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Academic literature on the topic 'Tree growth; Wood density; Dry matter production'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tree growth; Wood density; Dry matter production"
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Niemczyk, Marzena, Margalita Bachilava, Marek Wróbel, Marcin Jewiarz, Giorgi Kavtaradze, and Nani Goginashvili. "Productivity and Biomass Properties of Poplar Clones Managed in Short-Rotation Culture as a Potential Fuelwood Source in Georgia." Energies 14, no. 11 (2021): 3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113016.
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Georgian forests are very valuable natural resources, but due to the lack of affordable alternatives to firewood, people are forced to use forest resources illegally and unsustainably. The aim of this study was to determine the productivity and biomass properties of four poplar clones from Aigeiros and Tacamahaca and one control clone, considering their wood and bark characteristics and their proportion in the stems. Short-rotation woody crops with these clones represent a potential source of commercial fuelwood production in Georgia as an alternative to natural forests. These tree characteristics were evaluated after three years of growth. The survival of the clones was generally high. No significant differences in biomass production (dry matter, DM) were found among the four clones tested (DM of approximately 4 Mg ha−1 yr−1), while the control clone achieved significantly lower values for DM. The biomass specific density was exceptionally high, at 481–588 kg m−3, which was a result of the high proportion of bark mass in the stem (23.3–37.7%), with a density almost twice that of wood. On the other hand, the tested clones had a very high ash content in the biomass (2.6–4.5%), which negatively affected their energy potential expressed as a lower heating value (17,642–17,849 J g−1). Our preliminary results indicated that both the quantity and quality of biomass are important factors to justify the investment in an intensive poplar culture. The four clones should be further considered for commercial biomass production and tested at different sites in Georgia to evaluate the genotype-by-environment interactions and identify the site conditions required to justify such an investment.
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Caruso, T., P. Inglese, F. Sottile, and F. P. Marra. "Effect of Planting System on Productivity, Dry-matter Partitioning and Carbohydrate Content in Above-ground Components of `Flordaprince' Peach Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 1 (1999): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.1.39.
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Vegetative growth, fruit yields, and dry matter partitioning within above-ground components were assessed during three growing seasons for trees of an early ripening peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch `Flordaprince' on GF 677 rootstock) trained either to a free standing central leader (930 trees/ha) or to Y shape (1850 trees/ha). Individual trees trained to central leader gave higher fruit yield, had a significantly greater leaf area and accumulated more dry mass in above-ground components per tree than Y shape trees. The training systems did not differ in terms of yield efficiency (yield per trunk cross-sectional area) and leaf area index (LAI), but Y shape trees had a higher harvest index and fruit dry mass per ground area than central leader. Four years after planting, Y shape had 35% higher yield per hectare than central leader. The relative contribution of 1-year-old wood, shoot and leaf to the dry mass of the tree decreased with tree age. Four years after planting the dry matter partitioned to the >1-year-old wood components represented 60% of the total tree mass (excluding fruit) in both the training systems. Central leader trees had the highest relative vegetative growth rate during stage III of fruit development. Most starch depletion occurred from dormancy to pit hardening from the canopy main storage pools (>1-year-old wood), and was higher for central leader than Y shape trees. For the ease of management and the high crop efficiency, the Y shape can be successfully used for peach high density planting systems.
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Balzano, Angela, Katarina Čufar, and Veronica De Micco. "Xylem and Phloem Formation Dynamics in Quercus ilex L. at a Dry Site in Southern Italy." Forests 12, no. 2 (2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020188.
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Quercus ilex L. dieback has been recently reported at numerous Mediterranean sites. Wood and phloem formation dynamics and tree-ring series of anatomical traits can be used to evaluate growth conditions of trees. We monitored cambial activity in Q. ilex trees growing at a site in southern Italy in order to assess how xylem and phloem production are affected by harsh seasonal climatic variation during a dry year. We followed xylogenesis by counting the number of cambial cells and detecting the occurrence of post-cambial cells throughout the year. As phloem did not show clear growth rings and boundaries between them, we followed the development of phloem fibres—their morphological traits during development and the distance from the cambium served as a reference point to evaluate the phloem production during the year. We detected a multimodal pattern in cambial activity, with wood production in three periods of the year and consequent formation of intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs). The lowest production of xylem cells was observed in the dry late spring and summer period (likely due to the low water availability), while the highest occurred in autumn (the wettest period). Although we could not differentiate between early and late phloem, the analysis of phloem traits was useful to follow the dynamics of phloem production, which is generally difficult in Mediterranean tree species. We found cambial production of phloem throughout the year, even in the periods without xylem production. The results showed that if tree growth was constrained by environmental limitations, the ratio between xylem to phloem cells decreased and, in the most severely affected trees, more cells were formed preferentially in the phloem compared to xylem. We also briefly report the way in which to solve technical problems with tissue preparation due to extreme hardness and to the peculiar structure of Q. ilex wood and outer bark.
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Stangler, Dominik Florian, Hans-Peter Kahle, Martin Raden, Elena Larysch, Thomas Seifert, and Heinrich Spiecker. "Effects of Intra-Seasonal Drought on Kinetics of Tracheid Differentiation and Seasonal Growth Dynamics of Norway Spruce along an Elevational Gradient." Forests 12, no. 3 (2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030274.
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Research Highlights: Our results provide novel perspectives on the effectiveness and collapse of compensatory mechanisms of tracheid development of Norway spruce during intra-seasonal drought and the environmental control of intra-annual density fluctuations. Background and Objectives: This study aimed to compare and integrate complementary methods for investigating intra-annual wood formation dynamics to gain a better understanding of the endogenous and environmental control of tree-ring development and the impact of anticipated climatic changes on forest growth and productivity. Materials and Methods: We performed an integrated analysis of xylogenesis observations, quantitative wood anatomy, and point-dendrometer measurements of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees growing along an elevational gradient in South-western Germany during a growing season with an anomalous dry June followed by an extraordinary humid July. Results: Strong endogenous control of tree-ring formation was suggested at the highest elevation where the decreasing rates of tracheid enlargement and wall thickening during drought were effectively compensated by increased cell differentiation duration. A shift to environmental control of tree-ring formation during drought was indicated at the lowest elevation, where we detected absence of compensatory mechanisms, eventually stimulating the formation of an intra-annual density fluctuation. Transient drought stress in June also led to bimodal patterns and decreasing daily rates of stem radial displacement, radial xylem growth, and woody biomass production. Comparing xylogenesis data with dendrometer measurements showed ambivalent results and it appears that, with decreasing daily rates of radial xylem growth, the signal-to-noise ratio in dendrometer time series between growth and fluctuations of tree water status becomes increasingly detrimental. Conclusions: Our study provides new perspectives into the complex interplay between rates and durations of tracheid development during dry-wet cycles, and, thereby, contributes to an improved and mechanistic understanding of the environmental control of wood formation processes, leading to the formation of intra-annual density fluctuations in tree-rings of Norway spruce.
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Tonini, Helio, Marina Moura Morales, Flavio Jesus Wruck, and Ronaldo Maran Deliberali. "GROWTH AND ENERGY QUALITY OF EUCALYPTUS WOOD IN DIFFERENT CROP-LIVESTOCK-FOREST SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS." FLORESTA 50, no. 4 (2020): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v50i4.59650.
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The aim of the present study was to assess the growth and energetic properties of genetic material of eucalyptus grown in several integrated crop-livestock system spatial arrangements in Barra-do-Garças City (MT). The genetic material of 76-month old Eucalyptus spp from eight spatial arrangements were assessed according to the following properties: diameter, height and volume growth, mortality rate, dry matter yield, sapwood to heartwood ratio, form factor, bark volume, basic density, superior calorific value, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and trunk energy. Data analysis was performed by adjusting growth function, test for model identity and parameters equality and ANOVA tests to Scott-Knott’s mean clustering test. Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clones from recorded the highest energy efficiency due to their high yield volume, which was decisive to determine estimated energy available per tree and cropland area. Growth, stem shape and basic density varied among, and within, the same genetic materials, depending on their respective spatial arrangement. However, solid biomass properties (high calorific value, ash content, fixed carbon and volatile matter) remained stable.
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Grossman, Yaffa L., and Theodore M. DeJong. "Fruit Tree Light Interception, Simulated Carbon Assimilation, and Carbon Partitioning." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 881B—881. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.881b.
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Plant dry matter production is proportional to light interception, but fruit production does not always increase with increased light interception. Seasonal daily patterns of light interception by cling peach trees planted in four different planting density/training systems were obtained using a Decagon ceptometer. The High Density V system (1196 trees/ha) intercepted significantly more light than the KAC V and Cordon systems (918 trees/ha). The Vase system (299 trees/ha) intercepted significantly less light than the other systems. Response surfaces using a quadratic model with interactions for time of day and day of year explained 84% to 91% of the variance in the data sets for each training system. Crop yields per acre were greatest for the High Density V, followed by KAC V, Cordon, and Vase, corresponding to the light interception data. A carbon budget model, which incorporated canopy photosynthesis, respiration, and carbon partitioning based on organ growth potentials, was used to simulate seasonal patterns of carbon assimilation, crop dry weights, and individual fruit dry weights.
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Trnka, M., M. Trnka, J. Fialová, et al. "Biomass production and survival rates of selected poplar clones grown under a short-rotation on arable land." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 2 (2008): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/437-pse.
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Fast-growing woody plants that can be grown under short-rotation systems offer an alternative to food production on arable land, and serve as a potential source of renewable energy. In order to establish the feasibility of future large scale production under the conditions of the Czech-Moravian highland, a high density experimental field plantation including a range of available clones of <I>Populus</I> sp. and <I>Salix</I> sp. with the total area of 1.5 ha was established in early 2001 in Domanínek (Czech Republic, 49°32'N, 16°15'E and altitude 530 m). The clone experiment of <I>Populus </I> sp. covered 0.3 ha in the center of the plantation and included 13 clones in total, with hardwood cuttings of only 6 clones available in numbers allowing 4-replicate experiment. The plantation was established on agricultural land and the trees were planted in a double row design with a density of 10 000 trees/ha. The trial was weeded by mechanical methods, and no irrigation, fertilization, or herbicides were applied. The experiment site was harvested at the end of 2006. It was found that the biomass yields of the tested clones of <I>Populus</I> sp. were in the higher range of results from national and European studies in case of hybrid clones. The satisfactory survival rate in the first year, when mortality tends to be highest, was supported by relatively wet weather conditions after plantation establishment. At the end of the first rotation, the highest yields were obtained from clones J-105 and J-104 (<I>P. nigra</I> × <I>P. maximowiczii</I>) and P-494 (<I>P. maximowiczii</I> × <I>P. berolinensis</I>) with J-105 showing a mean annual increment of dry matter close to 14 t/ha. Additional experiments seem to suggest that well managed poplar plantation might produce even better values if higher survival rates can be achieved.
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PRASAD, J. V. N. S., G. R. KORWAR, K. V. RAO, et al. "EFFECT OF MODIFICATION OF TREE DENSITY AND GEOMETRY ON INTERCROP YIELDS AND ECONOMIC RETURNS IN LEUCAENA-BASED AGRO-FORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR WOOD PRODUCTION IN ANDHRA PRADESH, SOUTHERN INDIA." Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 2 (2010): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479709990858.
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SUMMARYLeucaena leucocephala is cultivated at close spacings that do not permit intercropping. This has been a discouraging factor for small landholders who need regular income to establish leucaena plantations and benefit from the rapidly expanding market for wood. Therefore, on-farm experiments were conducted near Bhadrachalam, Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh, India, from August 2001 to January 2006, to study the effect of reducing tree density and modifying tree geometry on the growth of leucaena and productivity of intercrops. The inter-row spacing of 1.3 m in farmers' practice was increased up to 13 m to examine whether wide-row planting and grouping of certain rows would facilitate extended intercropping without sacrificing wood yield. Tree density treatments tried were 1.3 × 1.3 m, 3 × 0.75 m, 3 × 1 m, 5 × 0.8 m and 3 × 2 m which gives densities of 5919, 4444, 3333, 2500 and 1666 trees ha−1, respectively. Tree geometry treatments tested were 7 × 1 m paired row spacing (7 × 1 PR), 10 × 1 m triple row spacing (10 × 1 TR), and 13 × 1 m four rows (13 × 1 FR) with a constant tree population of 2500 trees ha−1. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was the intercrop. While changes in tree density affected diameter at breast height (DBH) significantly, modification of tree geometry did not affect tree height and DBH. Marketable wood and dry biomass productivity was highest with 3 × 0.75 m spacing, and reducing tree density and alteration of tree geometry reduced the biomass considerably. In 2001, 2002 and 2003 seasons, respectively, tree spacing at 3 m produced mean yields of 97, 23 and 11% of the sole crop cowpea yield whereas modified tree geometry treatments produced mean yields of 97, 61 and 20% of sole crop yield. The widest spacing (13 × 1 FR) recorded 95, 73 and 30% of the sole crop yields during 2001, 2002 and 2003, respectively. Net returns from intercropping of leucaena in 3 × 0.75 m spacing was 36% higher than that of the farmers' practice. Although wider tree geometry treatments recorded lower net returns, they provided higher intercrop yields and returns in the first two years of plantation establishment. Therefore, it can be concluded that in regions where annual rainfall is around 1000 mm, leucaena can be planted at a spacing of 3 × 0.75 m for improving intercrop performance, higher tree productivity and returns.
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Sotelo Montes, Carmen, John C. Weber, Tougiani Abasse, et al. "Variation in fuelwood properties and correlations of fuelwood properties with wood density and growth in five tree and shrub species in Niger." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 6 (2017): 817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0497.
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Information about variation and correlations of fuelwood properties and growth is needed in order to recommend species and sites for fuelwood production in a changing climate in Africa. We investigated the effects of site variables (land use, soil, terrain), geographical coordinates, and mean annual rainfall on fuelwood properties (volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash content, moisture content, gross calorific value, gross calorific value per cubic metre, and fuel value index) of Combretum glutinosum Perr., Combretum micranthum G. Don., Combretum nigricans Lepr. ex Guill. & Perr., Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel., and Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst. and correlations of fuelwood properties with wood density and growth (height, stem diameter, and ring width) in Niger. We hypothesized that wood density, fixed carbon, and gross calorific value were positively correlated with one another and that fixed carbon and gross calorific value were positively correlated with growth. Most effects of site variables, geographical coordinates, and mean annual rainfall on fuelwood properties differed among species. Fuel value index was greater on rocky soils than on sandy soils. Wood moisture content of three species was greater in drier locations than in more humid ones. Correlations of fuelwood properties with wood density and growth differed among species. Based on this and previous research, we recommend parkland agroforests and sites with rocky soils and higher mean annual rainfall for fuelwood production.
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Silva, Sérgio Ricardo da, Nairam Félix de Barros, Liovando Marciano da Costa, and Fernando Palha Leite. "Soil compaction and eucalyptus growth in response to forwarder traffic intensity and load." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 32, no. 3 (2008): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832008000300002.
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During timber exploitation in forest stands harvesting machines pass repeatedly along the same track and can cause soil compaction, which leads to soil erosion and restricted tree root growth. The level of soil compaction depends on the number of passes and weight of the wood load. This paper aimed to evaluate soil compaction and eucalyptus growth as affected by the number of passes and wood load of a forwarder. The study was carried out in Santa Maria de Itabira county, Minas Gerais State - Brazil, on a seven-year-old eucalyptus stand planted on an Oxisol. The trees were felled by chainsaw and manually removed. Plots of 144 m² (four rows 12 m long in a 3 x 2 m spacing) were then marked off for the conduction of two trials. The first tested the traffic intensity of a forwarder which weighed 11,900 kg and carried 12 m³ wood (density of 480 kg m-3) and passed 2, 4, and 8 times along the same track. In the second trial, the forwarder carried loads of 4, 8, and 12 m³ of wood, and the machine was driven four times along the same track. In each plot, the passes affected four rows. Eucalyptus was planted in 30 x 30 x 30 cm holes on the compacted tracks. The soil in the area is clayey (470 clay and 440 g kg-1 sand content) and at depths of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm, respectively, soil organic carbon was 406 and 272 g kg-1 and the moisture content during the trial 248 and 249 g kg-1. These layers were assessed for soil bulk density and water-stable aggregates. The infiltration rate was measured by a cylinder infiltrometer. After 441 days the measurements were repeated, with additional analyses of: soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, N-NH4+, N-NO3-, porosity, and penetration resistance. Tree height, stem diameter, and stem dry matter were measured. Forwarder traffic increased soil compaction, resistance to penetration and microporosity while it reduced the geometric mean diameter, total porosity, macroporosity and infiltration rate. Stem dry matter yield and tree height were not affected by soil compaction. Two passes of the forwarder were enough to cause the disturbances at the highest levels. The compaction effects were still persistent 441 days after forwarder traffic.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tree growth; Wood density; Dry matter production"
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Link, Roman Mathias. "The role of tree height and wood density for the water use, productivity and hydraulic architecture of tropical trees." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-13EF-9.
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