Journal articles: 'Tree nuts'

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Crespo, Jesus F., John M. James, Consuelo Fernandez-Rodriguez, and Julia Rodriguez. "Food allergy: nuts and tree nuts." British Journal of Nutrition 96, S2 (November 2006): S95—S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjn20061869.

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Nuts are a well-defined cause of food allergy, which affect approximately 1 % of the general population in the UK and the USA. There do appear to be differences in the frequency of nut allergy between different countries because of different dietary habits and cooking procedures. For example, in the USA and France, peanuts are one of the most frequent causes of food allergy, but in other countries, it seems to be less common. Genetic factors, in particular, appear to play a role in the development of peanut allergy. While the majority of nut allergens are seed storage proteins, other nut allergens are profilins and pathogenesis-related protein homologues, considered as panallergens because of their widespread distribution in plants. The presence of specific IgE antibodies to several nuts is a common clinical finding, but the clinical relevance of this cross-reactivity is usually limited. Allergic reactions to nuts appear to be particularly severe, sometimes even life-threatening, and fatal reactions following their ingestion have been documented. Food allergy is diagnosed by identifying an underlying immunological mechanism (i.e. allergic testing), and establishing a causal relationship between food ingestion and symptoms (i.e. oral challenges). In natural history investigations carried out in peanut-allergic children, approximately 20 % of the cases outgrew their allergy or developed oral tolerance. The treatment of nut allergies should include patient and family education about avoiding all presentations of the food and the potential for a severe reaction caused by accidental ingestion. Patients and families should be instructed how to recognise early symptoms of an allergic reaction and how to treat severe anaphylaxis promptly.

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Chapman, Dan, Laurence Sistrunk, and J. Benton Storey. "INFLUENCE OF A SOIL SPIKE AERATOR ON INCREASING NUT SIZE AND YIELD OF PECAN TREES." HortScience 28, no. 4 (April 1993): 265B—265. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.265b.

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Objectives of this experiment were: 1) to determine what effect a soil spike aerator had on nut quality and yield, and 2) to determine whether soil compaction influenced nut quality and yield.3) to determine whether tree stress influenced nut quality or yield on pecan trees In 1990, a randomized design was set up in a 33 year old orchard on Westwood silty clay loam with 3 main treatment factors: 1990 nut size (measure of tree stress), aeration, and cultivar. Location for this experiment was the Adriance Orchard on the Texas A&M Plantation - Brazos River flood plain. Nut quality was determined by the % kernel and # nuts/kg. Yield was measured in kg per tree. Results after two years showed that aeration increased the nut size of stressed trees in 1991 and non-stressed trees in 1992 Yield was unaffected by aeration in both years but stressed trees produced lower yields in 1992. Aeration increased nut size, but not significantly from 119 nuts/kg to 111 nuts/kg in 1991. There was a significant increase with aeration in 1992 from 121 nuts/kg to 113 nuts/kg. Yield and % kernel were not significantly different for both years with aeration Stress did not increase % kernel in either 1991 or 1992 but nut size was larger on non-stressed trees for both years. Stressed trees produced fewer nuts per tree in 1992.

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Sanderson, J. P., and M. M. Barnes. "Control of Naval Orangeworm on Almonds, 1984." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.93.

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Abstract The test was conducted in an 11-year-old commercial almond orchard near Shaffer, CA. Eight treatments were replicated 7 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree. Treatments were applied at tree-top hullsplit initiation on 2 Jul ’84 with a hand gun which delivers a fine spray at 400-450 psi. The trees were sprayed to runoff at an application rate of ca 800 gal/acre. At harvest (30 Aug ’84) all nuts were shaken from each tree. Samples of 300 nuts per tree were then collected and examined in the lab for navel orangeworm damage. Data are reported as the avg % damaged nuts found in a sample.

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Sato, Sakura. "Allergen: Tree nuts and seeds." Nihon Shoni Arerugi Gakkaishi. The Japanese Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology 34, no. 5 (December 20, 2020): 612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3388/jspaci.34.612.

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Molyneux, Russell J., Noreen Mahoney, Jong H. Kim, and Bruce C. Campbell. "Mycotoxins in edible tree nuts." International Journal of Food Microbiology 119, no. 1-2 (October 2007): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.028.

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Alasalvar, Cesarettin, and Fereidoon Shahidi. "Natural antioxidants in tree nuts." European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 111, no. 11 (November 2009): 1056–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200900098.

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Wright, Glenn C., J. Benton Storey, Marvin K. Harris, and Peter T. Sprinz. "Pre-harvest Pecan Yield Estimation." HortScience 25, no. 6 (June 1990): 698–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.6.698.

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Nut count (NC), trunk circumference (TC), competition factor (CF), days from budbreak (DAY), and high or low crop year (YR) data were collected on 40 trees at three sites across Texas in 1985 and 1986, to create a model that would predict pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] yield. The model developed predicted the natural logarithm of the total nuts on the tree [In(NUTS)]: In(NUTS) = 2.112 + [0.634 × In(NC)] + (0.00119 × TC) – (0.0701 × In(CF)) + (0.00639 × DAY) + (0.728 × YR). The equation accounts for 87% of the variation in yield. The model is not sufficiently accurate to predict individual tree yields well, but additional data show an ability to accurately predict average tree yields.

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Maloney, B. K. "Canarium in the Southeast Asian and Oceanic archaeobotanical and pollen records." Antiquity 70, no. 270 (December 1996): 926–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00084180.

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Canarium is a group of rainforest trees found in southeast Asia and into the Pacific, whose nuts are edible. The nuts have quite often been found in early archaeological contexts: that evidence and the palaeobotanical record largely deriving from pollen now enables some rounded account of the early human place of the tree and its nuts.

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Itotoh, Benedicta, Ingrid Roche, and Catherine Power. "Following Mixed Tree Nut Biscuit Challenge, Are the Nuts Still Included in the Diet?" SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2, no. 11 (September 7, 2020): 2208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00484-w.

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AbstractWe studied the introduction rate after a negative challenge to mixed tree nut biscuit. This is a retrospective review of patients who underwent and passed mixed tree nut biscuit challenges performed at Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH) between 2016 and 2018. Follow-up phone calls were made to families to ascertain if the tree nuts included in the tree nut biscuit were still included in the child’s diet 1 to 3 years following negative oral food challenge (OFC). A total of 162 children underwent mixed tree nut biscuit challenge between 2016 and 2018 at Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, Western Australia. A total of 141 (87%) passed mixed tree nut biscuit challenge. Of the 133 children that were contacted (8 children could not be contacted), 104 children still included some or all of the challenge nuts in the child’s diet; with 24 children completely eliminating the challenge nuts (18%), 5 children eliminated some of the challenge nuts (3.5%). We found a high introduction rate (82%); however, some families may require more support to maintain the tree nuts in the child’s diet following a negative OFC.

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Ferdman, Ronald M., and Joseph A. Church. "Mixed-up nuts: identification of peanuts and tree nuts by children." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 97, no. 1 (July 2006): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61373-7.

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Lester, Mitchell R. "Mixed-up Nuts: Identification of Peanuts and Tree Nuts by Children." Pediatrics 120, Supplement 3 (November 2007): S117.1—S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-0846aa.

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Stephenson, RA, and EC Gallagher. "Timing of nitrogen application to macadamias. 3. Reproductive growth, yield and quality." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 4 (1989): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890581.

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Depression of flowering in macadamias (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche) was associated with low nitrogen (N) status following 1 application of N (690 g N/tree.year) in summer of the first season and in control trees (monthly applications totalling 230 g N/tree.year) in the second and third seasons. Yield responses to N were observed only in the second and subsequent seasons. Yields of commercially acceptable nuts were higher, and small reject nuts lower, than nuts produced by control trees. Nut quality from control trees was as good as, and in many cases superior to fertilised trees receiving the higher rate of N in 1 application at various times through the year. Forward stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated the importance of time and extent of vegetative flushing, total annual tree growth and carbohydrate reserves stored in tree trunks on nut yield and quality. An appreciation of these factors can be used to guide management decisions for optimum production and quality of macadamias.

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Elizur, Arnon. "Co-allergy between tree nuts among tree nut allergic patients." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 139, no. 2 (February 2017): AB129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.422.

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Jenab, Mazda, Joan Sabaté, Nadia Slimani, Pietro Ferrari, Mathieu Mazuir, Corinne Casagrande, Genevieve Deharveng, et al. "Consumption and portion sizes of tree nuts, peanuts and seeds in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts from 10 European countries." British Journal of Nutrition 96, S2 (November 2006): S12—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjn20061859.

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Tree nuts, peanuts and seeds are nutrient dense foods whose intake has been shown to be associated with reduced risk of some chronic diseases. They are regularly consumed in European diets either as whole, in spreads or from hidden sources (e.g. commercial products). However, little is known about their intake profiles or differences in consumption between European countries or geographic regions. The objective of this study was to analyse the population mean intake and average portion sizes in subjects reporting intake of nuts and seeds consumed as whole, derived from hidden sources or from spreads. Data was obtained from standardised 24-hour dietary recalls collected from 36 994 subjects in 10 different countries that are part of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Overall, for nuts and seeds consumed as whole, the percentage of subjects reporting intake on the day of the recall was: tree nuts = 4·4%, peanuts = 2·3% and seeds = 1·3%. The data show a clear northern (Sweden: mean intake = 0·15 g/d, average portion size = 15·1 g/d) to southern (Spain: mean intake = 2·99 g/d, average portion size = 34·7 g/d) European gradient of whole tree nut intake. The three most popular tree nuts were walnuts, almonds and hazelnuts, respectively. In general, tree nuts were more widely consumed than peanuts or seeds. In subjects reporting intake, men consumed a significantly higher average portion size of tree nuts (28·5 v. 23·1 g/d, P<0·01) and peanuts (46·1 v. 35·1 g/d, P<0·01) per day than women. These data may be useful in devising research initiatives and health policy strategies based on the intake of this food group.

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Mukhametzyanov, Rafail R., Nikolay G. Platonovskiy, Natalia V. Arzamastseva, Natalia N. Ivantsova, and Elena N. Vasileva. "Dynamics of gross harvest of nuts in the world and in the main producing countries." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 12 (2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-12-63-73.

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In most food classifications, nuts are usually included in the fruit and berry group. In this scientific article, we examined the issue of the production of tree nuts in the world as a whole, and in the countries that are the main producers of this type of plant products. This term was borrowed from the terminology of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, originally referred to as “Treenuts”. This group does not include all fruits that we, in our traditional understanding, classify as nuts. In particular, it does not include peanuts (groundnut) and coconuts. In the course of the study, we identified that during 1961-2019 the volume of world production of tree nuts increased by 6.68 times, while the “Fruit, Total” group increased by 4.34 times, and that of peanuts and coconut by 3.45 times and 2.63 times, respectively. However, the gross harvest of tree nuts is significantly inferior to most of the types of fresh fruit and berry products obtained. In the structure of their global production in 2019, walnuts were in the first position (25.75%), in the second - cashew nuts (22.67%), in the third - almonds (20.02%). In the context of the main countries-producers of tree nuts, the five leaders include such states as China (27.03%), USA (17.40%), Turkey (7.51%), Iran (4.90%), Cat- d’Ivoire (4.60%). In general, the importance of tree nuts in both production and consumption is increasing. For producing countries, their cultivation and supply to international trade is one of the sources of employment for part of the population and obtaining foreign exchange earnings, and in the countries importing them, the population gets the opportunity to diversify their diet with useful food products throughout the entire calendar year.

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Griel, Amy E., and Penny M. Kris-Etherton. "Tree nuts and the lipid profile: a review of clinical studies." British Journal of Nutrition 96, S2 (November 2006): S68—S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjn20061866.

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Tree nuts have a fatty acid profile that favourably affects blood lipids and lipoproteins. They are low in saturated fat and high in unsaturated fatty acids and are rich sources of other nutrients. An extensive database consistently shows total and LDL cholesterol-lowering effects of diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and high in unsaturated fat provided by a variety of tree nuts. Collectively, a summary of studies conducted to date shows that tree nuts reduce LDL cholesterol by 3–19 % compared with Western and lower-fat diets. Nuts also contain many nutrients and bioactive compounds that appear to contribute to the favourable effects on lipids and lipoproteins – these include plant sterols, dietary fibre and antioxidants. Because of their unique nutrient profile, nuts can be part of a diet that features multiple heart-healthy foods resulting in a cholesterol lowering response that surpasses that of cholesterol-lowering diets typically used to reduce CVD risk.

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Matias, J., A. Gaspar, L. M. Borrego, S. Piedade, G. Pires, C. Arede, G. Sampaio, and M. Morais Almeida. "Tree Nuts Anaphylaxis in Preschool Age Children." European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 52, no. 04 (July 2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.23822/eurannaci.1764-1489.128.

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Nagakura, Ken-ichi, and Sakura Sato. "Peanut, tree nuts, soy bean, sesame, buckwheat." Nihon Shoni Arerugi Gakkaishi. The Japanese Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology 36, no. 5 (December 20, 2022): 562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3388/jspaci.36.562.

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Henning, Susanne, Jing Wang, Sijia Wang, Tianyu Qin, Yajing Pan, Jieping Yang, Jianjun Huang, Chi-Hong Tseng, David Heber, and Zhaoping Li. "Including Mixed Tree Nut Snacks in a Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance Intervention Resulted in Weight Loss and Increased Satiety." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab037_030.

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Abstract Objectives Tree nuts are an excellent dietary source of protein and healthy fat leading to increased satiety. Tree nuts also provide polyphenols, vitamins and minerals supporting the immune response. However, there is a concern that tree nuts are not suitable to be included in a weight loss diet due to their fat content. Therefore, it was the objective of the study to test whether including mixed tree nuts in a weight loss and maintenance program will lead to weight loss by increasing satiety and decreasing inflammation. Methods We performed a randomized, controlled, two-arm study in 95 overweight individuals consuming 1.5 oz of mixed tree nuts daily (n = 56) or equal amount of calories in the form of a pretzel snack (n = 39) as part of a hypocaloric weight loss diet (−500 calories of resting metabolic rate) for 12 wks followed by an isocaloric weight maintenance program for an additional 12 wks. Results The dropout rate was significantly lower in the tree nut (16.4%) compared to the pretzel (35.9%) group. Participants experienced significant weight loss (12 wks: −1.6 and −1.9 and 24 wks: −1.5 kg and −1.4 kg) in the tree nut and pretzel group, respectively, without difference between groups at any time point. In addition, both groups showed a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure at 12 wks and a significant increase in satiety at 24 wks, but only participants in the mixed tree nut group showed significant decrease in heart rate at 4, 12 and 24 wks. Plasma oleic acid concentration was significantly increased at 12 and 24 wks in the tree nut group, while in the pretzel group plasma oleic acid was significantly increased and stearic acid decreased at 12 wks and linolenic acid was increased at 24 wks. No change in fasting plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol was observed in both groups. No change in inflammatory markers except plasma MCP-1 was decreased significantly in the tree nut group at 4 wks. Conclusions In summary, including mixed tree nuts in a weight loss and maintenance diet can maintain compliance and promote weight loss similar to standard weight loss and maintenance diets. Although both, the mixed tree nut diet and pretzel diet resulted in decreased diastolic blood pressure, only consumption of the mixed tree nut diet led to significantly decreased heart rate and increased study retention. Funding Sources International Tree Nut Council.

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Nunn, Jasmine, Joanne De Faveri, Katie O’Connor, Mobashwer Alam, Craig Hardner, Olufemi Akinsanmi, and Bruce Topp. "Genome-Wide Association Study for Abscission Failure of Fruit Pericarps (Stick-Tights) in Wild Macadamia Germplasm." Agronomy 12, no. 8 (August 14, 2022): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081913.

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Macadamia pericarps that fail to abscise (‘stick-tights’) are an important trait to select against in breeding as they can harbour pests and diseases. Traditional macadamia breeding cycles are lengthy and expensive due to long juvenilities and large tree sizes. Thus, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are an important investigative tool to identify candidate trait-linked markers to enable potential reductions in evaluation and selection cycles via marker-assisted selection (MAS) in young seedlings. This study assessed 199 wild macadamia germplasm accessions for stick-tight prevalence across two years. As the number of stick-tights per tree is limited by the number of nuts per tree, we conducted association analyses to identify SNPs linked with the number of stick-tights per tree, and examined whether such SNPs were also associated with, and thus confounded with, the number of nuts per tree. We also assessed associations with the proportion of stick-tights per total number of nuts. Thirty-two SNPs were associated with at least one of the stick-tight traits in one year (p < 0.001). Of all such SNPs, only one was associated with the number of nuts per tree (p < 0.001), indicating that most associations were not confounded with yield.

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Jover, Pedro, Frank B. Matta, and Fawad S. Shah. "Harvest Time and Storage Condition Affect Germination, Moisture, Abscisic Acid, and Indoleacetic Acid in Pecan." HortScience 41, no. 5 (August 2006): 1235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.5.1235.

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Moisture percentage, free abscisic acid, and total indoleacetic acid (IAA) content were determined at shuck-split in `Hughes' and `Owens' pecan kernels (nuts harvested from the tree), immediately after harvest from the ground, and after subsequent storage periods of 45, 90, and 135 d at 3 °C or 10 °C. In `Hughes', seed germination increased when nuts were harvested from the tree compared with germination of nuts harvested from the ground or nonstratified and stratified nuts. Germination of nuts harvested from the ground did not differ from germination of nuts stored at 3 °C in moist media for 45, 90, or 135 d. Significant positive correlation between germination of `Hughes' and `Owens' and moisture percentage was observed. There was no relationship between abscisic acid levels and germination in either cultivar. However, there was a significant correlation between germination of `Hughes' and IAA. Germination of `Owens' did not correlate with IAA levels.

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Farakos, Sofia M. Santillana, Régis Pouillot, and Susanne E. Keller. "Salmonella Survival Kinetics on Pecans, Hazelnuts, and Pine Nuts at Various Water Activities and Temperatures." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 5 (April 17, 2017): 879–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-392.

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ABSTRACT The impact of temperature, water activity (aw), and nut composition on Salmonella survival on tree nuts has not been thoroughly examined. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperature, aw, and nut composition on the survival of Salmonella on tree nuts and develop predictive models. Pecans, hazelnuts, and pine nuts were chosen based on differences in their typical fat content. Nuts were inoculated with a cocktail of five Salmonella serotypes (11 log CFU/mL) and then were dried and stored at 4, 10, and 25°C at 0.41 ± 0.06 and 0.60 ± 0.05 aw for 1 year. Ten-gram quantities were removed at different intervals up to 364 days to test for surviving Salmonella populations (plating on selective and nonselective media) and aw. Experiments were carried out in triplicate. Salmonella populations were relatively stable over a year at 4 and 10°C at both aw levels with <1.5-log CFU/g decline. The best predictive model to describe Salmonella survival at 4 and 10°C was a log-linear model with a D-value for each tree nut and aw combination. Significant declines in Salmonella levels were observed at 25°C, where the best fit was a Weibull model with a fixed ρ for all tree nuts (ρ = 0.86), a δ value for each tree nut and aw combination, and a random factor to account for variability among replicates. The time for the first log reduction at 25°C and 0.37 ± 0.009 aw was estimated at 24 ± 2 weeks for hazelnuts, 34 ± 3 weeks for pecans, and 52 ± 7 weeks for pine nuts. At the same temperature, but with 0.54 ± 0.009 aw, the mean estimated time for the first log reduction decreased to 9 ± 1 weeks for hazelnuts, 10 ± 1 weeks for pecans, and 16 ± 1 weeks for pine nuts. Tree nut, aw, and temperature were shown to have a statistically significant effect on survival (P < 0.05). No apparent influence of fat content on survival was observed. The results of this study can be used to predict changes in Salmonella levels on pecans, hazelnuts, and pine nuts after storage at the different temperatures and aw values.

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Olsen, Jeff, Timothy Righetti, and Enrique Sanchez. "Nitrogen Partitioning in the Hazelnut Tree." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 755G—756. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.755g.

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Isotopically labeled 15N was applied to `Barcelona' hazelnut trees planted in 1982. The trees were given the following treatments: 120 g N applied to the ground in spring (SG), 120 g N applied to the ground after harvest (PHG), 40 g N applied foliarly after harvest (PHF). The percent of nitrogen from the labeled fertilizer was measured in all of the tree tissues. The uptake of 15N in the leaves was measured monthly for two seasons. The utilization of stored nitrogen reserves was quantified for each treatment. There was a 28% rate of recovery for the applied N. The hazelnut tree showed a strong reliance on stored N reserves in all of the tissues. The fruiting structures were a strong sink for N in the year of application, and for reserve N. Dry matter (DM) partitioning showed that the nuts accounted for 9.1% of the total DW of 11-year-old trees. The SG showed 10.63% of N from 15N in the buds, and 7.40% in the nuts. The PHG treatment was absorbed into the tree, and used the next season in amounts similar to the SG treatments. The PHF was absorbed and used in smaller amounts consistent with the reduced amount of N applied to the foliage.

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Pitre, Mélanie, Lamia L’Hocine, Allaoua Achouri, Martin Blaquière, and Anne Des Roches. "Immunoglobulin E-Binding Pattern of Canadian Peanut Allergic Children and Cross-Reactivity with Almond, Hazelnut and Pistachio." Biomolecules 10, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10081091.

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Peanut allergic individuals can be both co-sensitized and co-allergic to peanut and tree nuts. At the moment, standard diagnostic approaches do not always allow differentiation between clinically relevant sensitization and nonsignificant cross-reactions, and the responsibility of each allergen remains unclear. The objective of this study was therefore to determine a peanut sensitization profile in a cohort of Canadian peanut allergic children and assess the immunoglobulin E (IgE) molecular cross-reactivity between peanut, almond, hazelnut and pistachio. The specific IgE (sIgE) levels of each patient serum were determined by ImmunoCAP, indirect ELISA and immunoblot to examine their sIgE-binding levels and profiles to peanut proteins. Reciprocal inhibition ELISA and immunoblotting were used to study sIgE cross-reactions between peanut and the selected tree nuts using an adjusted and representative serum pool of the nine allergic patients. The results showed that the prepared peanut and tree nut protein extracts allowed for the detection of the majority of peanut and selected tree nut known allergens. The reciprocal inhibition ELISA experiments showed limited sIgE cross-reactivities between peanut and the studied tree nuts, with peanut being most likely the sensitizing allergen and tree nuts the cross-reactive ones. In the case of hazelnut and pistachio, a coexisting primary sensitization to hazelnut and pistachio was also demonstrated in the serum pool. Reciprocal inhibition immunoblotting further revealed that storage proteins (2S albumin, 7S vicilin and 11S legumin) could possibly account for the observed IgE-cross-reactions between peanut and the studied tree nuts in this cohort of allergic individuals. It also demonstrated the importance of conformational epitopes in the exhibited cross-reactions.

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Severino S. Magat, PhD. "ACHIEVING COCONUT SUPPLY RELIABILITY THROUGH RESEARCH-BASED CROP NUTRITION MANAGEMENT OF COCONUT FARMS IN THE PHILIPPINES." CORD 19, no. 01 (June 1, 2003): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v19i01.363.

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A critical review of the PCA’s extensive R & D findings, and field-extension experience, particularly, the Small Coconut Farms Development Project or SCFDP (1990 - 1998) was done. The analysis revealed several key points relevant to pursue a sustained coconut rehabilitation of 750,000 hectares (ha.) @ a 5-year cycle in the wet and intermediate growing zones with judicious fertilization (crop nutrition management). These major points are: (1) at least 2 million (M) ha of current stands of coconut ( more than 95 % local tall varieties) have been suffering from widespread multi-deficiency of plant nutrients such as nitrogen, chloride, sulfur, potassium, phosphorus and micronutrients like boron, zinc and copper; (2) as such, this is a major growth and yield-limiting factor that limits the average annual coconut productivity (40 nuts tree or 1 ton copra/ha); (3) the average performance (1992-95) of the SCFDP farms showed that coconut productivity increased to 91 nuts/tree (from 35 nuts) or to 3.01 tons copra/ha (from only 0.94) after at least 3 years of regular annual application of fertilizers; in 1998 ( post-rehabilitation of 3 years) yields dropped to 70 nuts/tree or 2.21 copra/ha; (4) onwards to year 2010, without management, these SCFDP farms are predicted to further drop to 25.9 nuts/tree ( 0.70 ton copra/ha/yr), based on the estimate 8-9% annual reduction rate of yield; and (5) apparently, nationwide, the SCFDP experience had shown that the soil nutrient-poor coconut farms are only capable of producing only about 1/3 of its achievable yield of 85 – 120 nuts/tree ( 2 –3 tons copra/ha), annually.

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Md. Nazirul Islam. "Management of Coconut Mite in Bangladesh Involving Communities as Implanter." CORD 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v34i2.13.

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A study on management of coconut mite (Aceria guerreronis Keifer, Acari: Eriophyidae) was carried out in farmers fields at Bagharpara Sub-district of Jashore district, in an area of about 696 ha during May 2011 to June 2014. The mite attacking coconut in Bangladesh remained unidentified until 2008. Field and laboratory studies on morpho-anatomy revealed that 2-6 month old nuts hosted colonies of mites while no mites were found on unfertilized button (flowers) and nuts of more than 06 months old. Colonization was found maximum in younger nuts of 3 -4 month old. Mites were found to reside under the perianth near the stalk of young coconut. Six different treatments viz, removing of infested young nuts and foliar application of Omite @ 0.2% adjacent to the bunch region (T1); removing of infected young nuts and foliar application of Neem-oil @ 0.3% adjacent to the bunch region (T2); T1 & soil incorporation of Neem cake @ 500g/tree (T3); T1 & soil incorporation of tricho-compost @ 2000g/tree (T4); T2 & soil incorporation of Neem cake @ 500g/tree (T5) and T2 & incorporation of tricho-compost 2000g/tree (T6). Results of three consecutive years showed that all the treatments were equally effective in controlling mite attack in coconut. Edible portion of mature nuts was found to improve by the treatments T3 and T5, containing soil incorporated Neem cake. Days to spath opening, male phase, number of bunch and nut per bunch were not influenced by any one of the treatments. On an average 77 nuts were harvested/palm/year and their estimated market value was Taka 1540. Income augmented due to technology was Taka 1339.80 with BCR value 6.

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Zhang, Guodong, Lijun Hu, David Melka, Hua Wang, Anna Laasri, Eric W. Brown, Errol Strain, et al. "Prevalence of Salmonella in Cashews, Hazelnuts, Macadamia Nuts, Pecans, Pine Nuts, and Walnuts in the United States." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 3 (February 16, 2017): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-396.

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ABSTRACT Nuts have been identified as a vector for salmonellosis. The objective of this project was to estimate the prevalence and contamination level of Salmonella in raw tree nuts (cashews, pecans, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pine nuts, and walnuts) at retail markets in the United States. A total of 3,656 samples of six types of tree nuts were collected from different types of retail stores and markets nationwide between October 2014 and October 2015. These samples were analyzed using a modified version of the Salmonella culture method from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Of the 3,656 samples collected and tested, 32 were culturally confirmed as containing Salmonella. These isolates represented 25 serotypes. Salmonella was not detected in pecans and in-shell hazelnuts. Salmonella prevalence estimates (and 95% confidence intervals) in cashews, shelled hazelnuts, pine nuts, walnuts, and macadamia nuts were 0.55% [0.15, 1.40], 0.35% [0.04, 1.20], 0.48% [0.10, 1.40], 1.20% [0.53, 2.40], and 4.20% [2.40, 6.90], respectively. The rates of Salmonella isolation from major or big chain supermarkets, small chain supermarkets, discount, variety, or drug stores, and online were 0.64% [0.38, 1.00], 1.60% [0.80, 2.90], 0.00% [0.00, 2.40], and 13.64% [2.90, 35.00], respectively (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test: P = 0.02). The rates of Salmonella isolation for conventional and organic nuts were not significantly different. Of the samples containing Salmonella, 60.7% had levels less than 0.003 most probable number (MPN)/g. The highest contamination level observed was 0.092 MPN/g. The prevalence and levels of Salmonella in these tree nut samples were comparable to those previously reported for similar foods.

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CHO, CHUNG Y., CAROLINE PUENTE-LELIEVRE, GRANT D. JONES, SARAH R. STADIG, DEBRA A. TAYLOR, ANNE C. EISCHEID, and ERIC A. E. GARBER. "Application of Multiantigen Profiling To Detect Pecan." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 5 (April 2, 2018): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-421.

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ABSTRACTA problem often encountered in the detection and identification of undeclared tree nut food allergens is the lack of analytical methods. This problem is accentuated by the current trend, whereby the primary methods used to detect food allergens are antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and the development of analyte-specific antibodies takes months. The recently developed xMAP food allergen detection assay (xMAP FADA) has the ability to generate multiantigen profiles with tree nuts, thereby providing a potential solution to this problem. The xMAP FADA includes 22 antibodies targeting peanut, soy, and nine tree nuts. The high number of antibodies to a diverse group of tree nuts and legumes and the propensity of tree nuts to cross-react have enabled the development of multiantigen profiling, whereby an analyte reacts with the various antibodies to generate a profile. Recently, a question arose regarding the possible presence of pecan dust at a manufacturer of pecan products that also stored fresh produce. The lack of suitable pecan ELISAs created an analytical challenge that was resolved using multiantigen profiling with the xMAP FADA. Pecan was detected on swab samples by using multiantigen profiling and confirmed by DNA analysis. The use of multiantigen profiling provided an analytical capability beyond what was possible with an analyte-specific analytical method.

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Dutcher, James D. "Insect Damage Estimates for ‘Stuart’ Pecan Nutlets from Nut Set to Shell Hardening in Insecticide-Treated and Untreated Trees." Journal of Entomological Science 37, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-37.3.259.

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Pecan nut loss due to pecan nut casebearer, Acrobasis nuxvorella Neunzig, damage was significantly lower in the chlorpyrifos-treated, ‘Stuart’, pecan trees (0%) than in untreated trees (16%). Percentage loss due to nut drop from all causes between nut set and shell-hardening was significantly lower in the treated (27%) than in the untreated trees (42%). Treated trees had significantly higher average yield (38 kg/tree) than the untreated (29 kg/tree). Nut size was significantly smaller in untreated (156 nuts/kg) than in treated trees (145 nuts/kg). Monitoring the fate of ‘Stuart’ pecan nutlets from nut set to harvest indicated that the number of nuts/cluster at nut set was often positively correlated with kernel weight at harvest, whereas, nut cluster size later in the season was positively correlated with kernel weight at two orchards and negatively correlated with kernel weight in the control treatment at a third orchard. A commercial orchard where pecan nut casebearer, hickory shuckworm, Cydia caryana (Fitch) and nut curculio, Conatrachelus hicoriae Schoof, were controlled with insecticide sprays in the spring had similar total nut drop over the entire season as an orchard where these insects were not controlled. The majority of the pecans that dropped from the trees did not have discernible signs of plant disease, insect feeding damage or insect oviposition.

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Amarowicz, Ryszard, and Ronald B. Pegg. "Tree Nuts and Peanuts as a Source of Natural Antioxidants in our Daily Diet." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 16 (May 21, 2020): 1898–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200318125620.

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Tree nuts and peanuts are healthy foods with a proven track record of helping to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases, most notably cardiovascular disease. At the point of consumption, all nuts contain low moisture and ≥ 50% lipid contents, but this is where similarities end. The levels of key nutrients and bioactives including vitamin C, vitamin E, L-arginine, minerals (such as selenium and zinc), and phenolics can differ markedly. Distinctions in the types and quantities of phenolic constituents for tree nut species, as well as the impact of digestion, will affect the nuts’ antioxidant potential in vivo. This work provides some insight into the different types of phenolics found in tree nuts and peanuts, the antioxidant potential of their phenolic extracts using in vitro chemical assays, the effect of thermal processing on the stability of the nuts’ endogenous phenolics, and the impact on biomarkers of human health arising from randomized clinical trials. Key biomarkers include measures in the reduction of LDL oxidation as well as increases in the levels of vitamin E and selected phenolic compounds in blood plasma postprandially from those of baseline.

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Bai, S. H., B. Randall, E. Grant, R. Gama, B. Gua, D. Keli, P. Negalevu, J. Oakeshott, and H. M. Wallace. "Tree-to-tree variation of kernel size in two underutilized tree nuts in Pacific." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1340 (April 2022): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1340.21.

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Grey, Timothy L., Keith Rucker, Lenny Wells, and Xuelin Luo. "Response of Young Pecan Trees to Repeated Applications of Indaziflam and Halosulfuron." HortScience 53, no. 3 (March 2018): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12588-17.

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Pecan production in the southeastern United States has increased because of the worldwide demand for the nuts of this tree. Information about the effects of the residual herbicides indaziflam and halosulfuron on newly planted pecan trees was evaluated over time for 4 years on sandy loam soils. After winter pecan tree planting, multiple spring or autumn herbicide applications were applied to the same pecan trees in different experiments in consecutive years. Visual injury, height, and caliper diameter measurements were taken up to six times during the growing season. Regression analysis of treatments over time indicated no differences in pecan tree growth for indaziflam at 73 or 146 g a.i./ha or halosulfuron at 35 g a.i./ha applied up to six times in 3 years, or for indaziflam at 37, 73, or 146 g a.i./ha applied up to five times in 3 years, as compared with nontreated controls. This information will benefit growers seeking viable weed control options when establishing new groves to meet the increased worldwide demand for pecan nuts.

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Goldhamer, David, Mario Viveros, and Ken Shackel. "INFLUENCE OF PREHARVEST IRRIGATION CUTOFF DURATION AND POSTHARVEST WATER DEPRIVATION IN ALMOND." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1172b—1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1172b.

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Previously well irrigated mature `Nonpareil' almond trees (Prunus dulcis) were subjected to varying periods of water deprivation prior to harvest and then to either full or no postharvest irrigation. Eight preharvest water deprivation (PWD) lengths ranging from 14 to 63 days were evaluated on a sandy loam soil with a rooting depth of about 1.5 m.Development of tree water deficits occurred rapidly following PWD. Predawn leaf water potential decreased to about -1.8 and -3.1 MPa after 10 and 20 days, respectively. Defoliation began about 30 days after PWD and trees subjected to more than 50 days completely defoliated. The rate of hull split was directly related to the PWD duration. With early cutoffs, the size of the hull split-arrested nuts at harvest was large compared with the same nut type in later cutoffs suggesting that as nuts develop, large nuts are preferential sinks for assimilates. Kernel size was only mildly reduced by PWD during the first study year. There was a trend toward lower total kernel yield with longer PWD as a result of smaller kernel girth but yield differences were not significant. The number of nuts remaining in the tree after shaking was not related to PWD. Bark strength increased after PWD with 10 to 14 days required to prevent shaker damage. Postharvest irrigation resulted in late season defoliation but no rebloom. Bloom density reductions in 1990 were related more to the lack of 1989 postharvest irrigation than to early PWD.

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van Sloten, D. H. "GENETIC RESOURCES OF TEMPERATE FRUITS AND TREE NUTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 159 (July 1985): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1985.159.1.

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Wiersma, P. A. "REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS IN TREE FRUIT CROPS AND NUTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 622 (August 2003): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.622.38.

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Volpe, Roberto, Simona Messineo, Maurizio Volpe, and Antonio Messineo. "Carbon Footprint of Tree Nuts Based Consumer Products." Sustainability 7, no. 11 (November 6, 2015): 14917–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su71114917.

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Echeverría-Zudaire, Luis Á. "TREE NUTS ALLERGY: Knowledge, gaps and practical implications." Allergologia et Immunopathologia 48, no. 4 (July 2020): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2020.05.001.

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Nzima, Muntubani D. S., George C. Martin, and Chic Nishijima. "Seasonal Changes in Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates within Branches and Roots of Naturally “Off” and “On” `Kerman' Pistachio Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 6 (November 1997): 856–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.6.856.

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The objective of this investigation was to determine the dynamics of carbohydrate use as revealed by soluble sugar and starch concentration in leaves, inflorescence buds, rachises, nuts, current and 1-year-old wood, and primary and tertiary scaffold branches and roots (≤10 mm in diameter) of alternate-bearing `Kerman' pistachio (Pistachia vera L.) trees that were in their natural bearing cycles. Two hypotheses were tested. First, carbohydrate concentration is greater early in the growing season in organs examined from heavily cropping (“on”) than light cropping (“off”) trees. This hypothesis was affirmed as judged by soluble sugar and starch concentration in leaves, inflorescence buds, rachises, nuts, current and 1-year-old wood, and primary and tertiary branches and roots of “on” compared to “off” trees. Second, carbohydrate concentration remains high in “on” tree organs as the first wave of inflorescence bud and nut abscission occurs early in the growing season. This hypothesis was also affirmed. In fact, soluble sugars and starch remained high in “on” trees through full bloom FB + 60 days (FB + 60) as inflorescence bud and nut abscission occurred. In the persisting “on” tree inflorescence buds, sharp decreases in soluble sugars and starch were evident by the final sample date when “off” tree inflorescence buds contained a 13 times greater concentration of soluble sugars and starch than “on” tree buds. At that time, “off” tree inflorescence buds contained 50% more dry mass than “on” tree inflorescence buds. After FB + 60, “on” tree soluble sugars and starch declined in all organs as nut growth occurred. During the same time period, organs of “off” trees began to accumulate greater concentrations of soluble sugars and starch and exceeded concentrations measured in organs of “on” trees.

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Cheng, Guo ‘Chris’, Oral Capps, and Senarath Dharmasena. "Demand analysis of peanuts and tree nuts in the United States: a micro-perspective." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 24, no. 3 (April 13, 2021): 523–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2020.0090.

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This paper examines household purchases of peanuts and tree nuts in the United States using the Nielsen Homescan Panel for calendar year 2015. Households located in different regions and from different races and ethnicities along with seasonality were important factors affecting the propensities to purchase and actual quantities purchased. The demand for pecans, almonds, and walnuts was sensitive to price changes. The reverse was true regarding the demands for cashews, macadamia nuts, pistachios, mixed nuts, and peanuts. All nuts were identified as necessities. Findings of this research provide insights for stakeholders in the nut industry, in terms of target marketing, product positioning, and pricing strategies. Moreover, we contribute to the literature by providing a micro-perspective investigation concerning the demand for nut products in the United States. In addition, we provide a more up-to-date analysis concerning factors affecting not only the likelihood of purchasing nuts but also the quantities purchased.

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Ros, Emilio, Annapoorna Singh, and James H. O’Keefe. "Nuts: Natural Pleiotropic Nutraceuticals." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (September 19, 2021): 3269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093269.

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Common nuts (tree nuts and peanuts) are energy-dense foods that nature has gifted with a complex matrix of beneficial nutrients and bioactives, including monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, high-quality protein, fiber, non-sodium minerals, tocopherols, phytosterols, and antioxidant phenolics. These nut components synergize to favorably influence metabolic and vascular physiology pathways, ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors and improve cardiovascular prognosis. There is increasing evidence that nuts positively impact myriad other health outcomes as well. Nut consumption is correlated with lower cancer incidence and cancer mortality, and decreased all-cause mortality. Favorable effects on cognitive function and depression have also been reported. Randomized controlled trials consistently show nuts have a cholesterol-lowering effect. Nut consumption also confers modest improvements on glycemic control, blood pressure (BP), endothelial function, and inflammation. Although nuts are energy-dense foods, they do not predispose to obesity, and in fact may even help in weight loss. Tree nuts and peanuts, but not peanut butter, generally produce similar positive effects on outcomes. First level evidence from the PREDIMED trial shows that, in the context of a Mediterranean diet, consumption of 30 g/d of nuts (walnuts, almonds, and hazelnuts) significantly lowered the risk of a composite endpoint of major adverse cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from cardiovascular disease) by ≈30% after intervention for 5 y. Impressively, the nut-supplemented diet reduced stroke risk by 45%. As they are rich in salutary bioactive compounds and beneficially impact various health outcomes, nuts can be considered natural pleiotropic nutraceuticals.

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Djolosse Kouami, N., Azonkpin Adolphe, Adoukonou-Sagbadja Hubert, Worou Barnabas, Maliki Raphiou, Bello Saliou, and Vinou Yemalin Alfred. "YIELD AND NUT QUALITY OF 29 CASHEW MOTHER TREES (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L) ESTABLISHED AT THE GERMPLASM OF OUOGHI IN CENTRAL REGION OF BENIN." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 1144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11946.

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Description of subject: One of the main constraints to cashew crop development in Benin and Africa is the unavailability of efficient planting material for the plantations establishment. This constraint is largely responsible for the low level of nut yieldsobtained in cashew plantations. Objective: This study aimed to assess the agronomic performances of 29 different cashew mother trees established in the germplasm of the Central Agricultural Research Center (CRA-Centre) of the National Agricultural Research Institute of Benin located in Save, Central region, in sightof selecting high-performance clones to be distributed in rural areas. Materials and Methods: Nuts production, unit nuts weight and the kernelrate data were collected on 29 cashew mother trees during the harvest seasons from 2017 to 2020. These data were submitted to the analysis of variance and comparison of the means tests with software R. Results: The average nut yields of the 29 cashew mother trees varied from 0.85 to 11.98 kg / tree with a general average of 3.57 kg / tree at the age of 7 years old. Average unit nut weights ranged from 4.61 to 8.28 g with an overall average of 6.40 g. The average kernel ratio of nuts ranged from 24.08% to 32.46% with an overall average of 27.18%. The average weight of akernel varied from 1.43 to 2.15g with an average of 1.71g. At the end of the fouryears assessment, five of the 29 cashew mother trees with a minimum nut yield of 5 kg / tree were preselected as the first efficient cashew clones from Benin. Conclusion: These preliminary results are very important for the cashew breeding program in Benin. Furtherstudieswill plan to assess the cashew mother trees performance at 10, 15, 20 and 25 years old.

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Whisnant, Byron Taylor, and Leonardo Lombardini. "EFFECTS OF PRUNING TIME ON LIGHT INTERCEPTION AND FRUIT QUALITY IN PECAN TREES." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 875c—875. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.875c.

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Pecan tree pruning is a standard cultural practice in commercial pecan farming operations. Pruning often promotes canopy light infiltration, air movement, and crop load management. Timing of pecan tree pruning is often during winter for labor and time management purposes, yet the most effective pruning time is not known for pecan. `Pawnee' trees were pruned during March (winter), May, June, July and August in a commercial orchard in Charlie, Texas during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons. June pruning produced the greatest two year summed annual average yield (2447.7 kernel lb/acre), largest increase of kernel lb/acre (625%) and largest increase percent kernel (113%) between 2003 and 2004. Furthermore, June produced the largest nuts (39.8 nuts/lb) with the lowest yield (337.5 kernel lbs/acre) in 2003, and smallest nuts (59.4 nuts/lb) with the highest yield (2110.2 kernel lb/acre) in 2004. March pruning produced the least variable yield of kernel lb/acre (38% decrease) between 2003 and 2004. July pruning produced the most consistent percent kernel (1.3% increase) between 2003 and 2004. August pruning produced the lowest two year summed annual average yield (879.8 kernel lbs/acre). Percent light transmission and leaf area index data showed no correlation with pruning times and kernel yields. Data collection will continue for another 2 to 3 years to asses the continuous affects of varied pruning times.

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Cuadrado, Carmen, Africa Sanchiz, Fatima Vicente, Isabel Ballesteros, and Rosario Linacero. "Changes Induced by Pressure Processing on Immunoreactive Proteins of Tree Nuts." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040954.

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Tree nuts confer many health benefits due to their high content of vitamins and antioxidants, and they are increasingly consumed in the last few years. Food processing is an important industrial tool to modify allergenic properties of foods, in addition to ensuring safety and enhancing organoleptic characteristics. The effect of high pressure, without and with heating, on SDS-PAGE and immunodetection profile of potential allergenic proteins (anti-11S, anti-2S and anti-LTP) of pistachio, cashew, peanut, hazelnut, almond, and chestnut was investigated. Processing based on heat and/or pressure and ultra-high pressure (HHP, 300–600 MPa) without heating was applied. After treating the six tree nuts with pressure combined with heat, a progressive diminution of proteins with potential allergenic properties was observed. Moreover, some tree nuts proteins (pistachio, cashew, and peanut) seemed to be more resistant to technological processing than others (hazelnut and chestnut). High pressure combined with heating processing markedly reduce tree nut allergenic potential as the pressure and treatment time increases. HHP do not alter hazelnut and almond immunoreactivity.

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Parfitt, Dan E., Chih-Cheng T. Chao, Craig Kallsen, Joe Maranto, and Louise Ferguson. "Pistachio Breeding in California: 1989 to 1997." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 494B—494. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.494b.

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A pistachio breeding program was initiated in 1989 to develop new cultivars for the California industry. The program was begun with an initial set of 1940 progeny from 78 crosses. In 1990, an additional 5470 seedlings were produced from 176 controlled crosses. Progeny were planted at Winters, Calif., Kearney Agr. Center, and a plot near Bakersfield in a randomized block design with crosses as treatments. Fifty-three, 962, and 2943 genotypes flowered in 1994, 1995, and 1996, respectively. Data on flowering, flowering date, sex, tree size as measured by trunk cross-section area, and disease status were collected on all trees in the breeding program at the three field locations. Nuts were collected and evaluated for number of nuts/tree, % splits, % blanks, wet and dry weight, kernel weight, and volume. Heritability estimates for nut characters, tree size, and Alternaria resistance were ranged from 0.30 to 0.76. Several parents were identified that apparently provide a high level of resistance to Alternaria. Relationships among various nut parameters and the relationship of tree size to flowering and parentage were also investigated and evaluated statistically. Replicated advanced selection trials will be established in 1997.

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Bolling, Bradley W., C. Y. Oliver Chen, Diane L. McKay, and Jeffrey B. Blumberg. "Tree nut phytochemicals: composition, antioxidant capacity, bioactivity, impact factors. A systematic review of almonds, Brazils, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts." Nutrition Research Reviews 24, no. 2 (December 2011): 244–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095442241100014x.

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Tree nuts contain an array of phytochemicals including carotenoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols and polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, proanthocyanidins (PAC) and stilbenes, all of which are included in nutrient databases, as well as phytates, sphingolipids, alkylphenols and lignans, which are not. The phytochemical content of tree nuts can vary considerably by nut type, genotype, pre- and post-harvest conditions, as well as storage conditions. Genotype affects phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes and phytosterols, but data are lacking for many other phytochemical classes. During the roasting process, tree nut isoflavones, flavanols and flavonols were found to be more resistant to heat than the anthocyanins, PAC and trans-resveratrol. The choice of solvents used for extracting polyphenols and phytosterols significantly affects their quantification, and studies validating these methods for tree nut phytochemicals are lacking. The phytochemicals found in tree nuts have been associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, antiviral, chemopreventive and hypocholesterolaemic actions, all of which are known to affect the initiation and progression of several pathogenic processes. While tree nut phytochemicals are bioaccessible and bioavailable in humans, the number of intervention trials conducted to date is limited. The objectives of the present review are to summarise tree nut: (1) phytochemicals; (2) phytochemical content included in nutrient databases and current publications; (3) phytochemicals affected by pre- and post-harvest conditions and analytical methodology; and (4) bioactivity and health benefits in humans.

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Gervasi, Teresa, Davide Barreca, Giuseppina Laganà, and Giuseppina Mandalari. "Health Benefits Related to Tree Nut Consumption and Their Bioactive Compounds." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 5960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115960.

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Long-term studies with regular tree nut consumption have indicated positive outcomes for multiple health benefits. Here, we review the beneficial effects of tree nuts, highlighting the impact on glucose modulation, body weight management, cardiovascular risk, inflammation, oxidative stress, cognitive performance, and gut microbiota. Nuts are important sources of nutrients and phytochemicals, which, together with a healthy lipid profile, could help prevent certain chronic diseases, protect against oxidative stress and inflammation, and improve cognitive performance, thus reducing the impact of aging and neurodegeneration.

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Griffin, Laura Elizabeth, and Lisa Louise Dean. "Nutrient Composition of Raw, Dry-Roasted, and Skin-On Cashew Nuts." Journal of Food Research 6, no. 6 (September 26, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v6n6p13.

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Cashew nuts are the second most popular tree nut in the US with sales growing at a rate of 7% per annum. The highest quality cashew nuts are traditionally whole, oil-roasted, and devoid of skins. The development of a technique to remove the caustic cashew nut shell liquid from cashews and leave the skins intact allows for the production of novel cashew products including skin-on or “wrapped” in addition to raw and dry roasted products. This study investigated the nutritional characteristics of these newer cashew products. These products were found to contain bioactive compounds including mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, arginine, magnesium, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds. All the types of cashews exhibited higher levels of phytosterols than the amounts reported for other tree nuts. The skin-on cashews had higher levels of phenolic compounds compared to the other cashew varieties tested, indicating additional health benefits of consuming cashew nuts with skins.

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Azizi, Salah-eddine, Ibtissam Mzabri, Dalli Mohammed, Kouddane Noureddine, Berrichi Abdelbasset, and Gseyra Nadia. "Eastern Morocco Argania spinosa propagation and growth: A follow-up study." MAY 2022, no. 16(05):2022 (May 1, 2022): 612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.22.16.05.p3591.

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The Argan tree (Argania spinosa L) is an endemic species, located mainly in the southwest of Morocco, but also exists as a relic in the northeast of the country. It is a species of great biological, ecological and socio-economical importance. As part of the domestication of the Argan tree at the national and regional scale, a study was carried out which aims to optimize the mode of sexual multiplication of eastern Morocco Argan tree, by studying the effect of the nuts weight on the rate of imbibition, the rate of germination, the number of seedlings resulting from each nuts classes of weight, and the growth of the seedlings. The experimental treatment is mainly formed by three classes of nuts weight. The first class named W-1 is formed by nuts with a weight less than 2g. The second-class W-2 is characterized by nuts of a weight ranging from 2 to 3.5g. The last class is W3 and has a weight of over than 3.5g. The germination was conducted in a phytotronic room at a controlled temperature (26  2°C). While, the follow-up of the seedlings’ growth was carried out in a glass greenhouse, and the rate and kinetics of imbibition were performed in a separate experiment. The results indicated that the nuts were water permeable and the rate of imbibition was found to be proportionally related to weight and varies between 18.18 % W1 and 32.21% W3 after 48 hours. On the other hand, for the germination rate, the nuts of class W1 showed the highest germination rate (84.4%) followed by those of class W2 (72%) and finally class W3 (68.8%). However, Argan nuts could contain more than one kernel and produce more than one seedling per nut and this allowed to have a high number of produced plants and increased the germination rate in particular for the classes W2 and W3, (99.2% and 97.2%). The results also showed that the growth and the development of seedlings were proportionally related to the weight of the kernels.

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Daoudi, Hassania, Louise Ferguson, and Carol J. Lovatt. "Urea Combined with 6-Benzyladenine Applied to the Foliage of Pistachio Trees during Nut-fill Reduced Floral Bud Abscission during the “On” Crop Year and Increased Yield the Following “Off” Crop Year." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 497f—498. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.497f.

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Alternate bearing of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Kerman) is a significant problem in California. Excessive abscission of floral buds beginning in June and intensifying at the time of seed development (nut-fill) in July during the “on” year results in the next year's “off” crop. While the mechanism resulting in alternate bearing in pistachio has been identified, its physiological basis has not and there is no satisfactory horticultural practice to even out alternate bearing. Bud retention in pistachio was increased 3-fold and 2-fold for two successive years, respectively, on branches bearing greater than 70 nuts per cluster (an “on” crop) basal to the shoot bearing the buds for next year's crop with foliar applications of 0.25% N as low-biuret urea combined with 25 mg 6-benzyladenine per liter applied in early June and early July. In Sept. 1997, the crop produced by the buds treated in 1996, an “on” crop year, was harvested. The untreated control trees produced an “off” crop, 7.6 kg fruit per tree, yielding 0.5 tons split nuts (dry weight) per acre. Trees treated with 0.25% N as urea combined with 25 mg 6-benzyladenine per liter on June 1 and July 1 yielded 16.4 kg fruit per tree, resulting in 1.14 tons split nuts (dry weight) per acre (P ≤ 0.05).

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Tournas, V. H., N. S. Niazi, and J. S. Kohn. "Fungal Presence in Selected Tree Nuts and Dried Fruits." Microbiology Insights 8 (January 2015): MBI.S24308. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/mbi.s24308.

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Abstract:

Sixty-four tree nut samples (almonds, pecans, pine nuts, and walnuts) and 50 dried fruit samples (apricots, cranberries, papaya, pineapple, and raisins) were purchased from local supermarkets and analyzed for fungal contamination using conventional culture as well as molecular methods. The results of our study showed that the highest yeast and mold (YM) counts (5.34 log10 CFU g-1) were found in walnuts and the lowest in pecans. The most common mold in nuts was Aspergillus niger, relatively low numbers of A. flavus were found across the board, while Penicillium spp. were very common in pine nuts and walnuts. Low levels (2.00–2.84 log10 CFU g-1) of yeasts were recovered from only two pine nut samples. Fungal contamination in dried fruits was minimal (ranging from <2.00 to 3.86 log10 CFU g-1). The highest fungal levels were present in raisins. All papaya samples and the majority of cranberry, pineapple, and apricot samples were free of live fungi. The most common mold in dried fruits was A. niger followed by Penicillium spp. One apricot sample also contained low levels (2.00 log10 CFU g-1) of yeasts.

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