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1
Glenn, D. M., J. W. Worthington, W. V. Welker, and M. J. McFarland. "Estimation of Peach Tree Water Use Using Infrared Thermometry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 5 (September 1989): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.5.737.
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Abstract Infrared (IR) thermometry has not been extensively applied in deciduous tree fruit production to determine water use. The objectives of this study were to a) examine IR measurement techniques for evaluating canopy temperatures in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees; b) evaluate a foliage-minus-air temperature- (Tc – Ta) based diffusion equation for vapor flux used to predict tree water use; and c) measure the Tc – Ta response of irrigated peach trees over a range of air vapor pressure deficits. The mean Tc – Ta for a tree was similar for readings made from the canopy sides (horizontal orientation of the IR thermometer) or canopy tops (vertical orientation). Peach tree water use from weighing lysimeters was predicted within 9.4% ± 3% using the diffusion equation for vapor flux. Tc – Ta for irrigated peach trees was related to the air vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Data are presented to show that stomatal response to VPD does alter the Tc – Ta nonstressed baseline for peach at VPD > 2 kPa.
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Levitt, D. G., J. R. Simpson, and J. L. Tipton. "Water Use of Two Landscape Tree Species in Tucson, Arizona." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 3 (May 1995): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.3.409.
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Although water conservation programs in the arid southwestern United States have prompted prudent landscaping practices such as planting low water use trees, there is little data on the actual water use of most species. The purpose of this study was to determine the actual water use of two common landscape tree species in Tucson, Ariz., and water use coefficients for two tree species based on the crop coefficient concept. Water use of oak (Quercus virginiana `Heritage') and mesquite (Prosopis alba `Colorado') trees in containers was measured from July to October 1991 using a precision balance. Water-use coefficients for each tree species were calculated as the ratio of measured water use per total leaf area or per projected canopy area to reference evapotranspiration obtained from a modified FAO Penman equation. After accounting for tree growth, water-use coefficients on a total leaf area basis were 0.5 and 1.0 for oak and mesquite, respectively, and on a projected canopy area basis were 1.4 and 1.6 for oaks and mesquites, respectively. These coefficients indicate that mesquites (normally considered xeric trees) use more water than oaks (normally considered mesic trees) under nonlimiting conditions.
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Kjelgren, Roger. "MODELING WATER USE OF SHADE TREES IN FIELD PRODUCTION NURSERIES." HortScience 31, no. 6 (October 1996): 916C—916. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.6.916c.
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Supplemental watering of shade trees in field production nurseries is needed, even in summer-rainfall climates, to achieve maximum growth. Scheduling the timing and amount of supplemental watering makes more efficient use of financial and water resources while maintaining maximum growth. Methods of scheduling supplemental watering based on uniform canopy and rooting in production agriculture must be modified, however, for shade trees in a production setting. Nursery trees are non-uniform in canopy and rooting compared to an agricultural crop. Applying the water budget method can be effective with sprinkler systems if tree water loss and rooting depth can be properly estimated. A measure of reference evapotranspiration and a species-specific multiplier are typically used to estimate water loss. Since species diversity in a field nursery is quite high, however, estimates of both tree transpiration and rooting depth must necessarily be simplified assumptions less accurate than for a uniform agricultural crop. If supplemental water is to be applied with drip irrigation, estimates of tree transpiration and soil water depletion need to be converted to volume units with information on total tree leaf area.
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Steinberg, Susan L., Marshall J. McFarland, and Josiah W. Worthington. "Antitranspirant Reduces Water Use by Peach Trees Following Harvest." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 1 (January 1990): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.1.20.
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The potential for reducing water use of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees with antitranspirants following fruit harvest was investigated using matched peach trees planted in an outdoor twin weighing lysimeter facility. A 10% solution of the antitranspirant Wilt Pruf NCF was applied to one of the two trees on 7 July 1986. Immediately after application, water use of the treated tree was reduced by 40%. One month after treatment, the water use was reduced 30% and, by the termination of the experiment (85 days after treatment), water use was reduced 12% as compared to control. The average reduction in tree water use for the entire period was 30%. Fully expanded, sunlit leaves (nodes 10 to 20 from the terminal end) from the treated tree exhibited the greatest reduction in water loss compared with immature or inner canopy, shaded leaves. Use of the antitranspirant did not prevent the development of water stress once a critical level of soil moisture was reached. The change in tree water use induced by the antitranspirant did not significantly reduce shoot length, new leaf production, or individual leaf size on actively growing, current-season branches. Fruit and leaf bud initiation, as measured the following spring, were not affected: however. flower bud maturation could not be evaluated due to freeze damage. Chemical name used: di-1-p-menthene (Wilt Pruf NCF).
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Vrecenak, Arthur J. "SHADE TREE TRANSPIRATION AND WATER USE." Arboricultural Journal 12, no. 1 (February 1988): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.1988.9756379.
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Fernández, J. E., and F. Moreno. "Water Use by the Olive Tree." Journal of Crop Production 2, no. 2 (September 10, 2000): 101–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j144v02n02_05.
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Simpson, David G. "Water use of interior Douglas-fir." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 534–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-233.
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Water use of individual Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) trees was measured in two plots at a forest site in southern British Columbia, Canada. Average daily early summer water use by trees with diameters of 7.5-70 cm varied from 1.8 to 166 L. Sap flux density (cm3 water/cm2 sapwood per hour) was linearly related to shoot xylem pressure potential and was found to increase with increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and short-wave irradiance (I), reaching maximum rates with VPD > 0.6 kPa and I > 200 W·m-2. Daily sap flux density varied among trees but was not related to tree diameter, so an average value of 1137.4 L·m-2 sapwood area was used to estimate average early summer stand transpiration for the two plots of 1.08 and 1.5 mm·d-1. A close curvilinear relationship (r2 = 0.85) was found between stem cross-sectional area increment and sapwood area. The relationship was only slightly better (r2 = 0.89) between area increment and early summer individual tree water use. Stand volume growth for 1988-1998 for the two plots was 36-47 m3·ha-1. Stem volume relative growth rate over this 10-year period is estimated at 0.027 and 0.029 m3·m-3·a-1.
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Maier, Burley, Cook, Ghezehei, Hazel, and Nichols. "Tree Water Use, Water Use Efficiency, and Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Relation to Growth Potential in Populus deltoides and Hybrids under Field Conditions." Forests 10, no. 11 (November 6, 2019): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10110993.
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We explored the relationship between tree growth, water use, and related hydraulic traits in Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.and hybrid clones, to examine potential trade-offs between growth and water use efficiency. Nine genotypes, six P. deltoides and three hybrid clones, that represented genotypes with high (Group H), intermediate (Group I), and low (Group L) growth performance were selected for study, based on year-two standing stem biomass in a replicated field trial. In year four, tree growth, transpiration (Et), canopy stomatal conductance (Gs), whole-tree hydraulic conductance (Gp), and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) were measured. Tree sap flux was measured continuously using thermal dissipation probes. We hypothesized that Group H genotypes would have increased growth efficiency (GE), increased water use efficiency of production (WUEp, woody biomass growth/Et), lower Δ13C, and greater Gp than slower growing genotypes. Tree GE increased with relative growth rate (RGR), and mean GE in Group H was significantly greater than L, but not I. Tree WUEp ranged between 1.7 and 3.9 kg biomass m3 H2O−1, which increased with RGR. At similar levels of Et, WUEp was significantly greater in Group H (2.45 ± 0.20 kg m−3), compared to I (2.03 ± 0.18 kg m−3) or L (1.72 ± 0.23 kg m−3). Leaf and wood Δ13C scaled positively with stem biomass growth but was not correlated with WUEp. However, at a similar biomass increment, clones in Group H and I had significantly lower leaf Δ13C than Group L. Similarly, Group H clones had a significantly lower wood Δ13C than Group L, supporting our hypothesis of increased WUE in larger trees. Tree physiological and hydraulic traits partially explain differences in WUEp and Δ13C, and suggest that clone selection and management activities that increase tree biomass production will likely increase tree and stand WUE. However, more research is needed to discern the underlying hydraulic mechanisms responsible for the higher WUE exhibited by large trees and distinct clones.
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Khemira, H., L. E. Schrader, F. J. Peryea, R. Kammereck, and R. Burrows. "Effect of Rootstock on Nitrogen and Water Use in Apple Trees." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 486A—486. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.486a.
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One-year-old `Fuji' apple trees on six rootstocks (Mark, M.9, M.26, M.7A, MM.106, and MM.111) were compared for N and water uptake and utilization. The trees were potted in sand and subjected to a 75-day N-deprivation period (supplied with modified Hoagland's solution lacking N) to deplete their N reserves. Thereafter, they were supplied with a complete modified Hoagland's solution. Uptake of water and N differed by rootstock. Water and N uptake were positively related to tree dry weight (r = +0.97, P = 0.001). Trees that had the highest N concentrations at planting were the last to set bud during the N-deprivation-phase. Tree size after one growing season depended largely on rootstock girth and whole-tree-Nconcentration at planting (r2 = 0.80, P = 0.0001) regardless of rootstock. Water and N uptake efficiency (liter of water or mg N absorbed per g root dry weight, respectively) differed among the rootstocks, being highest for trees on MM.111 and lowest for trees on M.7A rootstock. Nitrogen and water utilization efficiency (g dry weight gained per mg N or per liter of water absorbed, respectively) were not influenced by the rootstock.
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Jones, Benjamin A., and John Fleck. "Urban Trees and Water Use in Arid Climates: Insights from an Integrated Bioeconomic-Health Model." Water Economics and Policy 04, no. 04 (October 2018): 1850022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x18500224.
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Managing outdoor water use while maintaining urban tree cover is a key challenge for water managers in arid climates. Urban trees generate flows of ecosystem services in arid areas, but also require significant amounts of irrigation. In this paper, a bioeconomic-health model of trees and water use is developed to investigate management of an urban forest canopy when irrigation is costly, water has economic value, and trees provide ecosystem services. The optimal tree irrigation decision is illustrated for Albuquerque, New Mexico, an arid Southwest US city. Using a range of monetary values for water, we find that the tree irrigation decision is sensitive to the value selected. Urban deforestation is optimal when the value of water is sufficiently high, or alternatively starts low, but grows to cross a specific threshold. If, however, the value of water is sufficiently low or if the value of tree cover rises over time, then deforestation is not optimal. The threshold value of water where the switch is made between zero and partial deforestation is well within previously identified ranges on actual water values. This model can be applied generally to study the tradeoffs between urban trees and water use in arid environments.
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Montague, Thayne, and Roger Kjelgren. "Use of Thermal Dissipation Probes to Estimate Water Loss of Containerized Landscape Trees." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-24.2.95.
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Abstract Granier style thermal dissipation probes (TDPs) have been used to estimate whole plant water use on a variety of tree and vine species. However, studies using TDPs and load cells (gravimetric water loss) to estimate water use of landscape tree species are rare. This research compared gravimetric water loss (estimated with load cells) of four containerized landscape tree species with water loss estimated with TDPs. Over a 66 day period, an experiment compared water loss of three established, 5.0 cm (2 in) caliper poplar (Populus nigra ‘Italica’) trees in 75-liter (20 gal) containers on load cells to TDP estimated water loss. Each tree had a single 30 mm (1.2 inch) TDP inserted into the trunk at four heights above soil level (15, 30, 45, and 60 cm (6, 12, 18, and 24 in, respectively)). Data revealed TDP estimated water loss was less than load cell estimated water loss regardless of TDP height, but TDP estimated water loss at the 30 cm height was closest to actual load cell estimated tree water loss. Over the next three years, similar sized Bradford pear (Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’), English oak (Quercus robur x Q. bicolor ‘Asjes’), poplar (Populus deltoides ‘Siouxland’), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua ‘Rotundiloba’) trees in containers were placed on load cells and one 30 mm TDP was placed into the trunk of each tree 30 cm above soil level. Over an extended time period, tree water loss was estimated using load cells and TDPs. Hourly TDP water loss estimates for each species over a three day period indicate TDP estimated water loss followed similar trends as load cell estimated water loss. However, TDP estimates were generally less than load cell estimates, especially during peak transpiration periods. For each species, mean total daily water loss estimates were less for TDP estimated water loss when compared to load cell estimated water loss. Although TDP estimated water loss has been correlated with actual tree water loss for many species, these data suggest errors may arise when using TDPs to estimate water loss of small, containerized landscape tree species.
12
Hatton, Thomas J., and Hsin-I. Wu. "Scaling theory to extrapolate individual tree water use to stand water use." Hydrological Processes 9, no. 5-6 (June 1995): 527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360090505.
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Boland, A.-M., P. D. Mitchell, I. Goodwin, and P. H. Jerie. "The Effect of Soil Volume on Young Peach Tree Growth and Water Use." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 6 (November 1994): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.6.1157.
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An experiment designed to study the effects of different root volumes was installed in Fall 1991. `Golden Queen' peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] were planted into different isolated soil volumes (0.025, 0.06, 0.15, 0.4, and 1.0 m3), which were essentially individual drainage lysimeters. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) increased from 5.76 to 14.23 cm2 for the smallest and largest volumes, respectively, while leaf area was 4.56 and 21.32 m2 for the respective treatments. Leaf size was not affected by soil volume. Soil volume was positively related to the number of lateral shoots produced, lateral shoot density, and internode length. Total flower bud number and flower bud density were inversely related to soil volume. Fruit set was similar among treatments despite an almost 4-fold difference in tree size. Tree water use (liters·mm-1 pan evaporation) increased with soil volume; however, when adjusted for tree size (tree water use per TCA), there were no consistent differences between treatments for tree water use over the season. These results suggest that trees planted in the smaller soil volumes were more efficient reproductively per unit of tree size and would be easier to manage in an ultra-high-density planting.
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Lion, Marryanna, Siti Aisah Shamsuddin, and Wan Mohd Shukri Wan Ahmad Wan Ahmad. "Water Use Variations of Tectona grandis." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 3, no. 1 (August 4, 2015): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v3i1.701.
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Water use pattern of Tectona grandis planted at lowland forest assessed. The assessmentwas made for a different tree size of Tectona grandis. Two sizes selected were 16cm and 38 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh). Sapflow meter used to assess the sap velocityrates within 24 hours. Diurnal sapflow of Tect ona grandis shows that mean velocity ishigh during day time compared night time. Small diameter has high sapflow comparedto that of bigger diameter. A flow rates was high at the inner layer and less at outer layerfor smaller tree. The variation was vice versa when the tree getting bigger.
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Köhler, Michael, Andrea Hanf, Henry Barus, Hendrayanto, and Dirk Hölscher. "Cacao trees under different shade tree shelter: effects on water use." Agroforestry Systems 88, no. 1 (November 24, 2013): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9656-3.
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Medlyn, B. E., D. A. Pepper, A. P. O'Grady, and H. Keith. "Linking leaf and tree water use with an individual-tree model." Tree Physiology 27, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 1687–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/27.12.1687.
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Tfwala, C. M., L. D. Van Rensburg, R. Schall, P. C. Zietsman, and P. Dlamini. "Whole tree water use: Effects of tree morphology and environmental factors." Ecological Indicators 102 (July 2019): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.02.054.
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Hamido, Said A., Kelly T. Morgan, and Davie M. Kadyampakeni. "The Effect of Huanglongbing on Young Citrus Tree Water Use." HortTechnology 27, no. 5 (October 2017): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03830-17.
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Understanding the role of Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus on citrus (Citrus sp.) water use is critical for determining if changes in water management of commercial citrus orchards affected by this disease is necessary. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is the most used methodology for irrigation scheduling, particularly in light of reports that indicate the lack of water for irrigation will become a major problem in many places around the world including Florida. The objectives of this study were to determine citrus tree water relationship [water use, sap flow, and stem water potential (Ψ)] as affected by ETo and HLB. The study was initiated on Jan. 2014 on two sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) cultivars included Hamlin and Valencia grown in a fine sandy soil texture (sandy, siliceous, and hyberthermic Arenic Alaquods) in a greenhouse. Twelve weighing lysimeters of each cultivar (six HLB-affected and six nonaffected trees) were used to determine selected water relation parameters. Results indicated a significant reduction in water use, Ψ, and sap flow for affected trees when compared with nonaffected trees. Citrus water use of healthy trees during the 2-year study was 31% and 27% greater than HLB-affected trees for ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’, respectively. Lower water use of HLB-affected trees resulted in 10% and 15% greater available soil water content than healthy ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ trees, respectively. Therefore, reducing the water supply for HLB-affected trees than healthy trees may be a desirable practice that would lead to significant water savings.
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Garrot, Donald J., Michael W. Kilby, Delmar D. Fangmeier, Stephen H. Husman, and Andrew E. Ralowicz. "Production, Growth, and Nut Quality in Pecans under Water Stress Based on the Crop Water Stress Index." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 6 (November 1993): 694–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.6.694.
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The crop water stress index (CWSI), based on the relationship between the canopy temperature of a well-watered plant in full sunlight and the atmospheric water content, numerically quantifies water stress. A 4-year study was established to determine the long-term effect of water application levels on production, nut quality characteristics, and growth of pecans [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch cv. Western Schley]. Highest yields were attained when trees were relatively nonstressed (CWSI ≤ 0.08). Trees subjected to moderate water stress before irrigation (CWSI ≥ 0.20) showed reduced yield, nut weight, and tree growth, although water-use efficiency increased. With water management practices resulting in maximum yield, nut size, and tree growth (CWSI ≤ 0.08), tree water use varied up to 44% in the same orchard, depending on crop load and yearly climatic variations.
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Kjelgren, Roger, and Larry A. Rupp. "Establishment in Treeshelters I: Shelters Reduce Growth, Water Use, and Hardiness, but not Drought Avoidance." HortScience 32, no. 7 (December 1997): 1281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.7.1281.
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We investigated water use and potential drought avoidance of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh) seedlings grown in protective plastic shelters. Gravimetric tree water use and reference evapotranspiration for fescue turf (ETo) were monitored for 1 to 3 days during the growing season. Water use of trees was 8% to 14% of ETo in shelters vs. 29% to 40% for trees not in shelters. Trunk diameter was affected more than whole-tree water relations by lack of irrigation, suggesting that the nonirrigated trees were subjected to only mild water stress. Shelters did not improve drought avoidance, as water potentials were generally more negative and trunk diameter increment was lower for nonirrigated trees in shelters. Maples in shelters were affected more adversely by lack of water than were ash. Higher temperatures in shelters also may have reduced trunk growth. Air temperatures were 13 °C warmer than ambient in nonirrigated shelters, but only 5 °C warmer in irrigated shelters. Tree shelters can reduce transpiration rates by over half, but benefits from reduced water loss may be offset by negative effects of higher air temperatures. Shelters reduced cold hardiness of both species, but maple was affected more than ash.
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Grieve, AM. "Water use efficiency, nutrient uptake and productivity of micro-irragated citrus." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 1 (1989): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890111.
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The comparative patterns of water and nutrient uptake, soil salinity and water use efficiency resulting from 2 irrigation systems were studied in a 20-year-old Valencia orange orchard in Sunraysia on the Murray River. A conventional full ground cover system with the sprinklers in the middle of the rows operated at 14 day intervals (peak water demand), was compared with a partial (60-65%) ground cover system using under-tree micro-sprinklers operated at 7-day intervals. Irrigation applications were calculated to replace water depleted from the soil (including a leaching fraction) and were scheduled using tensiometers. During the 4 years of the experiment, approx. 10% less water was applied using micro-sprinklers. The average measured values for the crop coefficients were 0.62 (micro-irrigated) and 0.64 (full ground cover) during midsummer. Measurement of soil water extraction patterns by plant roots showed that only 5% of water use occurred below 1.0 m in under-tree microsprinkler irrigated trees, whereas 17% of water was taken up below this depth by trees irrigated with the mid-row system. Water uptake was limited by water availability rather than root density and declined sharply in mid-row irrigated trees during the second half of the 14-day irrigation cycle, when lower values of soil matric potential and shoot water potential were observed. Root distribution reflected these water uptake patterns with the highest density of fine roots in the 30-60 cm layer. Fertiliser injection with the micro-sprinkler system significantly increased the efficiency of N and P uptake compared with surface application, whereas leaf K levels were lower under micro-irrigation. Soil and plant levels of Na and C1 were low and unaffected by irrigation system during the experiment indicating adequate leaching of salt occurred with both systems. Fruit yield averaged 12% (5 t/ha) higher from micro-irrigated trees due to higher fruit numbers in light crop years. Tree growth was depressed in micro-irrigated trees suggesting a change in the partitioning of photosynthetic energy from vegetative to reproductive growth. The net effect of micro-irrigation was to increase water use efficiency by 22%, from 3.56 to 4.34 t fruit per ML applied water. No adverse effects on orchard productivity were observed following conversion from full to partial wetting of the soil surface. Under-tree micro-irrigation can therefore be recommended as a practical and efficient system for citrus irrigation in the irrigation areas of the Murray River.
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Fallahi, Esmaeil, James R. McFerson, and Bahar Fallahi. "Irrigation and Rootstocks Affect Water Use, Growth, Nutrition, Yield, and Fruit Quality of `Fuji' and `Gala' Apples." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 982C—982. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.982c.
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Many fruit growers in the Pacific Northwest region prefer to use a sprinkler system to produce high-quality fruit and to establish a cover crop in the orchard. However, water shortage mandates the use of more efficient methods of irrigation, such as drip. In this long-term experiment, the effects of seven irrigation systems for `Fuji' and two irrigation systems for `Gala' on five rootstocks on tree growth, water use, fruit quality, and mineral nutrients were studied. All forms of drip systems used less water than full micro-sprinkler (SP). Partial root drying sprinkler (PS) used 50% less water than SP. Trees with partial root drying drip and deficit drip had to receive 65% of full drip to survive. Each `Fuji' tree with SP used about 5397 L of water in 2004 and 5833 L in 2005, while each tree with full drip used 2403 L in 2004 and 3438 L in 2005. Thus, trees with full drip used 41% to 55% less water than those with SP system without any reduction in fruit quality. This leads to a major savings in the cost of fruit production. Fruit weight in trees with full drip was always greater than those with PS or deficit drip. Fruits with SP system had lower soluble solids than those with PS. Fruits from trees with partial drip had a higher starch degradation than those with other systems. Leaf minerals, particularly N and K, were affected by irrigation systems. `Pacific Gala' trees on B.9 rootstock were more precocious than those on Supporter-4 rootstock. In general, `Pacific Gala' on RN-29 had better tree performance and fruit quality than those on other rootstocks. The calculation of water requirements on a tree-use basis provided an excellent guide for drip irrigation.
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Lu, Weiwei, Xinxiao Yu, and Guodong Jia. "Retrospective Analysis of Tree Decline Based on Intrinsic Water-Use Efficiency in Semi-Arid Areas of North China." Atmosphere 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060577.
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Long-term tree growth is significantly affected by climate change, which have become a global concern. Tree-ring width and isotopic information can show how trees respond to climate change on a long-term scale and reveal some phenomena of tree decline or death. In this study, we used isotopic techniques and investigated annual changes in carbon isotope composition and tree-ring width of Populus simonii Carr. in Zhangbei, as well as trends in tree-ring carbon discrimination (Δ13C) and iWUE in normal, mildly declining and severely declining trees, in order to make a retrospective analysis and further understand the process of tree decline. We found that there were significant differences (p < 0.01 **) in δ13C, Δ13C, ci and iWUE at different decline stages, meaning that the δ13C and iWUE could be new indicators of tree health. The iWUE of all groups increased significantly, while the growth rate of declined P. simonii was much higher than that of normal growth P. simonii. According to the analysis, there may be a threshold of iWUE for healthy trees, which once the threshold value is exceeded, it indicates that trees are resistant to adversity and their growth is under stress. Similarly, the changing trend of BAI supports our conclusion with its changes showed that tree growth became slower and slower as degradation progressed. iWUE inferred from tree-ring stable carbon isotope composition is a strong modulator of adaptation capacity in response to environmental stressors under climate change. Elevated annual temperatures and increased groundwater depth are all contributing to the decline of P. simonii in north China.
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Cienciala, Emil, Per-Erik Mellander, Jiří Kučera, Magda Oplutilová, Mikaell Ottosson-Löfvenius, and Kevin Bishop. "The effect of a north-facing forest edge on tree water use in a boreal Scots pine stand." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-013.
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Tree water use and growth increment were studied in a north-facing forest edge of a 70-year-old monospecific Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand growing on poor sandy soils in the northern boreal zone of Sweden. The forest edge in this study bordered a 20-year-old clearcut. There were differences in water use and growth increment during the growing season between trees growing at the forest edge and trees growing in the forest interior. These differences were likely related to soil conditions, such as access to soil moisture, soil temperature, and soil frost conditions, whereas an effect of aboveground microclimate was not found. The estimated tree water use and growth increment over one growing season tended to be greater for trees at the edge zone relative to those from the interior. The variability of the measured tree water fluxes was high, especially for the edge-zone trees. There were also structural differences between the two groups of trees, most notably in the radial profile of conductive xylem, in tree height, and in green crown length, but these differences were on the limits of statistical significance. The estimated seasonal transpiration was low, about 70 mm when estimated exclusively for trees in the forest interior and 107 mm when estimated exclusively for trees at the forest edge. This illustrates the likely magnitude of water use enhancement resulting from the conditions specific to the forest edge.
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Xu, Xiangtao, David Medvigy, and Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe. "Relation between rainfall intensity and savanna tree abundance explained by water use strategies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 42 (October 5, 2015): 12992–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517382112.
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Tree abundance in tropical savannas exhibits large and unexplained spatial variability. Here, we propose that differentiated tree and grass water use strategies can explain the observed negative relation between maximum tree abundance and rainfall intensity (defined as the characteristic rainfall depth on rainy days), and we present a biophysical tree–grass competition model to test this idea. The model is founded on a premise that has been well established in empirical studies, namely, that the relative growth rate of grasses is much higher compared with trees in wet conditions but that grasses are more susceptible to water stress and lose biomass more quickly in dry conditions. The model is coupled with a stochastic rainfall generator and then calibrated and tested using field observations from several African savanna sites. We show that the observed negative relation between maximum tree abundance and rainfall intensity can be explained only when differentiated water use strategies are accounted for. Numerical experiments reveal that this effect is more significant than the effect of root niche separation. Our results emphasize the importance of vegetation physiology in determining the responses of tree abundance to climate variations in tropical savannas and suggest that projected increases in rainfall intensity may lead to an increase in grass in this biome.
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Ding, Fangjun, Congjun Yuan, Ting Zhou, Juan Cheng, Peng Wu, and Yuyan Ye. "Water-Use Strategies and Habitat Adaptation of Four Tree Species in Karstic Climax Forest in Maolan." Water 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010203.
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The technique of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope tracing has become an important means to study the mechanism of water movement due to its high sensitivity and traceability. In this study, four dominant tree species in the karst forest of Maolan, Guizhou Province, were selected, and their water-use strategies and the mechanism of maintenance of tree species diversity were investigated using the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope tracing technique. The results show that: (1) The regional precipitation varied evidently with the alternation of seasons, i.e., the values of δD and δ18O in precipitation had a positive bias in spring and a negative bias in summer and autumn. The value of deuterium excess (d-excess) was between 11.67‰ and 31.02‰, with a mean value of 22.98‰. (2) The soil temperature (ST), soil water content (SWC) and precipitation, which have a significant positive correlation, imposed a joint impact on the dynamics of the soil evaporative fractionation. (3) The line-conditioned excess (LC-excess) varied seasonally in different water bodies, i.e., the relative evaporative fractionation of the rhizosphere soil of deciduous tree species was stronger than that of evergreen tree species, and the evaporative fractionation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in the leaf water of evergreen tree species was stronger than that of deciduous tree species in spring and summer. However, that of the latter was stronger than that of the former in autumn. (4) The soil water was the most important potential water source for dominant tree species in karst terrain (71%), followed by epikarstic water, which made up an effective supplement (29%). (5) Finally, trees of different life forms and species varied in capacity and proportion in terms of using the potential water sources in different seasons, i.e., deciduous tree species had a greater capacity for using water from potential sources and variable water-use strategies. This may be a major water-limiting mechanism that maintains photosynthesis in the leaves of evergreen tree species (leaves are evergreen and plants continue to grow via photosynthesis) and constrains photosynthesis in deciduous tree species (leaves fall and plants become dormant and stop growing). These results lead to the conclusion that the dominant tree species in karstic forests resist water stress and adjust water-use strategies towards each potential water source to adapt to the harsh karstic habitat through root plasticity and leaf defoliation.
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Ford, Chelcy, James Vose, Michael Daley, and Nathan Phillips. "Use of Water by Eastern Hemlock: Implications for Systemic Insecticide Application." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33, no. 6 (November 1, 2007): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2007.048.
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The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae Annand) is causing widespread decline and mortality of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) throughout most of the range of eastern hemlock. Stem injection of insecticide is widely used as a chemical control measure, but the effectiveness of this method depends on the hydraulic characteristics of individual trees. We present data quantifying the distribution of water flux within the stems and the seasonal variability of daily water use of eastern hemlock trees growing in New England, U.S. and the southern Appalachians. We provide simple mathematical and graphical models derived from these data that can be used by landowners, natural resource managers, and tree care specialists to estimate the amount and timing of water use by eastern hemlock based on tree size and climatic conditions. We anticipate that the data and models presented will be useful in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of systemic insecticide applications.
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Fallahi*, Esmaeil. "Effects of Various Irrigation Regimes on Tree Growth, Water Use, and Mineral Nutrients of `Fuji' and `Gala' Apples." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 842A—842. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.842a.
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Effects of seven different irrigation systems for `Fuji' and two irrigation systems for `Gala' on five rootstocks on tree growth, water use, and mineral nutrients were studied. All forms of drip system used significanly less water than sprinkler systems. Patial root drying sprinkler system used 50% less water than full sprinkler. Application of partial root drying drip at 50% rate of full drip was not sufficient and trees had to receive 75% of full drip to survive. Trees under full sprinkler used about 28 inches of water while those with drip used less than 8 inches of water during the 2003 growing season. Leaf minerals, particularly N and K were affected by irrigation systems. Trees with buried drip required less water than those with above-ground drip system. Calculation of water requirement on a tree-use basis provided an excellent guide for irrigation.
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Marchionni, V., A. Guyot, N. Tapper, J. P. Walker, and E. Daly. "Water balance and tree water use dynamics in remnant urban reserves." Journal of Hydrology 575 (August 2019): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.022.
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Nadezhdina, Nadezhda, Jan Čermák, Alec Downey, Valeriy Nadezhdin, Martti Perämäki, Jorge Soares David, Clara A. Pinto, and Teresa Soares David. "Sap flow index as an indicator of water storage use." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0013.
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Abstract Symmetrical temperature difference also known as the sap flow index (SFI) forms the basis of the Heat Field Deformation sap flow measurement and is simultaneously collected whilst measuring the sap flow. SFI can also be measured by any sap flow method applying internal continuous heating through the additional installation of an axial differential thermocouple equidistantly around a heater. In earlier research on apple trees SFI was found to be an informative parameter for tree physiological studies, namely for assessing the contribution of stem water storage to daily transpiration. The studies presented in this work are based on the comparative monitoring of SFI and diameter in stems of different species (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea omorika, Pinus sylvestris) and tree sizes. The ability of SFI to follow the patterns of daily stem water storage use was empirically confirmed by our data. Additionally, as the HFD multipointsensors can measure sap flow at several stem sapwood depths, their use allowed to analyze the use of stored water in different xylem layers through SFI records. Radial and circumferential monitoring of SFI on large cork oak trees provided insight into the relative magnitude and timing of the contribution of water stored in different sapwood layers or stem sectors to transpiration.
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Eastham, J., CW Rose, DM Cameron, SJ Rance, T. Talsma, and DA Charles-Edwards. "Tree/pasture interactions at a range of tree densities in an agroforestry experiment. II. Water uptake in relation to rooting patterns." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 4 (1990): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900697.
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Patterns of water uptake throughout a drying period of approximately one year were investigated under trees and pasture at three tree densities in an agroforestry experiment, and related to tree and pasture rooting patterns and water use. A greater proportion of soil water was extracted from deep in the soil profile under the densely planted trees, owing to lower soil water contents in upper horizons and deeper and more dense rooting systems than at lower tree densities. As the drought period progressed, the ratios of tree transpiration rate and pasture evaporation rate to equilibrium evaporation rate tended to decrease at each tree density as soil water contents in upper horizons decreased, and an increasing proportion of water was extracted from deeper soil horizons. At each tree density, the rate of water uptake per unit root length was lowest in surface soil horizons and tended to increase with increasing soil depth. The rate of water uptake per unit root length tended to increase with time in deeper, wetter soil horizons and decrease with time in surface soil horizons as soil water content decreased.
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Flores III, Manuel R., Luiza Maria Teophilo Aparecido, Gretchen R. Miller, and Georgianne W. Moore. "Assessing Forest Level Response to the Death of a Dominant Tree within a Premontane Tropical Rainforest." Forests 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081041.
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Small-scale treefall gaps are among the most important forms of forest disturbance in tropical forests. These gaps expose surrounding trees to more light, promoting rapid growth of understory plants. However, the effects of such small-scale disturbances on the distribution of plant water use across tree canopy levels are less known. To address this, we explored plant transpiration response to the death of a large emergent tree, Mortoniodendron anisophyllum Standl. & Steyerm (DBH > 220 cm; height ~40 m). Three suppressed, four mid-story, and two subdominant trees were selected within a 50 × 44 m premontane tropical forest plot at the Texas A&M Soltis Center for Research and Education located in Costa Rica. We compared water use rates of the selected trees before (2015) and after (2019) the tree gap using thermal dissipation sap flow sensors. Hemispherical photography indicated a 40% increase in gap fraction as a result of changes in canopy structure after the treefall gap. Micrometeorological differences (e.g., air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD)) could not explain the observed trends. Rather, light penetration, as measured by sensors within the canopy, increased significantly in 2019. One year after the tree fell, the water usage of trees across all canopy levels increased modestly (15%). Moreover, average water usage by understory trees increased by 36%, possibly as a result of the treefall gap, exceeding even that of overstory trees. These observations suggest the possible reallocation of water use between overstory and understory trees in response to the emergent tree death. With increasing global temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns increasing the likelihood of tree mortality in tropical forests, there is a greater need to enhance our understanding of treefall disturbances that have the potential to redistribute resources within forests.
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Dietrich, R., F. W. Bell, and M. Anand. "Site-level soil moisture controls water-use efficiency improvement and climate response in sugar maple: a dual dendroisotopic study." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51, no. 5 (May 2021): 692–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0217.
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Given the large contribution of forests to terrestrial carbon storage, there is a need to resolve the environmental and physiological drivers of tree-level response to rising atmospheric CO2. This study examines how site-level soil moisture influences growth and intrinsic water-use efficiency in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). We construct tree-ring, δ18O, and Δ13C chronologies for trees across a soil moisture gradient in Ontario, Canada, and employ a structural equation modelling approach to ascertain their climatic, ontogenetic, and environmental drivers. Our results support previous evidence for the presence of strong developmental effects in tree-ring isotopic chronologies — in the range of −4.7‰ for Δ13C and +0.8‰ for δ18O — across the tree life span. Additionally, we show that the physiological response of sugar maple to increasing atmospheric CO2 depends on site-level soil moisture variability, with trees only in relatively wet plots exhibiting temporal increases in intrinsic water-use efficiency. These results suggest that trees in wet and mesic plots have experienced temporal increases in stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity, whereas trees in dry plots have experienced decreases in photosynthetic capacity. This study is the first to examine sugar maple physiology using a dendroisotopic approach and broadens our understanding of carbon–water interactions in temperate forests.
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Fallahi, Esmaeil, Bahar Fallahi, and Bahman Shafii. "Irrigation and Rootstock Influence on Water Use, Tree Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality at Harvest at Different Ages of Trees in ‘Pacific Gala’ Apple." HortScience 48, no. 5 (May 2013): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.5.588.
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During various ages of tree between 2002 and 2007, the effects of four rootstocks and two irrigation systems using a crop evapotranspiration-based (ETc) water scheduling on water use, tree growth, yield, and fruit quality at harvest in ‘Pacific Gala’ apple [(Malus ×domestica) Borkh] were studied. The use of ETc when a precise crop coefficient value (Kc), modified by percentage of ground shade (GS) and tree canopy maturity (M) was used, provided a reliable tool for irrigation scheduling of ‘Pacific Gala’ apple. Young trees with a full sprinkler (FS) system received an average of 872.3 mm (5616.8 L/tree), whereas those with full drip (FD) received 448.9 mm (2921.1 L/tree). However, when trees were mature, trees with a FS system received an average of 994 mm (6461.7 L/tree), whereas trees with a FD received 614.1 mm (3996 L/tree) of irrigation water per growing season. Trees on ‘Budagovsky 9’ (‘B.9’) had smaller trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) and higher yield efficiency, whereas those on ‘Supporter4’ (‘Sup.4’) had larger TCA and lower yield efficiency than those on other rootstocks in all years of the study. Trees on ‘Nic.9’ (‘RN29’) always had higher yield per tree as compared with those on other rootstocks. Trees on ‘RN29’ often had higher but trees on ‘B.9’ had lower fruit weight than did those on other rootstocks. Trees on ‘Sup.4’, despite their lower yields, had smaller fruits than those on ‘RN29’ every year and thus were not suitable for planting. Fruit from trees on ‘B.9’ and ‘Cornell-Geneva30’ (‘G.30’) often had higher soluble solids concentration (SSC) and starch degradation pattern (SDP) than those other rootstocks. Fruits from trees on ‘G.30’ also had lower firmness and higher stem-end cracking, suggesting that this rootstock advances maturity in ‘Pacific Gala’ apple. Trees with FS irrigation had higher TCA than those with the FD system. Trees with the FD system were more precocious and had higher yield per tree, yield efficiency, and fruit weight than trees with the FS system when they were young. However, these differences were not significant when trees matured. ‘Pacific Gala’ fruit from trees with FS consistently had better color than those with the FD system every year. Fruits from young trees with the FD system often had higher SDP and lower firmness than those from FS irrigation.
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Lo Bianco, Riccardo. "Water-Related Variables for Predicting Yield of Apple under Deficit Irrigation." Horticulturae 5, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010008.
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Predicting apple yield in relation to tree water use is important for irrigation planning and evaluation. The aim of the present study was to identify measurable variables related to tree water use that could predict final fruit yield of apple trees under different strategies of deficit irrigation. Adult ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apple trees were exposed to conventional irrigation (CI), delivering 100% of crop evapotranspiration; partial root zone drying (PRD), delivering 50% of CI water only on one alternated side of the root-zone; and continuous deficit irrigation (CDI), delivering 50% of CI water on both sides of the root-zone. Integrals of soil (SWDint) and leaf (LWSDint) water deficit along with growth and stomatal conductance (Gsint) were calculated across each season and used to estimate total conductance (GStree) and transpiration (Trtree) per tree, transpiration efficiency on a fruit (GRfruit/Tr) or tree (GRtrunk/Tr) growth basis, and transpiration productivity (Yield/Trtree). ‘Fuji’ trees had higher Yield/Trtree, but had lower GRtrunk/Tr and similar GRfruit/Tr compared to ‘Gala’ trees. In ‘Fuji’, CDI reduced yield, trunk growth, leaf hydration, and gas exchange, while in ‘Gala’, it did not reduce yield and gas exchange. In ‘Fuji’, a linear combination of GRtrunk/Tr, GRfruit/Tr, and Gstree contributed to predicting yield, with GRfruit/Tr explaining nearly 78% of the model variability. In ‘Gala’, a linear combination of LWSDint and Gstree contributed to predicting yield, with Gstree explaining over 79% of the model variability. These results indicate that measuring tree water status or water use may help predict final apple yields only in those cultivars like ‘Gala’ that cannot limit dehydration by closing stomates because of carbon starvation. In more vigorous cultivars like ‘Fuji’, transpiration efficiency based on fruit growth can be a powerful predictor of final yields.
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Sensuła, Barbara, and Sławomir Wilczyński. "Dynamics Changes in Basal Area Increment, Carbon Isotopes Composition and Water Use Efficiency in Pine as Response to Water and Heat Stress in Silesia, Poland." Plants 11, no. 24 (December 17, 2022): 3569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243569.
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Trees can be used as archives of changes in the environment. In this paper, we present the results of the analysis of the impact of water stress and increase in air temperature on BAI and carbon stable isotopic composition and water use efficiency of pine. Dendrochronological methods together with mass spectrometry techniques give a possibility to conduct a detailed investigation of pine growing in four industrial forests in Silesia (Poland). Detailed analysis-based bootstrap and moving correlation between climatic indices (temperature, precipitation, and Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index) and tree parameters give the chance to check if the climatic signals recorded by trees can be hidden or modified over a longer period of time. Trees have been found to be very sensitive to weather conditions, but their sensitivity can be modified and masked by the effect of pollution. Scots pine trees at all sites systematically increased the basal area increment (BAI) and the intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and decreased δ13C in the last century. Furthermore, their sensitivity to the climatic factor remained at a relatively high level. Industrial pollution caused a small reduction in the wood growth of pines and an increase in the heterogeneity of annual growth responses of trees. The main factors influencing the formation of wood in the pines were thermal conditions in the winter season and pluvial conditions in the previous autumn, and also in spring and summer in the year of tree ring formation. The impact of thermal and pluvial conditions in the year of tree ring formation has also been reflected in the isotopic composition of tree rings and water use efficiency. Three different scenarios of trees’ reaction link to the reduction of stomata conductance or changes in photosynthesis rate as the response to climate changes in the last 40 years have been proposed.
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Ahongshangbam, Joyson, Alexander Röll, Florian Ellsäßer, Hendrayanto, and Dirk Hölscher. "Airborne Tree Crown Detection for Predicting Spatial Heterogeneity of Canopy Transpiration in a Tropical Rainforest." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 16, 2020): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040651.
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Tropical rainforests comprise complex 3D structures and encompass heterogeneous site conditions; their transpiration contributes to climate regulation. The objectives of our study were to test the relationship between tree water use and crown metrics and to predict spatial variability of canopy transpiration across sites. In a lowland rainforest of Sumatra, we measured tree water use with sap flux techniques and simultaneously assessed crown metrics with drone-based photogrammetry. We observed a close linear relationship between individual tree water use and crown surface area (R2 = 0.76, n = 42 trees). Uncertainties in predicting stand-level canopy transpiration were much lower using tree crown metrics than the more conventionally used stem diameter. 3D canopy segmentation analyses in combination with the tree crown–water use relationship predict substantial spatial heterogeneity in canopy transpiration. Among our eight study plots, there was a more than two-fold difference, with lower transpiration at riparian than at upland sites. In conclusion, we regard drone-based canopy segmentation and crown metrics to be very useful tools for the scaling of transpiration from tree- to stand-level. Our results indicate substantial spatial variation in crown packing and thus canopy transpiration of tropical rainforests.
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Kent, Donald, Deborah Halcrow, Tom Wyatt, and Scott Shultz. "Detecting Stress in Southern Live Oak (Quercus Virginia) and Sand Live Oak (Q.Virginiana Var. Geminata)." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 30, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2004.018.
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Walt Disney World (Florida, U.S.) arborists evaluated three affordable and easy-to-use measures of tree stressleaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf temperature, and water potentialfor use in detecting water and physical injury stress in live oak. The evaluation included observations of trees being relocated, and experiments of girdled trees and trees subjected to various watering regimes. Leaf chlorophyll concentration was largely unresponsive to stress and unlikely to be useful as a stress indicator in sand live oak and southern live oak. Both water potential and leaf temperature were responsive to imparted stressors and have potential as indicators of stress in sand live oak and southern live oak. Water potential exhibited a predictable and consistent response to both water stress and physical injury. Inadequately watered live oaks, and oaks subject to relocation, had lower water potentials than oaks with an adequate water regime or in situ. By contrast, live oaks injured by girdling had higher water potential than nongirdled trees. Leaf temperature was less sensitive and less robust at detecting stress than water potential, but still potentially useful. Leaf temperature was greater for a nonirrigated relocated tree than an irrigated relocated tree, and for relocated trees when rootballed and immediately after relocation. Leaf temperature was largely unresponsive to girdling or mild water stress.
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Worthington, Josiah W. "599 PB 205 THE INFLUENCE OF COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS AND CHEMICAL MOWING ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND WATER UTILIZATION OF YOUNG PECAN TREES AS MEASURED IN NON-WEIGHING LYSIMETERS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 518a—518. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.518a.
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Budded, bare root, `Wichita' pecan trees were planted and grown in inexpensive, 2m X.75m, non-weighing lysimeters for three growing seasons. Metered water was applied automatically through microirrigation systems as called for by switching tensiometers. Soil moisture tension was not allowed to exceed 25 Kpa. All tree/sod combinations received 336 kg N per hectare from 1-1-1 ratio commercial fertilizer. Water use, tree growth, and nutrient status of trees grown under the following orchard floor management practices were measured: 1)Unmowed coastal bermudagrass. 2)Mechanically mowed bermudagrass, 3)Chemically mowed bermudagrass, and 4)Bare soil. Water use by trees with chemical or mechanically mowed sod were intermediate in water use between unmowed and fallow soil treatments. In spite of the fact that water was never limiting for any treatment, fallow trees grew significantly larger than trees in any of the sodded treatments. A significantly lower level of foliar potassium was noted in trees growing in sod systems.
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Pu, Xing, Xiaochun Wang, and Lixin Lyu. "Recent Warming-Induced Tree Growth Enhancement at the Tibetan Treeline and the Link to Improved Water-Use Efficiency." Forests 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2021): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121702.
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Tree growth in high-elevation forests may increase as a result of increasing temperatures and CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere (Ca). However, the pattern and the physiological mechanism on how these two factors interact to affect tree growth are still poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the temporal changes in radial growth and tree-ring δ13C for Picea and Abies trees growing in both treeline and lower-elevation forests on the Tibetan Plateau. We found that the tree growth at the treeline has significantly accelerated during the past several decades but has remained largely stable or slightly declined at lower elevations. Further results based on tree-ring δ13C suggest that intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) was generally higher at the treeline than in lower-elevation forests, although increasing trends of iWUE existed for all sites. This study demonstrated that the synergetic effects of elevated Ca and increasing temperatures have increased tree growth at the treeline but may not lead to enhanced tree growth in lower-elevation forests due to drought stress. These results demonstrate the elevational dependence of tree growth responses to climatic changes in high-elevation forests from a physiologically meaningful perspective.
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Sun, Long, Lei Yang, Liding Chen, Fangkai Zhao, and Shoujuan Li. "Short-term changing patterns of stem water isotopes in shallow soils underlain by fractured bedrock." Hydrology Research 50, no. 2 (October 10, 2018): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2018.086.
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Abstract Knowledge is limited on the changes in tree water uptake over short timescales in shallow soils underlain by fractured rocks under humid climate conditions. This study explored the changing patterns of tree water uptake at two forests (camphor) and two orchards (peach and tea) over multi-day timescales. We collected water isotopic samples (δD and δ18O) from rainfall, spring, tree branch, soil and fissure between two rain events (8-day duration). The trees in the forest lands exhibited a larger variability in stem water isotopic composition than the trees in the orchards. Significantly different changing patterns of stem water isotopic composition were found between the orchards and the forest lands. On average, the fissure contributed most of the tree water uptake (46.1 ± 20.8%) compared to the soil layer (33.9 ± 17.7%) and shallow groundwater (20.0 ± 13.5%). Main water sources for the trees in this study shifted at a daily timescale. Compared to orchards, forest trees had a relatively large range of source water and a good water use strategy in the shallow soil–rock profile under humid climate conditions. This study emphasizes the importance of characterization of the changing patterns of stem water isotopic composition over short timescales.
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Boland, A. M., P. H. Jerie, P. D. Mitchell, I. Goodwin, and D. J. Connor. "Long-term Effects of Restricted Root Volume and Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Peach: II. Productivity and Water Use." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, no. 1 (January 2000): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.1.143.
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Individual and interactive effects of restricted root volume (RRV) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on productivity and water use of peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch `Golden Queen'] were studied over 3 years (1992-95). Trees were grown in lysimeters of five different soil volumes (0.025, 0.06, 0.15, 0.4, and 1.0 m3) with either full or deficit (RDI) irrigation. In Years 3 and 4, fruit size was reduced by up to 30% on trees in the two smallest volumes. Tree water use was positively related to increasing soil volume (linear, P < 0.001; quadratic, P < 0.011) in all years ranging from 1.8 to 4.4 L·mm-1 Epan in the post-RDI period of Year 2. Water use of deficit-irrigated trees was less than fully irrigated trees and there was an interaction between soil volume and irrigation treatment during RDI. Water relations did not limit growth or productivity. Tree water use was reduced under root restriction as a consequence of canopy demand rather than leaf function. Results suggest that a combination of restricted root volume and development of water stress achieve the RDI response in the Goulburn Valley, Australia.
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Jansen, Kirstin, Goddert von Oheimb, Helge Bruelheide, Werner Härdtle, and Andreas Fichtner. "Tree species richness modulates water supply in the local tree neighbourhood: evidence from woodδ13C signatures in a large-scale forest experiment." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1946 (March 3, 2021): 20203100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.3100.
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Biodiversity is considered to mitigate the adverse effects of changing precipitation patterns. However, our understanding of how tree diversity at the local neighbourhood scale modulates the water use and leaf physiology of individual trees remains unclear. We made use of a large-scale tree diversity experiment in subtropical China to study eight tree species along an experimentally manipulated gradient of local neighbourhood tree species richness. Twig wood carbon isotope composition (δ13Cwood) was used as an indicator for immediate leaf-level responses to water availability in relation to local neighbourhood conditions and a target tree's functional traits. Across species, a target tree'sδ13Cwoodsignatures decreased progressively with increasing neighbourhood species richness, with effects being strongest at high neighbourhood shading intensity. Moreover, theδ13Cwood-shading relationship shifted from positive (thin-leaved species) or neutral (thick-leaved species) in conspecific to negative in heterospecific neighbourhoods, most likely owing to a lower interspecific competition for water and microclimate amelioration. This suggests that promoting tree species richness at the local neighbourhood scale may improve a tree's local water supply with potential effects for an optimized water-use efficiency of tree communities during drought. This assumption, however, requires validation by further studies that focus on mechanisms that regulate the water availability in mixtures.
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Roccuzzo, Giancarlo, Francisco J. Villalobos, Luca Testi, and Elías Fereres. "Effects of water deficits on whole tree water use efficiency of orange." Agricultural Water Management 140 (July 2014): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.03.019.
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Verbeeck, H., K. Steppe, N. Nadezhdina, M. Op De Beeck, G. Deckmyn, L. Meiresonne, R. Lemeur, J. Čermák, R. Ceulemans, and I. A. Janssens. "Atmospheric drivers of storage water use in Scots pine." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 1 (February 21, 2007): 615–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-615-2007.
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Abstract. In this study we determined the microclimatic drivers of storage water use in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in a temperate climate. The storage water use was modeled using the ANAFORE model, integrating a dynamic water flow and – storage model with a process-based transpiration model. The model was calibrated and validated with sap flow measurements for the growing season of 2000 (26 May–18 October). Because there was no severe soil drought during the study period, we were able to study atmospheric effects. Incoming radiation was the main driver of storage water use. The general trends of sap flow and storage water use are similar, and follow more or less the pattern of incoming radiation. Nevertheless, considerable differences in the day-to-day pattern of sap flow and storage water use were observed, mainly driven by vapour pressure deficit (VPD). During dry atmospheric conditions (high VPD) storage water use was reduced. This reduction was disproportionally higher than the reduction in measured sap flow. Our results suggest that the trees did not rely more on storage water during periods of atmospheric drought, without severe soil drought. A third important factor was the tree water deficit. When storage compartments were depleted beyond a threshold, storage water use was limited due to the low water potential in the storage compartments. The maximum relative contribution of storage water to daily transpiration was also constrained by an increasing tree water deficit.
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Renquist, A. Richard, Horst W. Caspari, and David J. Chalmers. "ASIAN PEAR (NASHI) TREE WATER RELATIONS IN LYSIMETERS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 572f—572. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.572f.
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Nashi pear (Pyrus serotina Rehder, cv. Hosui) trees were planted in 12 computerized 1m-wide drainage lysimeters in September 1987. During the 1990 season tree water use was monitored via lysimeter and neutron probe readings. Diurnal leaf water relations were studied using a pressure chamber for water potential (ψ) and a porometer for leaf conductance (gs). Xylem sap trunk flow velocities were measured with an experimental heat pulse device and converted to xylem flux. Close agreement existed between 24 hr xylem flux and lysimeter water use when comparing trees with different soil water content. Xylem flux also was very sensitive to changes in evaporative demand. During 9–13 day drying cycles pre-dawn ψ became progressively lower, morning decline more rapid, and afternoon recovery slower. The diurnal gs pattern also shifted during drying cycles, such that gs of water stressed trees always decreased from time of first measurement of sunlit leaves rather than increasing during the morning as on non-stressed trees. Late afternoon was the best time to distinguish between fully irrigated and stressed trees using gs measurements.
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Akeroyd, M. D., G. R. Walker, and M. B. Kendall. "Response of Eucalyptus largiflorens to floodplain salinisation." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 7 (October 1, 2003): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0431.
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An analysis of the stable isotopes from the tree rings of Eucalyptus largiflorens on the Chowilla Floodplain was undertaken. This chronology of tree water use responses was compared to the known hydrological changes that have occurred due to the effects of river regulation. The isotope chronology indicates that E. largiflorens has always oscillated between groundwater and rain-derived soil water and river regulation has apparently had little effect on tree water sources over time. This result is surprising, but no doubt reflects the complexity of floodplain processes and interactions between trees, water and the landscape.
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Castillo, Ana, Barry Goldfarb, Kurt Johnsen, James Roberds, and C. Nelson. "Genetic Variation in Water-Use Efficiency (WUE) and Growth in Mature Longleaf Pine." Forests 9, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9110727.
Full textAbstract:
The genetic and physiological quality of seedlings is a critical component for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) restoration, because planting genetic material that is adapted to environmental stress is required for long-term restoration success. Planting trees that exhibit high water-use efficiency (WUE) is a practice that could maximize this species’ survival and growth in a changing climate. Our study evaluates genetic variation in WUE and growth, as well as WUE-growth relationships, a key step to determine potential for breeding and planting trees with high WUE. We measured carbon isotope discrimination (∆)—a proxy for WUE—in 106 longleaf pine increment cores extracted from trees belonging to nine full-sib families. Tree diameter and total tree height were also measured at ages 7, 17, 30 and 40 years. Each increment core was divided into segments corresponding to ages 7–17, 18–30 and 31–40, representing early, intermediate and mature growth of the trees. We identified significant genetic variation in DBH and WUE among families that merit further exploration for identifying trees that can potentially withstand drought stress. Mean family growth rates were not associated with mean family values for carbon isotope discrimination. Family variation in both diameter growth and WUE but no relationship between family values for these traits, suggests it is possible to improve longleaf pines in both diameter growth and WUE through appropriate breeding.
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Walsh, KB, MJ Gale, and NT Hoy. "Revegetation of a scalded saline discharge zone in Central Queensland. 2. Water use by vegetation and watertable drawdown." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 8 (1995): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9951131.
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The hydrological effect of Casuarina glauca trees established on a salt pan in East Barmoya, Central Queensland, is described. The sap flow of a single (4-year-old, 5 m tall) tree was logged with the steady-state heat balance technique at about 11 L/day. The watertable adjacent to the tree was depressed by about 130 mm relative to that 10 m from the tree, and demonstrated a diurnal oscillation of about 10 mm, consistent with an evapotranspiration rate of 1 mm/day. Infiltration was rapid in the vicinity of the tree, such -- that the watertable rose quickly (about 10 mm/h) in the vicinity of the tree after rainfall events. An apparent response of the watertable to changes in barometric pressure was also noted. The density of tree planting required to halt dryland salinity on this site was estimated, and a density trial was commenced with the aim of lowering the watertable to enable the re-establishment of pasture communities between the rows in a form of agroforestry.
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van Emmerik, Tim, Susan Steele-Dunne, Pierre Gentine, Rafael S. Oliveira, Paulo Bittencourt, Fernanda Barros, and Nick van de Giesen. "Ideas and perspectives: Tree–atmosphere interaction responds to water-related stem variations." Biogeosciences 15, no. 21 (November 2, 2018): 6439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6439-2018.
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Abstract. Land–atmosphere interactions depend on momentum transfer from the atmosphere to the canopy, which in turn depends on the tree drag coefficient. It is known that the drag coefficient, and thus tree–atmosphere momentum transfer, can vary strongly within a canopy. Yet, only few measurements are available to study the variation of tree–atmosphere momentum transfer in time and space, and in response to tree water deficit. In this paper we use accelerometers to estimate tree–atmosphere momentum transfer for 19 individual trees of 7 different species in the Brazilian Amazon. The 5-month monitoring period included the transition from wet to dry months. Here, we demonstrate that, under field conditions, tree–atmosphere momentum transfer can vary considerably in time and space (up to a factor of 2.5). Increased water-related stem variations during the dry months are related to observed changes in tree–atmosphere momentum transfer, which is hypothesized to be caused by tree-water-deficit-induced changes in tree mass.