Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Treaty Ports'

Between 1896 and 1917 the Russian Empire controlled two small territories, known as concessions, in the Chinese treaty ports of Hankou and Tianjin. Imperialism in the treaty ports was a multinational phenomenon: the Russian concessions existed alongside those of several other empires, simultaneously competing and cooperating as they sought to further their own political and economic aims while maintaining a united front against their unwilling hosts. This thesis explores the origins and development of these little-known outposts of Russian empire, positing that they cannot be understood without reference to contemporary debates about the nature of Russia and its ambiguous intellectual relationship with Europe. Drawing on diplomatic correspondence, administrative records of the concessions and a range of contemporary Russian writing about the treaty ports, the thesis argues that abstract concepts of identity shaped day-to-day policymaking in the concessions by means of a process of constant comparison between Russia and other empires .

Between 1850 and 1937, Fuzhou was a dynamic centre of international exchange, profoundly shaped by global and imperial circulations of people, goods and ideas. What made these circulations possible was the city's status as a treaty port. This was a site of unequal Sino-foreign power relations where a predominantly British and American community used their legal privileges to establish a bridgehead in China and then built it into a sophisticated conduit for commercial and cultural change. In 1850, Fuzhou was one of five treaty ports in China. By 1917 there were 92 such sites. This thesis provides the first in-depth study of treaty port Fuzhou revealing its main structural, spatial and social characteristics, as well as how its communities and institutions changed over time. It argues that the treaty port was above all a gateway for global empires, a point of access for new practices and knowledge into China, but also for the distribution of Chinese commodities abroad. This thesis enriches our understanding of the treaty ports, and in the process, broadens our understanding of colonialism in China. In particular, it reveals the wide repertoire of colonial practices that brought different empires to China and enabled them to stay. This thesis therefore pushes forward our comprehension of the multiple and particular manifestations of imperial expansion in China, and elsewhere in the world.

During the early years of extraterritoriality various foreign clubs and fraternal institutions emerged in Yokohama, and later in Kobe. These institutions variously contributed to the definition, creation and promotion of what may be termed as a civil society, or more specifically what Habermas has referred to as the ‘public sphere’. Despite the absence of any single colonial power controlling the administration of the settlements, the fraternal institutions run by a network of transoceanic Euro-American bourgeois came together to fill the gap normally occupied by a military or overseas civil service. Long term residents of these ports operated under what can be construed as local sovereignty, foreign extraterritoriality, and facilitated a tradition of laissez-faire capitalism in the region that had significant consequences on Japan’s cultural and economic development as a whole. During the extraterritorial era, club life became the main cultural activity through which the expatriate community expressed itself, and in turn, dictated the de facto homosocial rules of conduct between the predominantly white male population of the treaty port in the years of extraterritoriality and beyond. Gentleman’s clubs and sporting rituals were woven into the fabric of the community on multiple social and economic levels, which helped to recreate familiar European class hierarchies and racial boundaries. Closely aligned with the vernacular press, these institutions pertained to promote international cooperation, egalitarianism and community altruism by simultaneously bolstering an increasingly isolated bourgeois foreign population which actively sought to separate itself from the wider Japanese community. Additionally, it was via the club, that the leaders of the community expressed their identity and status in what would become the ‘treaty port public sphere’ in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Drawing on archival sources, the English-language press, the Harold S. Williams Collection from the Australian National Library in Canberra, and a number of contemporary accounts from foreign residents, this research will attempt to highlight the key factors in the socio-cultural development of the settlement, such as the emergence of a European club culture and what role it had in the shaping future relationships between the settler population and their Japanese hosts.

This thesis will present a comparative and internationally contextualised history of Anglo-French relations in Japan between 1858 and 1868. It will introduce the concept of ‘enclave empires’ to describe the conduits for Western informal imperialism that were created in Japan by the imposition of the treaty-port system in 1858. It will aim to address longstanding gaps in the historiography by assessing that system as a multinational construct that depended upon the cooperation and collaboration of each treaty power operating within it. At the same time, it will show how the management of the Japanese treaty-port system was increasingly dominated by the British Empire and the French Second Empire, the two most powerful Western trading nations in Japan during the 1860s. It will examine how global contexts impacted upon British and French foreign policymaking during this period, and how this catalysed an increasingly bitter AngloFrench struggle for control over the ‘enclave empires’ in Japan. It will also seek to broaden the scope of the historiography beyond the sphere of diplomatic relations by considering the perspectives of prominent non-diplomatic British and French actors whenever relevant. Finally, it will address significant historiographical oversights in the use of relevant primary source material through the critical appraisal of contemporary private paper collections. By adopting this four-pronged methodological approach, this thesis will demonstrate that Anglo-French relations fundamentally defined the process of creating and developing informal ‘enclave empires’ in Japan in the decade between the conclusion of the ‘unequal treaties’ in 1858 and the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

Existing studies of British expansion in China have often limited their exploration of the role of the state mostly to diplomatic and military actions. This thesis provides the first comprehensive account and assessment of another important aspect of this expansion: the British state’s role in implementing a project of governance over British subjects at the treaty ports. The fact of extraterritoriality – the principle that the nationals of foreign powers were subject to their own government’s law rather than that of the state within the boundaries of which they were situated – is well known. But consular jurisdiction, the implementation in practice of the principle of extraterritoriality, has not been the subject of much research. This thesis describes the British state institutions and practices which were created to implement consular jurisdiction in China. It shows the factors that prompted and shaped the institutions and practices as they developed at the treaty ports, paying particular reference to the role played by the need to manage marginal British subjects, viewed as problem populations, in that process. It then demonstrates how the state’s response to such groups shaped the development of the treaty ports, especially Shanghai, both by means of the formation of connections within the treaty ports and beyond, and also in the way that the state’s actions had clear repercussions which shaped the nature of the treaty ports as distinctively colonial spaces. Previous studies of foreign involvement in the treaty ports, often working with the concept of informal empire, have overlooked the role of the British state in the development of colonialism in treaty port China, beyond diplomatic and military interventions. The thesis questions such approaches and suggests that it is essential to understand the role of the British state in any assessment of the nature and effects of colonialism in China.

Muovendo da una vasta ricognizione sulle riviste letterarie degli anni Trenta, la ricerca si è concentrata sui principali periodici a cui hanno collaborato poeti e critici ermetici: Interessanti si sono rivelati i rapporti epistolari tra i poeti e i direttori e redattori delle riviste: nella tesi sono state riportate le lettere più significative, con privilegio per quelle inedite. Sono stati riportati diversi documenti di natura critico-teorica, alcuni testi poetici rari di Mario Luzi (mai confluiti in una silloge e mai riproposti da alcuno studioso) e sono state antologizzate (con trascrizione dei testi e apparato in calce) le liriche di alcuni poeti che presentano varianti rispetto all'ultima edizione in volume: si tratta di versi di Mario Luzi, Umberto Saba, Carlo Betocchi, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Salvatore Quasimodo, Alessandro Parronchi. Almeno un terzo della tesi è dedicato a questo.
Starting from a wide investigation in the literary reviews in the '30s, the research has focused on the major magazines, for which hermetic poets and critics worked. The correspondence between poets and editors in chief and members of the editorial staff has proved extremely interesting; the most meaningful letters, especially the unpublished ones, are presented in the thesis. Many critic-theoretic documents and some rare poetries by Mario Luzi (never collected nor published by critics) are also reproduced. Moreover lyrics by various poets, such as Mario Luzi, Umberto Saba, Carlo Betocchi, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Salvatore Quasimodo, Alessandro Parronchi, have been anthologised (with text transcription and apparatus criticus below); all of them present some changes in text compared to the final version, printed in volume. This analysis represents, at least, the third part of the thesis.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of post fit and luting system on pull-out force and failure mode of conventionally and adhesively luted fiber-reinforced composite posts (FRCP). Methods: 260 extracted bovine deciduous teeth were randomly assigned to each of the four luting systems (Fuji Plus (FP), RelyX Unicem (RXU), Multilink Primer/Multilink (MLP_ML), LuxaBond/LuxaCore Z (LB_LCZ and three post fits (Congruency (C), medium incongruency (MIC), high incongruency (HIC)) (n=20/group). The teeth were decapitated, root canal treated, embedded and post space was prepared. The FRCPs (Macro-Lock Post sizes 1, 3 and 6) were pretreated and inserted, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The custom-made titanium-post was inserted with Ketac Cem (control) (n=20). After water storage (24h, 37°C), pull-out test was performed. The data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p>0.05), Two-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests (Dunnett T3 with Bonferroni correction) (α=0.05). Failure mode was assessed using a stereomicroscope. Results: The influence of post fit and luting system was statistically significant (p<0.001), while the interaction of the two factors was not (p = 0.030). When comparing pull-out forces for the three post fits, significant differences (p < 0.017) were found between C (436.6±148.7 N) and MIC (426.0±102.1 N) and C and HIC (397.5±89.8 N). Failure mode was dominated by failure between dentin and luting system (64.2-70.7%) and between luting system and post (29.3-35.5%), for all post fit groups. Pairwise comparison revealed significant differences in pull-out force (p < 0.008) for all luting systems (FP: 441.2±44.9 N, RXU: 390.7±80.5 N, MLP_ML: 379.3±106.8 N, LB_LCZ: 544.0±96.6 N), except when comparing RXU and MLP_ML. Pull-out forces, achieved with all luting systems, were significantly higher compared to the control (211.2±35.1 N). The main failure for FP was found between luting system and post (92.3%) while main failure for RXU (99.5%), MLP_ML (95.8%), LB_LCZ (65.5%) was found between dentin and luting system. Conclusion: Post fit and luting system influenced the pull-out force of conventionally and adhesively luted FRCPs. Congruent post fit achieved the highest pull-out forces. The three-step Etch & Rinse adhesive luting system LB_LCZ generated considerably higher pull-out forces than all other tested luting systems.
Dentistry, Faculty of
Graduate

Entre 1650 et 1715, les Psaumes sont le livre biblique le plus souvent mis en français, en vers comme en prose. Ils répondent aux mots d’ordre de la clarté et de l’élégance, qu’ils partagent avec les belles infidèles alors à la mode. Pourtant, le style biblique est sans cesse présenté comme détaché de la rhétorique. Quelle est donc la spécificité de l’elocutio de ces psaumes français ? Elle repose d’abord sur les contraintes nées du Concile de Trente (en matière de texte-source, de traducteur et de lecteur bibliques), cadre qui informe la poétique de la traduction biblique, sur laquelle porte la deuxième partie de notre réponse. La taxinomie élaborée par Gérard Genette dans Palimpsestes trouve ici une limite diachronique. En effet, la traduction biblique de l’époque n’est pas simple : son fonctionnement hypertextuel avoisine celui de l’imitation classique, et surtout elle comporte une forte composante intertextuelle qui établit une tradition française du sacré, en particulier à partir de la traduction port-royaliste. La typologie traditionnelle de la traduction sacrée est par ailleurs revisitée au même moment : le mot à mot est abandonné au profit d’une traduction grammaticale qui côtoie la paraphrase. L’exploration du seuil entre traduction et réécriture, troisième étape, donne plus encore à repenser la frontière entre profane et sacré. Parodie et effet parodique doivent être ainsi distingués, selon une pensée de l’insinuatio qui accorde la primauté à la théorie de la réception : la particularité des psaumes français classiques consiste ainsi à ne pas adopter d’elocutio spécifique afin d’attirer pour mieux convertir. C’est ce que confirme leur entrée dans les théories poétiques et rhétoriques
Between 1650 and 1715, turning the Book of Psalms into French, whether in prose or verse, was very common while Catholic Church was still reluctant to translating Holy Bible. Moreover, these publications prioritised clarity and aesthetic appeal, alike popular mode of fairly free translation, known as belles infidèles. Biblical style, however, had always been considered separately from classical rhetoric, and held to be free from its structures. What form of elocutio, then, can be ascribed to the French versions of the psalms ? The definition of this distinctive elocutio relies on three elements. The first one consists of the constraints imposed by the Council of Trent upon translators and readers of the Bible, and upon the choice of source-text, since these restrictions governed every biblical translation. Secondly, a reflexion above biblical translation mechanism reveals some peculiarities. On the one hand, translators often borrowed from pre-existing French translations, especially those of Port-Royal, instead of dealing purely with Latin or Hebrew of the Scriptures. On the other hand, the traditional procedure of word-by-word rendering was abandoned in favour of a grammatical translation and of a paraphrase. This development reflected a growing confidence in French. Finally, French psalms explored the boundary between translation and rewriting, and between sacred and secular language. These texts made use of secular styles familiar to the reader in order to attract him, leaving biblical inventio to convert him afterwards. That is what we called the insinuatio thought

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Wood is an organic material which may decompose or deteriorate. To avoid this, the wood needs to go through preservative treatments, ensuring a higher durability to the treated pieces. This research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of methods that combine sap substitution treatment and distribution in Eucalyptus grandis, using a mixture of preservative substances copper base, chromium and boron. The material was collected in 10 years old existing heterogeneous plantations at the Federal University of Santa Maria. After conducting an inventory in the population, there were taken randomly, 2 trees per treatment, and each tree removed 3 pieces measuring 2 meters each. There were felled 12 trees to perform 6 treatments. The methods used were diffusion, sap replacement and combined method between diffusion and replacement of sap. At the end of the treatments there were removed 1 disk of the base position, middle and top for penetration analysis. At the penetration analysis, disks were sanded on both sides, one for determination of copper with Cromoazurol S and the other for boron with Polyvinyl alcohol and Metallic Iodine with Potassium Iodine, further there were included treatable sapwood measures and treatable sapwood, and the classification of the way it distributes the preservative in different positions of the treated piece. The results showed that the influence of climatic conditions with minimum temperatures presented a high correlation with the first two days of absorption of preservative and inverse correlation with precipitation in relation to preservative absorption. In preservative distribution assessments, the element copper is more efficient on the part of the base position and the element boron in the middle and top positions. The assessments of distribution treatment were satisfactory in the base position for all treatments. In the middle position and the top part of the treatments there were distribution difficulties. In the penetration reviews the results of the base position were satisfactory. The middle position showed low penetration. According to the study results, the methods combined with longer times showed significant improvements in penetration of preservatives in Eucalyptus grandis.
A madeira é um material orgânico que está sujeita à decomposição ou deterioração. Para que isso não ocorra, a madeira necessita passar por tratamentos preservativos os quais proporcionam uma maior durabilidade às peças tratadas, garantindo assim uma maior vida útil para as peças tratadas. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de métodos que associam tratamentos de substituição de seiva e difusão em madeira de Eucalyptus grandis, com a utilização de uma mistura de substâncias preservativas a base de cobre, cromo e boro. O material foi coletado em plantios heterogêneos existentes no campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com 10 anos de idade. Após a realização de um inventário no povoamento, foram abatidas aleatoriamente, sendo 2 árvores por tratamento e, de cada uma delas foram cortadas 3 peças de 2 metros de comprimento. Os métodos utilizados foram difusão, substituição de seiva e uma combinação entre difusão e substituição de seiva que foram realizados com tempos distintos. Ao término dos tratamentos retirou-se um disco de cada uma das posições base, meio e topo, para análises de penetração. Na análise de penetração os discos foram lixados em suas duas faces, uma para determinação do Cobre com Cromoazurol S e outra para o boro com álcool Polivinílico e Iodo Metálico com Iodeto de Potássio, além disso, foram incluídas as medidas de alburno tratável e alburno tratado, e a classificação da forma como se distribui o preservativo nas diferentes posições da peça tratada. Os resultados mostraram que a influência das condições climáticas com as temperaturas mínimas apresentou uma correlação alta com os dois primeiros dias de absorção do preservativo e correlação inversa com a precipitação em relação à absorção de preservativo. Nas avaliações de distribuição do preservativo, o elemento cobre mostrou-se mais eficiente na posição da base da peça e o elemento boro nas posições meio e topo. As avaliações de distribuição do preservativo por tratamento teve avaliações satisfatórias na posição da base para todos os tratamentos. Na posição do meio e topo da peça os tratamentos apresentaram dificuldades de distribuição. Nas avaliações de penetração os resultados da posição base foram satisfatórios, da posição meio apresentou baixa penetração. De acordo com os resultados do estudo, os métodos combinados com maiores tempos apresentaram ganhos significativos nas penetrações de preservativos em Eucalyptus grandis.

Fujian, a coastal province in the southern part of China, has historically been famous for the overseas emigration of its people and maritime trade with the subsequent emergence of well known ports including Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Xiamen. Among these ports, Fuzhou and Xiamen were particularly significant in that their being opened as treaty ports after the Opium Wars had resulted in the penetration of Western culture which was followed by the gradual modernization of the province. Between the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, the Qing government made great reform efforts in search of wealth and power. Under this circumstance, the local officials and gentry of Fujian also co-operated to carry out various reforms. Fujian became the first province in China to establish a modern navy and shipbuilding industry. The following decade of reforms (1901-1911) saw a comprehensive transplant of Western educational, military, economic and political systems in Fujian. As a result, there were great social and cultural changes in the province, especially in Fuzhou and Xiamen. New trends of thought and new social groups began to emerge in the urban areas. Unfortunately, the Qing Court's attempts at modernization failed to save the country from foreign aggression. Fujian, due to its location in the coastal region, became a target of invasion and partitioning by foreign powers, with Japan being the most ambitious. Frustrated by the incompetence of the Manchu government, the new Fujianese intellectuals, filled with ideas of nationalism, began in 1902 to organize revolutionary groups and enlist the support of new social groups in the urban areas including students, merchants, industrial workers and the new army to carry out antiManchu activities. The new intelligentsia of Fuzhou and the Fujianese Overseas Chinese were the principal advocates and promoters of the revolutionary movement in the province. They set up revolutionary groups and promoted revolutionary activities in the various Fujianese cities as well as in Shanghai, Tokyo and Southeast Asia. They also developed a close relationship with leaders of the Tongmenghui such as Sun Yat Sen, Huang Xing, Zhao Sheng and Tao Chengzhang. In 1906, the Fujian Branch of the Tongmenghui was founded and it became the commanding centre of the revolutionary movement in the province. The Fujianese revolutionaries evidently played an active role in the revolutionary movement of the late Qing period. Despite its importance, the province of Fujian has not been given the attention it deserves by historians of the 1911 Revolution. This thesis therefore focuses on the Fujianese revolutionary leaders, groups and activities in an attempt to affirm the historical position and significance of Fujian in the Late Qing Revolution. After the Wuchang Uprising of 1911, the Fujianese revolutionaries joined in alliance with the new army in the province to stage the Battle of Yu Shan in Fuzhou. With the full support of the masses, they finally succeeded in defeating the Banner Forces and overthrowing the Manchu rule in the province. A new revolutionary military regime was ushered in which led to the independence of the entire province. Fujian entered a new phase in history.

碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
99
In order for one to understand the dramatic historic development of Taiwan, one must first gain a sense of place and time in order to appreciate how different periods in the history of Taiwan have helped shape its progress, either in a constructive or negative way. The purpose of this thesis is to describe a British presence that existed in Taiwan from 1858 to 1895. The Treaty Port era has been documented in a number of different discourses, but the role the British played in the nineteenth century economic and social transformations of Taiwan have not been studied as a subject within its own right. Attention to this overlooked aspect of British history is not only important because it was a turning point in British perception of extraterritoriality, but also in Chinese relations to foreign powers. In addition the period was also marked by a reformation in the importance Taiwan played to the Qing court. In 1858 with the signing of the Treaty of Tientsin and the Treaty of Peking in 1863, as a result of the Second Opium War, China was required to open four ports on Taiwan. The Treaty of Tientsin designated Anping as a Treaty Port in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking opened the ports of Tamsui and Keelung in 1860 and 1863 respectively. Finally, concessions of the treaty opened Takao in 1864. However, the question of Taiwan as an obvious location for trade was raised as early as 1883 and this period was mirrored by the withdrawal of the East India Trading Company for China. As a consequence, it was not the ‘Company’ that penetrated the shores of Taiwan as it had done in both India and China. Instead it was agency houses and private firms, which transformed the agrarian economy into the market mechanisms of international commerce. This thesis will confront a British community presence as a social historical process by highlighting the cause, course, and consequence of the formation and the theoretical structuration of nineteenth century treaty ports in Taiwan.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
93
In modern history of Taiwan, Tamshui was a place with early development. It was part of the village systems of Taipei Basin and was in the same period with port villages such as Man-ka, Hsin-chuang, His-kuo and Da-Dao-Cheng. Since Tamshui was an outport of Taipei Basin, it was not only the window for the Han immigrants but also the domestic and external transportation channel of Taipei Basin. In early times, there were aboriginal activities in Tamshui. The occupation of the Spanish and Dutchmen resulted in the start of the village development. After the middle period of Ching Dynasty, Tamshui once became international port due to the establishment and trading of the port. At the beginning of the period of Japanese occupation, Tamshui River was under severe deposition. Keelung Harbor thus emerged and the development of Tamshui was declining. In recent years, the construction of MRT system drove new industry of tourism, and Tamshui become the recreational resort of urban area in Taipei. From the perspective of urban space theory, this research attempted to analyze the causes of space construction and change of different periods and expected to generate a clear skeleton of development of village. The research explored the space construction of Tamshui village from the establishment and trading of Tamshui port in 1860 to the Japanese occupation over Taiwan in 1895. After Tamshui became the international port, the streets which were originally for the activities of the Hans involved in works of foreigners. With the emergence of the functions of foreign business, religion, medical treatment and education, the village space revealed new look. How the transformation and the original development of Han streets affected each other and merged with each other turned into one of the critical issues of the research. This article will analyze the space development through transportation system, street network, land utilization model, position and distribution of the facilities and establish the space construction of Tamshui village at the end of Ching Dynasty. The period of Japanese occupation was an important stage of the change of space of Tamshui village. The new look of space development of the village turned into the basis of the prospective development of the city. The colonial government actively established various economic constructions such as transportation system, adjustment of the village and sanitary sewers. Apart from the original establishment of Ching Dynasty, the colonial government further increased the functions of administration, transportation, finance, sanitation and recreation so that the functions of the village would be more complete. With the integration of sea transportation, river transportation and land transportation, Tamshui gradually became the district hub of transportation. The process of space transformation resulted in modernization of the functions of the village which was indeed the period of the most change of the village. This article will establish the construction of village space of the period of Japanese occupation through space scale, transportation system, street network, land utilization model and the location and distribution of various facilities of the village. Finally, the research proceeded with a synthetic comparison between the space construction of the end of Ching Dynasty and the period of Japanese occupation and analyzed the causes of change of contemporary space development and relation and characteristics of transformation of Tamshui village and further clarified a clear skeleton of the whole development. The research also studied the natural development of the village since Ching Dynasty and the policy-oriented change of the period of Japanese occupation and the effects of different political and economic environments upon the space development of Tamshui such as the move of the center of village, expansion of space scale, distribution of the area for activities, the development of various facilities and the effect of deposition of river course. The substantial transformation of space featured the human significance of the background of time and environment.

Lau, Leung Kwok Prudence.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves ).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts also in Chinese.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
社會與區域發展學系碩士班
103
The study aims to develop a social studies teaching project through implementing card games. This project was designed to investigate the understanding of the concepts concerning historical causation of fifth graders in elementary school. Based on the textbook content in unit four (Kang Hsuan version): the historical theme “the opening of the treaty ports for international commerce in 1860’s”, the researcher adapted the text into question worksheets and card games in order to cultivate students’ ability to understand the concepts of historical causation. The main methods for collecting data were question worksheets, student interviews, filming lessons, classroom observation and feedback from colleagues. This research was carried out via data analysis and post-teaching surveys. The main research findings are summarized as follows from the aspect of teaching: 1. Teaching through card games can promote students to learn procedural knowledge with efficiency. 2. Teaching through card games can assist students to cultivate the thinking ability of historical causation. 3. Teachers should acquire knowledge of historical thinking and be able to analyze the content of the textbook. 4. When preceding the card game teaching, teachers should add relevant content and combine with group discussion. 5. When preceding the card game teaching, teachers should have the ability to face and cope with problems. From the aspect of students’ understanding: 1. Students can understand the historical events which were “multiple causation”; however, it was hard to understand the concept of “reciprocal causation”. 2. Students were easily confused with background causes and the triggers; and they had myth between liner causal chain as well as historical inevitability. Based on the findings mentioned above, some suggestions in terms of implementing card games to design a social studies teaching project and learn the concepts concerning historical causation for fifth graders were provided for pedagogical practice and future research.

On April 1, 2011, the Maa-nulth Treaty went into effect. Negotiated between five First Nations, the province of British Columbia and Canada, the Treaty concerned territories never before ceded on the west coast of Vancouver Island. This study utilizes the Treaty as a point of departure to explore contemporary Indigenous-Settler relations. Using digital storytelling, youth from one of the five signatory First Nations identified their priorities for their Nation in a post-Treaty era. These stories are contrasted with a discourse analysis of mainstream media coverage surrounding the Treaty and a survey of local (mainly Settler) residents’ perceptions to explore dominant perspectives pertaining to this comprehensive land claims agreement. While youths’ ideas for the future were anchored to their Indigenous cultural identity, albeit integrating technology and novel art forms, Settlers’ perspectives remained statically centered upon ill-informed strains of colonial thought premised upon socio-political and economic stereotypes. Colonialism continues to be (re)produced structurally and individually; these findings point to the need for Settlers to engage in their own processes of decolonization.

Narrm, later named Port Phillip Bay by colonisers, shapes Aboriginal politics. This thesis is a place-based examination of the forms of treaty-making practised around Narrm. It aims to deepen the understandings of settler-Australians and historians of the political sophistication of the Kulin federation, a group of allied Aboriginal nations whose Country covers what is now central Victoria, Australia. Drawing on Aboriginal oral histories and colonial primary sources, as well as anthropological and archaeological scholarship, I use knowledge of Kulin culture and philosophy to explore, imagine, and decolonise the history of their politics from 14,000 years ago to the end of 1835. The forms of treaty explored in this thesis have been continuously practised for thousands of generations and exist within, and as an expression of, Kulin law. This thesis is divided into two parts, each consisting of two chapters. Part I examines the Kulin’s pre-colonial traditions of treaty-making, showing political relations were performed with Country, the non-human world and humans. Part II builds on this and shows that when encountering settlers in 1835 the bayside Kulin continued, and evolved, their treatymaking traditions. To describe these forms of Kulin political agreement-making, highlight Kulin agency and the political role of women, I introduce the term experiential treaties. An experiential treaty exists within the Indigenous oral tradition and is a political accord between a sovereign Aboriginal group and another party, be they a neighbouring Aboriginal clan, a refugee, a group of settlers as guests, or the non-human world of Country and animals. Exploring the Kulin world through experiential treaties centres Aboriginal political agency and selfdetermination. It is important to highlight that the practice of treaty-making does not have to include the modern or colonial settler-state. Experiential treaties are characterised by reciprocity and repetition, as they require iterative renewal through personal interactions between host and guest. With an imaginative approach based on Greg Dening’s historical methodology, I explore experiential treatymaking on Kulin country to decolonise Victorian history and highlight the silences and absences within current revisionist historiography of 1835. Rather than analyse the founding of Melbourne, I turn to the underresearched and unacknowledged political agency of the Waddawurrung living around present-day Geelong. Through exploring interactions with John Batman and his crew, I examine the exclusion of women from the narrative of 1835. Re-interpreting the political relations between the Waddawurrung and settlers camped at Indented Head shows that Kulin political traditions were continued, not disrupted, through what I term the Geelong Treaty based on the principle of iterative renewal and reciprocity. This thesis has significance in expanding the narrative of 1835 to include Kulin women and the Waddawurrung, but it also gives new depth to understandings of modern treaty-making and Indigenous activism in Victoria. As Wiradjuri legal scholar Mark McMillan states on the history and custom of Indigenous treaty-making: “There was something before, that still remains”. Key Words: treaty-making, Geelong Treaty, Kulin Treaty, Batman Treaty, Aboriginal treaties, decolonisation, Victorian colonisation, experiential treaties, Indigenous sovereignty, settler-colonialism, Kulin agency, Waddawurrung (Waddawurrung, Wathawurrung), Narrm (Port Phillip Bay), Beangala, Indented Head, William Buckley, cross-cultural lawful relations, environmental history, the Yarra camp.

Clean water is a critical natural resource. We do not have much available: only 2.5% of water on Earth is freshwater and of that only 31% is in liquid form. 96% of the liquid fresh water is groundwater. Unfortunately that resource is subject to contamination by hazardous materials accidentally or illicitly spilled, leaked, or deposited in or on the ground. Among the methods to remediate these disasters, pump-and-treat (P&T) is the most common. The vertical circulation well (VCW) is a P&T configuration with extraction and injection sites within the same well. It can be adapted to many remediation techniques and has been gaining popularity since the 1990s and is often a better alternative to conventional P&T. Conventional P&T and VCWs are typically run with steady flow.

The major bottleneck to steady flow remediation is that contaminants become trapped in dead-end pores. In an aquifer there are two types of pores: pass-through pores and dead-end pores. The flow in former completely sweeps through the pore space while the flow does not enter the later; however, the flow through the pass-through pore induces a vortex in the dead-end pore. Under steady flow the only mechanism for contaminants to escape the dead-end pores is molecular diffusion.

A similar problem is encountered in the removal of surfactants in the manufacture of semiconductor and the removal of oil residue build-up in small ducts. Manufacturers discovered that pulsed flow would accelerate the mass transfer between the cavities and grooves on these surfaces and the external flow. This was because the unsteady ramp-up in flow rate initiated a deep sweep of the cavities. The unsteady ramp-down in flow rate initiated a vortex ejection where the sequestered vortex is no longer constrained and protrudes from the cavity.

We hypothesized that just as pulsed flow improves cleaning of grooved surfaces in several manufacturing procedures, rapidly pulsed pumping (with a period on the order of a second rather than weeks or months) in pump-and-treat groundwater remediation would boost the diffusion-limited removal of contaminants trapped in dead-end pores by generating transient deep sweeps and vortex ejections in these pores. These processes have not yet been exploited in groundwater remediation to any significant degree.

We tested our hypothesis in a series of numerical and laboratory experiments. We considered unwashed and washed media. For unwashed media (Chapter 1) we used as a square pore in the numerical domain and crushed glass (for its negligible sorption capacity) in laboratory column studies. For washed media (Chapter 2) we used a smooth dead-end pore constructed with two tangential quarter circles as the pore in the numerical domain and glass spheres in the laboratory column studies. In all our laboratory experiments we used a fluorescent dye, Fluorescein, as a conservative tracer. We used the same parameters in our numerical experiments. However, in some we also considered immiscible contaminants such as NAPLs (Chapter 4).

All numerical experiments were conducted with the computational fluid dynamics software, FIDAP. In numerical experiments we studied the contaminant removal from interacting dead-end pores connected to both a straight pass-through pore and a divergent pass-through pore. The latter with the flow somewhat analogous to the radial spreading encountered around a around a well in field applications (Chapter 5).

To elucidate the dead-end pore dynamics (Chapter 3), we performed numerical experiments and used a physical model to obtain a relationship between the rapidly pulsed flow frequency and length of the pore. Our dimensional analysis pointed to the change in pressure as the key component in the initiation of transient deep sweeps and vortex ejections, two new pore-cleaning mechanisms.

We conclude that the rapidly pulsed flow improves the recovery of contaminants from unwashed, or rough, porous media. In numerical experiments with a pore system consisting of just a single square dead-end pore and a single pass-through pore, at 100 pore volumes pumped the rapidly pulsed flow improved cleanup of the dead-end pore alone by approximately 40%. This translates into a 10% improvement of the cleanup of the pore system (dead-end and pass-through pore). Since the dead-end pore is the bottleneck of the current groundwater remediation, it the first measure that is relevant.

In corresponding laboratory column experiments with crushed glass, the dead-end pore volume alone is not known. The cleanup of the whole pore space was improved by roughly 10% with the rapidly pulsed pumping, which corresponds nicely to our numerical results.

Our numerical experiments demonstrate that there exists an optimal pulsed pumping frequency that is a function of the local flow velocity and the pore geometry (size and morphology).

The contaminant recovery from washed, or rounded, media was not as pronounced in the laboratory experiments and the numerical experiments showed no improvement. While both rapidly pulsed and steady flow recovered all of the contaminant in the laboratory column tests, the difference in the time between the two pumping schemes was approximately 0.9 pore volumes pumped. This improvement is likely to be amplified with sorbing contaminants.

Many contaminants are non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), which do not readily dissolve in water. We showed in numerical experiments that rapidly pulsed flow can recover NAPLs with viscosity lower than water, but is not as effective with higher viscosity materials; however, these results were based on a model that did not account for interfacial tension and wetting; therefore we will require additional numerical and laboratory experiments.

In practice, a flow through porous media is significantly more complex than the one-directional dominated flows considered in our numerical and laboratory column experiments. Around a well the flow is typically three-dimensional and largely radially dominated. We constructed two numerical domains to study the interactions between the cleanup of three square pores: one in a straight channel and one in a divergent channel to study the radial spread that would be experienced around a well. For a series of three dead-end pores, there was a 35% improvement by rapidly pulsed flow over steady flow in the straight channel and a 33% improvement in the divergent domain. The optimal frequency was different in the divergent flow even though the pores were the same size as in the previous study. Since the divergent channel reduced the flow velocity, the pulses reached the pores at a decreasing rate. Due to this divergence and the range of pore-sizes in a natural aquifer, implementation of rapidly pulsed flow should likely include a range of frequencies.

We concluded that the rapidly pulsed flow on the time scale of one-second would greatly enhance the cleanup of contaminated aquifers by P&T or VCW approaches. We measured significant improvements in the time to recovery. For our preliminary VCW experiment showed that rapidly pulsed pumping recovers 50% of the contaminant four times faster than steady pumping. P&T and VCW remediation typically use a steady flow; there are some methods that change the flow rate in P&T and other configurations, such as the VCW. These periodic changes in rate are on the scale of months to years. Some VCWs and air sparging technologies pulse oxygen, surfactants, and/or nutrients into the aquifer to oxidize, mobilize, or bioremediate the contaminants. As reviewed in chapter 6 in detail, all pulsing so far applied in remediation is on the time scale of a day or longer. Such low pulsing frequency does not produce sufficiently many deep sweeps to make a significant difference in cleaning dead-end pores.

Implementation of rapidly pulsed technology will utilize the same extraction and injection wells currently used in pump-and-treat remediation but will require replacement or significant modification of the pumps.

There are public health and financial implications of this research. In the dissertation conclusions section we reinterpret our numerical experiments with the multiple interacting dead-end pores and a divergent pass-through pore and laboratory experiments with a vertical circulation well chamber by calculating and plotting the ratio of times needed to reach a specified fraction recovered (specified cleanup level) in the steady and rapidly pulsed pumping modes, \tau_{s} / \tau_{p}. This ratio represents the speedup factor, i.e., the factor by which the time needed to reach the specified cleanup level with the conventional remediation (with steady pumping) would be reduced. From our experiments it appears that with the increasing level of targeted cleanup (contaminant fraction recovered), the speedup factor increases and may even exceed an order of magnitude. As we demonstrate in the dissertation conclusions section, this could translate into tens of billions of dollars in savings. Whether or not the laboratory speedup factors would hold in the field cannot be established without field-scale experiments.

Dissertation

Entre 1650 et 1715, les Psaumes sont le livre biblique le plus souvent mis en français, en vers comme en prose. Ils répondent aux mots d’ordre de la clarté et de l’élégance, qu’ils partagent avec les belles infidèles alors à la mode. Pourtant, le style biblique est sans cesse présenté comme détaché de la rhétorique. Quelle est donc la spécificité de l’elocutio de ces psaumes français ? Elle repose d’abord sur les contraintes nées du Concile de Trente (en matière de texte-source, de traducteur et de lecteur bibliques), cadre qui informe la poétique de la traduction biblique, sur laquelle porte la deuxième partie de notre réponse. La taxinomie élaborée par Gérard Genette dans Palimpsestes trouve ici une limite diachronique. En effet, la traduction biblique de l’époque n’est pas simple : son fonctionnement hypertextuel avoisine celui de l’imitation classique, et surtout elle comporte une forte composante intertextuelle qui établit une tradition française du sacré, en particulier à partir de la traduction port-royaliste. La typologie traditionnelle de la traduction sacrée est par ailleurs revisitée au même moment : le mot à mot est abandonné au profit d’une traduction grammaticale qui côtoie la paraphrase. L’exploration du seuil entre traduction et réécriture, troisième étape, donne plus encore à repenser la frontière entre profane et sacré. Parodie et effet parodique doivent être ainsi distingués, selon une pensée de l’insinuatio qui accorde la primauté à la théorie de la réception : la particularité des psaumes français classiques consiste ainsi à ne pas adopter d’elocutio spécifique afin d’attirer pour mieux convertir. C’est ce que confirme leur entrée dans les théories poétiques et rhétoriques
Between 1650 and 1715, turning the Book of Psalms into French, whether in prose or verse, was very common while Catholic Church was still reluctant to translating Holy Bible. Moreover, these publications prioritised clarity and aesthetic appeal, alike popular mode of fairly free translation, known as belles infidèles. Biblical style, however, had always been considered separately from classical rhetoric, and held to be free from its structures. What form of elocutio, then, can be ascribed to the French versions of the psalms ? The definition of this distinctive elocutio relies on three elements. The first one consists of the constraints imposed by the Council of Trent upon translators and readers of the Bible, and upon the choice of source-text, since these restrictions governed every biblical translation. Secondly, a reflexion above biblical translation mechanism reveals some peculiarities. On the one hand, translators often borrowed from pre-existing French translations, especially those of Port-Royal, instead of dealing purely with Latin or Hebrew of the Scriptures. On the other hand, the traditional procedure of word-by-word rendering was abandoned in favour of a grammatical translation and of a paraphrase. This development reflected a growing confidence in French. Finally, French psalms explored the boundary between translation and rewriting, and between sacred and secular language. These texts made use of secular styles familiar to the reader in order to attract him, leaving biblical inventio to convert him afterwards. That is what we called the insinuatio thought

A restauração dos dentes endodonciados representa um grande desafio para os médicos dentistas pois estes dentes apresentam alterações estruturais e biomecânicas com consequente diminuição da sua resistência. A ponderação entre a resistência do dente e a retenção da restauração é importante na decisão clínica da melhor forma de reabilitá-lo. A existência do efeito de ferrule é um factor essencial e preditor de bom prognóstico a longo prazo. Será importante a avaliação de cada situação do ponto de vista periodontal, endodôntico e prostodôntico. A evolução das técnicas adesivas, potencia a diminuição do uso de coroas de recobrimento total retidas através de espigões, e o aumento das reabilitações endocrown, com uma ancoragem intracamara pulpar. Nas situações de coroas clínicas curtas, ou com desgastes com perda de dimensão vertical, ou casos de anatomia radicular atípica, as endocrowns parecem ser a opção ideal. Os estudos publicados sobre o seu desempenho clínico a longo prazo são ainda insuficientes para comprovar a sua eficácia. Este trabalho visa a realização de uma revisão narrativa da informação científica capaz de suportar a evidência clínica das vária sopções de reabilitação de dentes endodonciados. Para tal foi efectuada uma pesquisa na PubMed, B-On com as palavras chave descritas abaixo, e com restrição temporal (2000-21) e linguística (Inglês, francês e português).
The restoration of endodontically treated teeth represents a great challenge for dentists because they present structural and biomechanical changes with consequent decrease in their resistance. The balance between tooth resistance and restoration is important in deciding on the best way to rehabilitate it. The existence of the ferrule effect is an essential factor of good long-term prognosis. It will be important to evaluate each situation from the periodontic, endodontic, and prosthodontic point of view. The evolution of adhesive techniques potentiates the decrease in the use of total covering crowns retained through posts, and the increase of endocrown rehabilitations, with an anchorage in the internal portion of the pulp chamber. In situations of short clinical crowns, with loss of vertical size, or cases of atypical root anatomy, the endocrowns seem to be the ideal option. However, published studies on its long-term clinical performance are, insufficient to prove its effectiveness. This work aims to conduct a narrative review of scientific information capable of supporting the clinical evidence of various rehabilitation options of endodontically treated teeth. For that purpose, a search was carried out in PubMed, B-On with the keywords described below, and with temporal (2000-21) and linguistic restriction (English, French and Portuguese).