Bibliographies: 'Travel Health aspects Asia, Southeastern'

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Erovichenkov, А. A., N. Yu Pshenichnaya, A. A. Ishmukhametov, A. V. Gorelov, and V. G. Akimkin. "Travelers' Diarrhea: Resolved and Unresolved Issues." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-3-118-128.

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Relevance. Travel diarrhea is the most common health problem in travelers, affecting up to 70% of travelers, especially when traveling to developing countries. Research and development of scientific and practical approaches to the prevention, risk assessment and treatment of travelers' diarrhea continues to be the focus of attention of specialists in the field of epidemiology, infectious diseases and travel medicine around the world.Aim of the study: systematization and synthesis of new data on various clinical and epidemiological aspects of travelers' diarrhea.Conclusion. Analysis of modern scientific literature has made it possible to identify the risks for travelers associated with the direction of travel and the state of their own health. The highest risk of developing traveler's diarrhea (from 20% to 90%) is recorded in people visiting the countries of the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and Africa. There is a high risk of developing traveler's diarrhea in children under 4 years of age. The causative agents of acute bacterial intestinal infections can account for up to 80% -90% of all cases of travelers' diarrhea. In most cases, travelers' diarrhea is mild. Seeking medical care is observed from 5% to 15% of cases. For etiotropic therapy, the use of azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and other drugs is recommended. Recommendations for self-management of traveler's diarrhea have been formulated. Pre-trip travel advice will help reduce the risks of travelers' diarrhea.

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TURNER, LEIGH. "Commercial Organ Transplantation in the Philippines." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, no. 2 (April 2009): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109090318.

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Countries throughout Asia promote themselves as leading destinations for international travelers seeking inexpensive healthcare. India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Thailand are all trying to attract greater numbers of what their promotional campaigns call “medical tourists.” Government tourism initiatives, hospital associations, medical tourism companies, and individual hospitals advertise hip and knee replacements, spinal surgery, cosmetic surgery, and other medical procedures. In contrast to most nations marketing treatments to international patients, the Philippines differentiates itself by selling “all inclusive” kidney transplant packages. Patients from other countries travel to the Philippines and receive kidneys purchased from poor individuals.

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SAINI, PARMESH K., DONALD W. WEBERT, and PATRICK C. McCASKEY. "Food Safety and Regulatory Aspects of Cattle and Swine Cysticercosis." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.4.447.

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Using slaughter disposition data maintained by the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, prevalence of cattle cysticercosis (Cysticercus bovis) for a l0-year period from 1985 through 1994 is reported. Out of an annual average of approximately 33 million slaughtered cattle, about 6,200 carcasses were identified with cysticercus lesions. In the five FSIS inspection regions in the United States, namely Western, Southwestern, Northeastern, Southeastern, and North Central, an average cattle cysticercosis prevalence of 0.0697, 0.0085,0.0012,0.0004, and 0.0003, respectively, is reported. The relevance of serological testing in lieu of, or as a supplement to, the current labor-intensive physical detection procedure in cattle is discussed, the latter being reported to miss close to one-third of the carcasses harboring cysticercus lesions. Out of a total of approximately 80 million swine slaughtered annually in the United States, the number of carcasses identified with cysticercus lesions (Cysticercus cellulosae) is extremely low, ranging from 1 through 44 during each of the 10 years. Swine cysticercosis (unlike cattle cysticercosis), with man being an alternate intermediate host, poses serious public health concerns with sometimes fatal consequences manifested through neurocysticercosis (Cysticercus cellulosae). Though human cysticercosis is still rare in the United States, recent reports have indicated an upturn in diagnosed cases. These are primarily the result of an increasing number of immigrants and international travel to and from endemic areas.

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Aymankuy, Şimal, Özge Güdü Demirbulat, and Yusuf Aymankuy. "Security perceptions and expectations of domestic tourists - A sample of Southeastern AnatoliaYerli turistlerin güvenlik algılarının belirlenmesi - Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi örneği." International Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 1 (February 21, 2016): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3569.

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Tourism is a quite touchy sector against the situations such as act of god (volcanic eruption, flooding, earthquake, storm, etc.), war, terrorism and riots. The main priority of tourism activity participator tourists is whether the country or region where they want to travel is safe or not. Because tourists travel for resting, let of steam, relaxing or vocationally. On the other hand while the tourists take travel decision acts by considering the warnings of their state and media etc. elements. Accordingly, safe perception of a region or a country has significantly importance in order to provide the sustainability of tourism sector. In this context, how domestic tourists perceive southeastern Anatolia region with safe aspects was tried to revealed, after safety concept was handled by associating with tourism. In the research it has been reached that, the participants mostly attach importance to security factor in vacation. Perceptions of those who participated “GAP” tour was assessed in six dimensions such as “general security”, “terrorist actions”, “health security”, “hotel security”, “food security” and “transportation security”. As a result of assessment, while the “hotel security” perception of those who attended the Southeastern Anatolia region tour has the highest participation, “general security” perception has the lowest participation dimension been determined. Besides the participators feel themselves in safe in the hotels of GAP tour, they also had even a little anxiety about the terrorism actions while they were taking to attend GAP tour. ÖzetTurizm, doğal afetler (volkanik patlama, sel, deprem, kasırga vb.), savaş, terör ve isyan gibi durumlara karşı oldukça hassas bir sektördür. Turizm faaliyetine katılan turistlerin en önemli öncelikleri arasında, seyahat ettikleri ülke veya bölgelerin güvenli olup olmadığı yer almaktadır. Çünkü turistler; dinlenmek, stres atarak rahatlamak veya meslek amacıyla seyahat ederler. Öte yandan turistler, seyahat kararı alırlarken, kendi devletinin seyahat uyarılarını ve medya gibi unsurları da dikkate alarak hareket etmektedirler. Dolayısıyla turizm sektöründe sürekliliğin sağlanabilmesi adına bir ülke ya da bölgenin güvenilir olarak algılanması son derece önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda; bu araştırmada güvenlik kavramı turizmle ilişkilendirilerek ele alındıktan sonra, yerli turistlerin Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’ni güvenlik boyutuyla nasıl algıladıkları ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmada; katılımcıların tatilde en çok güvenlik unsuruna önem verdikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. GAP turuna katılanların güvenlik algıları “genel güvenlik”, “terör eylemleri”, “sağlık güvenliği”, “otel güvenliği”, “gıda güvenliği” ve “ulaşım güvenliği” şeklinde altı boyutta değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme sonucunda, Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’ne yönelik turlara katılan katılımcıların “otel güvenliği” algısı en yüksek katılıma sahip iken, “genel güvenlik” algısı en düşük katılıma sahip boyut olarak tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların GAP turunda konaklama yapılan otellerde kendilerini güvende hissetmelerinin yanısıra GAP turuna katılım kararı alırken terör eylemleri ile ilgili olarak az da olsa endişe duydukları bir başka araştırma sonucu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.

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Szlachciuk, Julita, Olena Kulykovets, Maciej Dębski, Adriana Krawczyk, and Hanna Górska-Warsewicz. "How Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Influenced the Tourism Behaviour of International Students in Poland?" Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 8480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148480.

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Nearly 20 years after the SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) epidemic, we are facing another COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism behaviour of international students in Poland. We paid attention to the overall impact of the pandemic on life, travel, choice of tourist destination, tourism activity, ecotourism preference, and health and safety issues. We formulated two research questions: What areas of international student tourism behaviour were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic? What differences in travel behaviour occurred between international students from Europe and Asia? Participants were recruited from universities located in Warsaw between June and September 2020. A total of 806 questionnaires were collected, 87 of which were eliminated due to non-response. The research sample consisted of 719 people. Six factors were identified in the survey results: tourism inclination, impact on tourist destination, hygiene and accommodation, impact on life, impact on tourism, and mode of tourism. Impact on life and impact on tourism were attributed to the general impact dimension; tourism inclination and mode of tourism can be summarized as attitude and preference. Food and accommodation were assigned to hygiene and safety dimensions. In almost all aspects, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people’s lives was greater for Asian respondents. Asian respondents were more likely to say that they would avoid COVID-19-affected areas when choosing tourist destinations in the future, and avoid travelling to crowded large cities after COVID-19 ended. European survey participants’ responses were more moderate.

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Portillo, Aránzazu, Ana M. Palomar, Paula Santibáñez, and José A. Oteo. "Epidemiological Aspects of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Western Europe: What about the Future?" Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 21, 2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030649.

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus), mainly transmitted by ticks, belonging to the genus Orthonairovirus (family Nairoviridae, order Bunyavirales). CCHFV causes a potentially severe, or even fatal, human disease, and it is widely distributed in Africa, Asia, eastern Europe and, more recently, in South-western Europe. Until a few years ago, no cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) had been reported in western Europe, with the exception of several travel-associated cases. In 2010, the CCHFV was reported for the first time in South-western Europe when viral RNA was obtained from Hyalomma lusitanicum ticks collected from deer in Cáceres (Spain). Migratory birds from Africa harboring CCHFV-infected ticks and flying to Spain appear to have contributed to the establishment of the virus (genotype III, Africa-3) in this country. In addition, the recent findings in a patient and in ticks from deer and wild boar of viral sequences similar to those from eastern Europe (genotype V, Europe-1), raise the possibility of the introduction of CCHFV into Spain through the animal trade, although the arrival by bird routes cannot be ruled out (Africa-4 has been also recently detected). The seropositive rates of animals detected in regions of South-western Spain suggest an established cycle of tick-host-tick in certain areas, and the segment reassortment detected in the sequenced virus from one patient evidences a high ability to adaptation of the virus. Different ixodid tick genera can be vectors and reservoirs of the virus, although Hyalomma spp. are particularly relevant for its maintenance. This tick genus is common in Mediterranean region but it is currently spreading to new areas, partly due to the climate change and movement of livestock or wild animals. Although to a lesser extent, travels with our pets (and their ticks) may be also a factor to be considered. As a consequence, the virus is expanding from the Balkan region to Central Europe and, more recently, to Western Europe where different genotypes are circulating. Thus, seven human cases confirmed by molecular methods have been reported in Spain from 2016 to August 2020, three of them with a fatal outcome. A One Health approach is essential for the surveillance of fauna and vector populations to assess the risk for humans and animals. We discuss the risk of CCHFV causing epidemic outbreaks in Western Europe.

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Mohamad, Mahadzirah, Nur Izzati Ab Ghani, and Muhamad Nasyat Muhamad Nasir. "THE IMPACT OF PERCEIVED VALUE, DESTINATION SERVICE QUALITY, AND TOURIST SATISFACTION ON DESTINATION LOYALTY AMONG INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS VISITING MALAYSIA." Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management 4, no. 16 (September 11, 2019): 10–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jthem.416002.

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The competitive situation and challenges within the tourism industry worldwide entailed a better understanding of destination loyalty’s determinants in achieving Malaysia’s aspiration to retain its international reputation as one of the most desirable tourist destinations in Asia. Literature proved that factors such as perceived value, service quality and tourist satisfaction could influence in improving destination loyalty. In view of this, there is a need to examine the influence of several constructs namely perceived value, service quality and tourist satisfaction that can contribute to the loyalty of international tourists towards Malaysia as it was suggested in the literature review. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to examine the influence of perceived value and service quality on tourist satisfaction, which in turn would influence destination loyalty. In this study, tourist satisfaction was treated as the mediating variable. The proposed model was tested using structural equation modeling on a sample of 337 foreign tourists selected using a random sampling method. The study was conducted from August 2014 to October 2014. The proposed model achieved acceptable goodness-of-fit. The requirements for reliability and validity were also met. The results of the empirical study indicated that perceived value influenced tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty. In addition, the findings revealed that service quality had a significant effect on satisfaction. However, service quality had no significant effect on destination loyalty. Moreover, the findings indicated that tourist satisfaction had a full mediating effect on the relationship between service quality and destination loyalty. The study contributed to a better understanding of behavioral factors that would represent a sustainable source for increasing customer retention at the level of individual providers as well as a destination as a whole. Individual providers should focus on delivering quality services related to accommodation, information and facilities, health and hygiene, and shopping that were associated with the visitor’s travel experience. Aspects of perceived value identified in the study could be used as a strategic tool in managing tourism offerings which could enhance the destination’s competitive edge.

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Anila Sultana, Qaiser Sharif. "Aspects, Impediments and Prospects of South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC)." Pakistan Journal of International Affairs 3, no. 2 (March 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v3i2.13.

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Combined with common features such as historical context, geographical proximity, common characteristics of social and political values, the amount of material and human resources inspired the recognition of the South Asian block known as SAARC (South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation). The SAARC sanction plots alluring objectives and goals that are intended to advance nearer trade, economic, cultural, and social relations in South Asia. The association has passed a few goals and archives to seek after these destinations. This regional alliance has a great deal of potential for advancing trade, economic relations, education, travel industry, health care, women empowerment, terrorism, human development, communication, and agriculture development. The key concept behind this co-operational of regional partners was the extension of commercial, political, and social collaboration, a shared understanding of the region's tacit use, and persistence in countering threats

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"A Clinico-epidemiological Study of Malaria Patients Admitted in A Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh." Archives of Infectious Diseases & Therapy 4, no. 2 (May 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.33140/aidt.04.02.06.

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Malaria is a public health problem in 90 countries around the world affecting 300 million people and responsible for about 1 million deaths annually. Bangladesh is considered as one of the malaria endemic countries in Asia. Every year large number of people suffered for malaria. But there is little studies about clinico-epidemiology of malaria. Aim: To study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of malaria. Methods: This is a Prospective observational study that was conducted in all medicine unit of Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh during August 2017 to June 2018. Total 55 patients were included in the study having malaria diagnosed by blood slide examination or rapid diagnostic test. Patients were enrolled in this study after getting written informed consent from the patient or attendant. Detail demographic and clinical data were recorded in structured case report form. Patients were regularly followed up and outcome recorded. Results: Results showed males (65.5%) of 25±15.109 years of age were the main sufferer. Majority (45%) came from low socio-economic condition (<5000 taka/month). 65.5% patients denied any history of recent travel to malarias’ area. 69.1% cases give history of using mosquito net, but only 25.5% have insecticide treated mosquito net. Majority (89.1%) were diagnosed as severe malaria and only few (10.9%) as uncomplicated malaria. Most of the diagnosis done at Chittagong Medical College Hospital, mainly presenting with coma or altered consciousness and convulsion. At field level diagnostic test done in 67.27% cases, of which RDT in 14.5%, BSE in 45.5% and both in 7.3% cases. 78.2% cases outcome were good with improvement and death occurred in 21.8% cases, mainly due to acute renal failure. Conclusion: Though we are making significant effort to control malaria, still we have to improve in controlling malaria based on both preventing the infection and on prompt effective treatment of the infection and illness when it does occur.

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"A Clinico-epidemiological Study of Malaria Patients Admitted in A Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh." Archives of Infectious Diseases & Therapy 4, no. 2 (May 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.33140/anfs.04.02.06.

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Malaria is a public health problem in 90 countries around the world affecting 300 million people and responsible for about 1 million deaths annually. Bangladesh is considered as one of the malaria endemic countries in Asia. Every year large number of people suffered for malaria. But there is little studies about clinico-epidemiology of malaria. Aim: To study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of malaria. Methods: This is a Prospective observational study that was conducted in all medicine unit of Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh during August 2017 to June 2018. Total 55 patients were included in the study having malaria diagnosed by blood slide examination or rapid diagnostic test. Patients were enrolled in this study after getting written informed consent from the patient or attendant. Detail demographic and clinical data were recorded in structured case report form. Patients were regularly followed up and outcome recorded. Results: Results showed males (65.5%) of 25±15.109 years of age were the main sufferer. Majority (45%) came from low socio-economic condition (<5000 taka/month). 65.5% patients denied any history of recent travel to malarias’ area. 69.1% cases give history of using mosquito net, but only 25.5% have insecticide treated mosquito net. Majority (89.1%) were diagnosed as severe malaria and only few (10.9%) as uncomplicated malaria. Most of the diagnosis done at Chittagong Medical College Hospital, mainly presenting with coma or altered consciousness and convulsion. At field level diagnostic test done in 67.27% cases, of which RDT in 14.5%, BSE in 45.5% and both in 7.3% cases. 78.2% cases outcome were good with improvement and death occurred in 21.8% cases, mainly due to acute renal failure. Conclusion: Though we are making significant effort to control malaria, still we have to improve in controlling malaria based on both preventing the infection and on prompt effective treatment of the infection and illness when it does occur.

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