Journal articles on the topic 'Travel time (Traffic engineering) – Montreal – Case studies'
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1
Murthy, A. S. Narasimha, A. H. Soliman, and Satish C. Sharma. "A case study of Champlain toll station." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-111.
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The objective of this paper is to study the impacts and quantify the various losses due to the presence of toll stations. For this purpose a survey was conducted on the Champlain toll bridge which connects Montreal Island and the suburban South Shore area. The presence of toll stations imposes restrictions on the free movement of traffic and leads to speed-change cycles, idling, queuing, and excess travel time with direct increase in user costs. The impact of the geometric design of the toll station is also studied with respect to the various losses.The quantification of the various losses is achieved by using queuing theory and simple mathematical relations. The losses are to be considered for two very important reasons; first the losses are incurred by the commuters and second the additional user cost sometimes exceeds the actual toll fee. The results of this study indicates that substantial energy savings could be achieved along with better environmental conditions by either eliminating existing tolls or improving (redesigning) them. In constructing new transportation structures where above losses are likely to occur, the additional user cost due to the losses should be taken into consideration during economic analysis. Key words: fuel consumption, fuel emission, geometric design, idling, queuing, toll station, toll fee, travel time, user cost.
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Mohammadi, Roozbeh, Amir Golroo, and Mahdieh Hasani. "Effect of Traffic Information on Travel Time of Medium-distance Trips: A Case Study in Tehran." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 30, no. 3 (June 27, 2018): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v30i3.2738.
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In populated cities with high traffic congestion, traffic information may play a key role in choosing the fastest route between origins and destinations, thus saving travel time. Several research studies investigated the effect of traffic information on travel time. However, little attention has been given to the effect of traffic information on travel time according to trip distance. This paper aims to investigate the relation between real-time traffic information dissemination and travel time reduction for medium-distance trips. To examine this relation, a methodology is applied to compare travel times of two types of vehicle, with and without traffic information, travelling between an origin and a destination employing probe vehicles. A real case study in the metropolitan city of Tehran, the capital of Iran, is applied to test the methodology. There is no significant statistical evidence to prove that traffic information would have a significant impact on travel time reduction in a medium-distance trip according to the case study.
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Ma, Zhengfeng, Darong Huang, Changguang Li, and Jianhua Guo. "Travel Time Reliability-Based Signal Timing Optimization for Urban Road Traffic Network Control." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (December 1, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8898062.
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Due to increasing traffic demand, many metropolitan areas are experiencing extensive traffic congestion, which demands for efficient traffic signal timing and optimization. However, conventional efficiency measure-based signal optimization cannot handle the ubiquitous uncertainty in the road networks, demanding for the incorporation of reliability measures into signal optimization, which is still in its early stage. Therefore, targeting this issue, based on the recent studies on recognizing travel time reliability (TRR) as an important reliability measure of road networks, a travel time reliability-based urban road traffic network signal timing optimization model is proposed in this paper, with the objective function to optimize a TTR measure, i.e., buffer time index. The proposed optimization model is solved using the heuristic particle swarm optimization approach. A case study is conducted using microscopic traffic simulation for a road network in the City of Nanjing, China. Results demonstrate that the proposed optimization model can improve travel time reliability of the road traffic network and the efficiency of the road traffic network as well. Future studies are recommended to expand the integration of travel time reliability into traffic signal timing optimization.
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Karmakar, Nabaruna, Seyedbehzad Aghdashi, Nagui M. Rouphail, and Billy M. Williams. "Validation and Calibration of Freeway Reliability Methodology in the Highway Capacity Manual: Method and Case Studies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 15 (September 28, 2018): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118798723.
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Traffic congestion costs drivers an average of $1,200 a year in wasted fuel and time, with most travelers becoming less tolerant of unexpected delays. Substantial efforts have been made to account for the impact of non-recurring sources of congestion on travel time reliability. The 6th edition of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) provides a structured guidance on a step-by-step analysis to estimate reliability performance measures on freeway facilities. However, practical implementation of these methods poses its own challenges. Performing these analyses requires assimilation of data scattered in different platforms, and this assimilation is complicated further by the fact that data and data platforms differ from state to state. This paper focuses on practical calibration and validation methods of the core and reliability analyses described in the HCM. The main objective is to provide HCM users with guidance on collecting data for freeway reliability analysis as well as validating the reliability performance measures predictions of the HCM methodology. A real-world case study on three routes on Interstate 40 in the Raleigh-Durham area in North Carolina is used to describe the steps required for conducting this analysis. The travel time index (TTI) distribution, reported by the HCM models, was found to match those from probe-based travel time data closely up to the 80th percentile values. However, because of a mismatch between the actual and HCM estimated incident allocation patterns both spatially and temporally, and the fact that traffic demands in the HCM methods are by default insensitive to the occurrence of major incidents, the HCM approach tended to generate larger travel time values in the upper regions of the travel time distribution.
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Liu, Yuchen, Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia, and Aloke Phatak. "Evaluating the Accuracy of Bluetooth-Based Travel Time on Arterial Roads: A Case Study of Perth, Western Australia." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (February 21, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9541234.
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Bluetooth (BT) time-stamped media access control (MAC) address data have been used for traffic studies worldwide. Although Bluetooth (BT) technology has been widely recognised as an effective, low-cost traffic data source in freeway traffic contexts, it is still unclear whether BT technology can provide accurate travel time (TT) information in complex urban traffic environments. Therefore, this empirical study aims to systematically evaluate the accuracy of BT travel time estimates in urban arterial contexts. There are two major hurdles to deriving accurate TT information for arterial roads: the multiple detection problem and noise in BT estimates. To date, they have not been fully investigated, nor have well-accepted solutions been found. Using approximately two million records of BT time-stamped MAC address data from twenty weekdays, this study uses five different BT TT-matching methods to investigate and quantify the impact of multiple detection problems and the noise in BT TT estimates on the accuracy of average BT travel times. Our work shows that accurate Bluetooth-based travel time information on signalised arterial roads can be derived if an appropriate matching method can be selected to smooth out the remaining noise in the filtered travel time estimates. Overall, average-to-average and last-to-last matching methods are best for long (>1 km) and short (≤1 km) signalised arterial road segments, respectively. Furthermore, our results show that the differences between BT and ground truth average TTs or speeds are systematic, and adding a calibration is a pragmatic method to correct inaccurate BT average TTs or speeds. The results of this research can help researchers and road operators to better understand BT technology for TT analysis and consequently to optimise the deployment location and configuration of BT MAC address scanners.
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Banks, James H. "Performance Measurement for Traffic Management Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1634, no. 1 (January 1998): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1634-05.
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Performance measurement refers to attempts to quantify some aspect of the performance of an organization. A study was conducted to analyze needs, opportunities, and techniques for measuring performance of transportation management centers (TMCs). Opportunities and needs were identified by analyzing the interrelationships among performance measurement objectives, objects, and study designs. This analysis suggests that before-and-after evaluation studies of traffic management actions and monitoring of traffic data to detect system changes are the most appropriate forms of performance measurement for TMCs. Important potential measures of effectiveness for traffic management systems include travel time and related measures, ramp delay, traffic volumes, accident rates, traffic information accuracy, incident duration, and equipment status. Techniques are available for quantifying these measures, although there are a number of concerns with data accuracy, especially where travel times are estimated from loop-detector data. Case studies of two California TMCs suggest that, although sophisticated data collection systems are available or planned, the institutional infrastructure to carry out performance measurement may be lacking.
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Coloma, Juan Francisco, Marta Garcia, and Raúl Guzmán. "Effects of Bypass in Small and Non-congested Cities: A Case Study of the City Badajoz." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 30, no. 4 (September 10, 2018): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v30i4.2748.
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Small cities with less than 200,000 inhabitants do not usually suffer from chronic congestion problems. However, private vehicles are used excessively, making it necessary to implement measures to encourage further use of public transport and pedestrian mobility to make it more sustainable. Bypasses improve level of service (LOS) by removing cars from the city center, leading to significant reductions in overall travel time. Most studies so far have been conducted in large cities suffering chronic congestion problems, so the aim of this research is to analyze the effects of bypasses in small and non-congested cities through the construction of a traffic model in Badajoz (Spain), starting with the allocation of the origin-destination travel matrix derived from surveys and traffic counts conducted at the southern and eastern accesses. The traffic model describes the mobility in potentially-capturable future southern traffic relationships and allows insights into different alternatives in the construction of a new high LOS road. This research concludes that small cities with no chronic congestion problems should plan bypasses as close as possible to the city, since they are the most economical, produce greater traffic capture, greater time savings, and eliminate the largest number of CO2 emissions from the urban center. The more distant alternatives have a higher LOS, however, these are longer and more expensive solutions that also capture less traffic and thus eliminate less CO2 emissions.
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Zhang, Junjie, Miaomiao Liu, and Bin Zhou. "Analytical Model for Travel Time-Based BPR Function with Demand Fluctuation and Capacity Degradation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (November 3, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5916479.
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This study presents a stochastic model based on the link performance function of the Bureau of Public Roads to assess the reliability of travel time in the transportation network. Empirical studies have verified that the variability of travel time can be ascribed to demand fluctuation and the degradation of the capacity of the stochastic network. The mean-variance approach in previous research presented the budget model of travel time, with the capacity of the stochastic network and elastic demand as the sources of uncertainty of travel time. Previous research was devoted to the study of estimation of travel time considering a single factor or a factor independent of these two sources. Meanwhile, this study introduces the current degeneration coefficient of capacity (CDC) and the density distribution function of road section saturation (DDFS) with simultaneous network capacity and traffic demand. Sensitivity analysis method for the parameters of the proposed model is investigated theoretically using the sensitivity model of traffic capacity degradation. Results of case analysis show that the DDFS and CDC have an effect on the decision of travelers regarding the choice of route. The empirical analysis also illustrates the effectiveness of the computational approach and the proposed model.
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Yang, Hong, Kaan Ozbay, and Kun Xie. "Improved Travel Time Estimation for Reliable Performance Measure Development for Closed Highways." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2526, no. 1 (January 2015): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2526-04.
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Accurate travel time information not only is valuable for travelers but is critical to transportation agencies for quantifying the performance of their systems. Interest has been increasing in the development of reliable approaches for estimating travel time from various sensor data. Unlike the extensively studied estimation approaches based on point sensor measurements, the use of probe data from closed highway systems has been limited. To complement current understanding, this study developed an approach that used probe data from an electronic toll collection (ETC) system on closed freeways to estimate travel time. This approach differs from studies relying on automatic vehicle identification systems deployed on main lines as well as those estimated from point detectors. The proposed approach breaks down individual journey time into section travel time and fuses the probe data from vehicles that have used the links. The results, which are based on real-world case studies, illustrate the potential of mining ETC data for travel time estimation for both incident-free and incident conditions. In addition, the estimated results capture traffic dynamics better than instantaneous travel time estimates based on point sensor data. More accurate information is thus provided for deriving reliable performance measures to depict travel time reliability.
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Elsa Shaji, Hima, Arun K. Tangirala, and Lelitha Vanajakshi. "Evaluation of Clustering Algorithms for the Prediction of Trends in Bus Travel Time." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 45 (August 8, 2018): 242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118791365.
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Providing accurate and reliable travel time information to travellers is essential to improve the quality of public transit systems. With the availability of the latest technologies, it has become possible to collect a large amount of traffic data to analyze and understand these systems better. Traffic in India is characterized by lack of lane discipline and the presence of vehicles of varying static and dynamic characteristics, which makes prediction of bus travel time especially challenging. The aim of this study is to identify both a prediction algorithm that can handle high variability and suitable inputs or regressors to be used. Earlier studies performed offline manual grouping considering the patterns observed, which leads to limitations for automated field implementations. The present study explores the use of data-driven approaches, primarily clustering, to address the challenges for the prediction of bus travel time trends. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was used to extract trends from the travel time measurements. Three popular clustering algorithms— k-means, hierarchical, and self organizing maps (SOM)—were used to identify patterns. Travel time trends were then predicted by searching for similar cluster patterns within the historical database using pattern sequence-based forecasting (PSF). A comparison of the performance of these algorithms was carried out based on prediction errors. The clustering +prediction framework developed was also compared with the case when no clustering was done on the regressor dataset.
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VUONG, Xuan Can, Rui-Fang MOU, and Trong Thuat VU. "VEHICLE TRACKING AND SPEED ESTIMATION UNDER MIXED TRAFFIC CONDITIONS USING YOLOV4 AND SORT: A CASE STUDY OF HANOI." Transport Problems 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/tp.2022.17.4.02.
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This paper presents a method to estimate vehicle speed automatically, including cars and motorcycles under mixed traffic conditions from video sequences acquired with stationary cameras in Hanoi City of Vietnam. The motion of the vehicle is detected and tracked along the frames of the video sequences using YOLOv4 and SORT algorithms with a custom dataset. In the method, the distance traveled by the vehicle is the length of virtual point-detectors, and the travel time of the vehicle is calculated using the movement of the centroid over the entrance and exit of virtual point-detectors (i.e., region of interest), and then the speed is also estimated based on the traveled distance and the travel time. The results of two experimental studies showed that the proposed method had small values of MAPE (within 3%), proving that the proposed method is reliable and accurate for application in real-world mixed traffic environments like Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Chen, Peng, Rui Tong, Guangquan Lu, and Yunpeng Wang. "Exploring Travel Time Distribution and Variability Patterns Using Probe Vehicle Data: Case Study in Beijing." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3747632.
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Exploring travel time distribution and variability patterns is essential for reliable route choices and sophisticated traffic management and control. State-of-the-art studies tend to treat different types of roads equally, which fails to provide more detailed analysis of travel time characteristics for each specific road type. In this study, based on a vast amount of probe vehicle data, 200 links inside the Third Ring Road of Beijing, China, were investigated. Four types of roads were covered including urban expressways, auxiliary roads of urban expressways, major roads, and secondary roads. The day-of-week distributions of unit distance travel time were first analyzed. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Anderson-Darling test, and chi-squared test were employed to test the goodness-of-fit of different distributions and the results showed lognormal distribution was best-fitted for different time periods and road types compared with normal, gamma, and Weibull distribution. In addition, four reliability measures, that is, unit distance travel time, coefficient of variation, buffer time index, and punctuality rate, were used to explore the day-of-week travel time variability patterns. The results indicated that urban expressways, auxiliary roads of urban expressways, and major roads have regular and distinct morning and afternoon peaks on weekdays. It is noteworthy that in daytime the travel times on auxiliary roads of urban expressways and major roads share similar variability patterns and appear relatively stable and reliable, while urban expressways have most reliable travel times at night. The results of analysis help enable a better understanding of the volatile travel time characteristics of each road type in urban network.
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Liu, Yang, Yanjie Ji, Qiyang Liu, Min He, and Xinwei Ma. "Investigating Electric Bicycles as a Travel Mode Choice for Escorting Children to School: A Case Study in Kunming, China." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2634, no. 1 (January 2017): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2634-02.
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To encourage low-carbon travel, reduce car trips, and improve the urban traffic system, an understanding of travel mode choice for escorting children to and from school is important. Previous studies have focused mostly on walking and bicycling. However, the electric bicycle (e-bike—a mainstream escorting mode in China) rarely has been investigated. The factors that affect travel mode choice (walking, e-bike, or car) for escorting children to and from school are explored at the household level in a case study from Kunming, China. Intrahousehold interactions and parental space–time constraints are represented by the comparative working hours of the parents and space–time coordination in joint parent–child trips, respectively. A multinomial logit model was applied in mode analysis. The results reveal interesting phenomena in travel mode choices for escorting children to school. When the mother’s working hours are longer than the father’s, the travel mode choice for escorting a child to and from school is less likely to be walking or e-bike; in other words, a car is the preferred choice in mother-dominated households. The distance deviation between parents and children is a significant factor in choosing between a car or an e-bike. Children are more likely to be escorted by e-bikes as a result of distance deviations, and walking or e-bike is less likely to be chosen when the school is far from home. Results could be valuable for traffic demand management to reduce car use for trips to and from school. In addition, e-bike development should be considered seriously for the future development of China.
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Toledo, Tomer, Omar Mansour, and Jack Haddad. "Optimal Dynamic Tolls for Managed Lanes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2606, no. 1 (January 2017): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2606-04.
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This paper presents a real-time simulation-based control framework to determine dynamic toll rates to optimize an operator's objective subject to various operational and contractual constraints, such as smooth toll rate changes and maintenance of prescribed levels of service on the toll lane. The toll-setting system incorporates models to predict both the vehicle arrival process upstream of the toll lane facility and drivers’ choice whether to use the toll lanes as a function of the toll rate and travel times presented to drivers within the information system. A macroscopic traffic simulation model is used to predict the flow conditions within the prediction horizon. The travel times provided to users as information and the travel times predicted by the traffic flow model are iterated until consistency between them is obtained. The whole process is embedded within an optimization algorithm that sets tolls to optimize a given objective function. Several case studies demonstrate the use of this framework and its potential to provide useful toll settings.
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Zhao, Fei, Liping Fu, Ming Zhong, Shaobo Liu, Xudong Wang, Junda Huang, and Xiaofeng Ma. "Development and Validation of Improved Impedance Functions for Roads with Mixed Traffic Using Taxi GPS Trajectory Data and Simulation." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (February 21, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7523423.
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This paper proposes an improved impedance function for roads with mixed traffic. It is known that only limited studies consider the impact of nonmotorized traffic on travel impedance of a road segment, and a comparison of the impedance considering nonmotorized traffic with the classic BPR function, which does not consider the former, is scarce. Most of the previous studies targeted road conditions in developed countries, where the presence of nonmotorized traffic is negligible, and therefore limited efforts have been invested to develop improved impedance function considering mixed traffic. To overcome this limitation, this paper develops an improved impedance function and carries out a case study for a road in the city of Wuhan, China. The improved impedance function explicitly considers the interaction between motorized and nonmotorized traffic. Taxi GPS data from the case study road is used to extract and analyze the travel time of the “probe vehicles” running through the sampled segment at any time during a sampling day. The capacity of the road segment is measured, and the traffic flow of motorized vehicles and nonmotorized vehicles on the segment is counted. Based on the above data, the classic BPR function and the improved one proposed in this paper are calibrated. After comparing and analyzing the observed road impedance based on both analytical and simulation results, the classic BPR function and the proposed impedance function, the proposed impedance function is found to be more accurate to simulate the observed road impedance, with the error reducing from 14.83 s with the classic BPR impedance function to 6.50 s with the improved function. The proposed impedance function possesses a simple structure and high flexibility, and the parameters calibrated in this paper can be applied to similar roads to provide more realistic impedance than the previous ones based on the classic BPR function. The calibrated improved impedance function’s transferability to other similar roads is validated by applying it to another road and the results show that the percentage error between the predicted travel times and the observed ones is only 3.8%.
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Leclerc, Benoit, Martin Trépanier, and Catherine Morency. "Unraveling the Travel Behavior of Carsharing Members from Global Positioning System Traces." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2359, no. 1 (January 2013): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2359-08.
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As carsharing becomes increasingly popular throughout the world, it would be of interest to understand better the underlying characteristics of the trips made by members when they use the cars. To date, few studies have reported carsharing trip details. This paper presents a methodology to analyze three components of a station-based carsharing member's journey: the locations of the stops, the attributes of the trips, and the characteristics of the trip chains. The method is based on the processing of Global Positioning System traces collected onboard car-sharing vehicles; a 5-min stop criterion is used to divide the trip chains into separate trips. The case study involves the Communauto system in the Greater Montreal area, Quebec, Canada. The study shows that carsharing members make more trips within their trip chains than typical car owners do. However, those trips are shorter and are often made for purposes other than work (shopping or visiting, for example). Members tend to maximize the use of the cars during the rental period (the members are on the move up to 50% of the time for short trip chains and 30% of the time for longer trips).
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Antwi, Terah, J. A. Quaye-Ballard, A. Arko-Adjei, William Osei-wusu, and Naa Lamkai Quaye-Ballard. "Comparing Spatial Accessibility and Travel Time Prediction to Commercial Centres by Private and Public Transport: A Case Study of Oforikrom District." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (January 17, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8319089.
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The relevance of accessibility in shaping transport planning has often been neglected, hampering on decisions to improve transport efficiency. This is increasingly becoming problematic, as they often impede on economic and technological developments. Many studies on accessibility assert that it is easier for public transport to reach an activity centre than it is for private transport. For this reason, the research compares travel time forecast and accessibility levels with private and public transports en route to commercial centres. The research involves a 21-day transport survey for private cars and public shuttles in Oforikrom district using Global Positioning System (GPS) probe to record the traffic performance indicators to be analyzed in a GIS environment. The results of the study display on a map the level of accessibility via the modes, and a comparative line plot of travel time with private and public transport. The study reveals that private cars in the district generally perform better than public shuttles on the level of accessibility, and travel time. The execution of the research shows that the convergence of choice of transport mode and travel time dynamics is crucial for policymakers to implement diverse transport modes and commuters to choose a mode that has low accessibility cost.
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Jang, Sunhee, Seungkook Wu, Daejin Kim, Ki-Han Song, Seongkwan Mark Lee, and Wonho Suh. "Impact of Lowering Speed Limit on Urban Transportation Network." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 5296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115296.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of lowering speed limit on an urban transportation network. A microscopic traffic simulation model, Vissim was utilized to measure the impact. Also, various traffic inputs were tested with different signal coordination scenarios to investigate the impact in different traffic conditions. It was found that during early morning hours with very light traffic, the impact of lowering speed limit was significant. During congested time periods, including level of service E and F, the travel speed reduction from lowering speed limit was not significant. As suggested in other studies, the results demonstrated that lowering the speed limit does not have a significant impact on average travel speed in congested traffic networks. Also, different signal coordination was tested. As expected, signal coordination based on the lowered speed limit performed better than the case with signal coordination based on the previous higher speed limit. The results of this study are expected to provide insights when considering lowering speed limit for existing traffic networks.
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Supernak, Janusz, Christine Kaschade, and Duane Steffey. "Dynamic Value Pricing on I-15 in San Diego: Impact on Travel Time and Its Reliability." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1839, no. 1 (January 2003): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1839-04.
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Selected results are presented of the Traffic Study, one of 12 studies conducted by San Diego State University for the I-15 Congestion (Value) Pricing Project in San Diego, a 3-year demonstration. The focus is on the project's impact on travel times and their distribution on both the main lanes and the express lanes of I-15 for both ExpressPass and FasTrak phases of the project. Specifically addressed is the issue of reliability of on-time arrival enjoyed by the FasTrak subscribers and the high variability of travel times for the I-15 travelers who use only main lanes of I-15 for their commute. Examination of the ramp and freeway delays shows that in the worst-case scenario, FasTrak subscribers who use express lanes can save up to 20 min avoiding delay on the I-15 main lanes. This finding agrees with the drivers’ perceptions about their time savings when using FasTrak. Travel-time changes during the duration of the project also are examined. There were substantial year-to-year changes in travel times along the I-15 main lanes and the I-8 lanes used as control. The travel-time profile along the I-15 main lanes differed significantly from the profile along I-8, the control corridor, in both a.m. and p.m. peak periods.
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Eisele, William L., and William E. Frawley. "Estimating the Safety and Operational Impact of Raised Medians and Driveway Density." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1931, no. 1 (January 2005): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193100114.
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This paper describes research sponsored by the Texas Department of Transportation to investigate the operational and safety impact of raised medians and driveway consolidation. Operational effects (travel time, speed, and delay) were investigated through microsimulation on three field test corridors and three theoretical corridors. Safety effects were investigated along 11 test corridors to estimate relationships between crash rates and access point densities as well as the presence of raised medians or two-way left-turn lanes (TWLTLs). The research demonstrates that access management effects are case specific and that microsimulation can assess these unique operational effects. For the case studies investigated, replacing a TWLTL with a raised median resulted in an increase in travel time on two test corridors and a decrease on one test corridor. Small increases in travel time were found with the theoretical corridors as well. The travel time differences are based on the traffic level and location and number of the raised median openings. When present, the relatively small increases in travel time, and subsequent speed and delay, appear to be outweighed by the reduction in the number of conflict points and increased safety. Detailed crash analysis on 11 test corridors indicated that as access point density increases, crash rates increase. This trend holds regardless of the median type. For test corridors in which crash data were investigated before and after the raised median installation, a reduction in the crash rate was always found. Finally, future research needs are identified, including the need to investigate operational and safety impact over a broader range of geometric conditions and longer corridors than investigated here.
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Alfaseeh, Lama, and Bilal Farooq. "Multi-Factor Taxonomy of Eco-Routing Models and Future Outlook." Journal of Sensors 2020 (January 11, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4362493.
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Traditionally, routing decisions have been based on minimizing travel time as the associated cost. Eco-routing considers the environmental aspects (e.g., emissions and fuel) as part of the travel cost to mitigate the undesirable impact of transportation systems on the environment. Unlike the existing eco-routing review papers, this research work is aimed at providing a three-factor taxonomy at a more disaggregated level from the optimization perspective and map eco-routing studies to the proposed taxonomy. Furthermore, the strengths and weaknesses of the presented models are summarized. Our main findings include (a) a majority of studies optimized one objective at a time; (b) the microscopic level of aggregation of the flow and emission/fuel models was rarely employed for large case studies, due to the associated complexity; and (c) all of the reviewed studies were applied in a centralized routing system environment. In the near future, when intelligent vehicles will be on the roads, a multi-objective distributed routing framework can be employed with a microscopic level of aggregation for both traffic and emission models, which is capable of operating on largescale networks in real time. Additionally, short-term spatiotemporal prediction of GHG cost is a crucial aspect to be tackled.
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Yang, Yang, Tiezhu Li, Tao Zhang, and Wanyu Yang. "Understanding the Utilization Characteristics of Bicycle-Sharing Systems in Underdeveloped Cities: A Case Study in Xuchang City, China." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2634, no. 1 (January 2017): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2634-12.
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In recent years, a growing number of cities in China have successively rolled out bicycle-sharing systems to facilitate bicycle use, including not only metropolises but also some underdeveloped cities with populations of less than 1 million. One of those underdeveloped cities, Xuchang, launched its bicycle-sharing system in 2014. This service provides a convenient way for members to cycle for some of their short trips. Interest in the bicycle-sharing systems of metropolises is growing rapidly; however, studies on underdeveloped cities are still limited. This study investigated the factors influencing the adoption of a bicycle-sharing system in Xuchang, by analyzing massive smart card data from July 2014 to mid-April 2015 and 500 intercept survey questionnaires in April 2015. Different questions were ready for members and nonmembers in the questionnaires and the statistical results show the characteristics of users of the Xuchang bicycle-sharing system, including demographic characteristics, travel habits, and degree of satisfaction. Moreover, the space–time distribution characteristics of the Xuchang bicycle-sharing system were analyzed by dividing a massive data set into three groups: weekdays, weekends, and holidays. Results showed that compared with the clearly defined role of “resolve the last-kilometer problem” in a metropolis, bicycle-sharing in underdeveloped cities acts as an alternative way of transportation rather than a transfer traffic mode. Results also showed that bicycle-sharing systems gained more popularity in underdeveloped cities than in metropolises because of the smaller extent of egression, resident travel habits, the traffic environment, and so on.
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Zhang, Yi, Jianhua Zhang, Baihong Tan, Shuxian He, Liqun Peng, and Tony Z. Qiu. "An Occupancy-Based Adaptive Signal Control for a Congested Signalized Intersection in the Low CV Penetration Environment." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (May 14, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4745879.
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Adaptive signal control (ASC) is a well-researched topic that offers an efficient way for traffic management. It possesses a powerful ability to accommodate complex and constantly changing urban transportation networks. With the development of vehicular communication, CV-based ASC shows remarkable advantages compared with the traditional ASC system. Though the existing CV-based ASC strategies were proposed in the past few years, however, there are still issues to overcome. Most of the studies on CV-based ASC are based on the assumption of high CV penetration rate, which often result in poor performance when applied to low CV penetration environments. Besides, the lack of consideration for mixed traffic flow, which is in terms of both the vehicle types and CV penetration of different types of vehicles. To solve these issues, this paper developed an Occupancy-Based ASC strategy for a congested signalized intersection to optimize signal timing and reduce total passenger delay in the low CV penetration environment. Focused on the issues existing in the low CV penetration environment, a Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) model was proposed to estimate vehicle arrivals, and two traffic models, MicroDM and MacroDM, were developed to model the mixed traffic flow and estimate passenger delay. With the purpose of offering fair treatment to passengers approaching the intersection, we proposed an Occupancy-Based Adaptive Signal Control strategy. By transforming the complex signal control problem into a mixed-integer linear programming problem, we found the optimal solution for minimizing total passenger delay. We then evaluated the proposed Occupancy-Based ASC strategy using simulation case studies. The results show that changing traffic status could be captured and estimated with the real-time CV trajectory data as input. Applying the Occupancy-Based ASC control strategy, phases with HOVs or more vehicles will be allocated more travel time. In particular, optimization results show that the proposed Occupancy-Based ASC strategy effectively balances passenger travel demands during peak volume periods.
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Liu, Qichao, Wei Wang, and Xuedong Hua. "Path Planning Method for Electric Vehicles Based on Freeway Network." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (October 18, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3030050.
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Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have received more and more attention, but the problem of the insufficient range is still the main reason that hinders electric vehicles to travel long distances. Under the premise of the battery capacity without technological innovation, the path planning method can ensure the safety and efficiency of electric vehicles in long-distance travel. This paper studies the actual freeway network to optimize the vehicle driving path and give the charging strategy based on the shortest travel time of a single vehicle. In this paper, a path and charging strategy planning model is proposed. In this model, the shortest travel time of a single vehicle is taken as the objective function, and the state of charging equipment in the actual road network and the safe electric quantity are considered as constraints. And the genetic algorithm is used to solve the model. Through case analysis, the rationality and optimization efficiency of the model proposed in this paper are verified. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the three parameters of traffic volume, temperature, and travel speed is carried out with the Shanghai-Nanjing freeway network. The experimental results can get the nodes with the highest service pressure in the network, which can provide a theoretical basis for charging nodes’ expansion in the freeway network in the future.
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Bai, Yun, Jiajie Li, Tang Li, Lingling Yang, and Chenxi Lyu. "Traffic Signal Coordination for Tramlines with Passive Priority Strategy." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (November 22, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6062878.
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Prioritizing traffic signals for trams crossing intersections without stops can increase the service punctuality and travel speed of trams, but it may also increase the delays of other vehicles at intersections. This paper presents a model on coordinated control of traffic signals among successive intersections along the tramline, taking into account driving characteristics of trams and vehicles. The objective is maximizing the valid bandwidth of vehicle green wave to reduce vehicle delays, while the trams cross intersections without stops. Linear Interactive and General Optimizer (LINGO) is applied to solve the proposed model and VISSIM simulation software is adopted to assess the solutions attained by the proposed model and the previous TRAMBAND model. Case studies show that the solutions given by the proposed model facilitate trams to go through all intersections along the tramline without stops. In comparison with the TRAMBAND model, the proposed model reduces tram delay by 13.14 s/pcu and increases the throughput of vehicles at intersections by 4.45% and reduces vehicle delays by 2.22%. Extensive simulations have verified that the performance of the proposed model is stable under different tram headways, dwell time, and traffic volumes. It is also found that the tram headway must be multiple of traffic signal cycle time to completely realize green wave control of all trams at all intersections along the tramline.
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Nourinejad, Mehdi, and Matthew J. Roorda. "Cruising for Parking with Autonomous and Conventional Vehicles." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (November 1, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6269995.
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Parking is a cumbersome part of auto travel because travelers have to search for a spot and walk from that spot to their final destination. This conventional method of parking will change with the arrival of autonomous vehicles (AV). In the near future, users of AVs get dropped off at their final destination and the occupant-free AVs search for the nearest and most convenient parking spot. Hence, individuals no longer bear the discomfort of cruising for parking while sitting in their vehicle. This paper quantifies the impact of AVs on parking occupancy and traffic flow on a corridor that connects a home zone to a downtown zone. The model considers a heterogeneous group of AVs and conventional vehicles (CV) and captures their parking behavior as they try to minimize their generalized travel costs. Insights are obtained from applying the model to two case studies with uniform and linear parking supply along the corridor. We show that (i) CVs park closer to the downtown zone in order to minimize their walking distance, whereas AVs park farther away from the downtown zone to minimize their parking search time, (ii) AVs experience a lower search time than CVs, and (iii) higher AV penetration rates reduce travel costs for both AVs and CVs.
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Yang, Funing, Guoliang Liu, Liping Huang, and Cheng Siong Chin. "Tensor Decomposition for Spatial—Temporal Traffic Flow Prediction with Sparse Data." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 24, 2020): 6046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216046.
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Urban transport traffic surveillance is of great importance for public traffic control and personal travel path planning. Effective and efficient traffic flow prediction is helpful to optimize these real applications. The main challenge of traffic flow prediction is the data sparsity problem, meaning that traffic flow on some roads or of certain periods cannot be monitored. This paper presents a transport traffic prediction method that leverages the spatial and temporal correlation of transportation traffic to tackle this problem. We first propose to model the traffic flow using a fourth-order tensor, which incorporates the location, the time of day, the day of the week, and the week of the month. Based on the constructed traffic flow tensor, we either propose a model to estimate the correlation in each dimension of the tensor. Furthermore, we utilize the gradient descent strategy to design a traffic flow prediction algorithm that is capable of tackling the data sparsity problem from the spatial and temporal perspectives of the traffic pattern. To validate the proposed traffic prediction method, case studies using real-work datasets are constructed, and the results demonstrate that the prediction accuracy of our proposed method outperforms the baselines. The accuracy decreases the least with the percentage of missing data increasing, including the situation of data being missing on neighboring roads in one or continuous multi-days. This certifies that the proposed prediction method can be utilized for sparse data-based transportation traffic surveillance.
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Knoblauch, Richard L., Martin T. Pietrucha, and Marsha Nitzburg. "Field Studies of Pedestrian Walking Speed and Start-Up Time." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1538, no. 1 (January 1996): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153800104.
Full textAbstract:
Today's traffic environment is not well adapted to the needs of the older pedestrian. Unfortunately, except in the case of children, little is known about the characteristics and behavior of pedestrians. Although the simple fact that older pedestrians walk more slowly than younger ones is easily supported by field data, existing data on walking speeds and start-up time (i.e., the time from the onset of a Walk signal until the pedestrian steps off the curb) have many shortcomings. A series of field studies was conducted to quantify the walking speed and start-up time of pedestrians of various ages under different conditions. Sixteen crosswalks in four urban areas were studied. Data were collected on walking speeds and start-up times relative to site and environmental factors, including street width, posted speed, curb height, grade, number of vehicle travel lanes, signal cycle length, pedestrian-signal type, street functional classification, crosswalk type, and channelization. Data on a subject group of pedestrians who appeared to be 65 years of age or older and a control group of pedestrians under age 65 were collected. Results indicate a broad range of walking speeds among pedestrians. The 15th-percentile walking speed for younger pedestrians (ages 14 to 64) was 1.25 m/sec (4.09 ft/sec); for older pedestrians (ages 65 and over) it was 0.97 m/sec (3.19 ft/sec). For design purposes values of 1.22 m/sec (4 ft/sec) for younger pedestrians and 0.91 m/sec (3 ft/sec) for older pedestrians are appropriate. Results also indicated that walking rates are influenced by a variety of factors, including the functional classification and vehicle volumes on the street being crossed, the street width, weather conditions, the number of pedestrians crossing in a group, the signal cycle length, the timing of the various pedestrian-signal phases, whether right turn on red is allowed, pedestrian signals, medians, curb cuts, crosswalk markings, stop lines, and on-street parking. However, for each of these factors, the effect on crossing speeds, although statistically significant, is not meaningful for design.
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Fakharian Qom, Somaye, Mohammed Hadi, Yan Xiao, and Haitham Al-Deek. "Queue Length Estimation for Freeway Facilities: Based on Combination of Point Traffic Detector and Automatic Vehicle Identification Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2616, no. 1 (January 2017): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2616-03.
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Queue length is a critical performance measure for assessing and managing transportation network performance. Two new methods that integrate data from point traffic detectors and automatic vehicle identification (AVI) readers to estimate the queue length of freeway segments for both off-line and real-time applications are developed in this study. One method estimates the queue length between two detectors by using linear interpolation between the travel time measurement based on AVI data when the link is fully queued and when no queue is present. In the second method, a segment with a partial queue is divided into two subsegments: the first is assumed to be similar to upstream traffic conditions and the second to downstream traffic conditions. Then, the length of each part is calculated from AVI speed data. The performance of these methods is assessed and compared in two case studies that are based on simulation data and real-world data. The results show that using a combination of point detector data and AVI data produces accurate estimates of queue length. The queue estimation method based on cumulative volumes collected with point detectors alone also produces reasonably good estimates but requires additional ramp detection and assumptions regarding moving queue density. The two combination methods produce results that are close to each other based on simulation data and real-world data. The segmentation method produces better results based on real-world data.
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Greer, Nikolai, and Khaled Ksaibati. "Development of Benefit Cost Analysis Tools for Evaluating Transportation Research Projects." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 1 (January 2019): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118821675.
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Transportation research projects are a vital element for transportation agencies to accumulate new technology and knowledge to improve the efficiency and safety of transportation infrastructure. The purpose of this paper is to develop benefit cost analysis (BCA) tools to assist transportation agencies in evaluating transportation research projects. The BCA tools provide analysis methods for estimating the benefits for changes in the level of service (LOS) of a roadway, reductions in the vehicle travel time, changes in vehicle operating costs and reductions in the number of crashes. Three case studies were investigated to illustrate the usage of the BCA tools. The first case study evaluated the effectiveness of variable speed limit systems implemented along I-80 in southern Wyoming. The BCA tools estimated a benefit cost ratio of 6.64 indicating that the implementation of the project was economically justifiable. The second case study was a recent study investigating and developing mitigation strategies for the effects of truck traffic along the I-80 in southern Wyoming resulting in a benefit cost ratio of a 9.23 indicating that the project had the potential to be economically viable upon implementation. The final case study evaluated the effect of wildlife overpass and underpass crossings on the migrations of pronghorn and mule deer. The benefit cost ratio for the research project was 0.42 indicating that the project was not economically beneficial after the first year of implementation. The case studies indicated that the BCA tools are a beneficial tool for quantifying the economic benefits of a transportation research project.
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Gurumurthy, Krishna Murthy, Felipe de Souza, Annesha Enam, and Joshua Auld. "Integrating Supply and Demand Perspectives for a Large-Scale Simulation of Shared Autonomous Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 7 (June 2, 2020): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120921157.
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Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) have been steadily increasing the share of total trips in metropolitan areas across the world. Micro-modeling TNC operation is essential for large-scale transportation systems simulation. In this study, an agent-based approach for analyzing supply and demand aspects of ride-sourcing operation is done using POLARIS, a high-performance simulation tool. On the demand side, a mode-choice model for the agent and a vehicle-ownership model that informs this choice are developed. On the supply side, TNC vehicle-assignment strategies, pick-up and drop-off operations, and vehicle repositioning are modeled with congestion feedback, an outcome of the mesoscopic traffic simulation. Two case studies of Bloomington and Chicago in Illinois are used to study the framework’s computational speed for large-scale operations and the effect of TNC fleets on a region’s congestion patterns. Simulation results show that a zone-based vehicle-assignment strategy scales better than relying on matching closest vehicles to requests. For large regions like Chicago, large fleets are seen to be detrimental to congestion, especially in a future in which more travelers will use TNCs. From an operational point of view, an efficient relocation strategy is critical for large regions with concentrated demand, but not regulating repositioning can worsen empty travel and, consequently, congestion. The TNC simulation framework developed in this study is of special interest to cities and regions, since it can be used to model both demand and supply aspects for large regions at scale, and in reasonably low computational time.
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Werther, Lukas, Tanja Menn, Johannes Schmidt, and Hartmut Müller. "Modelling pre-modern flow distances of inland waterways – a GIS study in southern Germany." Virtual Archaeology Review 12, no. 25 (July 14, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2021.15245.
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<p class="VARAbstract">Rivers form major traffic arteries in pre-modern Central Europe and accurate regional to supra-regional network models of inland navigation are crucial for economic history. However, navigation distances have hitherto been based on modern flow distances, which could be a significant source of error due to modern changes in flow distance and channel pattern. Here, we use a systematic comparison of vectorized old maps, which enlighten the fluvial landscape before most of the large-scale river engineering took place, and modern opensource geodata to deduce change ratios of flow distance and channel patterns. The river courses have been vectorised, edited and divided into comparable grid units. Based on the thalweg, meandering and braided/anabranching river sections have been identified and various ratios have been calculated in order to detect changes in length and channel patterns. Our large-scale analytical approach and Geographic Information System (GIS) workflow are transferable to other rivers in order to deduce change ratios on a European scale. The 19<sup>th</sup> century flow distance is suitable to model pre-modern navigation distances. As a case study, we have used our approach to reconstruct changes of flow pattern, flow distance and subsequent changes in navigation distance and transportation time for the rivers Altmühl, Danube, Main, Regnitz, Rednitz, Franconian and Swabian Rezat (Southern Germany). The change ratio is rather heterogeneous with length and travel time changes of the main channel up to 24% and an extensive transformation of channel morphology in many river sections. Based on published travel time data, we have modelled the effect of our change ratios. Shipping between the commercial hubs Ulm and Regensburg, to give an example, was up to 5 days longer based on pre-modern distances. This is highly significant and underlines the necessity for river-specific correction values to model supra-regional networks of pre-modern inland waterways and navigation with higher precision.</p><p>Highlights:</p><ul><li><p>Systematic comparison of old maps and modern geodata to deduce river-specific length correction values to improve supra-regional network models of pre-modern inland navigation.</p></li><li><p>Large-scale analytical approach and transferable GIS workflow for flow distance reconstruction with case studies in Southern Germany.</p></li><li><p>Length changes of navigated fairways result in pre-modern period travel times up to 24% higher in corrected models.</p></li></ul>
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Ameli, Mostafa, Mohamad Sadegh Shirani Faradonbeh, Jean-Patrick Lebacque, Hossein Abouee-Mehrizi, and Ludovic Leclercq. "Departure Time Choice Models in Urban Transportation Systems Based on Mean Field Games." Transportation Science, May 6, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2022.1147.
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Departure time choice models play a crucial role in determining the traffic load in transportation systems. Most studies that consider departure time user equilibrium (DTUE) problems make assumptions on the user characteristics (e.g., distribution of desired arrival time and trip length) or dynamic traffic model (e.g., classic bathtub or point queue models) in order to analyze the problem. This paper relaxes these assumptions and introduces a new framework to model and analyze the DTUE problem based on the so-called mean field games (MFGs) theory. MFGs allow us to define players at the microscopic level similar to classical game theory models, translating the effect of players’ decisions to macroscopic models. In this paper, we first present a continuous departure time choice model and investigate the equilibria of the system. Specifically, we demonstrate the existence of the equilibrium and characterize the DTUE. Then, a discrete approximation of the system is provided based on deterministic differential game models to numerically obtain the equilibrium of the system. To examine the efficiency of the proposed model, we compare it with the departure time choice models in the literature. We apply our framework to a standard test case and observe that the solutions obtained based on our model are 5.6% better in terms of relative cost compared with the solutions determined based on previous studies. Moreover, our proposed model converges with fewer iterations than the reference solution method in the literature. Finally, the model is scaled up to the real test case corresponding to the whole Lyon metropolis with a real demand pattern. The results show that the proposed framework is able to tackle a much larger test case than usual to include multiple preferred travel times and heterogeneous trip lengths more accurately than existing models.
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Masry, Hesham El, Mohamed El Esawey, Khaled El-Araby, and Ahmed Osama. "Operational Impact of Microcars on Urban and Suburban Road Corridors." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, February 11, 2022, 036119812210750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981221075022.
Full textAbstract:
Efficient utilization of a private car is achieved when it is used to transport many travelers. A single-occupancy vehicle (SOV) is a private vehicle whose only occupant is the driver. The existence of SOVs in the traffic stream leads to unjustified congestion and shortage of available parking spaces, especially in megacities. Microcars can be beneficial for cities where it is infeasible to construct new roads or upgrade the existing ones because of limited space. Microcars offer many advantages compared with motorcycles and bicycles as they provide shelter from adverse weather conditions, allow for personal storage space, and are more culturally accepted in eastern societies like Egypt. This research investigates the operational impacts of using microcars on roads by using microsimulation. VISSIM was used to model two case studies: a hypothetical urban corridor and a suburban expressway in Greater Cairo. Mixed and exclusive lane scenarios were analyzed using different modal shares for microcars. The results showed that replacing a portion of private cars by microcars increased the throughput volume and reduced the overall travel time. Exclusive lanes for microcars showed better results than mixed lanes on an urban corridor. On the suburban expressway, however, average travel time was shown to be lower for mixed lane usage compared with exclusive lanes. The results of this research support the idea of promoting microcars as a potential mitigation measure to relieve congestion, especially in urban areas.