwin Baur by Botryosphaeria obtusa in biological and conventional growing systems was 52.35% and 4.65%, respectively. The percentage of damaged by Scolytus rugulosus trunk and branch area per tree reach to 58.74 in biological and 0.23 in conventional system. Reduced vitality of apple trees growing with out pesticides and mineral fertilizers in biological growing system was the reason for strong infection of Botryosphaeria obtusa and attack of Synanthedon myopaeformis and Scolytus rugulosus.

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Chhetri, Vivek Thapa, Resham G.C., Sanup Chaudhary, Sachin Timilsina, and Subash Gautam. "Pests, pathogens, pathogenic diseases, and diseases control strategies of sal (Shorea robusta) in Nepal." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 6, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2021.0602013.

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Sal (Shorea robusta) is one of the most indispensable species in Nepal, both ecologically and economically. This paper aims to provide updated guidance for the management and protection of this species in the future from various pests and pathogens. We reviewed 38 articles from Google Scholar and Research gate with keywords "Shorea robusta”, “Hoplocerambyx spinicornis”, “Polyporus shoreae”, “Heart rot”. S. robusta has the most insect fauna among the forest tree species. Out of the 346 insects reported on S. robusta, around 155 species of insects are associated with living trees. Hoplocerambyx spinicornis is the most destructive insect pest, wreaking havoc on S. robusta. Polyporous shoreae is the main cause of root rot in S. robusta, and spreads through root contact or root grafting. Heart rot in S. robusta is caused by the fungi Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Fomes caryophylli, and F. fastuosus. During the harvesting of S. robusta, the majority of the tree was observed to be faulty, resulting in a large amount of waste wood. The best way to determine the pathogen's "Achilles' heel" is to consider its life cycle. The Nepalese famous saying "prevention is better than cure" may be applicable in the management of S. robusta insect pests and pathogens. The current paper critically addresses these issues and argues the need for an improvised package of activities for insect pests, pathogens, prevention, and their control.

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Berger, Cyndel, and François Laurent. "Trunk injection of plant protection products to protect trees from pests and diseases." Crop Protection 124 (October 2019): 104831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.05.025.

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Holtz, Brent A. "Plant Protection for Pistachio." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.626.

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Pistachio (Pistacia vera) was successfully introduced into California and initially touted as a tree nut crop with no disease or insect pests. Unfortunately, these expectations were dashed as a number of diseases and pests followed commercial plantings, making plant protection practices integral to production. Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) devastated early plantings but is now controlled with the use of resistant rootstocks. Botryosphaeria blight (Botryosphaeria dothidea) and alternaria late blight (Alternaria alternata) are recently arrived foliar fungal diseases that blight fruit clusters and defoliate trees, respectively, and multiple fungicide applications are needed for control. The conversion to low volume irrigation systems, specifically to drip or buried drip, has reduced disease. Pruning out botryosphaeria blight infections has reduced overwintering inoculum and disease, while current research aims at accurately predicting infection events to increase fungicide efficacy. A number of hemipteran insect pests have been associated with epicarp lesion: spring treatments have been replaced with dormant carbaryl and oil applications which are less toxic to beneficial insects while controlling phytocoris (Phytocoris californicus and P. relativus) and soft scale pests. Early season insect damage can be tolerated because trees compensate by maturing a higher percentage of remaining fruit kernels. Some mirid (Calocoris spp.) pests can be effectively reduced by eliminating alternate hosts in an effective weed control program. If lygus (Lygus hesperus) populations are present, weeds should not be disturbed from bloom until shell hardening to prevent movement by insects into the trees where feeding can result in epicarp lesion. Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and leaffooted bugs (Leptoglossus clypealis and L. occidentalis) can penetrate the hardened shell and cause internal nut necrosis along with epicarp lesion. Trap crops are used to monitor pest populations in order to develop treatment thresholds. Degree-day based timing of treatments increase insecticide efficacy for the control of navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) and obliquebanded leafroller (Choristonuera rosaceana), but navel orangeworm populations are more effectively managed by destroying unharvested over wintering fruit. Bacillus thuriengiensis sprays, liquid-lime-sulfur, and biological control show promise in controlling obliquebanded leafroller.

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ONO, Kimio. "Chemical control of diseases and pests of citrus trees in a vinyl house. 3." Kyushu Plant Protection Research 32 (1986): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.32.78.

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Zeni, Syafa’atul Aulia, Normela Rachmawati, and Adistina Fitriani. "FREKUENSI DAN INTENSITAS SERANGAN HAMA PENYAKIT PADA BIBIT MERSAWA (Anisoptera marginata Korth. ) DI PERSEMAIAN BP2LHK BANJARBARU KALIMANTAN SELATAN." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 4, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v4i2.3345.

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Intensity and Frequency of pests disease is comparison quantity of objects be invaded and whole observed objects in percent. The intensity of pests and diseases is the level be ivaded or the level of plants damage caused by isects, fungi, bacteria or viruses that started by qualitatively or quantitalively. Pests are all animals that can be damage the trees or forest stands and forest products, plant disease is a modification or deviation in one or more parts of the physiological process and make loss of coordination in the plants.This research do in BP2LHK nursery Banjarbaru South Kalimantan from July until Semptember 2019. The method used is scoring method by determining be invaded score on mersawa seedling. The results of this study indicate that the frequency of pest and disease attacks on mersawa seedlings (Anisoptera marginata Korth) of 95.46%. The intensity of pests and diseases in the seeds of mersawa (Anisoptera marginata Korth.) of 37.9%. The level of pest damage to mersawa seedlings ranged 25,0–50,0 % include in the medium category. Keywords: Mersawa; Frequency and intensit; Pest and disease

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Michael, Githae, George O. Ong’amo, John Nderitu, Gillian W. Watson, and Wanja Kinuthia. "Diversity of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) attacking citrus trees in Machakos, Makueni, Kilifi and Kwale Counties, Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science and Practice 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasp2021.275.

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Citrus farming is a major source of revenue for large and small-scale farmers in Kenya. Citrus production is confronted with threats from pests and diseases. Surveys of citrus farms in Kilifi, Kwale, Machakos and Makueni counties, Kenya in July/August (dry season) and in November/December (wet season), 2019 were conducted to identify scale insect pests (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) attacking the trees (Sapindales: Rutaceae), and their related biota. A total of 22 scale insect species belonging to four families, namely Diaspididae (armoured scales), Coccidae (soft scales), Pseudococcidae (mealybugs), and Monophlebidae (giant mealybugs) were found infesting citrus trees in the two regions surveyed. Among the scale insects reported, four species were newly introduced in Kenya; three armoured scales Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas), Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Aonidiella comperei (McKenzie), and a soft scale, Pulvinaria polygonata (Cockerell). The scale insects were closely associated with predators (coccinellids and lacewings) and attendant ants. This information will be helpful in the development of efficient management strategies against the scale insect pests, thus improving citrus production in Kenya. The scale insect pests identified in this study will be useful to plant quarantine facilities in Kenya to help to prevent and detect accidental introductions of exotic scale insect species.

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Anderson, Robert L. "Changing Forests and Forest Management Policy in Relation to Dealing with Forest Diseases." Phytopathology® 93, no. 8 (August 2003): 1041–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.8.1041.

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The forest landscape of the United States has changed over time, as has public concern for the trees, water, and wildlife. Early in the history of the United States, forests were viewed as an encumbrance and an inexhaustible resource, used to meet the needs of a growing nation. Around 1900, it became clear that old approaches were not sustainable and forest pathology saw its beginning. Annual lumber production increased from 5.4 billion to 44.5 billion board feet. Forest pathologists were called upon to help manage forests for a variety of products, with a focus on decays of wood and wood products. Projection of timber famine stirred public concern, and a number of laws were enacted to deal with the issue. Pathologists were called upon to deal with many of the issues associated with intensive management, and new pests such as chestnut blight and white pine blister rust demanded attention. Then pathologists were called upon to help manage for multiple benefits, and the issues became more complex. Pests such as mistletoes, root diseases, rusts, nursery pests, and urban pests presented new challenges. Concepts such as landscape level assessments, ecosystem management, and multiple-use led to the management of forests to provide for a complex variety of needs. Management objectives vary across the landscape, and pathologists find themselves working with managers who want to maximize fiber production, those that manage areas set aside for special purposes, and all combinations in between. Issues such as acceptable levels of pests, nonnative invasive species, landowner values, visual and watershed quality, and best management practices must be considered in an ever-changing landscape.

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Ambrose-Oji, Bianca, Alice Goodenough, Julie Urquhart, Clare Hall, and Berglind Karlsdóttir. "‘We’re Farmers Not Foresters’: Farmers’ Decision-Making and Behaviours towards Managing Trees for Pests and Diseases." Forests 13, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071030.

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Policy makers are challenged to find ways of influencing and supporting land manager behaviours and actions to deal with the impacts of increasing pressure from tree pests and diseases. This paper investigates attitudes and behaviours of farmers towards managing trees on farmland for pests and diseases. Data collection with farmers included deliberative workshops and semi-structured interviews. Data were thematically analyzed using the COM-B (Capacity/Opportunity/Motivation-Behaviour) model to understand the drivers of farmer behaviour for tree health. Results suggested farmers had some knowledge, experience and skills managing trees, but they did not recognize this capacity. Social norms and networks impacted the context of opportunity to act for tree health, along with access to trusted advice and labour, and the costs associated with management action. Motivational factors such as self-efficacy, perceived benefits of acting, personal interest and sense of agency were impacted by farmers’ self-identity as food producers. The COM-B model also provides a framework for identifying intervention design through a Behaviour Change Wheel. This suggests that enhancing self-efficacy supported by the right kind of advice and guidance, framed and communicated in farmers’ terms and brokered by appropriate knowledge intermediaries, seems critical to building action amongst different farmer types and attitudinal groups.

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Walker, J. "Development of contingency plans for use against exotic pests and diseases of trees and timber." Australian Forestry 50, no. 1 (January 1987): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1987.10674489.

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Wylie, F. R., and B. C. Peters. "Development of contingency plans for use against exotic pests and diseases of trees and timber." Australian Forestry 50, no. 1 (January 1987): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1987.10674490.

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Eldridge, R. H., and J. A. Simpson. "Development of contingency plans for use against exotic pests and diseases of trees and timber." Australian Forestry 50, no. 1 (January 1987): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1987.10674491.

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Hosking, G. P., and P. D. Gadgil. "Development of contingency plans for use against exotic pests and diseases of trees and timber." Australian Forestry 50, no. 1 (January 1987): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1987.10674492.

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Gahukar, R. T. "Bioefficacy of indigenous plant products against pests and diseases of Indian forest trees: A review." Journal of Forestry Research 21, no. 2 (June 2010): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-010-0038-7.

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Adams, Jonathan M., Gianluca Piovesan, Steve Strauss, and Sandra Brown. "The Case for Genetic Engineering of Native and Landscape Trees against Introduced Pests and Diseases." Conservation Biology 16, no. 4 (August 2002): 874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00523.x.

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Cilas, Christian, and Philippe Bastide. "Challenges to Cocoa Production in the Face of Climate Change and the Spread of Pests and Diseases." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091232.

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The evolution of cocoa farming was quickly confronted with the development of pests and diseases. These sanitary constraints have shaped the geographical distribution of production over the centuries. Current climate change adds an additional constraint to the plant health constraints, making the future of cocoa farming more uncertain. Climate change is not only affecting the areas where cocoa is grown for physiological reasons, particularly in relation to changes in water regimes, but also affects the distribution of pests and diseases affecting this crop. These different points are discussed in the light of the trajectories observed in the different cocoa-growing areas. The breeding programs of cocoa trees for sustainable resistance to plant health constraints and climate change are therefore particularly important challenges for cocoa farming, with the other management practices of plantations.

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Galecic, Nevenka, Milka Glavendekic, and Ana Gacic. "Effect oh health condition on aesthetic value of green spaces in Pionirski park in Belgrade." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 96 (2007): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0796015g.

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The relation between health condition and aesthetic value of green spaces was studied in Pionirski Park. Mean ratings of these values were compared and analyzed for different plant categories (broadleaf trees, coniferous trees broadleaf shrubs, evergreen shrubs and coniferous shrubs). It was concluded that in Pionirski Park broadleaf trees have higher aesthetic values than coniferous trees. Total aesthetic value of coniferous trees is lower than that of broadleaf trees, because the latter are infested by pests and diseases of assimilation organs, which have been present for many years in high degrees of infestation and infection. It was concluded that coniferous trees were significantly degraded thanks to inadequate maintenance, by which their aesthetic value was reduced and their life span significantly shortened. It is extremely important to research the current health condition of green spaces and to determine what reclamation measures are necessary to conserve and enhance its authenticity, cultural-landscape heritage and aesthetic value.

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Wang, Yanpeng, Cuiyu Liu, Zhou Fang, Qiang Wu, Yang Xu, Bangchu Gong, Xibing Jiang, Junsheng Lai, and Jingen Fan. "A Review of the Stress Resistance, Molecular Breeding, Health Benefits, Potential Food Products, and Ecological Value of Castanea mollissima." Plants 11, no. 16 (August 14, 2022): 2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11162111.

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Chestnut (Castanea spp., Fagaceae family) is an economically and ecologically valuable species. The main goals of chestnut production vary among species and countries and depend on the ecological characteristics of orchards, agronomic management, and the architecture of chestnut trees. Here, we review recent research on chestnut trees, including the effects of fungal diseases (Cryphonectria parasitica and Phytophthora cinnamomi) and insect pests (Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu), molecular markers for breeding, ecological effects, endophytic fungi, and extracts with human health benefits. We also review research on chestnut in the food science field, technological improvements, the soil and fertilizer used for chestnut production, and the postharvest biology of chestnut. We noted differences in the factors affecting chestnut production among regions, including China, the Americas, and Europe, especially in the causal agents of disease and pests. For example, there is a major difference in the resistance of chestnut to C. parasitica in Asian, European, and American countries. Our review provides new insights into the integrated disease and pest management of chestnut trees in China. We hope that this review will foster collaboration among regions and help to clarify differences in the direction of breeding efforts among countries.

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Knox, Gary W., William E. Klingeman, Mathews Paret, and Amy Fulcher. "Management of Pests, Plant Diseases and Abiotic Disorders of Magnolia Species in the Southeastern United States: A Review." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.30.4.223.

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The genus, Magnolia, encompasses a group of about 240 species of evergreen or deciduous trees and large shrubs. Magnolias are native to temperate, subtropical and tropical areas of southeastern Asia, eastern North America, Central America, the Caribbean and parts of South America. Native and nonnative Magnolia species have become prominent landscape plants in the southeastern U.S. due to their beauty, utility, relative ease of maintenance and broad adaptability to the region's climate and soils. Species introductions, breeding and selection programs over the last 50 years have produced superior selections with improved flowering, new flower colors and ornamental foliage and buds often featuring brown, copper or gold indumentum. Magnolia health and pest management is sometimes overlooked in both landscape and production settings because magnolia is considered to have relatively few pest and disease problems. Some abiotic disorders may mimic biotic damage or may render magnolia more susceptible to pests and diseases. When they occur, abiotic disorders, pests or diseases on magnolia can cause significant economic or aesthetic losses. This review focuses on magnolia culture in production and landscape settings with an emphasis on major pests, plant diseases and abiotic disorders affecting management of Magnolia species.

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Kurochkina, A. N. "ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF PLANTING OF THE NEPEYTSEVSKY DENDROPARK OF THE CITY OF UFA." RUSSIAN ELECTRONIC SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL 37, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/2308-9644-2020-37-3-69-75.

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The article presents the results of an assessment of the state of plantings of the Nepeitsevsky arboretum in Ufa. The vital state of each tree on the test area is described, their condition, the presence of diseases, deformities and damage on them are analyzed. The list shows the exact number of trees by category of life state. The number of healthy-522 trunks, weakened-38, severely weakened-8 and dead wood-12 PCs. In the plantings, cases of damage to trees by diseases and pests such as tinder, rot, curvature of trunks, and spotting of maple leaves have been recorded. Despite the recorded damage to trunks and leaves on all three test areas, in General, the study area is healthy.

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Frank, Daniel. "Evaluation of Fruit Bagging as a Pest Management Option for Direct Pests of Apple." Insects 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040178.

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Bagging fruit with plastic, paper, and two-layer commercial bags was evaluated for control of insect pests and diseases in an experimental apple orchard planted with ‘Red Delicious’ trees. Results from fruit damage evaluations at harvest showed that bagging significantly reduced fruit damage from direct apple pests compared with non-bagged control plots, and generally provided similar levels of fruit protection when compared with a conventional pesticide spray program. Of the three bagging materials evaluated, plastic bags provided numerically higher levels of fruit protection from insect pests, and two-layer commercial bags provided numerically higher levels of fruit protection from fruit diseases. Fruit quality as measured by percentage Brix was higher in non-bagged control plots than all other treatment plots. Fruit quality as measured by fruit diameter was not significantly different among treatments. Plastic and two-layer commercial bags generally required less time to secure around apple fruit than paper bags. The proportion of bags that remained on fruit until harvest ranged from 0.54–0.71 (commercial bags), 0.64–0.82 (plastic bags), and 0.32–0.60 (paper bags), depending on the year.

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Klingeman, William E., Sarah A. White, Anthony LeBude, Amy Fulcher, Nicole Ward Gauthier, and Frank Hale. "Arthropod Pests, Plant Diseases and Abiotic Disorders and their Management on Viburnum Species in the Southeastern U.S.: A Review." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 84–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.32.2.84.

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The genus Viburnum encompasses a group of about 150 species of evergreen, semi-evergreen or deciduous trees and large shrubs. Viburnums are native to temperate, subtropical and tropical areas of southeastern Asia, eastern North America, Central America, the Caribbean and parts of South America. Native and nonnative Viburnum species have become prominent landscape plants in the southeastern United States due to their beauty, utility, relative ease of maintenance and broad adaptability to the region's climate and soils. Efficient management of viburnum pests to maintain healthy viburnum plants in nurseries and landscape settings is crucial for sustaining the economic competitiveness and profitability of green industry professionals competing in the horticulture marketplace. Diversity of species within the genus, however, is vast, and can contribute to many host-pest complexes that differ among growing environments and cause severe economic or aesthetic losses. Additionally, some abiotic disorders may mimic biotic damage or may render viburnum more susceptible to pests and diseases. This review focuses on viburnum culture in production and landscape settings with an emphasis on major insect and mite pests, plant diseases and abiotic disorders affecting management of Viburnum species in nursery and landscape settings.

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Rom, Curt R., Donn Johnson, Mark Den Herder, and Ron Talbert. "ORCHARD FACTORS AFFECTING TREE PRODUCTIVITY AND MITE INFESTATIONS IN ARKANSAS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 605f—606. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.605f.

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Twelve apple orchards and an experimental orchard were evaluated in 2 years for weed population and diversity, primary pests (codling moth, oriental fruit moth, plum curculio and mites), primary diseases, soil water content, and 37 horticultural attributes describing tree growth, fruit growth, productivity, tree nutrition, and management intensity. Data were collected at 2 week intervals. The experimental orchard contained three apple cultivars grown in three orchard floor management systems. Increased weed ground cover related to earlier and increased mite predator populations in trees, decreased pest mite-days, but reduced tree and fruit growth. Grass weed species appeared more detrimental to tree growth than broadleaf species. Tree training intensity was negatively related to canopy density, and incidence of pests and diseases. Reductions in fruit size and quality were more closely linked to weed competition, and earliness and degree of pest mite infestation than to crop load.

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Lee, Sang-Hyun, and Gao Gao. "A Study on Pine Larva Detection System Using Swin Transformer and Cascade R-CNN Hybrid Model." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031330.

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Pine trees are more vulnerable to diseases and pests than other trees, so prevention and management are necessary in advance. In this paper, two models of deep learning were mixed to quickly check whether or not to detect pine pests and to perform a comparative analysis with other models. In addition, to select a good performance model of artificial intelligence, a comparison of the recall values, such as Precision (AP), Intersection over Union (IoU) = 0.5, and AP (IoU), of four models including You Only Look Once (YOLOv5s)_Focus+C3, Cascade Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks (Cascade R-CNN)_Residual Network 50, Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks, and Faster R-CNN_ResNet50 was performed, and in addition to the mixed model Swin Transformer_Cascade R-CNN proposed in this paper, they were evaluated. As a result of this study, the recall value of the YOLOv5s_Focus+C3 model was 66.8%, the recall value of the Faster R-CNN_ResNet50 model was 91.1%, and the recall value of the Cascade R-CNN_ResNet50 model was 92.9%. The recall value of the model that mixed the Cascade R-CNN_Swin Transformer proposed in this study was 93.5%. Therefore, as a result of comparing the recall values of the performances of the four models in detecting pine pests, the Cascade R-CNN_Swin Transformer mixed model proposed in this paper showed the highest accuracy.

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Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Sterja Načeski, and Margarita Georgieva. "The health condition of trees in dendropark at Faculty of Forestry – Skopje with a special focus on fungal diseases and insect pests." Šumarski list 146, no. 5-6 (June 30, 2022): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.146.5-6.7.

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The Dendropark at the Faculty of Forestry in Skopje, North Macedonia, was established as an ‘outdoor museum’ with a collection of forest trees and shrub vegetation. The collection was planted in 1950 on the area of 4.05 ha, and includes 336 taxa from native Macedonian and Balkan endemic dendroflora and introduced species from around the world. The Dendropark, like the other botanical gardens all over the world, offers a unique resource that facilitate earlier detection of the potential invasive threats to forest tree species. The inventoried population includes 444 trees belonging to 43 families. The three most represented families are Pinaceae with 21 species (19.4% of the inventoried plants), Cupressaceae with 16 species (15.8%) and Rosaceae with 18 species (7.4%). The 2014 survey indicated that 33.8% of the total number of trees were rated with good health status, 1.8% as very good, 31.1% rated as fair, while 24.5% were poor. Approximately 4.1% were rated to be in a critical state (in a state of decline), and 4.7% of trees were dead. The assessment of health status of plants in the Dendropark could be used as a valuable asset to planners and decision makers and provides information about the quality, quantity and location of natural resources in urban areas. Identifying changes in plant species composition and presence of invasive pests and diseases helps maintaining healthy urban forests.

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Piato, Kevin, Cristian Subía, Jimmy Pico, Darío Calderón, Lindsey Norgrove, and François Lefort. "Organic Farming Practices and Shade Trees Reduce Pest Infestations in Robusta Coffee Systems in Amazonia." Life 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11050413.

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Coffee agroforestry systems could reconcile agricultural and environmental objectives. While pests and diseases can reduce yield, their interactions with shade and nutrition have been rarely researched, and are particularly lacking in perennial systems. We hypothesized that intermediate shade levels could reduce coffee pests while excess shade could favor fungal diseases. We hypothesized that organic rather than mineral fertilization would better synchronize with nutrient uptake and higher nutrient inputs would be associated with reduced pest and disease damage due to higher plant vigor, yet effects would be less obvious in shaded plots as coffee growth would be light-limited. Using three-year-old trees of Coffea canephora var. Robusta (robusta coffee) in the Ecuadorian Amazon, we compared a full-sun system with four shading methods creating different shade levels: (1) Myroxylon balsamum; (2) Inga edulis; (3) Erythrina spp.; or, (4) Erythrina spp. plus Myroxylon balsamum. Conventional farming at either (1) moderate or (2) intensified input and organic farming at (3) low or (4) intensified input were compared in a split-plot design with shade as the main plot factor and farming practice as the sub-plot factor. The infestation of the following pests and disease incidences were evaluated monthly during the dry season: brown twig beetle (Xylosandrus morigerus), coffee leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeella), coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei), anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum spp.), thread blight (Pellicularia koleroga), and cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora coffeicola). Coffee berry borer and brown twig beetle infestation were both reduced by 7% in intensified organic treatments compared to intensified conventional treatments. Colonization of coffee berry borer holes in coffee berries by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was also assessed. Brown twig beetle infestation was significantly higher under full sun than under Inga edulis, yet no other shade effects were detected. We demonstrate for the first time how intensified input use might promote pest populations and thus ultimately lead to robusta coffee yield losses.

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Spence, Nicola, and Sam Grant. "Using International Trade Data to Inform the Plant Health and Biosecurity Response in the UK." Outlooks on Pest Management 31, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v31_jun_06.

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Plants are essential for supporting human life, providing food, oxygen and medicine as well as benefits to health from interacting with nature. Plants also play a crucial role in ecosystems and in mitigating the effects of climate change. The importance of plants to humans and to the environment is gaining a higher level of attention in today's political and social landscape. The Great Britain Plant Health and Biosecurity Strategy will be updated this year to reflect upcoming challenges for maintaining high biosecurity standards while the Tree Health Resilience Strategy protects our trees going forward, allowing for adaption to environmental change and building resilience to future threats. Additionally, 2020 is the FAO's International Year of Plant Health providing a unique opportunity to raise the profile of plant heath further on a global scale. Critical to biosecurity is the global trade in plants and plant commodities which may offer us the option to grow plants that are more suited to a future, warmer climate and thus more resilient to climate change, but which brings with it an increased risk of invasive pests and diseases. It is important that we protect our native species and minimise the risks of introducing new pests and diseases. The UK's plant health regime aims to manage that risk to protect the value of plants and trees, both as crops and forestry products, as well as ecosystem services and societal benefits. The UK is a net importer of plants and plant commodities and it is the role of the Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI) and the Forestry Commission (FC) to carry out checks on imported material. Given that there are over 1,000 pests on the UK Plant Health Risk Register the challenge cannot be understated. It is unrealistic to expect that we can provide effective protection from all pests and diseases so potentially serious pests which are identified by the UK Plant Health Risk Group are subject to a detailed pest risk analysis (PRA) following internationally agreed methodologies. Import inspections are risk-based and use the outcomes of the PRA as the basis for focusing resource to the highest threats. The experimental statistics released by Defra in March 2020 'Plant Health – international trade and controlled consignments, 2014–2018' were developed to address some of the evidence gaps around plant health related trade and the value of plant health, and to provide users with information on the work of import inspectors.

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39

Vanesah Sitinjak, Ekindo, Duryat ., and Trio Santoso. "Status Kesehatan Pohon Pada Jalur Hijau Dan Halaman Parkir Universitas Lampung." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 4, no. 2 (May 23, 2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl24101-108.

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Campus of University Lampung was one of the urban green open spaces which has ecological, social, cultural, and aesthetic. The frequency of broken branches and fallen trees indicated that many of trees were in unfavorable conditions. Identification of the tree health status was an important effort in order to manage trees properly, according to silviculture theorems. The study aimed (1) to figure out the trees health status in the green line along the street and parking area in University of Lampung, (2) figure out pests and diseases and also and human disturbance that cause the tree damage. The Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method was employed to identifie the tree health status. The result of research showed that, majority (92.29%) of trees in the green line and the parking area of Lampung University were in health condition, and only a small percentage (7,81%) were identified in light damaged, medium demaged, and hard damaged. Generally, there were nine types of tree damage that most found. Those damage were discoloration of leaves (10.48%), open wounds (10.38%), fruiting bodies (4.11%), cancer (3.80%), epifit (2.26%), leaf buds damage (1.23%), fractures branches/trunks (1.54%), branchis (0.92%), and resinosis (0.51%). Keywords: Forest Health Monitoring (FHM), urban forest of Unila, tree health, plant diseases

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MOZAFFARIAN, FARIBA. "An Identification key to the species of Auchenorrhyncha of Iranian fauna recorded as pests in orchards and a review on the pest status of the species." Zootaxa 4420, no. 4 (May 18, 2018): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4420.4.2.

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An illustrated dichotomous identification key for a total of 54 Auchenorrhyncha species of Iran is presented. The studied species have been recorded as pests and vectors of diseases to fruit trees. Twenty nine records were contributed to Iranian orchards and 25 of which were from other parts of the world. Hence, the latter group can be considered as potential pests and vectors in Iran. Reviewing the published information on the former group suggests 12 species as pests (4, 2 and 6 species with significant, minor, and unknown recorded economic damage levels, respectively). The pest status of 14 recorded pest species were quite doubtful and 3 of them could not be present in Iran due to the lack of evidence or their limited distribution in other parts of the world. The 4 species which were recognized as well known and significantly important pests belonged to the families: Tropiduchidae (Ommatissus lybicus Bergevin, 1930), Cicadidae (Cicadatra alhageos (Kolenati, 1857)), and Cicadellidae (Hishimonus phycitis (Distant, 1908) and Neoaliturus haematoceps (Mulstant et Rey, 1855)). One species Orosanga japonicus is recording for the first time from Iran and added to the key.

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A N, Ganeshamurthy, Kalaivanan D, Rupa T R, and Raghupathi H B. "Groundwater Decline and Prolonged Drought Could Reduce Vigour, Enhance Vulnerability to Diseases and Pests and Kill Perennial Horticultural Crops: Needs Urgent Policy Intervention." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.2020.v15i01.002.

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Perennial horticulture in India has undergone a change from rainfed system to drip fertigation systems and from isolated hedge and bund trees to high intensity orchard systems with enhanced number of trees per unit area. In several parts, particularly in the Deccan plateau, the system has now become completely dependent on water pumped from tube wells. Severe competition for water from tube wells makes farmers to devote more water for cash rich annual crops and even sell water for city dwellers nearby. As a consequence, the groundwater level in the past three decades has fallen from few feet to above thousand feet. At several places it has crossed the “peak water”. Frequent and prolonged exposure of fruit trees and nuts to drought coupled with ground water depletion has led to soil profile drying leading to reduced vigour and enhanced vulnerability to diseases and pests. This has led to withering of fruit and nut trees. Perennial crops are likely to become increasingly maladapted to their environment, particularly in the earlier period of climate change they are more likely to be attacked by diseases and insects. Coconuts, areca nuts and mango trees have died in several places and the government constituted committees have recommended compensation to the farmers. As a country, we have dramatically increased our reliance on groundwater. 175 million Indians are now fed with food produced with the unsustainable use of groundwater. This increase has dried up rivers and lakes, because there is a hydrologic connection between groundwater and surface water. Yet the legal rules governing water use usually ignore the link between law and science. The issue needs thorough examination and needs policy interventions to come out of this vicious circle.

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Hall, Clare, Mariella Marzano, and Liz O'Brien. "Understanding how best to engage recreationists in biosecurity to reduce the impacts of tree diseases: a review." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 4, no. 5 (December 1, 2020): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20200064.

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Pests and diseases introduced from other countries are known to pose a threat to trees, woods and forests in many locations throughout the world. Once introduced they can be spread inadvertently by countryside visitors hiking, biking or riding along paths and trails through wooded areas. Engaging and communicating with these groups of countryside users to encourage and facilitate positive biosecurity behaviours is crucial for the future resilience of trees, woods and forests. This review draws on literature outlining principles for stakeholder engagement in forestry as well as evaluations of biosecurity campaigns from around the world. Key points are briefly presented for communicators aiming to encourage better biosecurity in the countryside. These include, the need to design campaigns based on the values and motivations of recreationists, using trusted information sources and understanding the importance of combining information with facilities so as to reduce the cost (in terms of effort and inconvenience) to hikers and other countryside users.

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Zsigó, György. "Arrival of invasive pests in our direct environment and control opportunities." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 66 (June 2, 2015): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/66/1885.

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The author refers about the nowadays applied practical plant protection activities against pests occuring on trees, shrubs and turfs of public domains. It is overviewed those insects, diseases and weeds which cause damages and touched also upon disturbing the local residents only and tasks to the plant protection engineer expert to manage them. Among the special features of public domains should be mentioned that the rules are difficult to harmonize according to the legal, public health, and horticulture requirements at the same time. The anti-pesticide attitude of EU and the modest range of pesticides which are applicable on public domains make difficulties in optimal management work. The author draws up proposals how to manage the complex plant protection on public domains.

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Thu, Pham Quang, Dao Ngoc Quang, Nguyen Minh Chi, Tran Xuan Hung, Le Van Binh, and Bernard Dell. "New and Emerging Insect Pest and Disease Threats to Forest Plantations in Vietnam." Forests 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101301.

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The planted forest area in Vietnam increased from 3.0 to 4.4 million hectares in the period 2010–2020, but the loss of productivity from pests and diseases continues to be a problem. During this period, frequent and systematic plantation forest health surveys were conducted on 12 native and 4 exotic genera of trees as well as bamboo across eight forest geographic regions of Vietnam. Damage caused by insects and pathogens was quantified in the field and laboratory in Hanoi. The threats of greatest concern were from folivores (Antheraea frithi, Arthroschista hilaralis, Atteva fabriciella, Hieroglyphus tonkinensis, Lycaria westermanni,Krananda semihyalina, and Moduza procris), wood borers (Batocera lineolata, Euwallacea fornicatus, Tapinolachnus lacordairei, Xyleborus perforans, and Xystrocera festiva), sap-sucking insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis and Helopeltis theivora) and pathogens (Ceratocystis manginecans, Fusarium solani, and Phytophthora acaciivora). The number of new and emerging pests and pathogens increased over time from 2 in 2011 to 17 in 2020, as the damage became more widespread. To manage these pests and diseases, it is necessary to further invest in the selection and breeding of resistant genotypes, improve nursery hygiene and silvicultural operations, and adopt integrated pest management schemes. Consideration should be given to developing forest health monitoring protocols for forest reserves and other special-purpose forests.

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Paine, T. D., and J. G. Millar. "Insect pests of eucalypts in California: implications of managing invasive species." Bulletin of Entomological Research 92, no. 2 (April 2002): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002151.

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AbstractFor the first 150 years following their introduction, eucalypts planted in the California landscape were free of both insect pests and diseases. In the last 15 years, numerous herbivorous insect species have been introduced accidentally into the State and have caused significant damage to the trees. Several of these species, e.g. Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius), Phoracantha recurva Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), have also been introduced into other parts of the world where eucalypts are grown, whereas others, e.g. Glycaspsis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Spondyliaspidae) and Eucalyptolyma maideni Froggatt (Hemiptera: Spondyliaspidae), are currently restricted to California and Australia. Research programmes have provided management solutions to individual pest problems, but as more pest species are introduced, these solutions must be integrated across broad geographic, horticultural, and economic scales, in a systems approach.

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Buchner, Richard P. "Alternative Production and Protection Practices for Tree Nut Crops." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 691d—691. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.691d.

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California walnut farmers compete with pests and diseases to produce an economically viable crop. Current control strategies work reasonably well for most pest and diseases. However, the future of these techniques is a matter of speculation. This presentation describes current production practices and potential alternatives to “traditional” pest and disease control. Codling moth, walnut husk fly, mites, navel orangeworm, aphids, and scale are typical insect pests that have an impact on California walnut production. Spray decisions using Integrated Pest Management, beneficial insect releases, mating disruption, insect growth regulators, and orchard sanitation offer potential alternatives. Major diseases include: Phytophthora crown and root rot, crown gall, oak root fungus, and walnut blight. Control options include careful site selection and orchard management, resistant rootstocks, competitive bacteria for crown gall control, and copper compounds for walnut blight suppression. Weed growth is related to the amount of light reaching the orchard floor. Mature trees often shade the orchard floor, subsequently reducing the need for weed suppression. Herbicides are typically used for vegetation control. Choice of irrigation system, cultivation, mowing, cover crops, and flaming offer potential alternatives either alone or in combination with conventional herbicides.

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Ramadhan, Muhammad, Dina Naemah, and Ahmad Yamani. "ANALISIS INTENSITAS KERUSAKAN MAHONI (Swietenia mahagoni) AKIBAT SERANGAN HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 3, no. 4 (November 17, 2020): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v3i4.2350.

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Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni) is a type of tree that is widely used as a greening plant and also used as a pollution cleaning plant because it is able to absorb pollutants in the air. In order for this tree to be able to work well, it should be noted for its health. This research on mahoni aims to analyze the damage from mahoni trees and calculate the percentage of mahoni tree damage due to pests and plant diseases carried out in permanent nursery management centers for watersheds and protected forests for three months. Mahoni trees used as the object of research amounted to 81 trees while the tools used were binoculars and writing instruments.The method used in this research is to use Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) method. The results obtained from this research are based on observations in the field, it was found that there were four parts of the tree that were damaged which thas was lower trunk, upper trunk, branches, and leaves.Based on observations also found there are four different types of damage suffered by mahoni which that was wounds, broken and dead, damaged leaves, and leaf discoloration. Based on these results, the most damaged part of the tree was the branch and the least was the lower trunk. Other results show the type of damage most suffered by mahoni was broken and dead while the least was wounds. There were 126 cases of damage suffered by mahoni in which as many as 15 cases were caused by pests and 111 cases the rets were caused by diseases. Based on these data, it can be concluded that mahoni damage caused by disease was higher than that caused by pests.Keywords: Mahoni; Pest; Disease

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Ju, Yunwei, Jie Pan, Xiaotang Wang, and Heng Zhang. "Detection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus infection in Pinus massoniana from hyperspectral data." Nematology 16, no. 10 (2014): 1197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002846.

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Hyperspectral remote sensing has great potential for accurate detection of forest pests and diseases. The main objectives of this research were: i) to determine the best hyperspectral wavelengths or their combinations to discriminate Pinus massoniana trees infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus disease from healthy trees over the spectral range of 350-1000 nm; and ii) to assess the chlorophyll content of infected trees using the hyperspectral algorithm. We also discuss the possibility of an early detection method of B. xylophilus disease dynamics by combining the spectral characteristics and the chlorophyll content of trees. The hyperspectral data were gathered for six stages of healthy to infected trees using a 1-nm-wide handheld spectroradiometer. First derivative (FD) spectra and vegetation indices were used for data dimensionality reduction and to select the most effective wavelengths for detection. The most effective FD spectrum in 759 nm was selected to discriminate the infected and healthy P. massoniana plants. The normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI)(810,450) value in the fully infected stage correlated with the variation of chlorophyll content (). We conclude that the combination of specific spectral characteristics and chlorophyll content is a reliable method for confirming infection about 30 days after B. xylophilus inoculation.

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Ražná, Katarína, Jana Žiarovská, Pavel Hrubík, Veronika Batyaneková, and Angela Vargaová. "Ecologically conditioned imprinting of miRNA-based profiles of Ginkgo biloba L. growing in Slovakia." Folia Oecologica 46, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2019-0008.

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AbstractGinkgo biloba L. is characterized by its high level of resistance to climatic conditions, diseases, and pests. In Slovakia, there is a rich collection of genetic resources of ginkgo consisting of 288 trees growing in 103 locations and providing valuable biological material for scientific research. There have been documented 45 trees of ginkgo older than 100 years (ranging from 112 to 242 years of age). Their dendrometrical parameters were recorded. For genomic imprinting, three types of microRNA-based markers were selected; highly conserved gb-miR160, moderately conserved gb-miR482 and the species-specific gb-miR75. The most efficient one can be considered the marker gb-miR482 with its genotype-unique miRNA profiles probably related to this marker functioning in the defence mechanisms of the ginkgo species. Unique miRNA loci were recorded in genomes of young ginkgo trees. We found that, by selecting the appropriate microRNA-based markers, it is possible to characterize the ginkgo genome in the context of microclimatic conditions.

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Wicks, TJ, and AR Granger. "Effects of low rates of pesticides on the control of pests and diseases of apples." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 3 (1989): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890439.

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Fungicides and insecticides used at the recommended rate, and reduced recommended rates were applied at low volume (100 L ha-1) to apple trees in field experiments in South Australia from 1985 to 1988. At harvest the incidence of fruit damaged by fungi and insects was assessed on Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Jonathan and Granny Smith cultivars. Mixtures of penconazole and mancozeb applied at the recommended rates of 800 mL and 4.5 kg ha-1 respectively as well as 25% and 10% of the recommended rates controlled apple scab completely in 1986, but were less effective in 1987. Azinphos-methyl applied at the recommended rate of 2.7 kg and 25% of the recommended rate reduced codling moth infestation to commercially acceptable levels of <2 % on Red Delicious only in 1987. Considerable cost savings are possible by using low rates of pesticides. Our results suggest that the use of low rates is more applicable to low valued cultivars such as Jonathans and orchards with low levels of pest and disease.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Trees Diseases and pests Victoria'

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