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Journal articles on the topic 'Treaty Ports'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Zanasi, Margherita. "Far from the Treaty Ports." Modern China 30, no. 1 (January 2004): 113–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700403259111.

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2

Eichleter, Andreas. "The Outside Perspective – The Treaty Port Press, the Meiji Restoration and the Image of a Modern Japan." Mutual Images Journal, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32926/2018.6.eic.outsi.

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The Treaty Ports established by the Unequal Treaties in the middle of the 19th century were crucial spaces of interaction between Japan and the West. For a long time, they were the only places were foreigners were allowed to permanently reside in Japan. While the interior of the nation might be visited by Western travelers and globetrotters, the primary contacts, commercial as well as social and cultural, took place in the environment of the Treaty Ports, where the vast majority of foreigners resided and visited. Because of this exclusive role, the ports played a critical venue for the creation and formation of images of Japan, as well as their transmission abroad. This article focuses at the image of Japan generated in these Treaty Ports in the immediate aftermath of the Meiji Restoration. It will look at how the restoration and subsequent Japanese policies of modernization were perceived by the foreign communities in East Asia and how it was presented in the foreign language press in the Treaty Ports. This will be undertaken by the study of two of the most important foreign language newspapers of East Asia at the time, the North China Herald, published in Shanghai from 1850 to 1951, and the Japan Weekly Mail, published in Yokohama from 1870 to 1917. Both were amongst the largest and most influential newspapers in their respective communities, but also further abroad, and their pages reflect the understanding these communities had of Japan at the time. Furthermore, their comparison enables us to look at the creation of images, within the wider Treaty Port network of East Asia, and analyze how it differed or remained similar across the China Sea.
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3

Sewell, Bill. "East Asian Treaty Ports as Zones of Encounter." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 6 (July 5, 2019): 1315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144219859256.

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4

Jia, Ruixue. "The Legacies of Forced Freedom: China's Treaty Ports." Review of Economics and Statistics 96, no. 4 (October 2014): 596–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00458.

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5

Cooper, Michael, Hugh Cortazzi, and Toshio Yokoyama. "Victorians in Japan: In and Around the Treaty Ports." Monumenta Nipponica 43, no. 1 (1988): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2384524.

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6

Bracken, Gregory. "Treaty Ports in China: Their Genesis, Development, and Influence." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 1 (December 17, 2018): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218816548.

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7

Dickinson, Frederick, Barbara J. Brooks, and Stewart Lone. "Japan's Imperial Diplomacy: Consuls, Treaty Ports, and War in China." Journal of Japanese Studies 28, no. 2 (2002): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4126819.

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8

BICKERS, ROBERT. "Purloined letters: History and the Chinese Maritime Customs Service." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 3 (July 2006): 691–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06002083.

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For John King Fairbank the establishment of the foreign inspectorate of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service was a key symbolic moment in modern Chinese history. His landmark 1953 volume Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast culminates with the 1854 Inspectorate agreement, which, he argued, ‘foreshadowed the eventual compromise between China and the West—a joint Chinese and Western administration of the modern centers of Chinese life and trade in the treaty ports’. Without the CMCS, he implied, there could be no modern China. It was the ‘the institution most thoroughly representative of the whole period’ after the opening of the treaty ports down to 1943, he wrote. By 1986 he was arguing that it was the ‘central core’ of the system. ‘Modernity, however defined, was a Western, not a Chinese, invention’, he claimed, and Sir Robert Hart's Customs Service was its mediator.
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9

Notehelfer, F. G., and J. E. Hoare. "Japan's Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements: The Uninvited Guests, 1858-1899." Monumenta Nipponica 50, no. 3 (1995): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2385558.

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10

Burks, Ardath W., and J. E. Hoare. "Japan's Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements: The Uninvited Guests 1858-1899." Journal of Japanese Studies 22, no. 2 (1996): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/132987.

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11

Walker, Brett L., and J. E. Hoare. "Japan's Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements: The Uninvited Guests 1858-1899." Pacific Affairs 69, no. 1 (1996): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2760897.

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12

Ando, Junko. "Japan's Early Experience of Contract Management in the Treaty Ports (review)." Monumenta Nipponica 60, no. 2 (2005): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mni.2005.0018.

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13

Son, An-suk. "Research on the Development of Cities and Architecture in the Open Ports (International Settlements and Foreign Concessions) of East Asia." Impact 2021, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.2.93.

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In the past, to get from one country to another, a long journey on a ship was required. Trade between countries was also done using ships, which transported cargo via shipping routes across the globe. Ports in specific countries accommodated trade, including in East Asia where many were opened as a result of unequal treaties with western powers. Treaty ports were often agreed after western powers such as the UK and nUS defeated military powers in China, Japan and Korea and terms favouring the successful nations were agreed. Foreigners would arrive into the treaty ports, and commodities such as restaurants, foreigners clubs, churches and racecourses were built for these new citizens. Ultimately, colonisation occurred, with areas in China, Japan and Korea being commandeered by Western ways of life. A team of researchers led by Professor An-Suk Son, Research Center for Non Written Cultural Materials, Kanagawa University, Japan, is looking at the open ports of East Asia, investigating the history and architecture of the Japanese consulate, banks, schools, hospitals and spinning companies. A key focus for the researchers is on buildings that were developed during the time of foreign settlement. Previous studies that have been done in this area have tended to focus on Shanghai in China, Yokohama in Japan and Incheon in Korea, and Son's research is innovative in that it uses new materials that have emerged in the years since, such as English newspapers, magazines, pictures, leaflets and photo books. The team also plants to build on previous studies to include places such as Qingdao and Guangzhou.
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14

Braddick, C. W., and Barbara J. Brooks. "Japan's Imperial Diplomacy: Consuls, Treaty Ports, and War in China 1895- 1938." Monumenta Nipponica 56, no. 2 (2001): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2668413.

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15

Nakabayashi, Masaki. "Imposed Efficiency of Treaty Ports: J apanese Industrialization and Western Imperialist Institutions." Review of Development Economics 18, no. 2 (April 2, 2014): 254–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12082.

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16

Al Mazawdah, Mohammad. "The 1285 AD/684H Treaty between the Hafsid Dynasty and the Kingdom of Aragon: An Analytic Documentary Study." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 49, no. 5 (December 29, 2022): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i5.3480.

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The present study explores the treaty which was signed between the Hafsid Monarch, Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya, and the King of Aragon, Peter III, in Tunisia in 1285 AD/ 684 H. The study reveals the role portrayed by the political circumstances in the two kingdoms, the Hafsid and the Aragonian, in signing the treaty. Further, the study analyzes the terms of the treaty covering various scopes including borders, security, defense, religion, consulates, commerce, and finance by linking them to the political and commercial circumstances then. The results of the study show that the commercial relations between the two kingdoms were prosperous and that a lot of money was earned from the taxes paid by the merchants in the commercial ports.
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17

Jordan, Donald A. "Japan's Imperial Diplomacy: Consuls, Treaty Ports, and War in China, 1895-1938 (review)." China Review International 9, no. 2 (2002): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2003.0097.

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18

Taylor, Jeremy E. "The bund: Littoral space of empire in the treaty ports of East Asia." Social History 27, no. 2 (May 2002): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071020210128364.

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19

CRAWFORD, ALAN. "IMAGINING THE RUSSIAN CONCESSION IN HANKOU." Historical Journal 61, no. 4 (April 15, 2018): 969–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000528.

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AbstractIn 1896, the Russian empire established a territorial concession in the Chinese treaty port of Hankou. Russian activity in the treaty ports has usually been subsumed into a wider ‘European’ or ‘Western’ presence, the assumption being that the Russian empire copied existing British and French concessions. This article traces the development of the idea of establishing a Russian concession from its inception to the early years of its development. The various arguments made at different stages in this process make clear that the decision was not a simple case of imitation of existing concessions, but was reached in the context of a broader shift in ideas about the proper relationship between economy, nation, and the Russian imperial state.
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20

Karamova, Yuliya Yurisovna, and Alfiya Rafisovna Alikberova. "Agreements Signed by Korea in the XIX Century." Journal of Politics and Law 12, no. 5 (August 31, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n5p75.

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As a result of the relaxation of the self-isolation policy of the Korean state, the Ganghwa treaty with Japan was signed in 1876. In the same year, the "Rules for trade" and the "Additional articles for the 1876 Treaty" were signed as well, which gave Japanese citizens exterritoriality, opened ports for trade with Japan, allowed them to rent land and more. The American-Korean treaty of peace, friendship, trade and navigation of 1882, the British-Korean (1883), German-Korean (1883), French-Korean (1886) and Russian-Korean (1884) treaties were signed as well, all with similar provisions. When signing agreements with the Korean state, Western countries such as Germany, USA, England etc. applied to China for a letter of recommendation. However, Russia followed a different strategy. Russian diplomat K. I. Veber, authorized to negotiate with the Korean government and sign the Russian-Korean treaty, negotiated directly with King Gojong. South Korean historiographers have different opinions regarding the above treaties signed by Korea with the Western powers.
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21

MOAZZIN, GHASSAN. "Sino-Foreign Business Networks: Foreign and Chinese banks in the Chinese banking sector, 1890–1911." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 970–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x18000318.

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AbstractAt the turn of the twentieth century, foreign bankers viewed China as one of the up-and-coming markets for international banking. This led to a rapid influx of foreign banks into the banking sector of the China coast. Consequently, foreign banks became a major presence in the treaty ports, where they financed China's foreign trade, provided loans to the Chinese government, and supplied Chinese banks with credit. However, their operations in the Chinese banking sector were always dependent on interaction with Chinese banks. Previous scholarship has largely portrayed the relationship between foreign and Chinese banks in terms of the former dominating and controlling the banking sector of China's treaty ports. This article challenges this view and shows that the relationship between foreign and Chinese banks was one of interdependence rather than one-sided control. It demonstrates how foreign banks had to adapt their business practices to the Chinese business environment and how they were integrated into existing Chinese business networks. Moreover, this article reveals how Chinese entrepreneurs could use their relationship with foreign banks for the benefit of their own business networks and exploit information asymmetries between foreign and Chinese banks to generate profits. The result of the development of this interdependent relationship between foreign and Chinese banks, and of the integration of the former into existing Chinese business networks was the formation of Sino-foreign business networks, which played an important role in making possible the operations of financial markets in China's transnational treaty port economy.
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22

Pereira, Thales Augusto Zamberlan. "Tariffs and the textile trade between Brazil and Britain (1808-1860)." Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 51, no. 2 (June 2021): 311–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-41615124tzp.

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Abstract The commercial treaty with Britain in 1810, along the authorization of foreign trade in ports in 1808, are among the most important institutional changes in nineteenth century Brazil. The 1810 treaty lowered tariffs for British manufactures while maintaining high tariffs in Britain for Brazilian sugar and coffee. These terms are generally viewed as disastrous for the Brazilian economy, although there is still limited quantitative information about how much the tariff affected the demand for British imports. This paper provides new qualitative and quantitative evidence on the operation and effect of Brazil’s imports tariffs in the period. I find that the effect of the tariffs is different from what traditional literature assumes. First, the monetary instability in the 1820s and conflicts over product price assessment often led the de facto tariff to be higher than the 15 percent established by the treaty. Second, even with higher rates, quantitative analysis shows they did not have decrease imports of British textiles.
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23

Kwon, Euy Suk. "The Impact of Treaty Ports upon the Spread of Overseas Religions in Honam Region." Journal of Local History and Culture 24, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 121–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17068/lhc.2021.11.24.2.121.

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24

Constantin, Cristian. "Romanian grain market in the British Russophobia context (1829–1853)." Hiperboreea 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hiperboreea.2.1.0095.

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Abstract In this paper the author present the rivalry of the mouths of Danube market and the south Russian hinterland. The Russo-Turkish treaty of Adrianople (1829) marked the beginnings of a new era in the history of the Romanians, opening significant perspectives of political, institutional or national development, although Russia's status as protector of Wallachia and Moldavia overshadowed these prospects. The Danube River was the most appropriate artery for connect the Romanian market with central Europe, Black Sea and the Mediterranean markets. The Sulina channel was still the only way of access of commercial ships to and from the Danubian ports. Two cities, Galati in Moldavia and Braila in Wallachia, personify the interests and hopes of the principalities regarding the Danube. These ports are the result of the Romanian and British economic policies of this era.
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25

Huang, Changyong. "Shanghai." TDR: The Drama Review 65, no. 2 (June 2021): 150–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1054204321000137.

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From the opening of treaty ports in 1843, the modern history of performing arts in Shanghai traces more than 170 years of development. This history not only summarizes the modern development of Chinese performing arts; it is also representative of the historical development of Chinese urban space and city culture. Theatre arts, culture, and urban development intertwine, as they are refracted through the rise and fall of theatre buildings, yielding a fascinating legacy of cosmopolitan Shanghai.
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26

Li, Lincoln. "Japan's Imperial Diplomacy: Consuls, Treaty Ports, and War in China, 1895-1938. Barbara J. Brooks." China Journal 46 (July 2001): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3182356.

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27

Hamashita, Takeshi. "Tribute and Treaties: East Asian Treaty Ports Networks in the Era of Negotiation, 1834–1894." European Journal of East Asian Studies 1, no. 1 (2002): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006102775123030.

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28

Hoare, J. E. "Robert Bickers and Isabella Jackson (eds). Treaty Ports in Modern China: Law, Land and Power." Asian Affairs 49, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2018.1416048.

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29

BROGGI, CARLES BRASÓ, and DAVID MARTINEZ-ROBLES. "Beyond Colonial Dichotomies: The deficits of Spain and the peripheral powers in treaty-port China." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 04 (September 28, 2018): 1222–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000154.

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AbstractThe semi-colonial character of China during the treaty-port era brings into question the dichotomy between the colonizer and the colonized. China's foreign trade had an overall negative balance, and Great Britain, Japan, and the United States of America benefited from it. However, dozens of minor powers suffered a negative balance with China, despite the favourable conditions set in the treaty ports. This article examines the presence of Spain in China during the first decades of the twentieth century, focusing on trade, population, and issues of self-representation. Through a comparative analysis of the Sino-Spanish trade with that of other smaller powers in China, this article shows both the diversity of colonial formations in China and the existence of colonial relations that, although peripheral and complementary, pose a doubt on the adequacy, not only of the colonizer/colonized dichotomy, but also of the representation of colonialism in China.
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30

WEI, SHUGE. "Beyond the Front Line: China's rivalry with Japan in the English-language press over the Jinan Incident, 1928." Modern Asian Studies 48, no. 1 (March 27, 2013): 188–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000886.

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AbstractThis paper examines how China and Japan fought for supremacy in China's treaty-port English-language press during the Jinan Incident of 1928. It argues that China's defeat in this media battle was a result of the long-term, unsettled political conditions the country was experiencing. The constant changes of government thwarted China's official and non-official efforts to establish a national news network. The threat from the northern warlords and China's intricate relations with the imperialist powers deterred the Nanjing regime from formulating decisive foreign propaganda policies. In contrast, Japan, with a strong news network in China, quickly installed its version of the event in the media. Its response was fast, consistent, and intensive. Japan also took advantage of the Nanjing Incident to justify its actions in Jinan. Press opinion in the treaty ports towards the Jinan Incident was split, with the British press supporting the Japanese and American papers favouring China's case. However, Japanese accounts, with the endorsement of the British treaty-port papers, still dominated the reports in The Times of London and influenced the views of the Manchester Guardian and The New York Times.
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31

Hamzin, Ildar R. "The Russian Commercial Fleet in the Treaty Ports of China in the Second Half of the 19th Century." RUDN Journal of Russian History 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-1-19-33.

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The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the activity of the Russian merchant fleet in China in the second half of the 19th century. This historical issue is particularly relevant in connection with the active development of modern foreign trade in China and the strengthening of Russian-Chinese trade and economic ties. The historical research is based on the materials of the central archives of Russian Federation (including the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and the Russian State Historical Archive). The methodology is based on a comparative analysis of Russian shipping in China and similar activities of other foreigners, and a system analysis that allows us to study the issue in the context of the overall development of Russian-Chinese trade. An important component of the article is the statistical analysis of data on the development of maritime Russian-Chinese trade, foreign shipping in China, and freight rates. The article considers the development of the organization of maritime Russian-Chinese trade in Odessa and the Far East directions. On the example of several treaty ports (Hankou, Shanghai, and Chifu), the features of the development of Russian commercial navigation in Chinese waters and the accompanying complexities of this process are shown. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that there is a direct correlation between the level of infrastructure development in the Russian Far East and the expansion of the presence of the Russian merchant fleet in the treaty ports of China at the end of the 19th century.
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32

JACKSON, ISABELLA. "The Raj on Nanjing Road: Sikh Policemen in Treaty-Port Shanghai." Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 6 (February 29, 2012): 1672–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000078.

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AbstractSikh policemen were an indelible part of the landscape of Shanghai in the first decades of the twentieth century, and have left their mark in the ways in which the city is remembered up to the present day. Yet their history has never been told and historians of the period have, at best, simply referred to them in passing. This paper redresses this gap in the literature by accounting for the presence of the Sikh branch of the Shanghai Municipal Police and exploring their role in the governance and policing of the International Settlement. This enriches our understanding of the nature of the British presence in China and the ways in which Indian sub-imperialism extended to China's treaty ports, for on the streets of Shanghai, and not Shanghai alone, British power had an Indian face.
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33

Tambs, Lewis A. "Brazil’s Expanding Frontiers." Americas 23, no. 2 (April 2004): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/980583.

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“Spain’S greatest [territorial] losses have been to Portugal,” grumbled José de Carvajal y Lancáster in the mid-eighteenth century. Well might Ferdinand VI’s astute minister complain, for, by 1750, the Luso-Brazilians, employing their “indirect methods of conquest “had tripled the extension of Portuguese America beyond that allowed by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Moreover, a Lusitanian contemporary of Carvajal, Luís da Cunha, was counselling the establishment of a Brazilian Pacific sea frontier by advocating the exchange of the Kingdom of the Algarve in Europe for the Kingdom of Chile in the New World—a swap that “would be very convenient for the Castilians, for the security of their [Andalusian] ports.”
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34

Barnhart, Michael A. "Reviews of Books:Japan's Imperial Diplomacy: Consuls, Treaty Ports, and War in China 1895-1938 Barbara J. Brooks." American Historical Review 107, no. 5 (December 2002): 1540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/532879.

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35

Proshan, Chester. "‘… being the rage for a season’: Booms for imported commodities in treaty ports in Japan, 1850s–1870s." Australasian Journal of Popular Culture 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 397–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ajpc.2.3.397_1.

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36

Shan, Patrick Fuliang. "William Nelson Lovatt in Late Qing China: War, Maritime Customs, and Treaty Ports, 1860–1904 by Wayne Patterson." China Review International 26, no. 4 (2019): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2019.0042.

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37

Pan, Yiting, and James W. P. Campbell. "A Study of Western Influence on Chinese Building Tools in Chinese Treaty Ports in the Early 20th Century." Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 17, no. 2 (May 2018): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.17.183.

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38

Kwon, Euy-Suk. "Great Powers’ Interest in the Opening of Treaty Ports in the Honam Region in the Late 19th Century." History & the World 59 (June 30, 2021): 259–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17857/hw.2021.6.59.259.

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39

Cho, Guk. "Chinese Consular Courts in the Treaty Ports of Japan : Civil Cases in Nagasaki during the 1880s and 1890s." Korea-Japan Historical Review 63 (February 28, 2019): 87–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.18496/kjhr.2019.02.63.87.

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40

Li, Jianan, and Xiaoyi Han. "Bayesian Lassos for spatial durbin error model with smoothness prior: Application to detect spillovers of China's treaty ports." Regional Science and Urban Economics 77 (July 2019): 38–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.01.009.

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41

Park, Han-Min. "The Enforcement of Quarantine Regulations at Treaty Ports of Joseon and the Advent of the Revised Questions before the Gabo Reform Focusing on ‘Temporary Regulations for the Prevention of the Introduction of Infectious Diseases at the Corean Treaty Ports in 1887’." Historical Journal 72 (April 30, 2020): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20457/sha.72.1.

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42

Kleiser, R. Grant. "An Empire of Free Ports: British Commercial Imperialism in the 1766 Free Port Act." Journal of British Studies 60, no. 2 (April 2021): 334–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2020.250.

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AbstractThe Free Port Act of 1766 was an important reform in British political economy during the so-called imperial crisis between the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) and the American Revolution (1775–1783). In an explicit break from the letter if not the spirit of the Navigation Acts, the act opened six British ports in the West Indies (two in Dominica and four in Jamaica) to foreign merchants trading in a highly regulated number of goods subject to various duties. Largely understudied, this legislation has been characterized in most previous work on the subject as a fundamental break from British mercantile policies and meant to benefit North American colonial merchants. This article proposes a different interpretation. Based on the wider context of other imperial free port models, the loss of conquests such as French Guadeloupe and Martinique and Spanish Havana in the 1763 Paris Peace Treaty, a postwar downturn in Anglo-Spanish trade, and convincing testimonies by merchants and colonial observers, policy makers in London conceived of free ports primarily as a means of extending Britain's commercial empire. The free port system was designed to ruin the rival Dutch trade economically and shackle Spanish and French colonists to Britain's mercantile, manufacturing, and slaving economies. The reform marks a key moment in the evolution of British free trade imperial designs that became prevalent in the nineteenth century and beyond.
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43

Torbitt, Alison, and Richard Hildreth. "International Treaties and U.S. Laws as Tools to Regulate the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships and Ports." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 25, no. 3 (2010): 347–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180810x516999.

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AbstractRegulations on marine greenhouse gas emissions are possible, and some are in progress, using international treaty law and federal regulations. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), port and coastal States have jurisdiction over ships entering their waters and have the ability to implement mitigation strategies, ranging from mandatory speed reduction to installing shore-side electricity or sequestration equipment. Under the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex VI, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is determining the feasibility of design, fuel, and operation reforms. Alternatively, the implementation may be usurped by a global cap-and-trade scheme from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tightening the Clean Air Act § 213 regulations governing marine vessels and U.S. waters were recently designated a SOx Emission Control Area. However, carbon dioxide emissions from marine vessels remain unregulated.
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44

Kim, Hyunjung. "Chinese-owned foreign vessels limited to Treaty ports – on the establishment of the Chinese Shipping Rules in Late Qing China –." Korean Studies of Modern Chinese History 89 (March 31, 2021): 25–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29323/mchina.2021.3.89.25.

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45

Bickers, R. A. "Death of a Young Shanghailander: The Thorburn Case and the Defence of the British Treaty Ports in China in 1931." Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 2 (May 1996): 271–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016474.

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On June 4th 1931 the North China Daily News—the principal British owned English-language newspaper in Shanghai published a small report on page 12 headed ‘Alleged crime by foreigner: Shooting affair on the Nanking railway: Held by military authorities’ This went on to state a Russian had been arrested for the murder of two Chinese gendarmes on the 1st of June at 10pm. He had been challenged as a prelude to a search but had fired on them and escaped having fatally wounded two men. The following morning a ‘suspicious looking foreigner’ had been arrested in the vicinity and was still being held in custody. The source of this story was the previous day's Shenbao, the leading Shanghai Chinese newspaper which had picked up the story from the Suzhou press. The Russian's name was given as Xi si ke tuo qu luo—which might be transliterated as ‘Sea Scout’, for reasons which will become clear.
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46

Lee, Joyman. "Where Imperialism Could Not Reach: Chinese Industrial Policy and Japan, 1900–1940." Enterprise & Society 15, no. 4 (December 2014): 655–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700016062.

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Where Imperialism Could Not Reachexamines the impact of the Japanese model of industrialization on China through a history of policy recommendations and economic ideas in practice. In the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), Chinese regional policymakers learned a Japanese-style industrial policy that focused on the use of exhibitions and schools to disseminate information and stimulate rural innovation. In focusing on the treaty ports and the impact of European and American capitalism that has a larger and more quantifiable source base, many scholars have ignored the vital intra-Asian dimensions of China’s economic development, underpinned by shared position of China and Japan on the global semiperiphery and the pursuit of labor-intensive industrialization focusing on improvements to labor quality. The dissertation also aims to demonstrate the primary importance of information and incentives for innovation—rather than overcoming capital constraints—in Chinese strategies for economic growth.
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47

Desmonda, Angela. "Port Denials and Restrictions Policies during Covid-19 Pandemic Based on International Law." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 03 (December 2020): 380–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n3.a5.

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As a public facility, port has a significant potential to be cluster of the Covid-19 spread. Many states have implemented policies of denials and restriction of port access to protect people’s health. This study aims to analyze port denials and restrictions policies settings based on international law. In addition, this study is to analyze whether the status of state of emergency will affect state’s obligations based on international law. This study was conducted by analyzing associated international treaty law and customary law. The study concludes that no international treaty law and customary law prohibit port denials and restrictions because port is under the sovereignty of respected coastal state. The state is free to implement any policies. Without any permit, foreign ships are not allowed to enter and dock at the port of the coastal state. However, in a situation of danger or distress, foreign ships have the right to enter port. The IHR 2005, as a special instrument dealing with public health, also provides an opportunity for coastal state to prevent ship embarking and disembarking passengers if the ship is exposed to a pandemic disease, such as Covid-19. In such case, foreign ship may be prohibited from entering and docking at port of coastal state. On the other hand, in a situation of danger or distress, foreign ship has the right to enter port. In contrast, the 1923 Port Convention gave permission to state to close ports in urgent situation that endangered national security.
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48

Desmonda, Angela. "Port Denials and Restrictions Policies during Covid-19 Pandemic Based on International Law." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 03 (December 2020): 380–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n3.a5.

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As a public facility, port has a significant potential to be cluster of the Covid-19 spread. Many states have implemented policies of denials and restriction of port access to protect people’s health. This study aims to analyze port denials and restrictions policies settings based on international law. In addition, this study is to analyze whether the status of state of emergency will affect state’s obligations based on international law. This study was conducted by analyzing associated international treaty law and customary law. The study concludes that no international treaty law and customary law prohibit port denials and restrictions because port is under the sovereignty of respected coastal state. The state is free to implement any policies. Without any permit, foreign ships are not allowed to enter and dock at the port of the coastal state. However, in a situation of danger or distress, foreign ships have the right to enter port. The IHR 2005, as a special instrument dealing with public health, also provides an opportunity for coastal state to prevent ship embarking and disembarking passengers if the ship is exposed to a pandemic disease, such as Covid-19. In such case, foreign ship may be prohibited from entering and docking at port of coastal state. On the other hand, in a situation of danger or distress, foreign ship has the right to enter port. In contrast, the 1923 Port Convention gave permission to state to close ports in urgent situation that endangered national security.
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LAU, LEUNG KWOK PRUDENCE. "Building a Modern City: Legacies of Residential Development and Architectural Adaptation in Colonial Hong Kong." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28, no. 2 (October 18, 2017): 339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186317000517.

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AbstractThis article focuses on the relationship between property developers and architects in colonial Hong Kong in the 1920s to 1930s, identifying a successful collaboration within the architectural development company, the Crédit Foncier d'Extrême-Orient (CFEO). Benefiting from new plots of land made available on the Kowloon Peninsula and the opportunity to plan new neighbourhoods for both Western and Chinese clientele, the directors of CFEO negotiated with their in-house architects regarding land speculation and residential typology preferences while targeting the middle-class market. The company's demolished buildings left a crucial gap in the urban history of Hong Kong and China's treaty ports only recently uncovered through archival research by the author. Drawing upon in-depth primary data research and interviews with the architects’ descendants, this article probes into early twentieth-century residential development in Hong Kong, revealing how certain Western entrepreneurs and architects experimented with unique adaptations of architectural typologies suited to the local environment in the Chinese urban landscape.
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50

Sohn, Youngok. "A Study on the Influence of Westerners in the Development of Art Market in the Era of Opening Treaty Ports in Korea." Journal of Art Theory and Practice 20 (December 30, 2015): 241–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15597/17381789201520241.

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