Journal articles on the topic 'Travelers – Africa – 19th century'
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Fritsch, Kathrin. "“You Have Everything Confused and Mixed Up…!” Georg Schweinfurth, Knowledge and Cartography of Africa in the 19th Century." History in Africa 36 (2009): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0008.
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Petermanns Geographische Mittheilungen, the leading German geographical journal of the nineteenth century, is of fundamental significance for the early scholarly study of Africa. It printed numerous accounts by practically all of the important explorers of the time, in particular under the aegis of the geographer August Petermann. Of particular significance are the cartographic supplements to the articles published in the journal. These maps showed for the first time hitherto unknown areas of Africa. Although the data for these maps were often collected in the field under difficult conditions by European travellers, and drawn up in Gotha with the assistance of numerous specialists (astronomers, geologists, cartographers, lithographers, graphic artists), their creation would have been impossible without the cooperation of Africans. That is to say, these maps, a medium seen as a most exact expression of scientific and technical progress, could not have been produced without the assistance of so-called “natives” or “savages.” This aspect of cartographic production, to which little attention has been paid so far, is the subject of a research project at the Institute for Regional Geography in Leipzig initiated in May 2009. In the course of this project, a range of German-language travelers' accounts will be studied, giving special attention to the role of indigenous informants and in combination with archival materials. This paper is based on the example of the German African explorer Georg Schweinfurth.In September 1863, the as yet unknown botanist Georg Schweinfurth announced the start of his African projects in a “call to botanists” in Petermanns Geographische Mittheilungen, describing his planned “expedition over several years to Egypt, Nubia and the countries of the Upper Nile, devoted solely to botanical purposes.” Although Schweinfurth did not publish solely in the Geographische Mittheilungen in the following years, he remained in close contact with Petermann, especially with regard to new geographical discoveries. Unlike other travelers, Schweinfurth often visited areas barely known to geographers, where he compared existing maps most carefully with his own observations. In this way he was able to correct many inaccuracies and improve European cartographic knowledge of these regions. A total of six maps by Schweinfurth appeared in the Geographische Mittheilungen between 1865 and 1877.
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Troutt Powell, Eve M. "From Odyssey to Empire: Mapping Sudan Through Egyptian Literature in the Mid-19th Century." International Journal of Middle East Studies 31, no. 3 (August 1999): 401–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800055495.
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The medieval Arabic cartography of Africa outlined a paradoxical continent of facts, myth, and mystery. Ever since the great geographers such as al-Idrisi, al-ʿUmari, al-Masʿudi, and Ibn Battuta traveled to and wrote about Africa, the map of Black Africa became a combination of mystical and empirical knowledge, the result of, in the words of Paulo Fernando de Moraes Farias, “the interplay of the ideological and the cognitive.” These kinds of maps were very illustrative of certain classificatory categories in which Africans in general were known, and where cultural boundaries were drawn between more specific areas, such as Egypt and neighboring African kingdoms. Merchants and traders also contributed to the mapping of the frontier to Egypt's uppermost south, the vast territory known as bilāad al-sūdān.
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Biginagwa, Thomas. "Counterfeit Glass Beads during the East African Caravan Trade: Mineralogical and Gemmological Analysis." Umma The Journal of Contemporary Literature and Creative Art 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/ummaj.v10i2.1.
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This article presents results from mineralogical and gemmological analyses of imperfectly made tubular beads excavated at Kilwa Kivinje, a 19th century coastal caravan terminus in southern Tanzania. These beads are unique in size, their material, and colour, in addition to lacking treated cut ends. Because of their distinctive flaw, these beads required thorough laboratory analyses to determine how they compare to other glass beads from the same archaeological context. Although 19th century European travellers’ accounts insist on glass beads being the popular commodity during the East African caravan trade, mineralogical and gemmological analyses revealed some of these beads to have been crafted from low-grade non-glass material. This prevented their standardisation in cut lengths, the permanency of coated colours, and the cut-ends treatment. These results justify speculation that these were counterfeits designed to pass for the original glass beads, possibly due to limited supply amidst high demand and the rapidly changing customer tastes for the much sought-after glass beads in East Africa during the height of the caravan trade. This is the first archaeological study in the region to examine the quality of traded glass beads during the caravan trade for their authenticity in artistry and material.
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Brisch, Gerald. "Tackling Africa: the resourceful Mrs J. Theodore Bent." African Research & Documentation 125 (2014): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x0002063x.
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This contribution represents a short introduction to the African travel notebooks, or ‘Chronicles’, of Mabel Virginia Anna Bent (1847-1929) - wife of the explorer James Theodore Bent (1852-1887) - and some of the resources consulted during research into the publication of these notebooks. What follows is based on a presentation made at the SCOLMA conference, the University of Birmingham, on 2 July 2014.The 19th century is studded with the derring-do of explorers in Africa and elsewhere, but we have relatively few first-hand records of husband-and-wife partnerships. And Mabel and Theodore Bent really were one of the great British travelling partnerships in terms of their results, the distances covered, and the sheer physical efforts involved over a period of nearly twenty years of journeying together between 1880 and 1897. In particular, Theodore's work in today's Zimbabwe made the couple into explorer-celebrities, and accounts of them at travellers’ soirées, or sharing passenger lists with famous names, such as Stanley, are common. The couple regularly feature in the major relevant bibliographies - archaeological, ethnographical, and travel - to this day.
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Schriber, Mary Suzanne. "Women's Place in Travel Texts." Prospects 20 (October 1995): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300006049.
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In the 19th Century, white American women of the middle and upper classes began to travel abroad in significant numbers for the first time in history. Prior to the 19th Century, and with the exception of such women as Abigail Adams and Martha Bayard, who accompanied their parents or husbands on diplomatic missions, American women as a rule traveled only about the countryside or to frontier settlements. Beginning in the 1820s, however, and escalating after the Civil War, the prototypes of Henry James's Isabel Archer and Edith Wharton's Undine Spragg set out by the hundreds to see the world, from Europe to the Middle East and from Africa to Japan and China. The greatest number of them visited the British Isles and continental Europe. As early as 1835, according to Paul R. Baker, some fifty American women visited Rome during Holy Week. Many women were among the fifty thousand Americans who, in 1866 alone, traveled to Europe. According to Mrs. John Sherwood in 1890, there were “more than eleven thousand virgins who semi-yearly migrate[d] from America to the shores of England and France.” Women found their way to virtually all parts of the world, as the book-length travel accounts of women (far fewer than the numbers of women who traveled) show. Women published accounts of twenty journeys to China, seventeen to Palestine, eleven to India, twenty-two to Egypt, two to the East Indies, twenty to Greece, three to Arabia, six to Algeria, and four to Africa, as well as travel in Central and South America, Cuba, the Yucatan, and Jamaica.
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Karolewska, Henryka. "Na afrykańskich i amerykańskich szlakach – vie romancée Aleksandra Marka Jawornickiego." Zeszyty Kaliskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk 23 (2024): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/26578646zknt.23.008.18890.
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On African and American Routes – Vie Romancee of Aleksander Marek Jawornicki The aim of the article is to present, based on a few materials from the Polish and Polish American press from the end of the 19th century, the figure of a lawyer, journalist and traveler who is now forgotten. Aleksander Marek Jawornicki, born in 1847 in Radom, graduated from law studies, but worked in the profession for a short time. From 1874, he collaborated with, among others, with the “Kaliszanin” daily, publishing novels, pictures, humorous sketches, and reviews. In 1887, he took part in a research trip to West Africa, led by Leopold Janikowski. After his return, he published letters, sketches, short stories and novels based on his impressions from the expedition in the Polish press, and in 1892 he was also the editor of “Kaliszanin”. In 1896 he left for America and settled in Chicago. He was the editor of the Polish diaspora “Katolik”, later ran a pharmacy in Milwaukee, was a doctor in Michigan and a priest of the Polish Catholic Church in Chicago. He died there in 1900.
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Niwiński, Andrzej. "Travels of Count Michał Tyszkiewicz to Africa, his excavations in 1861–1862, and the origin of his collection of Egyptian antiquities." Światowit 57 (December 17, 2019): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6818.
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Count Michał Tyszkiewicz (1828–1897) was one of the most renowned collectors of the ancient classical art at the end of the 19th century. His interest in archaeology and ancient art was developed during his travel through Egypt in 1861. His Journal of the Travel to Egypt and Nubia, fortunately found in 1992 in Poznań, recounts this journey. From Egypt, Michał Tyszkiewicz brought a collection of antiquities, estimated to have comprised c. 800 objects; today, over a half of them can be found in museums in Paris (Louvre), Warsaw, Vilnius, Kaunas, and Moscow. The majority of the objects originated from excavations conducted by the count, particularly in Thebes (Luxor area), by virtue of an official licence granted to him exceptionally by Mohamed Said Pasha – the then head of the Egyptian state. The present article discusses the circumstances of granting of this permission in the period when a strict state monopoly was imposed on archaeological investigations and presents the course of the excavations along with their results.
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АЙЗЕНШТАТ, М. П. "“CIVILIZATION” AND “BARBARITY” IN BRITAIN’S LITERARY PRACTICE FROM THE END OF 18th TO THE BEGINNING OF 19th CENTURY." Цивилизация и варварство, no. 11(11) (November 18, 2022): 308–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.11.11.013.
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В статье автор анализирует литературную практику на основе материалов популярного либерального издания «Эдинбургского обозрения, или критического журнала». Это было издание, специально посвященное критическим обзорам книг, вышедших в Британии, Париже, Берлине и других городах мира. Их тематика охватывала широкий круг тем по политике, экономике, общественным пробле-мам и истории. Рецензии освещали либеральный взгляд на историю в контексте идей Просвещения. Авторы обзоров восприняли теоретическое осмысление исторического процесса шотландскими просветителями. Они предполага-ли, что все люди в своем развитии проходят одни и те же стадии: дикость, варварство и цивилизацию. В контексте идей о стадиях развития рецензенты рассматривали труды, где говорилось о путешествиях, встречах с иной культурой чиновников, миссионеров и военных. При несовершенстве предложенной схемы вслед за авторами книг рецензенты оценивали уровень развития народов и племен, населявших Африку, Америку и Азию. Как правило, они относили их к стадии дикости и варварства. Полагая, что британцы до-стигли высшего уровня — цивилизации, авторы ряда книг и рецензенты выдвигали планы по цивилизации этих народов. The author analyses the literary practice liberal edition “The Edinburgh review, or critical journal”. It was original special edition with review of books from Britain, Paris, Berlin and other towns of the world. Their problems spread all themes over economy, politics, civil problems, etc. and history from liberal opinions on them from enlightenment position. The authors of journal shared Scotland enlightenment’s theo-retical opinion about historical development. They thought all people gone same stages: savage, barbarity and civilization. From that opinion the authors analyzes books wrote about travels meeting with another culture. As the author of books reviewers thought the tribes and people of America, Asia and Africa were at the stages of savage and barbarity. And Britons as civilized nation should bring civilization to them.
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Andryeyev, Vitaliy, Svitlana Andryeyeva, and Oleksandr Kariaka. "Mykhailo Bernov as a Pioneer of Hiking Tourism: Travels through the South of Ukraine and the Crimea (Part IІ. Crimea. Summer, 1895)." Kyiv Historical Studies 16, no. 1 (2023): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2023.11.
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This article examines the activities of Mykhailo Bernov as one of the founders of hiking tourism in the Russian Empire and Europe, his journey through the Crimea in the summer of 1895, the public updating of knowledge about the region and publishing activity based on his travel notes “From Odessa on foot to Crimea. Letters of a Russian Pedestrian” (St. Petersburg, 1896) and other sources. Attention is focused on the author’s imperial style of thinking and his understanding of the civilizational role of the Russian Empire in the region, interest in the achievements of the emperors, their military and administrative figures. It is concluded that the wide erudition and experience of previous travels allowed Mykhailo Bernov to create a unique image of the newly annexed province of the Russian Empire — a wide and colorful canvas of the life of the polyethnic population of Crimea at the end of the 19th century. The author recorded the peculiarities of the national, religious culture and character of various ethnic and social groups, the current state of the monuments of nature, history and culture. The source research potential and features of the traveler-pedestrian’s notes for studying the everyday activity of the population in the region, meetings with interesting people are emphasized. The trip to the Crimea contributed to the expansion of Mykhailo Bernov’s horizons, his study of the history of the East, the Arabic language and the study of the Koran. The traveler often compares the nature of the Crimean Peninsula with the landscapes of various parts of Europe and North Africa, but also recognizes its uniqueness. The author’s image of Crimea is an economically promising region, but burdened by historical contradictions and natural-geographic limitations. He considered the lack of water and poorly developed infrastructure to be the main disadvantages of the peninsula. However, in general, he assessed the peninsula as very attractive for various types of tourism (educational, cultural, gastronomic, health, sports), including due to the natural and climatic combination of the sea and mountains in the conditions of a subtropical climate and the friendliness of the local population. Mykhailo Bernov demonstrated his life strategy of a talented, goal-oriented individual, open to new knowledge and impressions, who was able to realize his dreams.
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Atamturk, Nurdan, and Seyit Ozkutlu. "Nature of Cypriots in the Light of 19th Century Travel Literature." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 31 (August 7, 2020): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.31.07.14.
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This study explores the impressions of the 19th century travelers on the nature of Turkish and Greek Cypriots by focusing on their relationships with each other, their personal characteristics, and their attitudes towards foreigners and visitors. Since the focus of the study is the nature and culture of the Cypriots, Cypriots' characteristics, distinctive features, attitudes towards travelers, moods and mindset are presented comparatively in the light of travelers’ reflections in their written accounts. The data were elicited from primary and secondary sources. Primary sources in this context refer to the published books of the 19th century travelers to Cyprus while secondary sources constitute the studies on the issue in the relevant literature. All books written by travelers to Cyprus in the 19th century were perused to find the data related to the nature of Cypriots and their characters over a period of a year. The collected data were then coded and classified to reveal the themes, namely hospitality, friendliness, family loyalty and docility. Being a type of content analysis, conceptual analysis was conducted in data analysis. Since almost all studies on the 19th century Cyprus travel literature are related to the political and religious dynamics of 19th century Cyprus, this study is thought to fill a gap in the relevant literature by shedding light on the socio-cultural aspects of Cyprus. The results revealed that the Cypriots were quite hospitable towards the travelers since the travelers acknowledged that they felt properly welcomed. Friendliness, helpfulness and docility were found to be other features exhibited by Cypriots in the traveler accounts. The other highly praised characteristic was found to be devotion to home and family.
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Mustofa, Andi, Wening Udasmoro, and Sri Ratna Saktimulya. "Writing the Self: Interior Voyage in 19th Century French Travel Writing." Journal of Language and Literature 23, no. 1 (March 23, 2023): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v23i1.4844.
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Travel is a momentum to look inside that influences the travelers' existence, along with meeting and interacting with others. The self as a traveler experiences internal dynamics reflected in the travel writings. This paper analyzes five French travel writings to reveal the self-construction of travelers who explored the East in the 19th century. The analysis results show that travelers’ self-construction is divided into Enlightenment or Romantic subjects and true travelers or travelers as tourists. The Enlightenment subject prioritizes facts and empirical knowledge outside of the self for the broader interest. In contrast, the Romantic subject puts forward subjective and emotional attitudes in dealing with and narrating others used for personal gain. True travelers look for difficulties in other places to prove themselves in conquering the challenges. Travelers as tourists try to avoid the obstacles by seeking safety and comfort during the trip. The East as a travel destination is a space that offers difficulties in constructing and legitimizing the traveler's self-image with the attributes that society expects, such as courage and persistence. The five French travelers, both Enlightenment or Romantic subjects and true travelers or tourists, had various knowledge of the others due to factors such as the purpose of the trip, profession, social status, and duration of the trip. Knowledge of the others and self-disclosure narrated in travel writings manifest the French travelers’ power to control and manage themselves and represent the Other.
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Karakaҫi, Dalila. "British Travelers and British Travel Writing: An Overview to British Travelers Visiting Albania in the First Half of 19th Century." Academicus International Scientific Journal 28 (July 2023): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2023.28.11.
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The Grand Tour played an important role in the education of the aristocratic British youth. Several requirements served for its classical qualification. The Tour lasted from some months to some years. Travelers’ individual choices, spread of diseases, priority to special places, as well as historical events shaped the travel plan. The Tour changed its classical denotation in the 19th century, reflecting a radical social transformation in the British society. The middle class would be engaged in travelling beyond the borders of the British territory. The Romantic traveler of the 19th century differers from the classic traveler of the Grand Tour, stressing heroism and bravery, avoiding scenic descriptions. These travelers resembled the explorer. A term introduced by the Romantics. The dense narrative produced in this period would permit the British public to become familiar with unalike people, experiences, and lands. There are five travellers that visited the Albanian land in the first half of 19th century, during British Romanticims. Dodwell, Hughes, Martin Leake, Urquhart and Best published works mentioning the Albania theme, people, culture, nature, geography. Dodwell’s work is significant because of classical archeology. T.S. Hughes gives information about Ali Pasha and his mystical figure. Topographical data on the Albanian population, customs, and traditions are introduced in Leake’s book. Urquhart looks at the Orient from a philosophical viewpoint. A work about hunting, natural beauty, customs, traditions is written by Best. Therefore, their books give essential information about the country in the first half of this century.
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Brusky, Sarah. "The Travels of William and Ellen Craft: Race and Travel Literature in the 19th Century." Prospects 25 (October 2000): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300000636.
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Describing their move north in an escape from slavery, William and Ellen Craft's slave narrative, Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom (1860), offers a peculiar form of travel literature. The notion that slave narratives chronicle movement has not gone unrecognized. Indeed, scholarship on 20th-century African-American literature often argues the thematic importance of a journey motif that some trace to antebellum America. Blyden Jackson, for example, notes that African-American “literature bears within itself content, as well as themes and moods, reflecting the Great Migration” (xv), the period from early to mid-20th century, which Marcus E. Jones says actually began before the Civil War when blacks fled the South for the urban, industrial North (30). And Robert Stepto has identified two basic types of journeys in African-American literature: one of “ascent” in which “an ‘enslaved’ and semiliterate figure [travels] on a ritualized journey to a symbolic North,” and one of “immersion,” which is a “ritualized journey into a symbolic South” (6). Such discussions of journey motifs, however, have not yet led to an examination of slave narratives as travel literature.
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Celkan, Gül. "British Women Travelers in Ottoman Territories During the 19th Century." Erdem, no. 15 (September 1, 1989): 803–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32704/erdem.1989.15.803.
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Ivaniuk, O., and Y. Bilodid. "WHILE SAILING ALONG THE RHINE, I HELD IN MY HANDS THE 'RHENISH SAGAS' BOUGHT IN COLOGNE AND READ THEM, CHECKING THE PLACES MENTIONED IN THEM IN NATURE ITSELF." THE VIEWS OF TRAVELLERS FROM THE NADDNIPRIANS ON GERMAN LANDS IN THE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES." Bulletin of Mariupol State University Series History Political Studies 13, no. 35-36 (2023): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2023-13-35-36-34-49.
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The article considers a range of issues related to travel to Germany in the 19 th – the beginning of the 20th century. Attention is drawn to the purpose of travel, routes, choice of objects for review, interethnic cultural contacts. It was established that the purpose of the trips to Germany were rest, treatment and education. Travelers got to Germany in different ways: by steamboat from Saint Petersburg through Sweden or overland through Radzivyliv, Lemberg and the Czech or Polish lands. Guidebooks printed in Germany became useful for travelers. They helped to develop of the travel route, choose the residence, objects for review and decide on means of transportation. The cities that attracted travelers the most were Berlin, Heidelberg, Leipzig, Munich, as well as the resorts of Baden-Baden and Kissingen. During of the 19th century, under the influence of changes in movement in European art – from romanticism to modernism, accents shifted, and interest arosed to various monuments and artistic masterpieces. While in the first half of the 19th century travelers were admired by Gothic architecture, works of the Renaissance, classical opera, ethnographic customs of the local population, in the second half of the 19 th century, attention was paid to modern art, achievements of science and technology, lifestyle, shops, cafes, etc. People, who traveled to Germany, expanded of social circle. There travelers were able to get to know representatives of European elites, leading scientists and practitioners, compatriots. Established contacts were usually long-lasting and multi-year. Sometimes under the influence of new acquaintances and European culture, imperial ideological stereotypes were destroyed and self-identification of travelers from Dnieper Ukraine took place. Keywords: travels, Germany, architectural monuments, memories, M. Rigelman, M. Kostomarov, Dresden Gallery, Cologne Cathedral.
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Sidorova, Galina M. "African studies in the 19th century." Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P. G. Demidova. Seriya gumanitarnye nauki 16, no. 2 (June 18, 2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1996-5648-2022-2-198-207.
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The goal of the article is to prove that quite a lot of information was gathered about Central Africa in the 19th century. Geographers, journalists and military officers gathered unique data on the inhabitants and nature of the continent through their expeditions. Blind spots on the map, previously Terra Incognita, were bring cleared. Difficult aspects of distant Africa exploration are also described. These include conflicts with native tribes, natural and climatic hurdles, and tropical diseases. The conclusion is that at the end of 19th century Africa attracted an increased interest on behalf European peoples.
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McKenzie, A. G. "19th century missionaries and anaesthesia in Africa." International Congress Series 1242 (December 2002): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5131(02)00764-1.
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Organ, Michał. "“The Boundary of the World” – The Beginnings of Tourism in the Bieszczady Mountains in the 19th Century." Galicja. Studia i materiały 7 (2021): 107–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/galisim.2021.7.6.
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The article fills the gap in the knowledge of the history of tourism in the Western Bieszczady, presenting its beginnings in the 19th century. This area was rarely visited, as it was not perceived as attractive; the beginnings of tourist “exploration” date back to the 19th century. The analysis is based on diary accounts, memoirs, press articles and the first travel guides. In the preserved reports, the Bieszczady Mountains appear as a wild, inaccessible area, devoid of the road infrastructure necessary for travelers. The wilderness of Bieszczady was traversed for sentimental, social, commercial, religious and health reasons, initially on foot or on horseback.
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Dysa, Kateryna. "From Indifference to Obsession: Russian Claim to Kyiv History in Travel Literature of the 18th–early 19th Century." Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal, no. 10 (December 29, 2022): 192–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/kmhj270983.2023-10.192-213.
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In this article, I discuss a relatively recent development of Russian interest in Kyiv as a place with symbolic and historical significance for Russian history, which makes it a desirable target in an ongoing war. I trace the changing attitude of Russian travelers towards Kyiv’s history from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century. Earlier generations of visitors came to Kyiv primarily to visit holy places, with no knowledge of the city’s historical significance, and because it was a more affordable alternative to travel abroad. However, at the end of the eighteenth century, after Catherine II’s royal visit, the publication of guidebooks, and the ascend of history as a discipline, and interest among Russian educated elites, Kyiv’s past became an obsession for many Russian travelers. Their travel accounts were motivated by a search for the past glory of Kyiv. For Russian travelers and authorities, history became one of the key means of appropriation of Kyiv, with a new generation of travelers searching for material evidence connecting Kyivan Rus to the Russian past. However, they were unable to find much material evidence and often used their imagination to present Kyiv as a site of Kyivan Rus history, ignoring the city’s non[1]Russian heritage.
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L., MUKAEVA, and SHASTINA T. "THE CHUISKY TRACT IN THE WORKS OF TRAVELERS OF THE 19TH CENTURY." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 28 (2022): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2022.28.62.
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The article analyzes the works of Russian scientists and travelers of the 19th century, containing descriptions of the Chuisky tract as the most important transport artery connecting the south of Western Siberia with China and Mongolia. Geologists, geographers, botanists, linguists, ethnographers, glaciologists have left valuable observations and materials about the Chuisky tract. Now their works are indispensable sources for studying the historical and cultural heritage of Altai. A comparative analysis of the descriptions of the history of this trade route and the condition of the road at various stages allows us to trace the movement of the frontier and the imagological estimates accompanying this movement: the development of the tract makes the territory annexed to the empire the Russian Altai.
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A., BORISENKO. "ALTAI ANTIQUITIES IN THE WORKS OF EUROPEAN SCIENTISTS AND TRAVELERS OF THE 18TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 28 (2022): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2022.28.24.
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Since the first scientific research in Altai, the works of European scientists have repeatedly become the subject of historiographical analysis. Their colleagues-contemporaries have already turned to the works of their predecessors. Since the last third of the 18th century, interest in the antiquities of the Sayano-Altai in general and the Altai Mountains, in particular, falls into the sphere of state interest related to the development of mining production. At the beginning of the 19th century, scientists who turned to the study of antiquities already had the opportunity to rely on the experience of their predecessors, and by the beginning of the last third of the century, the work on the study of the distant past of Altai can be called large-scale for its time. This paper presents information about the Altai antiquities collected in the works of the participants of the Dorpat expedition of the 30s of the 19th century, the Altai period of V.V. Radlov, the expedition of I.G. Granet, etc.
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Kholbekov, Ilhomjon Ganievich, and Dilshodjon Nematjon O’g’li Yusupov. "The Works Of Western Tourists As A Source In The Coverage Of The History Of Central Asia (Late 19th Century Early 20 Th Century)." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 02 (February 27, 2021): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue02-30.
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Granstrem, Maria, and Milena Zolotareva. "Architectural and urban planning evolution of the industrial area near Moskovskaya Zastava in Saint Petersburg." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127401031.
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This paper discusses the urban planning history of an area in Saint Petersburg around the former Moskovskaya Zastava, a historical gateway that travelers passed through when approaching Saint Petersburg from Moscow. Specifically, we are interested in the architecture of the carriage building plant. By the end of the 19th century, this part of the city had turned into an industrial area, which saw dense development from 1897 to 1917. For the next one hundred years, this vast space did not see any transformations, constituting a complete, self-sufficient environment. The carriage building plant, originally constructed at the very end of the 19th century, remained standing near Moskovskaya Zastava until the early 21st century. In 2013, the industrial area ceased its existence, and the former carriage building plant was given for residential development.
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Riegg, Stephen Badalyan. "British Travelers and the Armenian Question During the First Half of the 19th Century." Nationalities Papers 47, no. 1 (November 26, 2018): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.5.
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AbstractMarshaling an array of travelogues from British adventurers who visited the Russian-Ottoman-Persian borderlands during the first half of the 19th century, it is clear that the Armenian Question arose in the British consciousness earlier than previously thought. Influenced by their origins and the political circumstances of the countries through which they journeyed, British travelers highlighted in their narratives the political status of the Armenians and the trends affecting them throughout the borderlands. Ethnoreligious and socioeconomic strife between Armenians and other various groups remained a persistent theme that linked the disparate accounts and authors. Frequently overlooking core religious, cultural, political, and social factors and identities that distinguished the Turks, Persians, and Kurds, British travelers issued essentialized explanations for Armenian struggles that highlighted their status as a religious minority surrounded by ostensibly hostile majorities. Well before the outbreak of the Crimean War, British adventurers contextualized Armenian misery within the British-Russian geopolitical rivalry. Thus, early British adventurers established the cultural and political groundwork for the more famous discussions of the Armenian Question during the last decades of the 1800s.
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Manktelow, Emily J. "Mission Station Christianity in 19th-Century South Africa." Journal of Southern African Studies 42, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2016.1126464.
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Mulahi, Samiha. "North Africa in Russian Travelers Perception: Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt in Russian Travelogues." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 17, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2020-17-4-505-513.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of Russian travelers ideas about North African countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt) in the period from the end of the XIX century to the beginning of the XX century. The paper considers the perception of this geographical area by Russian travelers in literary travelogues. North Africa in the designated period of time was considered not only as the cradle of ancient and great civilization, but also as a Europeanized, modernized territory of the Arab area. The travelogues analyzed in the article make it possible to distinguish in them two different cultural pictures of the world - North Africa and the picture of the world of Western Europe reflected in it.
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Brestovci, Meliha, Durim Abdullahu, and Faik Sahiti. "On British travelers in Albania from the Georgian era to Edwardian era: Studies and travelogue." Balkanistic Forum 31, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.16.
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This paper is a summary of the tradition of British travelers in Albania during the 19th century until the First World War. Referring to British history and British cultural traditions, these travelers are classified between two periods: from Georgian era to Edwardian era. British travelers began to visit Albania frequently, especially from the time of the rule of Ali Pasha Tepelena, through whose pasha’s territory traveled many British agents, missionaries, and adventurers, including the eminent poet Gordon Byron and his friend John C. Hobhouse, and Dr. Henry Holland. The first part of the paper deals with the main studies for travelogue literature, listing the authors and their studies according to the order and study approaches. As there are hundreds of books with travel notes from British travelers on Albania and Albanians, the second part of the article focuses only on some of the most famous British travelers, such as Edward Lear, Arthur Evans, Edith Durham, Henry N. Brailsford and Aubrey Herbert. The purpose of this paper is to make a chronological history of British travelers in Albania and historical literature on this literature genre of British travelers who traveled and describes Albania of late modernity.
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Palabıyık, Mustafa Serdar. "Ottoman travelers' perceptions of Africa in the Late Ottoman Empire (1860-1922): A discussion of civilization, colonialism and race." New Perspectives on Turkey 46 (2012): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600001552.
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AbstractThe Ottoman encounter with European colonialism over their African territories during the nineteenth century contributed to a renewed interest in Africa and its inhabitants. This resulted in several official and non-official travels to this continent at the end of which the travelers published their memoirs. This article intends to analyze Ottoman perceptions of Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century by drawing upon Ottoman travelogues. It concludes that the travelers established paradoxical accounts regarding the implications of European colonialism for Africa and the ethnic taxonomy of the African people. They perceived European colonialism as a civilizing mechanism on the one hand, and treated it as the most significant reason of African “backwardness” on the other. Similarly, while they criticized the European colonial discourse based on the superiority of the white race over others, they established similar ethnic taxonomies establishing hierarchies among African tribes.
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GHEORGHE, Elena. "ROMANIAN RELIGION AND CUSTOMS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY IN THE VISION OF FOREIGN TRAVELERS." Icoana Credintei 7, no. 13 (January 24, 2021): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26520/icoana.2021.13.7.92-102.
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The notes of foreign travelers represent a major source of interest for the reconstruction of Romanian society in the middle of the nineteenth century. Although they were not "professional" historians, most often curiosity or diplomatic missions brought them to these lands, their visits led them to numerous political, economic, cultural and psychological observations.Abundance of travelogues and testimonies on the Romanian Lands of this period represents the consequence of the international reactivation of the “oriental problem” and of the intensification of the struggle for emancipation and national liberation of the peoples of the Balkans. of the culture from which they came, foreign travelers projected, consciously or not, their own light on the realities they presented. In no other historical source will we find anything more picturesque and full of life than in the events and descriptions presented by them.
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Degtyarev, D. S. "SCIENTISTS AND TRAVELERS ABOUT BIYSK IN THE 19th – THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2017-1-24-28.
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Biysk, being the second town of Altai of its size, attracted many scientists and travelers. They created colorful and unforgettable images of the town in the XIX – the beginning of XX century. 14 descriptions produced by 12 authors in 1810 – 1917 were analyzed to establish if the image corresponded with reality. There were rather different descriptions ranging from official geographical reviews to emotional lines of travel diaries. A comparative analysis allowed us to conclude that those images of Biysk were real in their description of dirty streets adjoining beautiful churches and comfortable fashionable hotels. Still, subjective factor influenced to the images of Biysk as well. Readers in the XIX century could trace all changes of the life of the town – from a fortress on the boarder to a small trade town (where inhabitants hadn’t got even a sundial) and then to the important economic and cultural center of the region – “the window to Europe” for Mongolia”. The image of the town gradually changed from negative to neutral and positive. It was determined by real economic and cultural development of Biysk. The result of this exploration allows one to define the way a Russian regional town was represented in informational area of the country in XIX – the beginning of XX century.
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de Mendonça Figueirôa, Silvia. "German-Brazilian Relations in the Field of Geological Sciences During the 19th Century." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.2.x805715275065573.
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This paper analyses the German presence in the development of geological sciences in Brazil during the 19th century, taking into account the local situation - for Brazil was Portugal's colony until 1822 - as well as the importance of mineral extraction activities which played an embryonic role in that process. The German-Brazilian geoscientific relations may be classified as follows: Brazilians sent to visit and to study in German institutions, especially in the Bergakademie Frieberg; German functionaries invited by the Portuguese government to work in mining activities in Brazil; German travelers in Brazil; exchange of geological and mineralogical samples; Brazilian geological problems studied by German scientists.
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AĞIRBAŞ, Seda. "Batılı Kadın Seyyahların Anlatımlarında Haremde Doğum Kutlamaları." Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 8, no. 16 (September 6, 2022): 595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.8.16.40.
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Turkey has been the starting point of travels to the East in the 19th century, as in previous centuries. The improvement of travel conditions, the development of railways and steamships, the publication of guidebooks for travelers going to the East and the Ottoman Empire, revived the travel literature and allowed many travelogues to be written. It is known that a small number of women, such as Lady Montagu and Elizabeth Craven, who could travel with the opportunities of the upper class in the previous century, came to Ottoman lands with official relations. In the 19th century, it was seen that women from the middle-lower class traveled, and information about the Ottoman harem was obtained through the travel books they wrote. In this study, birth rituals, which are a part of the social life of women, will be included in the eyes of Western female travelers who were able to enter the harem. Most of the Western travelers observed the customs and traditions of Ottoman women such as engagement, marriage, birth, hosting guests. In the life of Ottoman women, we witness that after marriage, birth is traditionally celebrated with a ceremony such as weddings and holidays. Each of these traditions has its customs and procedures. It is a common custom, especially among wealthy Turkish women, to receive guests until midnight for seven days from the birth of the first son. This tradition is practiced in a much more ostentatious way among members of the dynasty. Having a child, which strengthens family ties in Turkish society, has enabled marriage to be seen as one of the means of legitimacy as a requirement of the religion of Islam. Since children are given special importance in Turkish society, married couples are often expected to have children. As an inevitable result of this expectation, the birth of the child was given importance in the society in general, and the births of the children were celebrated with demonstrations. In addition to Ottoman archives and records, this issue was mentioned in Surnames and manuscripts with miniatures, and it found its place in the narratives of female travelers in travel books that constitute the majority of our research. Thus, the fact that female travelers who came to the capital of the empire included birth celebrations in the harem contributed to the promotion of this tradition. Keywords: Travelogue, Harem, Birth rituels.
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Mustafa Algawadi, Ghassan W. "The Southern Ottoman Kurdistan Trade During The 19th Century." Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v4n2y2021.pp29-37.
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The current research sheds light on some of the activities related to trading the nineteenth century in the Kurdish cities, markets, storehouses, travel routes, merchants, crops, products, natural or locally made products. The research also discusses the local or regional partners who were parts of the trade business, especially the Iranian cities and the cities in the south of Anatol. The research examines the most important imported and exported goods. The research also shows that trading was not restricted to certain merchants, all people had the chance to trade. In addition, the obstacles faced by the tradesmen in this area, such as the instability because of the policy of the walli (governors) or because of the bad roads, or the because of tribal rules, are discussed. The research offers more details concerning the life in the Kurdish society at that time through the trade business of this region. Due to lack of literature related to the trade in the Kurdish cities during the Ottoman empire, especially the numbers and statistics about the size of the goods imported and exported in the southern Kurdistan region during that period, more focus is placed on the nineteenth century as there is clearer information about this period. The research depends on the valuable observations provided by the travelers who visited southern Kurdistan as well as some information available on the registry of the Iraqi willayat about the trade business of the Kurdish cities.
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Gabdrafikova, Liliya. "Travelers about folk healing of the Crimean Tatars (second half of the 19th century)." Crimean Historical Review, no. 1 (2019): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/kio.2019.1.124-134.
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Samiha, Mulahi, and Sergei M. Pinaev. "The culture of North Africa in travel notes of Russian travelers of the late XIX - early XX century." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 24, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2019-24-3-585-593.
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Travel notes are the most important documentary source in the context of studying the culture of various countries. The article discusses ideas about North Africa in travel notes of Russian travelers of the late XIX - early XX century, analyzes the main themes and plots of the notes. At the designated time, Russian travelers visited such African countries as Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt, where they noted the decline of Arab culture and the planting of Western European ideals by colonists.
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Morev, Vladimir A., and Anastasiya V. Moreva. "“ ‘There Are No Roads Between Autumn and Snow' in Tomsk Province”: Roads; Means of Transport, and Features of Travel in Siberia in the Second Half of the 19th Century." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 468 (2021): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/468/16.
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The article examines the condition of roads in Siberia in the second half of the 19th century, identifies the related characteristics of the Siberian land vehicles and skills of coachmen obtained in the harsh climatic conditions, with enormous distances between stations and the need to spend long hours in transit. The sources for this article are travel notes and memoirs written at the end of trips. The work of the German geographer and ethnographer R. Andre, travel notes of the American J. Kennan deserve special attention. Among the works of domestic authors who passed through Siberia in the middle or at the end of the 19th century, the notes of the writer A.P. Chekhov, and of the merchants I. Zavalishin and N. Chukmaldin deserve attention. Documents of the State Archive of Tomsk Oblast (GATO), which contain information about the state of communication routes in Tomsk Province, are attracted for a more complete picture. Thus, the documents of the Fund “Tomsk Provincial Administration (1823-1916)” allow, in particular, tracking the passing travelers' reaction to the unsatisfactory condition of roads in Tomsk Province at the end of the 19th century. This article aims to summarize the facts that relate to the state of Siberian roads, land vehicles, skills of Siberian coachmen, as well as to identify the features of travel in Siberia in the second half of the 19th century. In the course of the study, the authors come to the following conclusions. The condition of roads generally did not satisfy people traveling through Siberian provinces. This was especially true during the off-season when the roads were heavily flooded and washed away by rain or meltwater. Our compatriots' negative comments on Siberian roads in general merge into the common chorus of complaints by foreign travelers. Although there were exceptions when both Russian travelers and foreigners praised the state of the roads in some provinces of Siberia, which was reflected in the archives and travel notes. In winter, the moving speed increased because the snow-covered roads were easier to move along on a sled. However, during severe frosts, there was a great risk of freezing on the road. Because of the harsher climate and the need to stay on the road longer than in the European part of Russia, it was necessary to use vehicles with design features that made them more stable in Siberia. The preparations of the coachmen and the coachmen's preparation of their horses for a long journey influenced its successful outcome. Coachmen had large energy expenditure and were to have endurance. Siberian coachmen maintained a high moving speed with the help of their horses. This fact surprised both Russians coming from the European part of Russia and, especially, foreigners.
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Obeidat, Marwan. "Levantine and Arabian Travels: European and American Experiences: Part 2*." International Journal of Arabic-English Studies 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 93–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.33806/ijaes2000.5.1.6.
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By the 19th century, Levantine and Arabian travel had developed into a science in which experts - Egyptologists, and other archaeologists, Arabists, sociologists, and Biblical scholars -- practiced their respective fields of specialization. In that century European interest in the Levant had crossed the Atlantic with a vengeance. Some 150 American travelers published accounts of their travels in the Levant. The early 20th century saw the rise of a new type of travel-writer; that of the archaeologist/ political officer, whose were part and parcel of British imperial interests.. European and American travel experiences in the Levant and Arabia, as surveyed in this article, being a prototype of a treatise on quest psychology, serve, hopefully, to invite yet further research on the psychology of quest..
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Youssef, Fakher, and Anwar Khalandi. "The cultural life of kurds according to the writers of foreign travelers in the qajar era (1796-1925)." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 12, no. 2 (May 21, 2024): 360–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2024.12.2.1398.
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The increasing number of foreigners entered Iran, especially the Europeans in the 19th Century A.D. enabled them to know more about the Iranian society. Moreover, the writers of Foreign travelers who got interested in the social and cultural issues of Iran about which recorded important information. For example, the Kurds, one of the ancient Iranian tribes, attracted many foreign tourists, especially the Europeans, the Americans, and the Japanese to come to Iran in the Qajar Era. The present study aimed at shedding light on the cultural life of Kurds according to the writers of foreign travelers in the Qajar era depending on the works and observations of those travelers when visited the Kurdish regions in Iran. Moreover, such recordings were in the form of stories and traveling. An analytical and descriptive approach was adopted. Data were collected from the books on the foreign traveler in the Qajar era. As a matter of fact, the cultural life of Kurds which discussed by such writers in detail includes ethical characters, language,
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Martin, Phyllis M., and Colleen E. Kriger. "Pride of Men: Ironworking in 19th Century West Central Africa." African Economic History, no. 29 (2001): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601720.
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Loftsdóttir, Kristín. "Shades of otherness: representations of Africa in 19th-century Iceland." Social Anthropology 16, no. 2 (July 25, 2008): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2008.00030.x.
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Núñez Valdés, Juan, Fernando de Pablos Pons, and Antonio Ramos Carrillo. "Pioneering Black African American Women Chemists and Pharmacists." Foundations 2, no. 3 (August 2, 2022): 624–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foundations2030043.
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SENER, Mustafa Burak. "OTTOMAN’S EXISTENCE IN AFRICA IN THE 19TH CENTURY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF SUEZ CANAL." Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler ve Sanat Araştırmaları 2, no. 1 (January 27, 2023): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32955/neuissar202321682.
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The 19th century is an important period in terms of Africa becoming the great powers’ focal point. Great powers such as the United Kingdom, France, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire wanted to have influence in the continent and had conflicts between them. The Suez Canal was very effective in intensifying this conflict. As a matter of fact, the Suez Canal, which connects Africa to the Mediterranean, is of great geopolitical importance. In this direction, with the opening of the Suez Canal on the agenda as a project, a geopolitical conflict occurred between the great powers. The study analyzes how the Suez Canal affected the Ottoman Empire’s presence in Africa in the 19th century. The first part of the study examines the importance of the African continent in the 19th century and the Ottoman interaction with Africa. The second part evaluates the process leading to the opening of the Suez Canal. The third and last part analyzes how the opening of the Suez Canal affected the great powers with an evaluation on the Ottoman axis. As a result, it found that the opening of the canal accelerated the decline and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire because of increasing the interest of other great powers and the desire to establish influence in the region.
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Prokopeva, A. N. "Women’s Hairstyles and Head Ornamentation of the Yakuts in the 18th century." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 4(55) (December 23, 2021): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-55-4-15.
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Mass Christianization of the peoples of Yakutia (Eastern Siberia) at the end of the 18th century led to the development of a demotic Christianity throughout the 19th century. There were new rules, according to which a woman was not permitted to appear in public with her head uncovered, and therefore the marking function of the hairstyles became obsolete. This could explain the absence of rituals and rules associated with women’s hair and hairstyles in the Yakut culture of the 19th–20th centuries. The aim of this study is to prove a hypothesis, according to which pendants of hair ornamentation duplicate braids, and studying the pendants of the headrest ‘nachel’nik’ allows recreation of women’s hairstyle that had been in use before the period of mass Christianization. The article is based on the analysis of written, material, and visual sources of the 18th–19th centuries. Information about the hairstyles and adornments of the Yakuts is contained within the records of travelers of the 18th–19th centuries. Among the ethnographic works on the peoples of Siberia, one can find drawings depicting maidens and women, where particular attention is given to their hair. These materials were correlated with the data of the archaeological excavations of Yakut female burials of the 18th century. The obtained results were compared with the materials from the 19th century — photographs of women in national costumes and jewelry from museum collections. According to the results of the study, it can be stated that there was a tradition of changing maiden’s hairstyle to woman’s hairstyle in the context of the wedding ritualism. New rules of conduct, social roles, especially regulations on the appearance of women, were formalized in the society in the 19th century with the mass Christianization of the peoples of Yakutia. There were new rules, according to which a woman was not permitted to appear in public with her head uncovered, and therefore the marking function of hairstyles became obsolete. This could explain the absence of rituals and rules associated with women’s hair and hairstyles in the Yakut culture of the 19th–20th centuries.
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Gusev, Nikita S. "Medieval Architectural Monuments of Macedonia in the Descriptions of Russian Travelers (Mid-19th – Early 20th Сenturies)." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 65 (2022): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-65-26-43.
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The study shows the process of “discovery” of medieval monuments of architecture and monumental painting on the territory of modern Northern Macedonia by Russian travelers. The work is based on materials that introduced the Russian reader to the objects of cultural heritage — book, magazine and newspaper publications. Chronologically, the article covers the period from the first half of the 19th century, when the first fragmentary mentions of monasteries and temples appeared, to 1909 — the publication of N. P. Kondakov's book on the results of his expedition to the region. The paper traces route of travelers, addresses their information about the state of monuments and considers reliability of the information published by them. Before the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878, there was little interest in these territories. Only travelogues by V. I. Grigorovich, M. A. Khitrovo and M. F. Karlova were published on the topic of the study. In the wake of the fascination with the Balkans in the late 1870s, V. I. Grigorovich's book was republished and the notes of Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin) about his journey, written earlier in 1865, were published. Then, until the end of the century, this part of the peninsula sank into oblivion, and only in connection with the aggravation of the Macedonian issue, it began to attract new wanderers. However, they paid attention to the ethno-religious situation, mostly ignoring cultural monuments. As a result, despite a fairly wide range of authors of travel essays on Macedonia at the turn of the 20th century, only P. N. Milyukov, A. A. Bashmakov and P. A. Rittikh mentioned medieval temples. The reason for this is that the Macedonian lands were presented to the Russian society as a kind of exotic part of the East, and therefore the medieval cultural heritage gave rise to unjustifiably disdainful attitude.
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Nazimbetova, G. Sh, Zh D. Abdykerimov, and A. O. Balataev. "Paleontological and geological research conducted in the Embi area." Kazakhstan zoological bulletin 3, no. 2 (November 22, 2022): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54944/kzbal336cn10.
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he article describes in detail the geological and paleontological studies carried out on the territory of the Emba region. Exploration of Emba begins in the second half of the 18th century. This is due to individual researchers of nature, natural scientists, special expeditions of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, who conducted research. In the period 1768-1774. naturalists and travelers have comprehensively explored the nature and history of Emba. In the 19th century, all studies carried out in the Emba region were of a route nature, and the 20th century was the century of active geological and paleontological work in the Emba region. Employees of various research institutes (All-Russian Institute for Geological Exploration of Oil Fields (VNIGRI), Institute of Geological Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences, All-Russian Scientific Institute of Geophysical Exploration Methods (VNIIGeophysics) and other organizations conducted research on various topics in the Emba region.
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Franceschi, Valeria. "“The Chinese as I Have Seen Them”: A Diachronic Analysis of Western Perception on the Chinese in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries." Linguaculture 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/lincu-2022-2-0307.
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It is estimated that around 12000 Westerners were living in the Chinese Empire at the end of the 19th century (Détrie 509); especially after the first Opium War (1839-1842), locals and Westerners learnt to co-habit, with the latter improving their quality of life. However, both groups maintained their lifestyles, criticizing those habits they thought objectionable, or downright barbaric (ibid.). Locals are Othered in travel literature, seen through a Western “power gaze” (Calzati); we can assume this opposition was stronger at a time of political tension. This paper aims at looking at how Western perceptions of China and the Chinese changed over the course of the 19th and early 20th century, as emerging from war, travel and life accounts written by anglophone expatriates, travelers, and military men. The analysis was carried out with a mixed quantitative-qualitative approach, drawing from corpus-assisted discourse analysis. The print books published between 1843 and 1919 were digitized using OCR software to make them readable by corpus analysis tools. Two subcorpora weree created, one including 2 2-volume books recounting the events of the first Opium War, and the second one including 6 books describing life and travel in China between 1897 and 1919. An analysis of selected keywords and their concordance lines, with the aid of Critical Discourse Analysis, attempts to shed light on how the perception of the Chinese on the part of Anglophone people has evolved between the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century.
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Falah, Ghazi-Walid. "Geographies of Silence: The ‘Missing Chain’ in the Writing of Palestine’s Historical Geography." Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies 21, no. 2 (October 2022): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hlps.2022.0292.
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This paper provides a critical reading of (1) the ways in which Palestine’s cultural landscape and the indigenous people of Palestine have been represented in the eyes of Western and specifically European travelers and explorers in the 19th century; (2) how various such representations subsequently ‘filtered’ into Israeli geographical texts and writing, and were utilised by Israeli writers and others to (re) write a so-called ‘modern’, but distorted and incomplete historical geography of Palestine. The net result is that much of Palestine’s Arab landscape has been ‘de-historicised’, or as Keith Whitelam (1998 : 11) phrased it, has been ‘silenced’.
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Blondeel, William. "Les Missionnaires Belges en Afrique Centrale, Fin 19e-20e Siecle." Afrika Focus 2, no. 1 (January 12, 1986): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-00201005.
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Belgian Missionaries in Central Africa, At the End of the 19th and in the 20th Century. Evangelization: Not a World Apart. This contribution is an attempt to define in rather general terms the field in which Belgian catholic missionaries were active in Central Africa at the end of the 19th and in the 20th century. It is not an acceptable synthesis, but rather a “tour d’horizon”. The image of the missionary is examined as a consistent whole as well as in its different aspects, such as teacher, medical agent, social worker and researcher. The relation between the mission on the one hand and the whole community life on the other appears as a central issue.
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Kasatkin, Konstantin. "In Search of One’s Self: Russian Travelers in the Balkans in 1800–1830s." Russian History 48, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340023.
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Abstract In this paper, we are going to demonstrate that the writings of Russian travelers of the early 19th century laid the foundation of a discourse of Slavism. The travelers stopped perceiving the Balkans as part of the Near East and began considering them as ‘Ours’. This allowed the Russians to assert their identity within the boundaries of the European community while simultaneously separating themselves from the Roman-Germanic “West”. We examined four different types of descriptions of the Balkans by Russian travelers of the 1800–1830s. The authors’ approaches to these narratives were either orientalist or Slavic in nature. Works written in the framework of Orientalism are often characterized by the view of the Balkans as the land of the past, and travels perceived the Balkans as the antithesis of Russia, which they saw as being part of the West. Discourse of Slavism was fundamentally different from Orientalism. Firstly, it replaced the East-West binary relationship with a West-Russia-East triptych. Secondly, it sought to equate Russia and the Slavs. The travelers of the 3rd group were the first to discover a way to reconcile with the “backwards” past within the West-Russia-East triptych. Fourthly, Venelin verbalized a new paradigm in Russia’s description of the Balkans. He was the first to consider Russia as the center of the Slavic world, as opposed to the wild European periphery.
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Fruzińska, Justyna. "American Slavery Through the Eyes of British Women Travelers in the First Half of the 19th Century." Ad Americam 19 (February 8, 2019): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.19.2018.19.08.
Full textAbstract:
My paper investigates 19th-century travel writing by British women visiting America: texts by such authors as Frances Trollope, Isabella Bird, or Frances Kemble. I analyze to what extent these travelers’ gender influences their view of race. On the one hand, as Tim Youngs stresses, there seems to be very little difference between male and female travel writing in the 19th century, as women, in order to be accepted by their audience, needed to mimic men’s style (135). On the other hand, women writers occasionally mention their gender, as for example Trollope, who explains that she is not competent enough to speak on political matters, which is why she wishes to limit herself only to domestic issues. This provision, however, may be seen as a mere performance of a conventional obligation, since it does not prevent Trollope from expressing her opinions on American democracy. Moreover, Jenny Sharpe shows how Victorian Englishwomen are trapped between a social role of superiority and inferiority, possessing “a dominant position of race and a subordinate one of gender” (11). This makes the female authors believe that as women they owe to the oppressed people more sympathy than their male compatriots. My paper discusses female writing about the United States in order to see how these writers navigate their position of superiority/inferiority.