Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Travelers – Africa – 19th century'
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Yang, Hao-han Helen, and 楊浩涵. ""A lady wanted": Victorian governesses abroad1856-1898." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41633805.
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Tanir, Engin Deniz. "The Mid-nineteenth Century Ottoman Bulgaria From The Viewpoints Of The French Travelers." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606837/index.pdf.
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This thesis deals with Bulgaria under the Ottoman rule in the second and third quarters of the 19th century. The sources used in this study are the works of 18 French travelers who have explored this region in that period. In this work the data collected by the French travelers, their impressions on the people and the region are evaluated. The thesis analyses Bulgaria under the last days of the Ottoman rule and assesses the outlook of Bulgaria regarding its demographic situation, the characteristics of its peoples, religous communities, and with the developments in agriculture, industry and trade through the French traveler's outlook.
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Murphy, Lynne M. "Muslim family life in the Middle East as depicted by Victorian women residents." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65957.
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Strickrodt, Silke. "Afro-European trade relations on the western slave coast, 16th to 19th centuries." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2616.
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This thesis deals with the Afro-European trade on the Western Slave Coast from about 1600 to the 1880s, mainly the slave trade but also the trade in ivory and agricultural produce. The Western Slave Coast comprises the coastal areas of modem Togo and parts of the coastal areas of Ghana and Benin. For much of the period under discussion, this region was dominated by two kingdoms, the kingdom of the Hula (or Pla), known to European traders as Great or Grand Popo, after its coastal port (in modern Benin), and the kingdom of the Ge (Gen/Guin/Genyi), known to European traders as Little Popo, after its main coastal port (in modern Togo). In the nineteenth century, two more ports of trade appeared in the region, Agoud (in modem Benin) and Porto Seguro (in modern Togo). In terms of the Afro-European trade, this was an intermediate area between regions of greater importance to slave traders, the Gold Coast to the west and the eastern Slave Coast (mainly the kingdom of Dahomey) to the east. This thesis gives a detailed reconstruction of the political and commercial developments in the region, especially for the period from the 1780s and the 1860s. The discussion is based mainly on archival material from British, French and African archives, but also makes use of a wide range of published accounts, mainly in English, French and German, and information from oral traditions. Beyond its immediate local interest, the thesis contributes to our understanding of the operation of the Afro-European trade and its impact on African middleman societies. The intermittent commercial success of 'the Popos' illustrates the dynamics of the trade especially clearly. The Western Slave Coast is placed into the wider transatlantic trade network and its role in the trade re-evaluated. The link between the local and overseas economy is illustrated by the centrality of the lagoon, which is discussed in detail. Other important issues that are addressed include the role of the canoemen in the trade, the transition from the slave trade to the palm oil trade and the Afro-Brazilian settlement at Agoue.
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Darch, John. "The influence of British Protestant missionaries on the development of the British Empire in Africa and the Pacific circa 1865 to circa 1885." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683148.
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Marshall, Richard Graham. "A social and cultural history of Grahamstown, 1812 to c1845." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002401.
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This thesis examines the development of Grahamstown from its inception in 1812 to the mid-1840s, paying particular attention to the social and cultural life of the town. It traces the economic development of the town from a military outpost to a thriving commercial settlement, noting the essential factor of the town's proximity to the Cape frontier in this process. The economic interaction between diverse groups in the town mirrors the social and cultural interaction which occurred between British settlers, Khoekhoe and Africans. The result of these interactions was the creation of a new, distinctively South African urban society and culture, despite the desire of the white settlers to reproduce a “typical” English environment in their new home. The conflict between attempts to anglicise the urban environment and the realities of Grahamstown's situation on a colonial frontier was reflected in the architecture and layout of the town. Attempts to recreate an English social environment also failed. New classes arose in the town in response to the economic opportunities available on the frontier. Although some settlers prospered, many did not, and the presence of an impoverished white working class undermines settler historians' picture of settler success and affluence. The poorest people in the town, though, were the increasing numbers of Khoekhoe and Africans who migrated from the surrounding countryside, and who were unequally incorporated into the urban community as a colonial labouring class. In response to these unique circumstances, white settlers in Grahamstown developed a powerful political and propaganda machine, which helped lay the foundations of a distinct settler identity in the eastern Cape.
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Botha, Deona. "An assessment of the health status of late 19th and early 20th century Khoesan." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/33153.
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Since the arrival of the Dutch colonists in the Cape, Khoesan populations were subjected to severe political and economical marginalization and often fell prey to racial conflict and genocide. These circumstances persisted until the early 20th century, during which an astonishing number of Khoesan skeletons were transported from South Africa to various locations in Europe, as at the time, different institutions competed to obtain these valuable remains. Due to the above mentioned circumstances, Southern African Khoesan groups suffered from nutritional stress, as well as substandard living conditions. Such living conditions probably did not allow for health care and medical benefits at the time. It will therefore be interesting to evaluate the health status of this group through palaeopathological assessment. Skeletal remains housed in two different European institutions were studied. The sample comprises of 140 specimens from the Rudolf Pöch Skeletal Collection in Vienna, Austria and 15 specimens from the Musée de l’Homme in Paris, France. These individuals represent both sexes and were aged between newborn and 75 years, with 54 individual being younger than 20 years of age and 101 being adults. The aim was to analyse all skeletal lesions. Results indicated high levels of typical disease conditions associated with groups under stress, such as periostitis, cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis. Treponemal disease, rickets, osteoarthritis and trauma were also encountered amongst other more specific indicators of health and disease. This study provided additional knowledge on the health status and lives of the Khoesan people during the turn of the 20th century, as well as focused new awareness on a group of severely mistreated individuals.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
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Anderson, Carol. "On the contrary : counter-narratives of British women travellers, 1832-1885." University of Western Australia. English and Cultural Studies Discipline Group, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0058.
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This study examines five counter-narratives written by British women between 1832 and 1885 who wrote in a non-conformist or negative manner about their travel experiences in foreign countries. In considering a small number of women travellers who took an alternative approach to narrating their experiences, a key objective of this study is to consider the reasons for the way in which the women writing counter-narratives positioned their writing. After considering how the quasi-scientific concept of domestic womanhood attempted to restrict Victorian women in general, and in particular influenced how women travellers were viewed, an exploration of counter-narratives questions whether the sustained interest in more positive travel accounts reflects a simplified contemporary, if not feminist, reading of Victorian women. An examination follows of the influence of discourse criticism, alternative interpretations of geographical space, and the presence of intertextuality in travel writing. The chapters are then arranged chronologically, with each counter-narrative being analysed as emanating from the range of discourses that were in conflict during the period. The writers form a varied group, travelling and living in five different countries, with a range of contradictory voices. Susannah Moodie and Emily Innes are outspoken in their criticism of British government policy for Canada and the Malay States respectively; Isabella Fane in India and Emmeline Lott in Egypt are disdainful of foreign practices which were otherwise considered fascinating on account of their exoticism; Frances Elliot differentiates her writing by opposing the ubiquitous influence of guidebooks for European travel. Thus each account records an aspect of political or cultural opposition to established discourses circulating at the time, as the women challenge the 'grand narratives' of foreign travel in different ways. Because such accounts may be challenged by literature of the period, the study positions the women in the context of their contemporaries, and thus each chapter examines the counter-narrative alongside another account by a female writer who travelled or lived in a similar area during the same era. Moreover, before examining the range of discursive complexities and tensions that emerge in each case study, the writers are positioned in their geographical locations and historical moments so that the texts are read against the cultural background to which the women were originally responding. The marginalisation of such counter-narratives has led to gaps in our understanding of travel writing from the period: where accounts once coexisted they are separated, and positive accounts are privileged over negative ones. It is this discontinuity of knowledge that the study will address in order to create a truer picture of the diversity of travel writing at the time.
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Paterson, Craig. "Prohibition & resistance: a socio-political exploration of the changing dynamics of the southern African cannabis trade, c. 1850 - the present." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002403.
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Looking primarily at the social and political trends in South Africa over the course of the last century and a half, this thesis explores how these trends have contributed to the establishment of the southern Africa cannabis complex. Through an examination of the influence which the colonial paradigm based on Social Darwinian thinking had on the understanding of the cannabis plant in southern Africa, it is argued that cannabis prohibition and apartheid laws rested on the same ideological foundation. This thesis goes on to argue that the dynamics of cannabis production and trade can be understood in terms of the interplay between the two themes of ‘prohibition’ and ‘resistance’. Prohibition is not only understood to refer to cannabis laws, but also to the proscription of inter-racial contact and segregation dictated by the apartheid regime. Resistance, then, refers to both resistance to apartheid and resistance to cannabis laws in this thesis. Including discussions on the hippie movement and development of the world trade, the anti-apartheid movement, the successful implementation of import substitution strategies in Europe and North America from the 1980’s, and South Africa’s incorporation into the global trade, this thesis illustrates how the apartheid system (and its collapse) influenced the region’s cannabis trade.
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Kayongo, Kabunda. "Reciprocity and interdependence : the rise and fall of the Kololo empire in Southern Africa in the 19th century /." Lund : Almqvist och Wiksell, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35518867j.
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Sorensen-Gilmour, Caroline. "Badagry 1784-1863 : the political and commercial history of a pre-colonial lagoonside community in south west Nigeria." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2641.
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By tracing the history of Badagry, from its reconstruction after 1784 until its annexation in 1863, it is possible to trace a number of themes which have implications for the history of the whole 'Slave Coast' and beyond. The enormous impact of the environment in shaping this community and indeed its relations with other communities, plays a vital part in any understanding of the Badagry story. As a place of refuge, Badagry's foundation and subsequent history was shaped by a series of immigrant groups and individuals from Africa and Europe. Its position as an Atlantic and lagoonside port enabled this community to emerge as an important commercial and political force in coastal affairs. However, its very attractions also made it a desirable prize for African and European groups. Badagry's internal situation was equally paradoxical. The fragmented, competitive nature of its population resulted in a weakness of political authority, but also a remarkable flexibility which enabled the town to function politically and commercially in the face of intense internal and external pressures. It was ultimately the erosion of this tenuous balance which caused Badagry to fall into civil war. Conversely, a study of Badagry is vital for any understanding of these influential groups and states. The town's role as host to political refugees such as Adele, an exiled King of Lagos, and commercial refugees, such as the Dutch trader Hendrik Hertogh, had enormous repercussions for the whole area. Badagry's role as an initial point of contact for both the Sierra Leone community and Christianity in Nigeria has, until now, been almost wholly neglected. Furthermore, the port's relations with its latterly more famous neighbours, Lagos, Porto-Novo, Oyo, Dahomey and Abeokuta, sheds further light on the nature of these powers, notably the interdependence of these communities both politically and economically. Badagry's long-standing relationship with Europe and ultimate annexation by Britain is also an area which has been submerged within the Lagos story. But it is evident that the, annexation of Badagry in 1863 was a separate development, which provides further evidence on the nature of nineteenth century British imperialism on the West Coast of Africa.
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Shields, Francine. "Palm oil & power : women in an era of economic and social transition in 19th century Yorubaland (south-western Nigeria)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1926.
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This study looks at the economic, political and social history of women in the Yoruba area of south-western Nigeria in the 19th century using contemporary sources which have remained previously largely untapped for historical studies of women. The century encompassed many key historical developments which affected women; in particular, the decline of the Atlantic slave trade and the growth of an export trade in locally produced palm oil and kernels. Whereas the slave trade had been dominated by men, the processing, transport and trade of palm produce was dominated by women. The extent, nature and effects of women's role in this and other industries such as pottery manufacture, dyeing and food vending, which also expanded and developed during this period, are examined. As demand for palm produce and other goods increased, the labour of both free-born and slave women became more valuable since it was vital for industry at all stages. The study looks at changing labour demands and sources and alterations in the established pattern of the sexual and generational division of labour. Important changes in gender relations are evident and the study illuminates how tensions between men and women and between women themselves were manifest and how both men and women expressed and dealt with these problems. Economic changes were accompanied by largely internal political developments which favoured a few wealthy women. overall, many men perceived and/or experienced that increasing female autonomy posed a threat to the established patriarchal order. The evidence represented in the thesis clearly shows how men attempted to subordinate women in general, tap into their income and limit their political involvement, mainly through the development of exploitative and restrictive aspects of male-dominated politico-religious cults, which were directed specifically at women.
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Beukes, Wynand J. "Dorpsondernaam : 'n kultuurhistoriese ondersoek na die dambouersgemeenskap wat aan die einde van die 19de eeu op Tafelberg ontstaan het." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6665.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Table Mountain is one of the world’s most well-known natural landmarks. For more than a half million years the mountain played a role in human cultural activities. The water flowing off Table Mountain resulted in the establishment of Cape Town in 1652. During the first 240 years of the city’s existence until 1891, everything possible was employed to make the most of the water cascading down the northern slopes of the mountain. In 1891, the city commenced with the utilising of the mountain’s water running southwards to waste. This course of action to maximise the supply of water from Table Mountain to the city, extended over a period of more than seven decades and included the construction of dams, tunnels and pipelines. Towards the end of the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century, two dams were built in the Disa Stream to the east of Kasteels Poort’s upper end. The construction work on the Woodhead Dam commenced in 1892 and continued until 1897. Building operations on the Hely-Hutchinson Dam started shortly after the completion of the Woodhead Dam and was concluded in 1904. The dam builders were settled as a community in the vicinity of the construction sites. The housing comprised permanent as well as temporary structures. The dwellings did not form a unit, but were scattered in the proximity of the construction terrains. The majority of the structures were demolished after the completion of the work. Only four dwellings still exist today. A feature of the accommodation was the separate housing for the white and black workers. The dam builders’ backgrounds were very diverse. Some of them were highly skilled artisans from Britain whereas the majority of the untrained labourers were black people from the Eastern Cape. Also included in the work force, were people from Cape Town and environs. The number of workers on the mountain varied to a high degree. The largest number at any stage totaled 470. Information on the mountain dwellers’ material culture, for example their clothing, foodstuffs and compensation, and spiritual life, for example religion, communication and leisure-time activities, is analysed in this study. Fragments of the dam builders’ cultural heritage is preserved in the Waterworks Museum next to the wall of the Hely-Hutchinson Dam. The exhibition of implements and equipment is disorganised and neglected. The transfer of the museum to another more efficient building in the area is vitally important in order that proper justice can be done to the dam builders who rendered an essential service to Cape Town in difficult circumstances.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tafelberg is een van die wêreld se bekendste natuurbakens. Die berg speel al langer as ‘n halfmiljoen jaar ‘n rol in menslike kultuurbedrywighede. Die water wat vanaf Tafelberg vloei, het in 1652 tot die ontstaan van Kaapstad gelei. In die eerste 240 jaar van die stad se bestaan tot 1891 is alles moontlik gedoen om die water wat aan die noordekant teen die berg afvloei, ten beste te benut. In 1891 is begin om ook die berg se water wat onbenut suidwaarts vloei vir die stad se gebruik aan te wend. Dié proses om Tafelberg se water maksimaal tot die beskikking van die stad te stel, het oor ‘n tydperk van meer as sewe dekades gestrek en het die konstruksie van damme, tonnels en pypleidings ingesluit. Twee damme is aan die einde van die negentiende eeu en die begin van die twintigste eeu in die Disastroom ten ooste van die bo-punt van Kasteelspoort gebou. Die bouwerk aan die Woodhead-dam het in 1892 begin en het tot 1897 geduur. Die konstruksie aan die Hely-Hutchinson-dam is net ná die voltooiing van die Woodhead-dam van stapel gestuur en is in 1904 voltooi. Die dambouers is as ‘n gemeenskap in die omgewing van die dambouterreine gevestig. Die akkommodasie het uit stewige en tydelike wonings bestaan. Die wonings het nie ‘n eenheid gevorm nie, maar is verspreid in die nabyheid van die konstruksiewerk opgerig. Die meeste van die geboue is na afhandeling van die bouwerk gesloop en net vier wonings bestaan vandag nog. ‘n Kenmerk van die akkommodasie was dat die blanke en swart werkers apart gehuisves is. Die dambouers se agtergrond was baie uiteenlopend. Sommige van hulle was hoogs geskoolde vakmanne van Brittanje, terwyl die meeste ongeskoolde arbeiders swart mense van die Oos-Kaap was. Die res van die werkspan het uit mense van Kaapstad en die omgewing bestaan. Die getal werkers op die berg het baie gewissel. Die grootste getal werkers wat op een tydstip betrokke was, het 470 beloop. Inligting oor die bergbewoners se materiële kultuur, byvoorbeeld hul kleredrag, lewensmiddele en vergoeding, en geestelike kultuur, onder meer godsdiens, kommunikasie en vryetydsbesteding, word in dié ondersoek ontleed. Fragmente van die dambouers se kulturele nalatenskap word in die Waterwerke Museum by die wal van die Hely-Hutchinson-dam bewaar. Dié uitstalling van implemente en toerusting is baie ongeorden en verwaarloos. Dit is noodsaaklik dat die museum na ‘n doeltreffender gebou in die omgewing skuif sodat behoorlik eer betoon kan word aan die mense wat in moeilike omstandighede ‘n onontbeerlike diens aan Kaapstad gelewer het.
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De, Wit Christoffel Hendrik. "Die Berlynse Sendinggenootskap in die Wes-Kaap, 1838-1961, met spesiale verwysing na die sosio-ekonomiese en politieke omstandighede van sy lidmate." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50598.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the history of the Berlin Missionary Society (BMS) that commenced their work in 1834 in South Africa. Due to financial reasons the ZuidAfrikaansche Zendinggenootskap (SASG), which coordinated missionary work in South Africa, requested the BMS to take over their activities at the missionary station Zoar in the Little Karoo. Their missionary work ofthe BMS rapidly extended to the neighbouring Amalienstein, then Ladismith, Anhalt-Schmidt (Haarlem), Riversdale, Herbertsdale, Mossel Bay, Laingsburg and Cape Town. Culturally and ethnologically, the field of work of the missionaries of the BMS in the northern provinces differed radically from that of their colleagues in the Western Cape. By 1838 the coloured communities of the Western Cape were already well acquainted with Western culture as well as with the Christian religion. This did not prevent the missionaries from applying a strict pietistic and patriarchal approach towards the coloured people they worked amongst. As the owners of the land on which these missionary stations were established, the missionaries laid down strict rules and regulations and were able to control the spiritual and material behaviour of the members of their congregations. Their approach had two important effects: The mlSSionanes, m emphasising the important role of education, opened doors to better living conditions for the various communities on a short term basis that eventually created socio-economic empowerment. On the other hand, it led to opposition from within these communities, which in later years would have a profound influence on the political mobilisation of the coloured population of the Western Cape. Financial problems and poverty became an integral part of the history of the BMS in the Western Cape- and for that matter, in South Africa. This was especially apparent during the first half of the twentieth century, when two world wars had a devastating effect on their work. The effects during this time on the BMS and the communities they served were two-fold: Due to financial constraints, the BMS increasingly handed over spiritual and educational work to local pastors and teachers. Secondly, the missionaries came to associate themselves with the rise of Afrikaner nationalism. Their low profile in opposing the developing policy of apartheid - and even tacit approval of it - not only led to a break with the committee in Berlin, but also to the estrangement of many of their church members. In 1961, the year in which a republican form of government was established in South Africa and the Berlin Wall was erected, the German Lutheran missionary societies amalgamated to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church of South Africa (ELCSA) and the traditional missionary work of the BMS came to an end. Compared with the missionary activities of the much larger Dutch Reformed Church in the Western Cape, the role of the BMS may seem less relevant. When the impact of the work of the missionaries and their dedicated coloured church members are considered, their contribution to education and human development, is far bigger than their numbers represent. This allows them a place in the history and development of the Western Cape with its cultural diversity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif handel oor die Berlynse Sendinggenootskap (BSG) wat in 1834 in Suid-Afrika begin werk het. Sendingwerk onder die gekleurde gemeenskappe van die Wes-Kaap het in 1838 toevallig begin toe die Zuid-Afrikaanse Zendinggenootskap (SASG) die BSG versoek het om weens finansiele redes die sendingbedrywighede by Zoar in die Klein Karoo oor te neem. Van hier af het die sendingaksie vinnig uitgebrei na die nabygelee Amalienstein en daama na Ladismith, Haarlem in die Langkloof, Riversdal, Herbertsdale, Mosselbaai, Laingsburg en Kaapstad. Kultureel en etnologies het die sendelinge in die Wes-Kaap se bedieningsveld radikaal verskil van die van hulle kollegas in die noordelike provinsies. Die gekleurde gemeenskappe van die Wes-Kaap was teen 1838 alreeds met die Westerse leefwyse en kultuur bekend en was ook reeds in kontak met die Christelike boodskap. Dit het die sendelinge in hierdie gebied - met hulle sterk pietistiese agtergrond - nie verhoed om 'n sterk en streng patriargale benadering ten opsigte van hulle gemeentelede te volg nie. Om woonverblyf op die sendingstasies te bekom moes lidmate van die BSG die reels en regulasies wat die sendelinge neergele het, streng navolg. Hierdeur kon die sendelinge beheer oor hulle gemeentelede se geestelike en materiele lewe uitoefen. Hierdie benadering het twee belangrike uitvloeisels onder die gekleurde gemeenskappe van die Wes-Kaap tot gevolg gehad. Eerstens het dit vir hierdie gemeenskappe opvoedkundige deure oopgemaak wat hulle lewenskwaliteite op korttermyn verbeter het en op 'n langer termyn hulle sosio-ekonomiese posisie verbeter het. Tweedens het dit egter ook tot weerstand gelei waarin die stem van hierdie gemeenskappe vir die eerste keer gehoor is en wat in later jare 'n beduidende invloed op die politieke toekoms van hierdie gemeenskappe sou he. Finansiele probleme en armoede het soos 'n goue draad deur die geskiedenis van die BSG in die Wes-Kaap geloop. Dit was veral die geval gedurende die eerste helfte van die twintigste eeu toe twee Wereldoorloe 'n verwoestende effek op die genootskap se werksaamhede gehad het. Dit het twee belangrike uitvloeisels tot gevolg gehad: Eerstens was die genootskap gedwing om geestelike en opvoedkundige werk al hoe meer aan gekleurde werkers oor te laat- wat op sigself 'n bemagtigingsproses tot gevolg gehad het. Tweedens het die sendelinge van die BSG hulle al hoe meer met opkomende Afrikaner nasionalisme - en dus die ontplooiing van apartheid - vereenselwig wat nie alleen 'n breuk met die komitee in Berlyn tot gevolg gehad het nie, maar ook met hulle gekleurde gemeentelede wat aan die ontvangkant van rassesegregasie en diskriminasie was. Teen die einde van 1961, wat saamgeval het met die oorgang na 'n republikeinse staatsvorm in Suid-Afrika en die oprigting van die Berlynse Muur, het die verskillende Duitse Lutherse sendinggenootskappe saamgesmelt om die Evangeliese Lutherse Kerk van Suid-Afrika (ELKSA) te vorm en het die tradisionele sendingwerk van die BSG in Suid-Afrika tot 'n einde gekom. Gemeet aan die omvang van die werksaamhede van 'n kerkgenootskap soos die NG Kerk in die Wes-Kaap, veral tydens die twintigste eeu, mag die rol van die BSG gering voorkom. Op die langtermyn gesien is die invloed van die Berlynse sendelinge (en hul nageslag wat hulle permanent in Suid-Afrika gevestig het), asook die bruin lidmate van die BSG, in hierdie streek buite verhouding groot; veral ten opsigte van onderwys en opvoeding. Hiermee verdien die Berlynse Sendinggenootskap 'n staanplek in die ryk skakering van die W es-Kaapse geskiedenis.
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Von, Herff Michael. ""They walk through the fire like the blondest German" : African soldiers serving the Kaiser in German East Africa (1888-1914)." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60565.
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The maintenance of German colonial rule in East Africa depended on a strong military presence. The Kaiserliche Schutztruppe fur Deutsch Ostafrika was established to meet this need, but financial and political constraints dictated that this force be manned by an African rank and file. Initially, most of the African recruits came from outside of the colony, but, as time passed, the Germans began recruiting from a few specific ethnic groups in the colony.The relationship between the African soldiers and their German employers yielded military successes for the new colonial government and, by extension, an enhanced status for the soldiers themselves. Over time, the Africans within the Schutztruppe distanced themselves from other Africans in the colony and began to develop separate communities at the government stations, which in turn fostered the growth of an askari group identity. The interests of these communities became inextricably linked to the German presence in the region. The development of this relationship helps to explain the askaris' support of the German campaign against the British during the First World War.
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Kassi, Kassi Affo [Verfasser]. "From German Colonialism in the 19th Century to Two Germanies Africa Policies in ACP Context and Beyond / Affo Kassi Kassi." München : GRIN Verlag, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234236761/34.
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Malherbe, Johanna Francina. "Die rol van neentiende-eeuse fotografie in eietydse bewaring : William Roe en Graaff-Reinet." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95870.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study aims to understand the role that 19th century photography can play in the reconstruction of an era and in the conservation of cultural heritage in the 21st century. The photo collection of William Roe, a photographer from Graaff-Reinet, is used as an example. The origin and development of Graaff-Reinet is used as background information and major events such as the Great Trek, the arrival of the railway, the Anglo-Boer War, the First World War and the Great Flu are touched upon. Aspects such as education, churches, the library and the hospital in Graaff-Reinet complement the study. An overview of the development of photography covers several early photo-making processes. These include the daguerreotype process, Talbot's paper negative process, collotype and the popular carte de visite photographs. Photography specifically in South Africa is also conferred, with particular reference to the first photographers working in the country. Reference is made to the important influences major events like the discovery of diamonds and gold as well as the Anglo-Boer War had on photography. The discussion of William Roe as human being and his legacy as a photographer forms an integral part of the study. The Victorian period is discussed since this was the period in which Roe worked and lived. It had a formative influence on his workmanship. An overview of the Victorian period in England is followed by specific focus on South Africa during this time. The rush to the diamond fields, issues with language and the trends of the times are pointed out. Many of these trends are specifically indicated and discussed as they appear in Roe’s photos. The photos have been categorized to clarify analysis of the different cultural phenomena. The architecture and historical background of Graaff-Reinet’s churches and public buildings are discussed. Streetscapes and images of the town as a whole show the development and daily activities that took place. Photos of clothing represent a reconstruction of the fashions of the concurrent Victorian era and those of public events such as sporting events, celebrations, plays and a gathering during the Anglo-Boer War, display the social life of the community. The role of human memory in the writing of cultural history is compared with the “memory” role of photographs. At the same time the ability of photographs to reflect not only physical culture, but also abstract concepts, receives attention. The use of these abilities of photography in the preservation of culture is a challenge for conservationists of the 21th century.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het ten doel om die rol wat 19de-eeuse fotografie kan vervul in die rekonstruksie van ’n era en in die bewaring van kultuurgoedere vir die 21ste eeu, aan te spreek. Die fotoversameling van William Roe van Graaff-Reinet word as voorbeeld gebruik. Die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van Graaff-Reinet word as agtergrond behandel en belangrike gebeurtenisse soos onder meer Die Groot Trek, die koms van die spoorlyn, die Anglo- Boereoorlog, die Eerste Wêreldoorlog en die Groot Griep word uitgewys. Aspekte soos opvoeding, kerke, die biblioteek en hospitaal is aanvullend bestudeer om ’n volledige beeld van Graaff-Reinet daar te stel. ’n Oorsig oor die ontwikkeling van fotografie dek verskeie vroeë fotoprosesse soos die daguerreoproses, Talbot se papiernegatief, die calotipe-fotoproses en die gewilde carte-devisite- foto's. Fotografie in Suid-Afrika word bespreek met spesifieke verwysing na die eerste fotograwe wat in die land werksaam was. Daar word verwys na die invloed wat belangrike gebeurtenisse soos die ontdekking van diamante en goud, asook die Anglo-Boereoorlog, op fotografie in Suid-Afrika gehad het. Die ondersoek na William Roe as mens sowel as sy nalatenskap as fotograaf vorm ’n belangrike onderdeel van die studie. Die Victoriaanse era word bespreek aangesien dit die tydperk was waarin Roe geleef en gewerk het, en dus ’n vormende invloed op sy werk gehad het. ’n Oorsig oor die Victoriaanse era in Engeland word gevolg deur ’n beskouing van dié era in Suid-Afrika. Die stormloop na die diamantvelde, taalkwessies en heersende modeneigings word uitgewys. Baie van die modeneigings word tydens die ontleding van die kultuurverskynsels op die Roe-foto’s opgemerk en bespreek. Die foto’s vir die ontleding van kultuurverskynsels is in kategorieë ingedeel. Die argitektuur en historiese agtergrond van kerke en openbare geboue word bespreek. Straat- en dorpsbeelde dui die ontwikkeling van en bedrywighede op die dorp aan. Kleredragfoto’s bied ’n rekonstruksie van die modes van die Victoriaanse era terwyl die foto’s van openbare geleenthede soos sportbyeenkomste, feesvieringe, toneelopvoerings asook ’n samekoms tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog die sosiale lewe van die inwoners van die dorp aandui. Die rol van die menslike geheue in kultuurgeskiedskrywing word vergelyk met die rol van foto’s as “geheue”. Terselfdertyd word die vermoë van foto’s om nie net fisiese kultuur te weerspieël nie, maar ook abstrakte konsepte te verteenwoordig, behandel. Die aanwending van hierdie eienskappe van fotografie in kultuurbewaring is ’n uitdaging vir bewaringskundiges van die 21ste eeu.
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Vumi, Diambu Georges. "Histoire des missions protestantes: la Baptist Missionary Society en Afrique; la période héroïque ou pionnière." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211853.
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Weil, Talana. "Die inskakeling van die Jode by die Afrikaanssprekende gemeenskap op die platteland van 1880 tot 1950." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51707.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: After 1880 more and more Jews (mostly of East European descent) moved into the rural areas of South Africa. Initially they travelled across the country as hawkers but later settled permanently in many of the smaller towns. In most cases they opened shops or started businesses of another kind. Due to the nature of their work the Jews mostly came into contact with the Afrikaans speaking community. Although these two groups differed considerably in many ways, especially as regards language and religion, the Jews adapted and integrated fairly quickly. They became involved with the Afrikaans speaking community in various ways and made a substantial contribution. Although their involvement in and contribution to the economy can be considered as the most important, they also played a considerable role in other areas such as politics, education, language, sport and recreation. The presence of the Jews in rural South Africa was important not only because of their integration with the Afrikaans speaking community and the contribution they made as a group, but also because of the extent to which the two groups influenced each other. Both groups were culturally enriched and the South African country town developed a unique character due to the presence or the Jews and their involvement in the life and activities of the townspeople. Although the Jews were influenced by the Afrikaans speaking community and thus acquired new cultural assets, they still to a large extent retained their Jewish identity. On the whole there was a very good relationship between the Afrikaans speaking rural population and the Jews. After 1950 an increasingly large number of Jews moved to the cities. The depopulation of the rural areas, as regards to Jews, took place to such an extent that today only a few Jewish families remain in rural areas.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na 1880 is Jode (hoofsaaklik van Oos-Europese afkoms) toenemend op die Suid- Afrikaanse platteland aangetref. Aanvanklik het hulle as smouse die landelike gebiede deurkruis. Later het hulle hulle egter permanent op die plattelandse dorpe gevestig - in die meeste gevalle het hulle 'n winkel of ander soort besigheid begin. Die Jode het uit die aard van hulle werk oorwegend met die Afrikaanssprekende gemeenskap in aanraking gekom. Alhoewel daar definitiewe verskille tussen dié twee groepe was, veral ten opsigte van godsdiens en taal, het die Jode redelik gou aangepas en ingeskakel. Hulle het op verskillende terreine by die Afrikaanssprekende gemeenskap betrokke geraak en 'n substansiële bydrae gelewer. Hoewel hulle betrokkenheid en bydrae tot die ekonomiese terrein as die belangrikste beskou kan word, het hulle ook op baie ander gebiede soos byvoorbeeld politiek, opvoeding, taal, sport en ontspanning belangrike bydraes gelewer. Die Jode se teenwoordigheid op die Suid-Afrikaanse platteland was nie slegs belangrik as gevolg van hulle inskakeling by die Afrikaanssprekende gemeenskap of die bydrae wat hulle as groep gelewer het nie, maar ook as gevolg van die mate waarin albei groepe mekaar beïnvloed het. Die Jode se aanwesigheid en hulle betrokkenheid by die dorp se bedrywighede en mense het meegebring dat albei groepe kultureel verryk is en dat die Suid-Afrikaanse platteland 'n unieke karakter verkry het. Hoewel die Jode deur die Afrikaanssprekende gemeenskap beïnvloed is en hulle as groep nuwe kultuurgoedere bygekry het, het hulle steeds in 'n groot mate hulle Joodse identiteit behou. Daar was oor die algemeen 'n baie goeie verhouding tussen die Afrikaanssprekende plattelanders en die Jode. Na ongeveer 1950 het daar geleidelik 'n toenemende getal Jode na die stede verhuis. Die ontvolking van die platteland met betrekking tot die Jode het in so 'n mate plaasgevind dat daar vandag slegs enkele Joodse gesinne op die meeste plattelandse dorpe oor is.
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Manson, Andrew. "The Hurutshe in the Marico district of the Transvaal, 1848-1914." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22400.
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Bibliography: pages 284-297.The Hurutshe are a Tswana-speaking chiefdom who lived in the vicinity of the Marico (Madikwe) river on the South African Highveld and emerged as an identifiable community with a distinct political structure about 350 years ago. They enjoyed periods of political and economic dominance in the mid-to late seventeenth century and again in the late eighteenth century. Following the economic and political disruptions attendant upon European commercial activities and the growth of more centralised and powerful African states in South Africa, they were propelled from their homeland in 1822-23. They returned only in 1848 to face the difficulties of Trekker overlordship. After a decade of political and economic pressures the general patterns of precolonial life were restored in their new reserve. A re-integrated Hurutshe social order provided the basis for agricultural innovation and expansion. The encroaching colonial order and the merchant and industrial economy inexorably drew them in to closer relations with these systems, and into direct involvement in the contest between Boer and Britain for control of the South African hinterland. Consequently the nature of reserve life changed as men, women and chiefs extended or took up new occupations and activities which cut across or restructured previous social, political and economic relationships. After the South African War new challenges and opportunities presented themselves as a consequence of the qualitatively different nature of British colonial rule and the increased economic scope afforded to rural African producers. Thus a combination of factors - a favourable environment, a cohesive society and the lack of competitive white agriculture - provided the basis for economic stability and even accumulation among certain categories of Hurutshe producers until well into the twentieth century. Hurutshe society was not untouched however, for subsequent events near the middle of the century were to reveal the depth of social distinctions and antagonisms that undoubtedly had their roots in the earlier years of their history.
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Steyn, Pieter Andrew. "The relationship between the concept 'art' and its institutionalisation during the period 1850-1871 in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005626.
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This research evolved as part of a personal struggle to understand my role as 'art' student. As such the essay is concerned with both the theory and practice of 'art', and the relationship between the two. It is, however, my experience of the lack of an analysis of the concept 'art' as a social and historical phenomenon, and the suppression of the politics of culture in most fine art courses, that has led me to concentrate on theoretical and political issues, rather than the formal aspects of painting. This essay is therefore not concerned with individual 'works of art', but with the general category 'art' as an organisational form. Despite its limitations, the essay goes beyond the personal by exploring some of the social, political, economic and cultural processes that form the broader social context in which the examination of 'art' should take place.
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Wotshela, L. E. "Transformation in late colonial Ngqika society : a political, economic and social history of African communities in the district of Stutterheim (Eastern Cape), c.1870-1910." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002427.
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This study analyses the methods and policies of the colonial government which shaped Stutterheim's African communities between c.1870 and 1910. In 1870 the Stutterheim magisterial district had not yet been officially established. However, creation of the British Kaffrarian administration (1847-1865) had already ensured the entrenchment of colonial rule over the humiliated Xhosa chiefdoms west of the Kei. This work studies transformations in late colonial Ngqika society and the development of Stutterheim as a magisterial district. It analyses the entrenchment of colonial bureaucracy and changes in indigenous social, economic and political structures. In the period c.1860-1877, direct administration of the Ngqika was first attempted. While recovering from the 1856-57 cattle killing, the Ngqika were brought under colonial administration by the annexation of British Kaffraria to the Cape Colony in 1865. The thesis also examines the process and implications of the breakup and resettlement of the Ngqika location after the 1877-1878 war and the mechanisms and complications in forming a new postwar settlement. The focus then narrows to Stutterheim magisterial district (finalised in 1880), where, after the removal of the main Ngqika population to the Transkei formal structures of quitrent settlement were established around mission stations. A new form of social behaviour underpinned by principles of individualism evolved under missionary influence. Urged on by legislation that sought to intensify implementation of individual tenure, this social behaviour predominated under the new administration. Attention is also given to the allocation of farm land in the district. On part of what had once been communally owned land, an immigrant farming community originally intended strictly for whites emerged. Numerous Africans later managed to hold property in this area. An urban area with a mixed African and white population resulted where allotments initially allocated to the German Legion were later auctioned. On crown lands, leasing and purchasing was initiated. By the early twentieth century, settlement patterns were in chaos: on the mission settlements, quitrenters disobeyed settlement regulations, farms were overpopulated by tenants and interracial urban settlements faced imminent segregationist policies. By 1910 local administration was in difficulties and the Africans were becoming politically mobilised against local and colonial policies.
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Cosser, Marijke. "Images of a changing frontier worldview in Eastern Cape art from Bushman rock art to 1875." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002196.
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A discussion of the concept of worldview shows that how an artist conceives the world in his images is governed by his worldview - an amalgam of the worldview of the group of which he is a part modified by his own ideas, beliefs, attitudes, perceptions and upbringing. The author proposes that studying an artist's work can reveal his, and hence his group's, worldview and thus the attitudes prevalent when the work was produced. A brief historical sketch of the Eastern Cape to 1834 introduces the various settlers in the area. Though no known examples of Black, Boer or Khoi pictorial art are extant, both the Bushmen and the British left such records. A short analysis of rock art shows how the worldview of the Bushman is inherent in their images which reflect man's world as seen with the "inner" eye of the spirit. In white settler art, the author submits that spatial relationships changed in response to a growing confidence as the "savage" land was "civilised" and that the position, pose and size of figures - and the inclusion or exclusion of certain groups - reflect socio-political changes. The two foremost nineteenth-century Eastern Cape artists, Thomas Baines and Frederick I'Ons, succeeded in capturing the atmosphere of Frontier life but are shown to interpret their surroundings through the rose-tinted spectacles of British Romanticism. They also reveal individuality in approach - Baines preferring expansive views while I'Ons's landscapes tend to be "closed-in", strictly following the coulisse scheme of Picturesque painting. Perhaps, the author postulates, such differences result from the very different environments, i.e. Norfolk and London, in which the two grew up. I'Ons is shown typically to use generalised landscapes as backdrops for his foreground figures, while comparing Baines's scenes with modern photographs shows that he adjusted the spacial elements of the topography as well as the temporal sequence of events to suit aesthetic considerations. Lithographed reports of his work contain even further adjustments. The author concludes that the use of Africana art as historical records must be treated with great caution.
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Howes, Sigi. "Tot Nut van het Algemeen' School, Cape Town 1804-1870 : case study of a Cape school's response to political and philosophical changes in the 19th century." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53775.
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Thesis (MEd)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The name of the School 'Tot Nut van het Algemeen' appears often in the literature on early Cape education. It is described as an institution of excellence that boasts many famous pupils such as President Jan Brand, Ds JH Neethling and 'Onze Jan' Hendrik Hofmeyr. In this study I explore how the School managed to adapt to political, social and philosophical changes to survive for 70 years. I do this through telling the narrative of its existence and functioning, and investigate the vexing question as to why it was forced to close in 1870. The research document consists of 9 chapters. The introductory chapter provides the orientation for the study. It is followed by a chapter dealing with the factors that led to the establishment of the School, taking into account events both overseas and at the Cape. Chapter 3 focuses on the British occupation of the Cape, with special emphasis on the Anglicisation of schools and the reaction of the colonists to this change of circumstance. Chapter 4 describes the School's activities from 1832, covering among other aspects, its reopening, curriculum and funding. The School's link with the South African College is also explored. In Chapter 5, I discuss the education policies that shaped the School, as well as the ideals of liberalism and democracy in as far as the School practiced them. Chapter 6 deals with the closing of the School, and I offer various reasons for this. In chapter 7, I present cameos of some of the influential teachers, while the School's legacy to Cape society is examined in Chapter 8. The study concludes with a reflection that draws these facts into an integrated view and highlights pertinent insights into the 'Tot Nut' as a worthy institution in the light of the findings revealed in this research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die naam van die skool 'Tot Nut van het Algemeen' verskyn dikwels in die literatuur oor vroeë onderwys aan die Kaap. Dit word as 'n puik instansie beskryf, met menige bekende oudleerlinge soos President Jan Brand, Ds JH Neethling en 'Onze Jan' Hendrik Hofmeyr. In hierdie studie ondersoek ek hoe die Skool by verskeie politiese, sosiale en filosofiese veranderinge aangepas het om sodoende 70 jaar te kon oorleef. Dit doen ek deur die Skool se bestaan en funksionering te beskryf, en ek spreek die frustrerende kwessie aan waarom dit in 1870 gedwing is om te sluit. Die navorsingsverslag bestaan uit 9 hoofstukke. Die inleiding behels die oriëntasie ten opsigte van die studie. Dit word gevolg deur 'n hoofstuk wat handeloor die faktore wat tot die ontstaan van die Skool gelei het, waar daar na gebeure oorsee sowel as aan die Kaap, gekyk word. Hoofstuk 3 fokus op die Britse besetting, veralop die Anglisasie van die skole en die , koloniste se reaksie daarop. Hoofstuk 4 beskryf die Skool se aktiwiteite vanaf 1832, onder andere sy heropening, die kurrikulum en bevondsing. Die Skool se verwantskap met die Suid- Afrikaanse Kollege word ook bespreek. In Hoofstuk 5 ondersoek ek die opvoedingsbeleid wat die Skool beïnvloed het, asook die ideale van liberalisme en demokrasie in so ver die Skool dit beoefen het. Hoofstuk 6 handeloor die sluiting van die Skool en ek bied verskeie redes daarvoor aan. In Hoofstuk 7 bestaan uit sketse van die vernaamste onderwyspersoneel, terwyl die Skool se bydrae tot die Kaapse samelewing in Hoofstuk 8 voorgelê word. Die studie word afgerond met 'n terugblik wat hierdie feite in 'n integreerde perspektief oor die 'Tot Nut' bymekaar bring en, in die lig van die bevindings wat in hierdie navorsing blootgelê is, kan dit as 'n waardige instansie beskou word.
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Peckmann, Tanya Rochelle. "Dialogues with the dead : an osteological analysis of the palaeodemography and life history of the 18th and 19th century northern frontier in South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3192.
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Bibliography: leaves 170-187.Osteological, dental, and molecular analyses were conducted on remains from seven historical archaeological sites within South Africa. The emphasis was on the collection of lifestyle data for the purpose of adding to the unwritten history of indigenous South African peoples and to give voice to a once forgotten group of peoples. The demographic distribution reveals three different community dynamics: the Griqua sample are a pastoralist group incorporating some agricultural activities, the Colesberg individuals are an indigenous group resembling a migrant workers population living on the margins of society, and the Wolmaransstad demographics are suggestive of a Zabantu labouring community. All individuals are relatively healthy with low rates of dental disease and trauma and share similar growth patterns to living populations. However all of these individuals display high frequencies of porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia, skeletal manifestations of iron deficiency anaemia. Many theories about the occurrence of anaemia are discussed and the hypothesis that, in these individuals, it is related to infection by the smallpox virus is investigated through the analysis of ancient DNA.
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Blake, Tamlin. "South African botanical art : a study of nineteenth- and twentieth-century imagery." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52458.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Botanical art consists of a complex combination of scientific fact and aesthetic awareness, and is concerned with more than the realistic representation of a plant and its flowers. It goes beyond the visual description of scientific information and speaks about the contributions artists have made through history to the conventions of both art and science. It contains a unique visual language, conventions which we read intelligently and an evolved tradition, and it is this language and the development of these conventions within the genre of South African botanical art, which this thesis investigates. In South Africa botanical art developed as a direct result of European interest in the flora and the colonisation of this country by the West. A brief history of responses to South African plants is discussed in the Introduction in order to begin to establish an understanding of this tradition and to contextualise the contributions made by 19th-and 20th -century South African botanical artists. Now that postmodernity has called for the reassessment and questioning of 'given truths', alternative ways of assessing botanical art are slowly evolving. Through study and the comparison of botanical art and artists of South Africa their evaluation as artists is reconsidered. This issue of defining art and artists is the subject of Chapter One of this study. Some of the factors that have a bearing on this include: relationships between text and image; art and science; art and illustration; and how society's expectations of gender roles affect the production of botanical art. In order to establish a context from which to discuss plant imagery in South Africa, it is important to study the history and development of botanical art in this country. Chapter Two discusses the emergence and development of this art form and its artists, starting with a short description of people and events from the 1600s and then takes a comprehensive look at developments in the 19th and 20m centuries. For the artists working within the genre of botanical art, the conventions and inventions are often explicitly formulated. It is an art based on the logic, scrutiny and informative tradition of science, where the main objective is to represent a plant's structural essence. Fundamental to our response to botanical art, however, is the style and technique employed by the artist. Chapter Three is devoted to a detailed discussion of the work of selected contemporary South African botanical art and artists. By comparing their work it is possible to establish trends and developments in representation and the role played by mediums and techniques in this highly skilled art form. Since this research has both a theoretical and a practical component, Chapter Four is devoted to discussion of my own work within the botanical art genre. I describe and illustrate several related series of paintings and explore established conventions and ways of developing my own stylistic identity as a botanical artist.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Botaniese kuns bestaan uit 'n komplekse kombinasie van wetenskaplike feite en estetiese bewustheid, en is gemoeid met baie meer as net die realistiese voorstelling van 'n plant en sy blomme. Dit gaan verder as net die blote visuele uitbeelding van wetenskaplike informasie, en behels die bydraes wat kunstenaars deur die geskiedenis tot die konvensies van beide kuns en die wetenskap gemaak het. Botaniese kuns besit 'n unieke visuele taal, konvensies wat intelligent gelees word, en 'n ontwikkelde tradisie. Hierdie tesis ondersoek juis hierdie spesiale taal en ontwikkeling van konvensies binne die genre van Suid-Afrikaanse botaniese kuns. Botaniese kuns in Suid-Afrika het ontwikkel as In direkte gevolg van Europese belangstelling in die flora, en Westerse kolonialisasie van hierdie land. In die Inleidingword daar kortliks gekyk na die geskiedenis van die hantering van Suid-Afrikaanse plante, en het ten doelom eerstens 'n begrip van hierdie tradisie daar te stel, en tweedens om die bydraes van 19de en 20ste eeuse Suid-Afrikaanse botaniese kunstenaars te kontekstualiseer. Sedert Postmodernisme die herevaluering en bevraagtekening van gegewewe waarhede aangewakker het, is die ontwikkeling van alternatiewe maniere van kyk na botaniese kuns stadig besig om plaas te vind. Deur die bestudering en vergelyking van botaniese kuns en kunstenaars van Suid-Afrika, word die botaniese kunstenaar se status as kunstenaar uitgelig. Hierdie kwessie oor die defmieëring van kuns en kunstenaars is die onderwerp van Hoofstuk 1 van hierdie werkstuk. 'n Paar van die faktore wat In invloed op laasgenoemde het, sluit in: verhoudinge tussen beeld en teks; kuns en wetenskap; kuns en illustrasie; en hoe kwessies van geslag soos waargeneem deur die samelewing die produsering van botaniese kuns beïnvloed. Dit is belangrik om die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van botaniese kuns in Suid-Afrika te bestudeer, sodat daar 'n konteks geskep kan word waarbinne die afbeelding van plante in hierdie land bespreek kan word. Hoofstuk 2 behandel die totstandkoming en ontwikkeling van hierdie kunsvorm en sy kunstenaars, en begin met 'n kort beskrywing van mense en gebeurtenisse van die 1600s wat gevolg word deur 'n uitgebreide kyk na ontwikkelinge gedurende die 19de en 20ste eeue. Vir die kunstenaars wat werk binne die genre van botaniese kuns, is die konvensies en bevindings van die medium dikwels breedvoerig geformuleer. Dit is 'n kunsvorm gebasseer op die logiese, navorsbare en insiggewende tradisie van die wetenskap, waar die hoofdoel die voorstelling van 'n plant se strukturele essensie is. Fundementeel in die benadering tot botaniese kuns is die styl en tegniek wat deur die kunstenaar gebruik word. Hoofstuk 3 word gewy aan 'n gedetailleerde bespreking van die werk van geselekteerde kontemporêre Suid-Afrikaanse bot~iese kuns en kunstenaars. Deur hul werk te vergelyk is dit moontlik om tendense en ontwikkelings in die voorstelling en aanbieding van botaniese kuns te bepaal, en wat die rol van verskillende mediums en tegnieke in hierdie hoogs geskoolde kunsvorm behels. Weens die feit dat hierdie navorsing uit 'n teoretiese en praktiese komponent bestaan, word Hoofstuk 4 gewy aan 'n bespreking van my praktiese werk binne die genre van botaniese kuns. Ek beskryf en illustreer verskeie verwante reekse werke en kyk na bestaande konvensies en die maniere hoe my eie stilistiese identiteit as botaniese kunstenaar kan ontwikkel binne die medium.
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Brown, Carol. ""Museum spaces in post-apartheid South Africa": the Durban Art Gallery as a case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006231.
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This dissertation examines the history of the Durban Art Gallery from its founding in 1892 until 2004, a decade after the First Democratic Election. While the emphasis is on significant changes that were introduced in the post-1994 period, the earlier section of the study locates these initiatives within a broad historical framework. The collecting policies of the museum as well as its exhibitions and programmes are considered in the light of the institution 's changing social and political context as well as shifting imperatives within a local, regional and national art world. The Durban Art Gallery was established in order to promote a European, and particularly British, culture, and the acquisition and appreciation of art was considered an important element in the formation of a stable society. By providing a broad overview of the early years of the gallery, I identify reasons for the choice of acquisitions and explore the impact and reception of a selection of exhibitions. I investigate changes during the 1960s and 1970s through an examination of the Art South Africa Today exhibitions: in addition to opening up institutional spaces to a racially mixed community, these exhibitions marked the beginning of an imperative to show protest art. I argue that, during the political climate of the 1980s, there was a tension in the cultural arena between, on the one hand, a motivation to retain a Western ideal of 'high art' and, on the other, a drive to accommodate the new forms of people's art and to challenge the values and ideological standpoints that had been instrumental in shaping collecting and exhibiting policies in the South African art arena. I explore this tension through a discussion of the Cape Town Triennial exhibitions, organised jointly by all the official museums, which ran alongside more inclusive and independently curated exhibitions, such as Tributaries, which were shown mainly outside the country. The post-1994 period marked an opening up of spaces, both literally and conceptually. This openness was manifest in the revised strategies that were introduced to show the Durban Art Gallery 's permanent collection as well as in two key public projects that were started - Red Eye @rt and the AIDS 2000 ribbon. Through an examination of these strategies and initiatives, I argue that the central role of the Durban Art Gallery has shifted from being a repository to providing an interactive public space.
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Ghedini, Giacomo. "I "moretti" : schiavitù e missioni tra Africa ed Europa (1824-1947)." Thesis, Université Paris Cité, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UNIP7130.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est de reconstituer l'histoire du phénomène des moretti, filles et garçons d'origine subsaharienne, rachetés de l'esclavage par des missionnaires catholiques principalement au XIXe siècle et éduqués en Europe, souvent avec le but de les renvoyer après en Afrique comme missionnaires. Dans la première partie de ce travail, j'esquisse le contexte historique, notamment en référence aux macro-thèmes de l'esclavage et des missions. L'analyse des principales phases de développement du phénomène vient ensuite, à partir de sa dimension institutionnelle. J'ai choisi de commencer cette étude avec l'histoire de la missionnaire Anne-Marie Javouhey, qui amena en 1824 quelques enfants sénégalais en France. Le phénomène est en déclin à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle mais j'ai choisi comme date finale, celle de 1947, année de la mort de Joséphine Bakhita, une esclave soudanaise devenue religieuse et canonisée après sa mort. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, je présente quelques trajectoires biographiques de moretti, afin d'illustrer par l'exemple les nombreux cas de vies et d'événements qui donnent corps à un phénomène unitaire mais diversifié. Une étude iconographique en Annexe achève la thèse. Cette recherche veut mettre en lumière une histoire restée jusqu'à'présent presque cachée : le travail ne se focalise pas seulement sur les trajectoires des missionnaires européens, mais surtout sur celles des moretti. La recherche s'inscrit donc dans le courant des 'études qui repensent l'histoire des missions dans une perspective' qui n'est plus euro-centrique. Les moretti, en effet, ne furent pas uniquement des victimes d'un système qui les relégait à être des acteurs de second plan, mais ils furent des individus qui contribuèrent à façonner la mission. Cette histoire, souvent douloureuse, des enfants africains éduqués en Europe au XIXe, est restée longtemps méconnue ; elle est l'une des premières pages de l'histoire du christianisme africainThe aim of this doctoral thesis is to reconstruct the historical phenomenon of the "moretti". They were generally girls and boys of sub-Saharan origin rescued from slavery by Catholic missionaries during the Nineteenth century. Once in Europe, they were often educated to become missionaries, to be later sent back to Africa to continue the christianization of the continent. In the first part of my work, I will attempt to outline the historical context, highlighting the references to the macro-themes of slavery and missions. Hence, I will also analyse the main stages of its development from its institutional dimension. I have decided to date the beginning of the phenomenon in 1824 when missionary Anne-Marie Javouhey brought some Senegalese children to France. Although it had already been in decline for several decades, I have chosen to consider 1947 as an ending point: this is when Josephine Bakhita, a Sudanese slave girl turned nun and canonised after death, died. In the third and final part of the thesis I will present some biographical portraits of "moretti", in order to illustrate the wide case history of lives and events that make up to such a unitary but diversified phenomenon. An elaborate iconographic appendix closes the work. This research aims to bring to light a history that has so far been almost neglected, focusing not only on the trajectories of European missionaries, but especially on those of the "moretti". By doing so, it will fit into that field of studies that tries to rethink the history of missions abandoning a strictly Eurocentric approach. This research also wants to emphasize that "moretti" were not simply victims of a system which only classified them as second-rate roles, but rather individuals with their own agency, who directly contributed to shaping the mission itself
L'obiettivo di questa tesi dottorale è ricostruire il fenomeno storico dei "moretti", bambine e bambini d'origine subsahariana riscattati dalla schiavitù da missionari cattolici principalmente nel diciannovesimo secolo ed educati in Europa, spesso con lo scopo di rimandarli in Africa come missionari a loro volta. La prima parte cercherà di tratteggiare il contesto storico, in particolare in riferimento ai macrotemi della schiavitù e delle missioni. Seguirà l'analisi delle principali fasi di sviluppo del fenomeno, a partire anche dalla sua dimensione istituzionale. Si è optato per datarne l'inizio nel 1824, con l'azione della missionaria Anne-Marie Javouhey, che portò alcuni bambini senegalesi in Francia; la data scelta per la fine, invece, benché esso fosse in declino già da tempo, è il 1947, anno di morte di Giuseppina Bakhita, una bambina schiava sudanese divenuta suora e la più nota tra le "morette". Nella terza ed ultima parte della tesi si presenteranno alcuni ritratti biografici di "moretti", al fine di illustrare esemplarmente l'ampia casistica di vite e vicende che danno corpo a un fenomeno unitario ma diversificato. Chiude l'elaborato un'appendice iconografica. La ricerca vuole riportare alla luce una storia rimasta finora pressoché sommersa, focalizzando non solo le traiettorie dei missionari europei, ma specialmente quelle dei "moretti" e, così facendo, inserirsi nella corrente di studi volta a ripensare la storia delle missioni in chiave non più esclusivamente eurocentrica. I "moretti", infatti, non furono solo vittime di una serie di processi volti a relegarli ad un ruolo di secondo piano, ma individui dotati di una loro agency, che contribuirono a plasmare la missione stessa
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Anderson, Mark Steven. "The historical archaeology of Marothodi : towards an understanding of space, identity and the organisation of production at an early 19th century Tlokwa capital in the Pilansberg region of South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8924.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 333-355).This thesis advocates the application of an interdisciplinary approach to the historical archaeology of Tswana towns of the late Moloko period in South Africa, and asserts the importance of examining such sites on a case by case basis against the defined backdrop of their unique historical, political and biophysical contexts. The early 19th century Tlokwa capital of Marothodi, in the Pilanesberg region of South Africa, forms the focus of a study through which the value of this approach is demonstrated. The historical, political and biophysical context of the site is explored, with an emphasis on Tlokwa oral traditions. Archaeological investigation reveals details of settlement organisation, while preliminary ceramic analysis contributes to an understanding of ancestral identity, indicating a possible affinity with early Fokeng lineages stemming from Northern Nguni origins. All of the above is relevant to one particular aspect of production. The organisation of both iron and copper production at Marothodi is explored and analysed against the wider contextual backdrop of the capital. The intensification of metallurgical output, and the adaptation of Tswana cultural codes to the unprecedented demands of living in an aggregated community, demonstrate the degree to which historical context could influence the organisation of production, and consequently the archaeological expression of the town. In summary, this research suggests a period of ascendant political status for the Tlokwa at this time in the history of the chiefdom; a conclusion that could only have been reached through a combination of historical, biophysical, ethnographic and archaeological data.
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McKenzie, Kirsten Elizabeth. "Gender and honour in middle-class Cape Town : the making of colonial identities, 1828-1850." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f00a5b9b-2797-4e6e-9b75-159c1985b74a.
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This study comprises an examination of the role of ideas concerning gender roles and respectability in the elaboration of a specific notion of a white colonial middle class in Cape Town, Cape Colony, in the decades before the establishment of Representative Government at the Cape. It pays particular attention to the cultural interaction of the incoming British settlers with the older Dutch society already in place in Cape Town. The insertion of British middle-class ideals of domesticity into Cape society had a decisive impact upon the public culture which would underpin the new political dispensation in the colony when a Representative Assembly was set up in 1853. The thesis argues that the new colonial political order which was enshrined in the constitution of 1853 was grounded upon a new gender order which set out distinctive roles for middle-class men and women and which allowed for the expression of a particular kind of personal and social respectability. Political developments in the Cape colony were thus inextricably tied to the elaboration of this new gendered social system. The thesis approaches the question of white colonial identity through several avenues. These include: the creation of a public sphere and changes in commercial culture; the importance of issues of the family and domestic service in structuring reform initiatives; the nature of male and female honour and its defence through defamation cases; the role of marriage in Cape colonial society; and the mediation of sexual transgressions through religious and civil authorities. Finally, the manner in which domestic ideology impacted upon political culture is approached through two case studies of political crisis during this period. The thesis thus seeks to advance South African historiography by undercutting the traditional division between studies of private and public life at the Cape in this period.
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Eger, Matthias. "Afrikabestände im Archiv des Evangelisch-Lutherischen Missionswerkes Leipzig e.V.: IV. Das Bildarchiv (Teil 3)." Universität Leipzig, 2000. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34435.
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Solluntsch, Viola. "Afrikabestände im Archiv des Evangelisch-Lutherischen Missionswerkes Leipzig e.V.: IV. Das Bildarchiv: Teile 1-2." Universität Leipzig, 1999. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34442.
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Jones, Adam. "Afrikabestände im Archiv des Evangelisch-Lutherischen Missionswerkes Leipzig e.V.: II. Kamba, Nord-Tanzania, Allgemeines." Universität Leipzig, 1998. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34446.
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This volume is a guide to the files relating to Northern Tanzania and Southern Kenya in the archive of the Leipzig Mission, with the exception of personnel files and the papers of individual missionaries. Most of the material relates to the period 1885-1950.
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Foster, Ronel, Goede Petronella Hermina De, and Petronella Hermina Foster. "Postmodernisme en poesie, met spesifieke verwysing na die historiografiese metagedig 'Die heengaanrefrein' van Wilma Stockenstrom." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51881.
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Dissertation (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of using a postmodern reading strategy for Afrikaans poetry, in particular that type of poetry which, following Linda Hutcheon, I will call historiographic metapoetry. The investigation consists of four phases. Firstly, in order to implement Hutcheon's model, cognisance will be taken of the theory of postmodernism (chapters 1- 3), particularly with regard to poetry, since the latter is apparently a marginalised genre in this theorisation. The second phase of the investigation encompasses a discussion of the discourse on postmodernism and poetry in America, the NetherlandsIFlanders and in Afrikaans (chapters 4-6, respectively). Attention is given to matters such as the developmental history of postmodernism, theorising on postmodern poetry and the practice of anthologising. The third phase bridges the gap between research on postmodernism and that on historiographic metapoetry (chapter 7). The focus will be on Pirow Bekker's poem "Apollo Smintheus", with specific attention being given to the representation of the event (the journey of Jonas de la Guerre into the hinterland in 1664) in the journal texts and other historiographic sources. Hutcheon's distinction between event and fact will also be adopted in the analysis. The last phase of this study is an application of Hutcheon's model to Wilma Stockenstrëm's poem, Die heengaanrefrein, a self-reflexive text on the arrival of the Huguenots in South Africa in 1688 (chapters 8-12). As an introduction to the discussion of the text, the problematising of various types of borders in the poem is examined. This is followed by an analysis of extracts from Die heengaanrefrein with reference to four matters that are, according to Hutcheon, central to postmodern theory and practice. These are: intertextuality, parody and the discourses of history; the problem of reference; the subject and the representation of subjectivity; and lastly ideological implications and political double-coding. The discussion of Die heengaanrefrein is supplemented with shorter discussions of other texts, for example, George H. Weideman's "Kieselguhr-kleim", two short poems from Breyten Breytenbach's Soos die so and P.J. Philander's poems "Die klippe praat" and "Genesis". In Chapter 13, the final chapter, the findings are summarised and Hutcheon's model is evaluated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelstelling met hierdie studie is 'n ondersoek na die moontlikheid om 'n postmodernistiese leesbenadering aan te wend by die lees van die Afrikaanse poësie, in die besonder daardie soort gedigte wat ek na aanleiding van Linda Hutcheon historiografiese metapoësie wil noem. Die ondersoek bestaan uit vier fases. Ten einde Hutcheon se model te implementeer, word daar eerstens bestek geneem van die teoretisering oor die postmodernisme (hoofstukke 1-3), veral wat die poësie betref, aangesien laasgenoemde 'n gemarginaliseerde genre in hierdie teoretisering blyk te wees. Die tweede fase van die ondersoek omvat 'n bespreking van die diskoers oor postmodernisme en poësie in onderskeidelik Amerika, NederlandIVlaandere en Afrikaans (hoofstukke 4-6). Sake wat aandag geniet, is die ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis van die postmodernisme, die teoretisering oor postmodernistiese poësie en die antologiseringspraktyk. Die derde fase is 'n oorbrugging tussen die navorsing oor die postmodernisme en dié oor historiografiese metapoësie (hoofstuk 7). Pirow Bekker se gedig "Apollo Smintheus" kom onder die soeklig, met spesifieke aandag aan die representasie van die gebeurtenis (die sogenaamde landsreis van Jonas de la Guerre in 1664 die binneland in) in die joernaaltekste en ander historiografiese bronne; Hutcheon se onderskeid tussen event en fact word ook betrek. Die laaste fase van die studie is 'n toepassing van Hutcheon se modelop Wilma Stockenstrom se gedig Die heengaanrefrein, 'n selfbesinnende teks oor die koms. van die Hugenote na Suid-Afrika in 1688 (hoofstukke 8-12). Ter inleiding van die teksbespreking word die problematisering van verskillende soorte grense in die gedig nagegaan. Dit word gevolg deur analises van fragmente uit Die heengaanrefrein na aanleiding van vier kwessies wat volgens Hutcheon sentraal staan in die postmodernistiese teorie en praktyk. Hierdie sake is: intertekstualiteit, parodie en die diskoerse van die geskiedenis; die problematiek van referensialiteit; die subjek en die representasie van subjektiwiteit; en ideologiese implikasies en politieke dubbelkodering. In die loop van die studie word die bespreking van Die heengaanrefrein aangevul met korter besprekings van ander tekste, soos byvoorbeeld George H. Weideman se "Kieselguhr-kleim", twee gedigte uit Breyten Breytenbach se Soos die so en P.J. Philander se gedigte "Die klippe praat" en "Genesis". Inhoofstuk 13, die sluitstuk, word die bevindinge saamgevat en Hutcheon se model beoordeel.
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Woerner-Powell, Tom. "Another road to Damascus : an integrative approach to ʻAbd al-Qādir al-Jazā'irī." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669735.
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Eger, Matthias, and Christoph Langer. "Afrikabestände im Archiv des Evangelisch-Lutherischen Missionswerkes Leipzig e.V.: III. Führer zum Material über Ostafrika im Evangelisch-Lutherischen Missionsblatt 1893-1900." Universität Leipzig, 1998. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34447.
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This volume is a guide to references to East Africa (including photographs) in the main journal of the Leipzig Mission, the Evangelisch-Lutherisches Missionsblatt , between 1893 and 1900. The articles, most of which were based on reports written by missionaries in what are now southern Kenya and northern Tanzania, have been indexed in order to facilitate research.
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Letcher, Valerie Helen. "Trespassing beyond the borders Harriet Ward as writer and commentator on the Eastern Cape frontier." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002283.
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The aim of this thesis is to provide an introduction to the work of writer and journalist Harriet Ward, resident in the Eastern Cape from 1842 to 1848. She was a prolific correspondent to various periodicals published both in South Africa and in London. It would be true to say, to judge from the evidence, that she fulfilled a need felt by the British public for information on life and events in South Africa, and that she became the trusted guide of the middle-class reader. Her range covers reports from the frontiers of war, journalistic articles, memoirs, short stories, novels, autobiography, and editions of other writers' work. After the publication of her articles on the Seventh Frontier War (1846-7), she was recognised and respected as a commentator on the situation at the Eastern Cape, an unusual role for a woman at this time. She was also amongst the foremost victorian women writers published from the early eighteen forties until the end of the eighteen-fifties. Harriet Ward has left a vivid historical and sociological account of the Cape frontier, and her observations and judgements provide a hitherto virtually unknown perspective on an important part of South African history and letters. What makes her even more interesting, as this study seeks to show, is that she was far from conventional in her response to her new environment, both as as a woman and as a representative of a colonialist power. The record she has left of her thoughts on the people, landscape and situations of the time has the capacity to surprise the post-colonial literary critic and historian. Her struggle to find a discursive mode in which to express her consciousness of the oppression, patriarchal and colonial, of the marginalised, whether woman, indigene, Afrikaner, or creole, reveals a significantly transgressive or subversive response to the issues of the day. In re-discovering Harriet Ward, we are forced to reassess our assumptions regarding the period of colonial history to which she was a witness.
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Nxasana, Thulani Litha. "The ambivalent engagement with Christianity in the writing of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Africans in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002237.
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Until recently much of the literature recording the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Eastern Cape focused purely on frontier conflict and missionary activity, ignoring the evolving culture of the colonized people. But as Somande Fikeni declares, “[i]t is important when celebrating the country’s heritage to look beyond battle sites, monuments and wars and to pay attention to South Africa’s intellectuals and knowledge producers” (quoted in Hollands 4). This is indeed the central purpose of my research. This thesis seeks to examine the influence of Christianity on early South African writing by Africans and the ambivalence with which Christianity is often treated in their work. In South Africa, as elsewhere in Africa, Christianity played a central role in the development of African literature through the influence of mission schools and printing presses. Thus from the outset the development of written literature was inseparable from the spread of Christianity. Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century writing by Africans reflects this: Christian idioms, biblical stories and images colour their work and yet are not employed unthinkingly. Each of the writers whom I will explore has a complex and at times ambivalent relationship with Christianity, and they use religious discourse for a variety of ends, some of them clearly at odds with their origins in the “civilizing mission” of Europe. According to Yunus Momoniat, “Their works . . . are the beginnings of an engagement not only with the world of words on a page, but also with the politics of literacy itself” (1). The subject of this research is three Xhosa writers from the Eastern Cape: the Reverend Tiyo Soga (1829-1871), the renowned novelist and “National Poet” S. E. K. Mqhayi (1875-1945), and the little-known poet Nontsizi Mgqwetho (Dates uknown, writings 1920-1929), who is described by Mbeki as “the most prolific woman Xhosa poet of the twentieth century” (6). The reason for focusing on the Eastern Cape is because the Xhosa “were the first Bantu people to be exposed to Christian proselytising and to receive a literate education” (Gerard 24). As a result much of the early literature in isiXhosa consisted of translations of the Bible and other Christian tracts, and such “improving” texts as Pilgrim’s Progress. In other words, it is in this work that the first roots of the influence of Christianity in southern Africa can be traced.
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Gebara, Alexsander Lemos de Almeida. "A África presente no discurso de Richard Francis Burton: uma análise da construção de suas representações." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-05072007-101657/.
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Esta tese procura analisar as representações de Richard Francis Burton na África Ocidental, durante sua permanência como cônsul inglês na Baía de Biafra entre os anos de 1861 e 1865. Para isto, procurou-se reconstituir o contexto histórico das relações inglesas com a região ao longo do século XIX, bem como a história das regiões descritas por Burton em seus textos. Além disto, também analizou-se os espaços de circulação dos textos de Burton na Inglaterra, e a relação do autor com a Royal Geographical Society e a Anthropological Society of London. O objetivo é recuperar parte da complexidade constitutiva de seus textos, valorizando a experiência pessoal do autor frente a resistência dos africanos à imposição de dinâmicas comerciais e econômicas inglesas. Para a consecução destes objetivos, foi realizada uma comparação entre os diversos registros escritos de Burton: documentos consulares no Foreign Office, artigos para revistas científicas e relatos de viagemThis thesis tries to analyze the representations of Richard Francis Burton in West Africa, during his consulship at the Fight of Biafra in the years between 1861-1865. To make it, we have reconstructed the historical context of the British relations with the region along the 19th century, as well as the history of the regions described by Burton in his texts. We also analyze the spaces of circulation of Burton\'s texts in England, and his relations with the Royal Geographical Society and the Anthropological Society of London. The aim is to recover part o the constitutive complexities of his texts, stressing the authors personal experience facing the African resistance to the impositions of British commercial and economic dynamics. To achieve these aims, we make a comparison between the several kinds of Burton\'s texts: the Foreign Office papers, articles to scientific journals, and travel writings.
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Smith, Keith I. "The commandants : the leadership of the Natal native contingent in the Anglo-Zulu war." University of Western Australia. School of Humanities, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0003.
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[Truncated abstract] The senior Imperial officers who took part in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 are comparatively well known and their service in that brief period has been well documented, as indeed has that of many of their junior colleagues. Much less, however, is known about the officers who served as commandants of the Natal Native Contingent, although more than half of them were Imperial officers on special service duties. Most of the rest were British ex-officers who lived in South Africa, while one of the remaining two was an adventurer and mercenary. Many of them had already found service with the South African force during the Ninth Cape Border War against the Ngqika and Gcaleka which had only ended in mid-1878. According to official documents, the Natal Native Contingent initially numbered more than 8,000 native troops, in three regiments, under the command of European officers and non-commissioned officers. At the time of the invasion of Zululand in January, 1879, the contingent therefore made up about 62% of the invading force. This bald statistic, as so often, hides the true story. The thesis examines each of the commandants, and the extent to which their abilities and personalities were reflected in the performance of the native troops under their command, while at the same time revealing the evolution of the Contingent itself as an arm of the invading force under Lieutenant General Lord Chelmsford ... The haste with which the regiments were assembled, their often inhuman treatment by their officers, the minimal or non-existent training they received and the way they were armed and dressed all combined to qualify their subsequent performance in the field. A comparison of the NNC is drawn with the performances of the Native Mounted Contingent, and the men of Colonel, later Brigadier General, Evelyn Wood?s Irregulars. The conclusion of the thesis is that the commandants did indeed have a profound effect on the quality and performance of the Africans who served under them. In general, the units under serving British officers performed best, while the colonial officers did less well. The mercenary officer was almost certainly the worst, but by only a slim margin.
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Dias, Alan Modesto. "Augusto Emilio Zaluar e os homens sem senhor: Vida cotidiana na peregrinação pela província de São Paulo, 1860 - 1861." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2006. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/12963.
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The dissertation analyzes the daily routine of poor and free men conductors, small grocers, leprous, women and hillbillies described by the Portuguese writer Augusto Emílio Zaluar, in his written literary work Peregrinação pela Província de São Paulo, 1860 1861. (Peregrination through the Province of São Paulo). His documentary scope is based on trip accounts from the 19th century, work manuscripts and letters from the Agricultural Congress of Rio de Janeiro in 1878. The dissertation is divided into 3 chapters as following. The first chapter goes over the universe of particularities that establish the process of repeated visits of the Portuguese America, the intentions of foreign travelers from the 19th century, as well as their assessment prospect before the values and customs of poor and free men. The second chapter goes over the peculiarities of the roads between small cities from countryside and conductors and small grocer s daily routine. The third chapter goes over the urban scenery and the daily routine of leprous, women and hillbillies
A dissertação analisa a vida cotidiana dos homens pobres e livres condutores, vendeiros, leprosos, mulheres e caipiras descritos pelo português Augusto Emílio Zaluar, em sua obra Peregrinação pela Província de São Paulo, 1860 1861. Seu escopo documental é fundamentado em relatos de viagem do século XIX, ofícios manuscritos e cartas do Congresso Agrícola do Rio de Janeiro de 1878. A dissertação está dividida em três capítulos. No primeiro analisa o universo de especificidades que determinaram o processo de revisitação da América Portuguesa, a intencionalidade dos viajantes de origem estrangeira no século XIX, assim como a sua perspectiva avaliativa diante dos valores e costumes dos homens pobres e livres. No segundo, aborda as particularidades dos caminhos terrestres entre as cidades do interior e a vida cotidiana de condutores e vendeiros. No terceiro, analisa o cenário urbano e a cotidianidade de leprosos, mulheres e caipiras
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de, Beer Amanda Erika. "„Wo ist der Junge aus dem Urwald?“ Abenteuer und koloniales Afrika in der Jugendliteratur." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96813.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Hierdie proefskrif is ’n ondersoek na die wyse waarvolgens Duitse jeugboekskrywers die koloniale periode in Afrika uitbeeld. Duitse avontuurliteratuur speel dikwels af in die koloniale periode in Afrika. Motiewe in die avontuurroman stem egter nie altyd ooreen met die historiese konteks en geografiese ruimtes nie. Dit skep die indruk dat so ’n verhaal tyd- en ruimteloos is en dat die historiese en geografiese konteks bloot die afstand tussen Afrika en Europa beklemtoon. In die lig van die feit dat Afrika en sy historiese konteks dikwels as eksotiese agtergrond dien, bespreek die studie die problematiek rondom die manier waarvolgens skrywers die koloniale periode in die avontuurliteratuur ontleed. Vervolgens word die vraag gestel tot watter mate die uitbeelding van Afrika sedert 1945 verander het. Die wyse waarop die koloniale periode in Afrika in Duitse jeugliteratuur uitgebeeld word, behoort dus ondersoek te word binne die konteks van die tradisionele avontuurliteratuur. Deurdat die studie gesentreer is rondom die avontuurliteratuur voor 1945 en avontuurboeke na 1945, stel die dissertasie ondersoek in tot watter mate jeugboeke en hulle uitbeelding van die koloniale periode verander het en in hoeverre die tradisionele avontuurliteratuur aan hierdie boeke ontleen is. In hierdie proefskrif word avontuurverhale en avontuurlike jeugverhale wat tydens die koloniale periode in Afrika afspeel, vervolgens ontleed. Die studie fokus op vier periodes: Eerstens word tradisionele avontuurstories en motiewe wat ’n belangrike rol speel in die uitbeelding van Afrika, geïdentifiseer. Die volgende tekste word ontleed: C.Falkenhorst se Der Baumtöter (1894), Gustav Frenssen se Peter Moors Fahrt nach Südwest (1906), Josef S. Viera se Bana Sikukuu (1924) en Gust in der Klemme (1933), Max Mezger se Aufruhr auf Madagaskar (1930) en Rolf Italiaander se Wüstenfüchse (1934). Tweedens ondersoek die studie die rol wat avontuurmotiewe – inisiasie, weerstand en verowering – speel in jeugboeke wat in die Federale Republiek van Duitsland gepubliseer is. Die volgende tekste word onder die loep geneem: Kurt Lütgen se ...die Katzen von Sansibar zählen (1962), Rolf Italiaander se Mubange, der Junge aus dem Urwald (1957), Herbert Kaufmann se Der Teufel tanzt im Ju-Ju-Busch en sy historiese roman Des Königs Krokodil (1959). Derdens ondersoek die studie watter rol avontuurmotiewe – die edel barbaar (edle Wilde), antiheld en die tweegeveg – speel in jeugboeke wat in die Duitse Demokratiese Republiek gepubliseer is. Die volgende tekste word analiseer: Ferdinand May se roman Sturm über Südwest-Afrika (1962) en Götz R. Richter se Savvytrilogie (1955 – 1963) en Die Löwen kommen (1969). Laastens stel die studie die vraag tot watter mate die kontemporêre avontuurliteratuur – soos Hermann Schultz se sendingroman Auf den Strom (1998) ’n nuwe ontwikkeling toon wat van die tradisionele avontuurliteratuur van die 19de en 20ste eeu afwyk.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT : This dissertation investigates how the African colonial period is portrayed in German youth literature. German adventure literature is often set in the African colonial period. However, motifs in the adventure novel do not always correspond with historical themes and geographical spaces. This gives the impression that such novels stand outside of time and space and that the historical and geographical context merely emphasize the distance between Africa and Europe. In light of the fact that Africa and its historical context are often reduced to an exotic backdrop, questions are raised about the way authors examine the colonial period in the adventure literature and how the portrayal of Africa has changed since 1945. The question how the African colonial period is portrayed in German youth literature is therefore examined within the context of the traditional adventure literature. Reflecting on adventure literature before 1945 on the one hand and adventure stories after 1945 on the other, this study examines to what extent youth books and their portrayal of the colonial period have changed and how these books relate back to the traditional adventure literature. For this purpose, adventure stories and adventurous youth stories and –novels that are set in the colonial period in Africa are analysed and the study focuses on four periods: Firstly, traditional adventure stories and motifs that play an important role in the portrayal of Africa are identified. The following are analysed: C. Falkenhorst’s Der Baumtöter (1894), Gustav Frenssen’s Peter Moors Fahrt nach Südwest (1906), Josef S. Viera’s Bana Sikukuu (1924) and Gust in der Klemme (1933), Max Mezger’s Aufruhr auf Madagaskar (1930) and Rolf Italiaander’s Wüstenfüchse (1934). Secondly, the dissertation investigates what role adventure motifs – initiation, resistance and conquest – play in the youth literature of the Federal Republic of Germany. The following are analysed: Kurt Lütgen’s …die Katzen von Sansibar zählen (1962), Rolf Italiaander’s Mubange, der Junge aus dem Urwald (1957), Herbert Kaufmann’s Der Teufel tanzt im Ju-Ju-Busch and his historical novel Des Königs Krokodil (1959). Thirdly, the study examines adventure motifs – noble savage (edle Wilde), anti-hero and the duel – in the literature published in the German Democratic Republic. These are Ferdinand May’s novel Sturm über Südwest-Afrika (1962) and Götz R. Richter’s Savvy-Trilogie (1955-1963) and Die Löwen kommen (1969). Lastly, the dissertation poses the question to what extent the contemporary adventure literature – like Hermann Schulz’ missionary novel Auf dem Strom (1998) – shows a new development which deviates from the traditional adventure literature of the 19th and 20th century.
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Bregin, Elana. "The identity of difference : a critical study of representations of the Bushmen." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2550.
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More than any other people, the Bushmen - like the Aborigines on the Australian continent - have epitomized the sub-human other in South African historiography. My primary concern in this study will be to interrogate the representations that gave rise to such entrenched notions of Bushman alterity, and the consequences these have had for Bushman lives. Through an assessment of the writings of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century travellers, missionaries, settlers, colonial officials and scholars, I shall examine understandings of ‘otherness’ and ‘difference’, and the ways in which alterity discourse opened up a space for the ensuing colonial policies of genocide and subjugation against the Bushmen. By allowing the Bushman ‘voices’ to talk back - through an exploration of verbal and visual forms of Bushman creative expression - I hope to present a more balanced sense of Bushman ‘identity’, and expose the fundamental intolerance of difference that lies at the heart of alterity discourse. I shall conclude the thesis with a problematization of contemporary trends of representation, an examination of how these often inadvertently continue the process of othering, and a consideration of their repercussions for present-day Bushman lives. Aside from the obvious relevance of such a study to an understanding of both the destructive events and representations of history, and the current traumatic circumstances of Bushman lives, the questions that this thesis raises can be seen to have more far-reaching implications. In a country such as South Africa, with its long history of segregation and discrimination, issues of otherness and difference take on a particularly compelling resonance. It seems crucial - especially at this point in our national progress - to interrogate our historical attitudes towards otherness, and posit more constructive ways of approaching difference, that allow others their distinct identity, without either demonizing or collapsing such difference; or, to phrase it in Homi Bhabha’s question: “How can the human world live its difference? how [sic] can a human being live Other-wise?” (1994:122).Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1998.
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Chien, Yu-Chun, and 簡于鈞. "Revisit Contact Zone: Reviewing 19th century Taiwan from the interpretation of western travelers (1860-1885)." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/shz62s.
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SCHULZ-FORBERG, Hagen. "London-Berlin : authenticity, modernity and the metropolis in urban travel writing, 1851-1939." Doctoral thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5973.
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Defence date: 13 January 2003Examining board: Prof. Bo Stråth (European University Institute, Florence) ; Prof. Hartmut Kaelble (Humboldt University, Berlin) ; Prof. Hans-Erich Bödeker (Max-Planck-Institute for History, Göttingen) ; Prof. Peter Becker (European University Institute, Florence)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Hay, Michelle Dominique. "South Africa's land reform in historical perspective: land settlement and agriculture in Mopani District, Limpopo, 19th century to 2015." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/19860.
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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Johannesburg, August 2015.This thesis explores the hypothesis that South Africa’s land reform programme is based on a set of assumptions about the country’s past which are inadequate and have contributed to the failure of policy. The impact of these assumptions is that they support particular models for restitution and rural economic development which became ‘accepted wisdom’ within international development agencies, government, and amongst land activists in South Africa, but which were and still are inappropriate in the South African context. To test this hypothesis I look at the history of land settlement and agriculture in Mopani district of Limpopo province. In particular, I look at how ordinary people accessed and lost rights to land over the nineteenth and twentieth century, and how land became tied up in struggles for political authority and access to resources. I show how the importance of ethnic identities and a sense that land belongs to ‘indigenous’ people of a particular ethnicity, deepened during the Bantustan era. I argue that policymakers could have learned from past government policies. This includes the 1936 Native Trust and Land Act which called for the state to purchase farms from private landowners for African settlement, and smallholder irrigation schemes and co-operatives, which were intended to improve agricultural production in the reserves and homelands. What this history reveals is that land settlement patterns and experiences of land loss were far more complex than the simplified narratives on which land restitution was based. The poor performance of agriculture in reserves and bantustans cannot be blamed on past government policies intended to destroy a peasantry, or on land loss alone, rather there were many challenges and constraints. Women maintained an interest in agriculture throughout the twentieth century, but were not taken seriously by those attempting to improve African agriculture. Africans interested in commercial farming were constrained in how much land they could access. The idea that Africans are naturally communal, and that restitution and development should target ‘communities’ is deeply problematic. Policy failed to take into account these realities. The consequences have been that land restitution has failed to bring redress, restituted farms have failed as commercial operations, those with a real interest in agriculture continue to face constraints, and smallholder irrigation schemes continue to perform poorly.
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Jaffer, Ismail Ebrahim. "The early Muslims in Pretoria : 1881-1899." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10405.
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M.A. (Semitic Languages)The history of Muslims in Pretoria began two decades after the arrival of the first Muslims to Natal from India and over two centuries after those in the Cape. Historians and researchers have undertaken the study of the Cape Muslims and pioneers of Natal. There is no book written on the Muslims in the Transvaal region. The two main centres in the Transvaal are Pretoria and Johannesburg. The village of Pretoria was founded in 1858, two and a half decades before Johannesburg. The first Muslims came to the vicinity in the 1880's, when it was still a small village consisting of 12 shops. The pioneer Muslims witnessed the growth and development of this village into a city. It is from the Pretoria region that the Muslims moved into the interior of Transvaal. The problems of the Muslims began in this city, and later spread to other town areas. This city was the centre of trade and business links to the other towns. As a Muslim citizen of Pretoria, it was considered best to undertake the study of the Muslims in this area. It was assumed that there would be no difficulty in obtaining basic source material on the historical aspect of the Muslims of Pretoria from the first arrival to the end of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (Z.A.R.) Government. At one stage the exercise of collecting data on this subject proved futile. However, it was after referring to a few books on the history of Indians in general, that it gave me some direction of the situation in the Z.A.R.
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Oliver, Erna. "The impact of Christian education on the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2067.
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The study focuses on the influence of Christian based education on the building of the Afrikaner nation. The children settling with their parents in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR) after the Great Trek all received Christian based education. The unique way in which both the country and the nation developed was the result of Christian based education. It had a direct influence on the development and functioning of the ZAR resulting in the forming of a Christian country with a Christian based constitution and Christian based laws. Christianity and Christian based education also influenced the social lives, culture and worldview of the people living in the ZAR, leaving a permanent mark on the Afrikaner nation.
The stern Calvinistic religion, together with the influences of early Pietism and the worldview of the Romanticism as well as the traditional Christian based education brought from the Netherlands, all worked together to mould the Afrikaners into a unique nation. Religion was the one outstanding factor that determined all aspects of the lives of the Afrikaners, from their character and worldview to their way of speech and the standard of education given to the children. The goal of all education was to enable children to study the Bible - the Handbook to Life - and to become members of the Church.
Their faith in and commitment to the Lord, was the force that kept the Afrikaners a unique nation with a strong character despite the extreme living conditions and changing circumstances through which they lived in the short years of the existence of the ZAR. The people living in the ZAR were the carriers of the influence of the Christian based education and the stories of their lives bear witness to the impact their education had on the development of the country and the nation. The legacy of Christian based education, as it was used in the ZAR, is still alive in the hearts and minds of Afrikaners today.
The focus of the thesis made it necessary to use material from several different academic fields. Aspects of South African Church history, the general and political history of South Africa and the ZAR, the history regarding the development of education, as well as the social and cultural history of the Afrikaner nation were brought together to give a picture of the impact that Christian based education had on the ZAR.
The historical-critical method is used, in order to establish what really happened and to show its significance, both in the historical context and in the present situation. The theoretical framework being used is didactical theological.Chr Spirit, ChurchHist, Miss
DTH (CHURCH HISTORY)
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Olabimtan, Kehinde Olumuyiwa. "A comparative and theological evaluation of the interface of mission Christianity and African culture in nineteenth century Akan and Yoruba lands of West Africa." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3753.
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This study explores the dynamics at play in the nineteenth century interaction between European mission Christianity and the peoples and cultures of West Africa with Akan (Gold Coast) and Yoruba (Nigeria) lands serving as the model theatres of the interaction. It appreciates the fact that in a context such as West Africa, where religious consciousness permeates every aspect of life, the coming of the Gospel to its peoples impacted every aspect of the social and religious lives of the people. Chapter one sets the agenda for the study by exploring the dynamics involved in the transmission of the Gospel as it spread from Palestine to the Graeco-Roman world, medieval Europe, Enlightenment Europe and, later, Africa in the nineteenth century. It also defines the limits of the study to the period 1820-1892. Chapter two explores the religious and the cultural environments that gave shape to the modem European missionary movement. It highlights the features of the European Reformation that were factors in defining missionary methods in West Africa. It also emphasizes the subtle infiltration of Enlightenment ideals-the primacy of Reason, the way of Nature, and the idea of Progress-into missionary consciousness about Africa and its peoples. Chapter three delineates the religious and the cultural milieus of West Africans in contrast to that of European missionaries. It underscores the integral nature of religion to the totality of life among West Africans. It also contrasts the socio-political conditions of Akan land and Yoruba land in the nineteenth century while appreciating the rapid changes impinging on their peoples. Chapter four explores how the prevailing realities in Akan and Yoruba lands defined the fortunes and the prospects of the missionary message among the people. In doing this, it draws from four model encounters of mission Christianity with West African peoples and cultures. In Mankessim, the deception associated with a traditional cult was exposed. At Akyem Abuakwa, the contention between missionaries and the royalty for authority over the people led to social disruption. The resistance of the guild of Ifa priests to Christian conversion and the assuring presence of missionaries to the warrior class created ambivalence at Abeokuta. Ibadan offers us an irenic model of interaction between mission Christianity and West African religions as Ifa, the Yoruba cult of divination, sanctioned the presence of missionaries in the city. Chapter five reflects on the issues that are significant in the interaction of the Gospel with West African cultures. It appreciates the congruence between the Gospel and West African religious worldview. It assesses the impact of missionary methods on the traditional values of West Africans, appreciating the strength and the weaknesses of the school system, the value of Bible translation into mother-tongues, and the contextual relevance of the mission station method of evangelization. It also explores the meaning of Christian conversion in West Africa using the models of A.D. Nock, John V. Taylor and Andrew F. Walls. Chapter six concludes with Andrew Walls' three tests of the expansion of Christianity. The conclusion is that in spite of the failures and weaknesses of some of the methods adopted by European missionaries in evangelizing West Africa, their converts understood their message, domesticated it according to their understanding and appropriated its benefits to the life of their societies.Thesis (M.Th.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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Van, Wyk Anna Catharina. "Jode in Transvaal tot 1910 - 'n kultuurhistoriese oorsig (Afrikaans)." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29003.
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Please read the abstract (Summary) in the section 00front of this documentThesis (D Phil (Cultural History))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Historical and Heritage Studies
DPhil
unrestricted