Academic literature on the topic 'Travelers Japan Attitudes'

On 10 August 1584 Four Japanese emissaries arrived in Lisbon. Strictly speaking, they were not the first Japanese to arrive in Europe, but they were the first official delegates sent by Japanese feudal lords. And they were the first to return to Japan after a European sojourn.’ Some historians have argued that “no Japanese emissaries, before or since, aroused comparable interest or enthusiasm” among Europeans.Much has been written about this visit, both in the sixteenth century and closer to our own, but while there is no doubt about the warmth of the welcome, judgments about its meaning and importance have differed sharply. In the late nineteenth century, Guglielmo Berchet reluctantly concluded that despite European enthusiasm and the triumph of the travelers over enormous obstacles during the journey, the embassy was of no consequence because by the time it returned to Japan in 1587, it encountered a hardening of attitudes against Europeans.

Abstract In recent years, Japan proved to be one of the world’s leading countries in the travel industry by international tourist arrivals, with many other businesses relying on foreign travelers’ consumption within the country. The current Covid-19 pandemic crisis is a challenge for the tourism industry all around the world, as well as for Japan, where the entry restrictions have been strict since the start of the pandemic, foreigners not being allowed to enter the country for leisure purposes. However, even though the national income in this economic area decreased, it is still very high compared with other countries, and many businesses managed at least to maintain their activity on the market. In this paper, I will first analyze what were the strategic measures the Japanese government had taken regarding the national tourism industry during the SARS epidemic at the beginning of the 21st Century. Further, I will compare those measures with the government’s attitude over Japan’s travel industry in the first year of the current pandemic. Furthermore, I will make a comparison of the national income in the travel industry and the number of tourists by major areas in 2020 and the previous year, in order to introduce some strategic measures that could improve Japanese tourism for the next period, considering that the Tokyo 2021 Olympic Games will be held this summer.

This interview with Michio Hatanaka is the first in this series given in the East, of which we are very proud. Hatanaka is a pioneer of econometrics in Japan. In the early 1950s he traveled to the United States to study as a graduate student at Vanderbilt University. That step was really unusual in the Japanese profession at that time. His stay in the States was extended to 1966, during which time he taught at Princeton and Rochester. His pathfinding behavior influenced and encouraged many Japanese scholars. Hatanaka started his academic career as a mathematical economist. This may partly explain why his research papers suggest deep economic thought as well as deep understanding of mathematics and statistics. His early contributions to econometrics are concerned with applying the spectral method to various economic problems. These contributions include the associate authorship of Spectral Analysis of Economic Time Series by C. W. J. Granger. His other contributions cover theoretical work on identification and estimation problems for dynamic econometric models, among which Hatanaka's efficient two-step estimator is well known. His research also includes empirical work on the Japanese economy and economic policy, which is relatively less known to people outside of Japan. His attitude toward research has set a standard for Japanese econometricians. His research papers are always a product of deep and full thought, and imbued with his own originality.His achievements in administration are also impressive. During 1969–1971 and 1979–1980, he was director of the Institute of Social and Economic Research of Osaka University. And during 1983–1985 he was the dean of the faculty of economics at the same university. In addition, he served on the boards of several committees for the Japanese government and the Council of Science of Japan. Among his achievements in administration is the reform of the university entrance examination system, which was notoriously competitive and selective. This was really pathbreaking and led other universities to reform their systems.This interview, which was given in Japanese, took place on November 20, 1989 in the Economics Department of Osaka University. What follows is a translated version of an edited transcript of that interview. We hope that the readers will share with us the privilege of hearing about the evolution of econometrics as encountered by him since just after the second world war.

This article discusses the mystical view of Shaykh Iḥsān Jampes Kediri, East Java. He is known as a muslim jurist as well as a practical Sunnī Sufi of Nusantara (Indonesia), with a worldwide reputation. The main reason for his reputation originates from his monumental work Sirāj al-Ṭālibīn a voluminous commentary of al-Ghazālī work, Minhāj al-’Ābidīn, which had successfully reaffirmed orthodox Sunnī sufism that built and developed by al-Ghazālī. The sufism attitudes and ways of Shaykh Iḥsān in the journey were as if dealing with a sufi group which had philosophical pattern. Additionally, Shaykh Iḥsān Jampes in Sirāj al-Ṭālibīn reviewed the sufistic core stages which are called maqāmāt by many sufis, but Shaykh Iḥsān calls them steep road (‘aqabah) consisting of seven steep stages. These differences bring some consequences not only on the number of steps/stairs/maqām and the final destination of his mystical journey, namely gnosis and deification; but also question the limit of human being who physically cannot be united with God. On the other hand, God could have chosen to be invited to unite in accordance with His will. These seven ‘aqabah are to deliver a traveller towards ma’rifatullāh (gnosis) as the ultimate mystical journey.[Artikel ini membahas pandangan sufistik Syaykh Iḥsān Jampes Kediri Jawa Timur. Ia adalah ahli hukum Islam yang juga sebagai praktisi sufi sunni yang terkenal di nusantara kala itu. Alasan utama yang membuatnya diperhitungkan adalah karyanya Sirāj al-Ṭālibīn yang berupa komentar terhadap Minhāj al-’Ābidīn karya al-Ghazālī. Sikap dan jalan sufi Shaykh Iḥsān Jampes tampaknya bersepakat dengan pola sufistik falsafati. Dalam karyanya tersebut ia membahas tingkatan yang oleh para sufi biasa disebut maqāmāt, dimana ia sendiri menyebutnya dengan jalan terjal (‘aqabah) yang terdiri dari 7 tingkatan. Perbedaan ini tidak hanya membawa perbedaan konsekuensi jumlah tangga dan tujuan akhir (gnosis dan deification), tapi juga soal batasan kemampuan fisik manusia untuk menyatu dengan Tuhan. Di sisi lain, Tuhan dapat juga mengundang untuk bersatu berdasarkan kehendakNya. Tujuh tingkatan ‘aqabah inilah yang akan membawa para musafir menuju ma’rifatullāh sebagai puncak perjalanan spiritual.]

The letter from the poet, the founder of Russian futurism David Davidovich Burliuk (1882– 1967) was written on August 3 of 1923. His addressee was Aleksander Alekseevich Cherdantsev (1871–1943). The letter is kept in the collection of the writer, local historian and a collector of documentary materials Alexander Kuzmich Scharts (1906–1986) in the Ural Writers Museum. The content of the letter is associated with a famous episode of the biography of David Burliuk, his lfe in 1915–1918 in the village of Buzdak near Ufa. Here he created more than 200 paintings. Also he was the active member of the Ufa art circle (1913–1918) at the provincial museum (he communicated with local artists, organized exhibitions). In 1918 Burliuk traveled from Siberia, then emigrated first to Japan (1920) and then to the USA (1922). His paintings remained in Buzdyak. Some of them after 1918 ended up in museums (mainly the Ufa Art Museum) while the other part was scattered. The fate of the abandoned paintings was worried Burliuk. He established correspondence with A. A. Cherdantsev and then replaced him as director of the museum Ylius Yulievich Blumenthal (“My dear, old, but forever young friend, David Burliuk!” Moscow, 2018). Obviously this letter was only a bit in the correspondence which was conducted in 1923. The letter is important for determining the degree of involving of the poet and the emigrant artist in the cultural life of Ufa and more broadly the Soviet Union in the 1920s. This demonstrates his attitude to his own artistic heritage. The letter in an allows to reconstruct some contexts that were not disclosed in the previously published correspondence of Burliuk.

AbstractThe psychological theory argues that serious threats cause negative attitudes from ingroups to outgroups. However, the factors that can reduce such outgroup bias caused by the health threats of a pandemic are unknown. Here, we provide evidence that health certifications to prove immunity or negative test result for COVID-19 reduce outgroup bias. Using a discrete choice experiment with a randomized conjoint design in Japan, we investigated public attitudes towards inbound travelers entering the country, including foreigners, immigrants, and tourists. We found that travelers carrying a vaccination certificate or a negative test result for COVID-19 have a higher probability or rating of being admitted to the country. These effects are the same size as those for travelers undergoing self-isolation. Thus, our results demonstrate that health certification can mitigate outgroup bias among ingroup members experiencing threats to health due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We anticipate that the findings would support the combined usage of vaccine passports and negative certificates to reopen the international borders.

Around the world, people travel to explore natural beauty, different cultures and social traditions. Much of this involves heritage tourism and this has become an important motivation for international travelers and contributes huge economic benefits to many countries. Besides, it can also bring positive impacts to the society, culture, and environment conservation of the country involved. The Japan Tourism National Promotion Basic Law (2006) states that culture and heritage are “the most important components of Japan tourism” and that Japan will emphasize its abilities to attract more international travelers and support conservation of cultural heritage [1]. However, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, Japanese tourism has been damaged significantly and is forecasted to take a long time to recover. The local government shows its concerns about how to reduce the pandemic impacts on the society and economy and encourage international visitors to return. The “new normal” situation requires an insight of the changes in international tourists’ attitudes, traveling behavior and motivations. The experience of Japan could provide a model which other countries in the Asia and Pacific area might study. The research was conducted through in-depth interviews with Japanese government tourism policymakers and a quantitative survey of 211 responses from 43 countries and territories which was conducted from July 2019 to June 2020. From the findings, some recommendations for Japanese tourism innovation are proposed.

This study investigates the travel behavioral characteristics of Hong Kong residents through checking their comfort level on their past independent travel experiences to Japan. In-depth personal interviews were conducted with 46 respondents. The design of the questionnaires is based on the culture shock component model suggested by Pearce (Pearce 2005a). Due to a lack of information on independent travel, another separate interview was conducted with a travel agency manager who is specializing in selling independent travel packages. Two main types of travel behavioral characteristics of Hong Kong travelers who had visited to Japan on an individual basis were identified in this study. Namely: safety and familiarity seeking behaviors. Safety seeking behavior is mainly due to cultural factors that the Hong Kong independent travelers are risk adverse, prudent on safety issues, being collectivistic and trying every possible ways to reduce risks such as looking for authoritative guidance for advice. On the other hand, the behavior of familiarity seeking is due to both psychological and cultural reasons. All these behaviors fit Plog’s (Plog 1974) result in categorizing Hong Kong travelers as ‘near-psychocentric’ because they have a dependable personality that they are cautious in making decisions, preferring something popular and familiar to them. By identifying Hong Kong independent travelers’ behavioral characteristics, the extent of incentives provided by Japan was also discovered. A demand-supply relationship was used to describe the interactions between Hong Kong independent travelers (the demand generator) and Japan (the incentive supplier).It is found that to a large extent, Japan provided incentives to Hong Kong independent travelers. Nevertheless, there are areas that the Hong Kong travelers were relatively uncomfortable with, including communication with the locals, adaptation to street forms and transport systems. As a result, recommendations for the betterment of future independent travel industry are presented.
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China Development Studies
Master
Master of Arts in China Development Studies