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Spare, John P. "The language of group travel : an evaluation of group tours and group travel texts /." Online version of thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10770.
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Japala, Pradeep. "A Study Of Travel Agent System in Mobile Devices Using Travel Agent System and Semantic Web Technologies." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1129.
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The thesis work intends to provide the cost implementation method for the travel products from the travel agency to the mobile devices. Mobile devices are now capable of accessing the internet services as their considerable advancements are achieved in the wireless devices. The mobile devices are capable of searching through the web content for extracting the required data. But as the search engines face the problems due to their searching strategies such as keyword based search, semantic web has come into picture. This thesis work explains how semantic web technologies are integrated in the mobile devices for getting the desired products for optimal price. Semantic web is the suitable for the travel agent system as there is exchange of information. The data from the mobile devices is carried through the agents between the travel agency and the devices. This work intends to provide how the semantic web and the multi-agent systems are helpful for searching the desired products of the user (using mobile devices). The agents in the multi-agent system communicate with each other in the travel agent system through the ontologies which are written in the OWL ontology language
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MacDougall, Laura A. "Travel agents as partners in promoting referral of at-risk travellers to travel health clinics." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33424.
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Increases in travel-related illness require new partnerships to ensure travellers are prepared for health risks abroad. The present study evaluated a health promotion intervention aimed at travel agents to encourage them to refer at-risk travellers to travel health clinics. Information on the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of travel agents before and after the intervention was compared using two self-administered questionnaires. Proportions of first-time attendees of travel clinics reporting referral by a travel agent were monitored in order to detect post-intervention changes.Evaluation of the intervention revealed a small improvement in travel agents' overall attitudes and beliefs (p = 0.03), in particular their intention to refer (p = 0.01). Sixty-five percent of travel agents self-reported an increase in referral behaviour; owners or managers of the agency were significantly more likely to do so than other travel agents (OR = 7.25; 95% CI: 1.64, 32.06). Older travel agents, those that worked longer hours and those with some past referral experience had significantly higher post-intervention scores. The proportion of travellers attending a travel health clinic who had been referred by a travel agent did not increase over the course of the study.
Education of travel agents early in their training is required to underscore the need for clinic referrals and to ensure routine referral of all at-risk travellers. Travel agents can be willing partners in referring travellers to travel health clinics and agencies should be encouraged to develop specific referral policies.
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Degonda, Nina. "The future role of travel agents in the Internet age." St. Gallen, 2008. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02604940002/$FILE/02604940002.pdf.
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Aldajani, Dima Mousa. "A critical analysis of e-commerce use by Jordanian travel agents." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11308/.
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While e-commerce has become a significant matter with the advancement of the Internet, there have been inadequate empirical research efforts concerning its acceptance in developing countries, specifically in the Middle East area, and more particularly in Jordan. Previous studies investigated e-commerce acceptance and use extensively, by employing different technology acceptance models in developed countries. However, the application of some technology models successful in developed countries, such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour (DTPB) have been found to be less predictive when tested in developing countries. This suggests that culture and the empirical setting of the study will have an effect on the technology acceptance and use. Moreover, there are limited studies that investigate the technology acceptance in the tourism sector in both the developing and developed countries. As a result, this study has attempted to fill this research gap by creating a developing country model (using Jordan as a research site) and then comparing this model to traditional models which arc predominantly Western/developed country- in origin. Data was collected from 313 travel agencies 111 the area of Amman through a questionnaire survey, and then the data was analysed through various analytical methods. Data analysis started with the descriptive statistics of the demographic variables, key informants and actual use of the Internet. Then an investigation of the reliability and validity of each construct was conducted using item-to-total correlations and exploratory factor analyses. The results of factor analysis were used as inputs in successive multiple regression analyses. E-commerce use was measured by time and frequency of the Internet use. The research findings indicate that the adapted Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model (UTAUT), which was originally tested in the developed countries, can also explain e-commerce acceptance and use of travel agents. In addition, the study indicates the factors that affect e-commerce adoption in the Jordanian travel agencies, namely performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, perceived risk, government support, competition and external pressure, facilitating conditions and compatibility. The key influence drivers that have affected the behaviour intention to use e-commerce were the construct of competition and external pressure followed by the performance expectancy construct, then the effort expectancy and finally the facilitating condition constructs. Furthermore, the results of the analyses revealed that performance expectancy and effort expectancy along with social influence and competition and external pressure and facilitating conditions were significant factors and had a positive influence on the behaviour intention to use e-commerce. In contrast, perceived risk, along with government support and compatibility, were insignificant factors. In addition, the behaviour intention has a significantly positive effect on intended degree of use. Also, the findings of this study clarify the effects of various moderators on the behaviour intention to use e-commerce. Performance expectancy was not moderated by age and gender. Effort expectancy was moderated by gender with a stronger effect for males, but age did not moderate the relationship between effort expectancy and behaviour intention. Finally, age did not moderate the relationship between social influence and behaviour intention. In contrast, gender moderated this relationship, with a markedly stronger effect for women. The study contributes to the body of literature in the area of technology acceptance in developing countries and in the hospitality industry. The findings suggested that the UTAUT explains e-commerce acceptance and use in Jordanian travel agencies. It also provides several managerial and methodological implications. The study provides a useful model for managers of travel agencies to evaluate the factors that influence the use of e-commerce. It also provides suggestions to help managers to formulate organizational policies and marketing strategies prior to the use of the e-commerce. The limitations of the study together with directions for future research are also considered.
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Kim, Tae-Jun. "The current internet marketing status of Korean travel agency web sites." Online version, 1999. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1999/1999kim.pdf.
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Ho, Chee-ying Kitty. "A review of regulatory system of the Hong Kong travel industry." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36427548.
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Zhu, Tao. "Cultural influence on visitors' perceived service quality of a Chinese travel agency /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1426121.
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Ujma, Dorota. "The channel relationship between tour operators and travel agents in Britain and Poland." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/333570.
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The aim of this research was to compare the distribution channel relationships in two different tourism markets: the mature market of Britain and the evolving market in Poland, with a view to assessing likely courses of tourism development in Poland. Relationships in channels of distribution can be understood as all the interactions, processes and flows taking place between companies involved in exchange of products and services. The focus of the research was an investigation of channel relationships between travel agents and tour operators. The evolution of tourism channel relationships in Britain and Poland was investigated in three stages: initiation, implementation and review, following the Kale and McIntyre (1991) and Crotts et al. (1998) models. Analysis of existing literature established that historical, political and economic backgrounds, as well as demand and supply, impact in different ways upon the structure of such channels in each country. Following that recognition two phases of empirical research were conducted using a mixed methods approach. The exploratory phase was based on interviews with British and Polish travel agents and tour operators, and from this phase a set of propositions was developed regarding travel agents' and tour operators' attitudes towards channel relationships. These propositions were explored using data collected from a detailed questionnaire survey distributed to a sample of British and Polish tour operators and travel agents. The results from this quantitative research were qualitatively augmented by outcomes from indepth interviews. The key findings from the research were that the Polish distribution system resembled to some extent the old British tourism structure. It was, however, unable to directly follow the development route undertaken by British companies. The pattern of operation was different in both countries due to four factors. Firstly, the distortions in operations in Poland originated from the post-socialist business structure; secondly, the diversity of business in Poland was much greater than in Britain, whilst, thirdly, the level of vertical integration between companies and the level of the development of information technology was more extensive in Britain. Finally, although the relationship development process consisted of similar stages in both countries, the field investigations showed differences in partners' selection, monitoring and support. The Polish companies relied heavily on social bonding and social ties in the selection stage, while in Britain the transparency and higher stability in the market reduced the necessity of close social bonding between employees and companies. The overall conclusion from the research is that the Polish travel companies are likely to follow many aspects of the British route, though with some specifically Polish characteristics. The initial evaluation of channel partners and the evaluation of the relationship between agents and tour operators would be strengthened in Poland, if there were a strong, regulatory and advisory association in the Polish market such as ABTA in Britain. Further research is recommended in terms of the impact of information technology on channel relationships in tourism and the role of tourism associations in the organisation of the tourism market.
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Watson, Pamela, and n/a. "Changing distribution systems: bon voyage to your travel agent?" University of Canberra. Information Management &Tourism, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050726.151525.
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Travel agents, traditionally the sector of the travel and tourism industry that has held a
strong position of power by providing an important link in the distribution channel
between principals and consumers, are now finding their business under threat. Rapid
changes in consumer demand, information technology and business systems are
impacting on travel agency viability around the world.
Increasing distribution costs have seen travel principals aiming to reach their
customers with distribution that is much more direct than in the past, cutting the travel
agent out of the system, or at the very least, reducing agency commissions. Strategic
alliances have also given suppliers - particularly airlines - marketing synergies, and
again reduced their need to rely on agents to distribute their product. Further
synergies have come from the use of diagonal integration, a process whereby firms
use information technologies to logically combine services for best productivity and
most profitability; for example, Internet booking plus electronic ticketing.
In addition the motivations and consumer behaviour of travellers are changing. The
&64;new tourists&64; want experiences, not just a vacation, are more likely to know what
they want, to do their own pre-purchase research, and to have a stronger preference
for tailor-made arrangements. This market is independent, and more likely to rely on
the Internet as a source of tourism information than to rely on the services of a travel
agent to plan their trip.
This thesis analyses the changes in the travel and tourism distribution system that
point towards the apparent disintermediation of travel agents, and makes
recommendations for new marketing strategies for travel agents, so that they may
retain their viability into the twenty-first century.
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Lin, Bin. "A study of the development of partner relationships associated with the chinese travel trade to South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/414.
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The Chinese inbound tourism market to SA has been acknowledged as an emerging market. However, South African tour operators experience difficulties in establishing and developing viable partner relationships with Chinese travel agents. Recognizing the size, importance and complexity of this market, the major purpose of this research is to explore and investigate the crucial process of developing Sino-South African partnership relationships in the tourism industry, to facilitate the establishment of business relationships with Chinese travel agents. This study is draws on applied marketing, management and cross-cultural theories on networking to explore the process of developing partnership relationships in the Chinese inbound tourism market to SA. The literature on networking, the development of networking relationships, and the effect of guanxi (connection), a key feature of Chinese business networking on partnership relations are reviewed. Given the limited research conducted on this topic and its cross-country nature, a quantitative research method was adopted for this study. Specifically, this study utilized e-mail survey techniques to explore the relationships between South African inbound tour operators and Chinese travel agents. This study identifies that the process of developing partnership relationships between Chinese travel agents and South African inbound tour operators is culturally embedded. They are giving rise to communication problems that affect partnership relationships. A new stage model of the development of partnership relationships between South African inbound tour operators and Chinese travel agents is therefore developed. In particular, the study identifies important factors in the process of developing business relationships. For example, mutual commitment, the pricing issue, word-of-mouth, and quality of services are all considered crucial in attaining long-term stable partnership relationships. Guanxi plays a significant, but not decisive role in the process of developing partnership relationships between Chinese travel agents and South African inbound tour operators. However, guanxi relationships can provide added value to the partnership relationships.
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Fisher, Gary. "An investigation into the relationship marketing strategies applied by Eastern Cape based travel agents." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/251.
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Relationship marketing has grown in importance. This growth affects all industries, including the tourism, hospitality and travel industry. Of particular importance is the bond of relationship marketing between suppliers (principals) and retailers (travel agents) in the distribution channel. The research was undertaken to: determine whether Eastern Cape travel agents perceive relationship marketing as important; establish, what the key elements of relationship marketing strategies are,according to literature; determine what marketing strategies are currently applied by Eastern Cape travel agents; provide guidelines to Eastern Cape travel agents to implement or improve their relationship marketing strategies. Fifty self-administered questionnaires were distributed to the entire population of travel agents in the Eastern Cape. A total of 30 travel agents responded. The empirical findings showed that: Most Eastern Cape travel agents perceived relationship marketing as important; Travel agents realized the importance of the management of such relationship marketing strategies; Most travel agents were aware of or used retention strategies to enhance relationship marketing strategies; Travel agents realized that to survive relationship marketing should be part of their future planning; All respondents believed that to successfully implement relationship marketing, all staff, from front-line to top-management, need to be committed to the programme. In conclusion, relationship marketing is growing in importance and all role players need to acknowledge and manage this trend. However, this research has shown that there is a paradigm shift as more travel agents are moving away from the traditional marketing to relationship marketing.
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Mossaz, Alaxa C. "Decision Power in High-End Tourism: The Role of Travel Agents in Wildlife Conservation." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365252.
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The aim of this research is to examine how conservation projects influence travel agents involved in high-end conservation tourism. The conservation of many threatened species in developing nations depends on private initiatives funded by high-end tourism, in addition to public protected areas. Private conservation initiatives depend on a regular supply of tourists, sent by specialised travel agents. Understanding the decision-making process of these travel agents is therefore important, and the factors considered by agents to make their decisions have critical implications for conservation.
The longest established and largest scale conservation tourism enterprises operate in sub-Saharan Africa. To attract tourists, conservation tourism operators rely heavily on flagship species such as the Big Five (lion, leopard, elephant, rhinoceros and buffalo), and particularly on the three charismatic African big cats, lion, leopard and cheetah. Big cats have a high economic value for the wildlife tourism industry, and marketing by conservation tourism operators, both to travel agents and to potential clients, focuses heavily on these species. A number of conservation tourism operators also run specific conservation programs for big cats and promote these programs in their marketing materials.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Nusair, Khaldoon A. "A model of commitment in B-to-C travel context a structural equation modeling /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1180541376.
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Le, Roux Ignus. "The influence of online travel agent performance on customer satisfaction levels at a selected hotel." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3105.
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Tourism is an international industry; constant evolution is taking place in the marketing of tourism products and the expectation levels of hotel guests. Online Travel Agents have become more dominant in recent years. This dominance has been assisted by travellers’ more frequent use of the internet to search for information, by the bundling of heterogeneous products and by these agents’ use of the social media. Guest satisfaction levels and expectations are impacted by changes in lifestyle, reasons for travel and the information accessed prior to making their reservations. The basis of this study was establishing the impact of the information supplied by Online Travel Agents on guest satisfaction levels at The Monarch Hotel. The evolution and function of the tourism distribution channel and the factors affecting guest satisfaction and its measurement were explored.
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Ho, Chee-ying Kitty, and 何芷盈. "A review of regulatory system of the Hong Kong travel industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36427548.
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Mak, Kai-ming Leo. "A study of Hong Kong travellers' perception on air travel industry /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18837402.
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Lim, Choon Giap. "An integrative assessment of the commercial air transportation system via adaptive agents." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26541.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Dimitri Mavris; Committee Member: Daniel Schrage; Committee Member: Hojong Baik; Committee Member: Jung-Ho Lewe; Committee Member: Kurt Neitzke. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Gajaseni, Preenida. "Disintermediation in the United States air travel industry who hold the power of booking strength." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2913.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation of U.S. domestic air travelers and patterns of air travel purchase within the U.S. air travel industry. Influences on the patterns of air travel purchase involved 1) demographic characteristics of travelers 2) benefits to the customer 3) customer attitude toward service providers' (defined as airlines, web-based travel agents, and traditional travel agents and 4) information sources used to select and book a flight for business and leisure trips.
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Abou-Shouk, Mohamed Ahm. "Investigating e-commerce adoption in small and medium-sized tourism enterprises : a case of travel agents in Egypt." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1231.
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SMEs are often described as slow adopters of technology. However, adopting e-commerce is one of many strategies taken by travel agents to re-intermediate themselves in the global travel market against the threat of disintermediation. Exploratory studies have revealed that Egyptian travel agents are laggards when it comes to technology adoption, although they perceive e-commerce as a beneficial tool that can increase their chances of survival. As many as 59.2% of Egyptian travel agents were found not to have websites (Egyptian Travel Agents Association, 2008), this study investigates the factors affecting e-commerce adoption by travel agents. Past literature has shown that there are three main factors affecting the adoption of e-commerce by SMEs. Environmental pressures push SMEs to adopt in order to bolster their survival chances. The benefits of adoption are critical factors considered by managers when making the adoption decision. Finally, there are barriers to e-commerce adoption. By modifying the technology acceptance model, this research conceptualizes the causal relationships amongst these three types of factors. The benefits and barriers to e-commerce adoption are found to mediate the relationship between environmental pressures and e-commerce adoption. This study employs mixed methods starting with a quantitative survey and following it up with qualitative interviews. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 411 adopter and non-adopter e-commerce travel agents. Later, 22 interviews were conducted with the managers of travel agents. Structural equation modelling produced findings reveal that environmental pressures significantly affect the perceived benefits of and barriers to adoption, in addition to having an indirect effect on adoption behaviour. This study contributes to theory as it responds to the claim that the factors affecting e-commerce adoption have not been well documented in the travel sector (Hung et al., 2011, Thomas et al., 2011), especially in the context of developing countries (Thulani et al., 2010). The findings reveal that the modified technology acceptance model successfully interprets e-commerce adoption. The study compares other adoption models with the research model and provides statistical criteria for this comparison. Its contribution to practice is twofold, affecting the managers of travel agencies and policy makers. Recognizing the factors affecting adoption would enable managers to devise strategies and prepare better agendas for expanding their businesses, while at the same time identifying any defects and training needs that present barriers. Meanwhile, recognizing the barriers to adoption could encourage government bodies and policy makers to implement appropriate measures, such as introducing protective and financial legislation to encourage SMEs to adopt technology, or to formulate national policies and initiatives aimed specifically at supporting the adoption of e-commerce by SMEs.
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Zhang, Dongdong. "Challenges in Marketing Strategy of Online Travel Booking Industry in China : -A case study of Ctrip.com and Qunar.com." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-26303.
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Information technology plays an important role in the hospitality and tourismindustry. The internet has reshaped the distribution channels and thus suppliers andconsumers can contact directly. It also changes consumers searching and bookingbehaviors. So information technology brings online travel agents some challenges inthe marketing strategy.Literature Review includes the theoretical background of online travel bookingindustry and summaries the previous researches in the field of hospitality and tourismindustry. The analytical framework of this study mainly includes the impact ofinformation technology on the Porter’s five forces model which was used forgathering and analyzing the empirical data and the PEST model. Nowadays,intelligent travel is highly efficient and trendy.In conducting this study, I adopted a qualitative approach to analyze challengesfaced by online travel agents. I chose two sample companies Ctrip.com andQunar.com from China. The empirical data were mainly collected from twosemi-structured interviews and secondary data such as the official website andtravel-related information.The conclusion is that the information technology has a great impact on thetourism enterprises. The competition is fierce and consumers are more demanding.Through cooperating and integrating travel-related information resources, the tourismenterprises can provide better products and professional services to consumers andimprove their travel experiences.
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Mak, Kai-ming Leo, and 麥啓明. "A study of Hong Kong travellers' perception on air travel industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31268201.
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Simões, Filipa Raquel Martins. "Regime de IVA nas Agências de Viagens." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10851.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças EmpresariaisO presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a tributação do setor das agências de viagens, com o propósito de comparar as práticas fiscais de Portugal, com as práticas fiscais de alguns países da União Europeia, designadamente França, Holanda, Itália e Reino Unido, no que respeita ao regime especial de IVA aplicável às agências de viagens. Este estudo ambiciona, através da apresentação das características do Imposto sobre o Valor Acrescentado (IVA) em Portugal, estudar o Regime das Agências de Viagens previsto na Diretiva 112/2006/CE, a sua transposição para os Estados-Membros da União Europeia acima mencionados, e as implicações adjacentes às diferentes interpretações da lei comunitária em vigor. Com o presente estudo, concluiu-se que não há uma completa harmonização do IVA ao nível do regime de IVA das agências de viagens, uma vez que este não é aplicável de forma obrigatória em todos os Estados Membros, o que por si só, gera distorções concorrenciais entre os diversos operadores económicos. Outro fator que não permite a harmonização da aplicação do regime prende-se com as diversas interpretações que cada Estado Membro faz da lei comunitária, e a forma como esta é transposta para a enumeras leis nacionais.
This study aims to analyse the taxation of travel agents, in order to compare of tax practices in Portugal with the tax practices of some Member States, namely France, Netherlands, Italy e United Kingdom, regarding the special tax scheme for travel agents. This study aims, through the presentation of the characteristics of the Value Added Tax (VAT) in Portugal, studying the Regime of Travel Agencies provided for in the VAT Directive, its implementation in the mentioned Member States of the European Union, and the implications adjacent to different interpretations of Community law in force. This study concludes that there is not complete harmonization of the scheme for travel agents in the Member States, since this is not compulsory in all Member States, causing competitive distortions between economic operators. Another factor that does not allow the harmonization of special tax scheme for travel agents is the different interpretations that each Member State does regarding the Community law and way that this Community law is transpose for its national laws.
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Angelin, Martin. "Travel – a risk factor for disease and spread of antibiotic resistance." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Infektionssjukdomar, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-111057.
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As international travel is rapidly increasing, more people are being exposed to potentially more antibiotic resistant bacteria, a changed infectious disease epidemiology, and an increased risk of accidents and crime. Research-based advice is needed to adequately inform travellers about these risks. We studied travellers who sought advice from the Travel Medicine Clinic at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Umeå University Hospital, as well as university students from Umeå, Stockholm, and Gothenburg travelling abroad for study, research, and clinical exchange programs. From retrospective data at the Travel Medicine Clinic, we found that pre-existing health problems were rare among travellers from Umeå seeking pre- travel health advice and vaccinations. In addition, we found that the travel destination and the sex of the traveller affected vaccination levels. Although hepatitis A is endemic to both Thailand and Turkey, compared to travellers to Thailand few travellers to Turkey visited the clinic for hepatitis A vaccination. The data also revealed that more women than men were vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis despite comparable trips. A prospective survey study showed that travellers felt that the pre-travel health advice they received was helpful. Two-thirds of the travellers followed the advice given although they still fell ill to the same extent as those who were not compliant with the advice. Factors outside the control of travellers likely affect the travel-related morbidity. Compared to older travellers, younger travellers were less compliant with advice, fell ill to a greater extent, and took greater risks during travel. In a prospective survey study, we found that healthcare students had higher illness rates and risk exposure when abroad compared to students from other disciplines. This difference was mainly due to the fact that healthcare students more often travelled to developing regions during their study period abroad. When abroad, half of all students increased their alcohol consumption and this was linked to an increased risk of theft and higher likelihood of meeting a new sex partner. The healthcare students participating in the survey study also submitted stool samples before and after travel. These samples were tested for the presence of antibiotic resistance, both by selective culturing for ESBL-PE (Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae) as well as by metagenomic sequencing. About one-third (35%) of the students became colonised by ESBL-PE following their study abroad. The strongest risk factor for colonisation was travel destination; for example, 70% of students who had travelled to India became colonised. Antibiotic treatment during travel was also a significant risk factor for colonisation. The stool samples from a subset of study subjects were analysed using metagenomic sequencing. From this we learned that although the majority of resistance genes in the gut microbiome remained unchanged following travel, several clinically important resistance genes increased, most prominently genes encoding resistance to sulphonamide, trimethoprim, and beta-lactams. Overall, taxonomic changes associated with travel were small but the proportion of Proteobacteria, which includes several clinically important bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae), increased in a majority of the study subjects. Clearly, there are risks associated with international travel and these risks include outside factors as well as the personal behaviour of travellers. We believe our results can be used to develop better pre-travel advice for tourists as well as university students studying abroad resulting in safer travel.
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Pallin, Nuria. "Digitalisering av reseindustrin : En utmaning eller möjlighet för svenska reseaktörer?" Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-34228.
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Syfte och forskningsfrågor Studiens avsikt är att undersöka hur reseindustrin har påverkats av digitaliseringen genom att studera svenska reseaktörers marknadsföringsstrategier, anpassning till digitaliseringen samt syn på deras framtida roll. Utifrån studiens syfte kommer följande forskningsfrågor att besvaras: Hur marknadsför svenska reseaktörer sig idag? Vilka fördelar och nackdelar ser svenska reseaktörer med digitaliseringen inom reseindustrin? Hur ser svenska reseaktörer på sin framtida roll? Metod Studien är baserad på en kvalitativ undersökning, det empiriska materialet är insamlad genom semistrukturerade intervjuer som har genomförts med fem verksamma reseaktörer i Sverige. Slutsatser Studiens resultat visar på att reseaktörer i Sverige investerar i digital marknadsföring samt verktyg för att bygga upp varumärke, tillit och interaktion med kunder. Information samt kommunikation till kunder har underlättats genom digitaliseringen, att kommunicera ut personlig service, tillit och fånga in kunder har försvårats. Reseaktörer har förändrat sin roll både i den fysiska och digitala marknaden efter kunders behov.Purpose and research questions The purpose of the study is to investigate how the travel industry has been affected by digitization by studying travel operators marketing strategies, adaptation and views on their future role. In order to fulfil this purpose, the following questions have been formulated: How are travel operators in Sweden marketing themselves today? What are the advantages and disadvantages for travel operators in Sweden with relevance to the digitalization processes? What are travel operators in Sweden thinking about their future role in the tourism industry? Method The method included qualitative methods. Five semi structured interviews have been conducted with five travel operators in Sweden. Conclusions The results indicate that travel operators in Sweden invest in digital marketing for brand building, achieving customer loyalty and personal interaction. This study shows that facilitation of information and interaction with customers as advantages and communicating personal service, trust and targeting customers as difficulties. Travel operators have changed their role according to customer needs.
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Vivian, Theuns Charles. "Verhoogde toerismevloei deur benutting van oormaatkapasiteit in lugvervoer." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52047.
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Study project (MEcon) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This assignment explains the search for a mechanism that can increase tourism flow by improved utilisation of airline capacity. The inherent characteristics of air transport indicate that the industry is subject to low short term marginal costs and that it is very tempting to award discount tariffs for last minute bookings. The challenge to management is to attract new passengers with discount tariffs without loosing full tariff passengers. Travel clubs are one of the mechanisms that are utilised to achieve aforementioned objective. These clubs offer mainly discount tariffs on hotel accommodation, car hire and airline tickets to their members. The acceptability of a travel club that applies restricting measures such as for example short notice periods, adaptable depart and return dates and shortened lead times have been tested in the South African market. The majority of respondents surveyed were in favour of such a travel club. An important finding is that South Africans are prepared to travel in a chosen month but that the travel dates within that month are adaptable in exchange for discount tariffs. The research also indicate that the availability of funds was decisive in the decision to travel or not to travel over seas. In order to overcome this problem the introduction of a providence account is recommended as part of the travel club's products. The challenge for the travel club is thus to consolidate the demand and to match it with the excess airline capacity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werkstuk beskryf die soeke na 'n meganisme wat toerismevloei kan verhoog deur die verbeterde kapasiteitsbenutting van lugvervoer. Die inherente kenmerke van lugvervoer toon dat die bedryf onderhewig is aan lae korttermyn marginale koste en dat die versoeking groot is om afslagtariewe vir op die nippertjie besprekings toe te staan. Die uitdaging vir die bestuur is om nuwe passasiers met afslagtariewe te lok sonder om voltariefpassasiers prys te gee. Reisklubs is een van die meganismes wat gebruik word om die voorgenoemde doelwit te bereik. Hierdie klubs bied hoofsaaklik afslagtariewe op hotelverblyf, motorhuur en vliegtuigkaartjies aan hul lede. Die aanvaarbaarheid van 'n reisklub wat beperkende rnaatreels soos, byvoorbeeld, kort kennisgewingstydperke, aanpasbare vertrek en terugkeer datums en verkorte leityd toepas, is in die Suid-Afrikaanse mark getoets. Die meerderheid van respondente in die ondersoek was ten gunste van so 'n reisklub. 'n 8elangrike bevinding is dat Suid-Afrikaners bereid is om in 'n gekose maand te reis, maar dat die spesifieke reisdatums in daardie maand aanpasbaar is in ruil vir afslagtariewe. Die navorsing toon ook dat die beskikbaarheid van fondse deurslaggewend is in die besluit om oorsee te reis of nie. Om hierdie probleem te oorkom word die instelling van 'n voorsieningsrekening aanbeveel as dee I van die reisklub se produkte. Die uitdaging aan die reisklub is dus om die vraag te konsolideer en dan af te stem op die oormaatkapasiteit van die lugrederye.
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Appelman, Jaco H. "Governance of global interorganizational tourism networks : changing forms of co-ordination between the travel agency and aviation sector = Coordinatie van mondiale interorganisationele toerisme netwerken : veranderende vormen van coordinatie tussen reisagenten en de luchtvaart sector /." Rotterdam : Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), Rotterdam School of Management, Rotterdam School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 2004. https://ep.eur.nl/retrieve/2750/EPS-2004-036-MKT+9058920607+APPELMAN.pdf.
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Pohlmann, Corinne. "The restructuring of the Montreal tourism industry : a sectoral analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26310.
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Despite its growing importance in industrialized nations, the service sector has received relatively little attention from economic geographers in recent debates over the nature and significance of the current processes of change affecting contemporary capitalism. This lack of attention means that we have little detailed knowledge about how the various industries that comprise the service sector are restructuring their operations and how these processes, in turn, influence broader economic change. This thesis goes some way toward redressing this imbalance by studying the evolving structure of two key sectors of the Montreal tourism industry--hotels and travel agencies.I begin with an overview of past attempts to understand the changing role of the service sector in developed economies. Despite their weaknesses new political economy frameworks are shown to perhaps provide the best starting point for the development of a more 'services informed' approach to understanding current economic change.
In an attempt to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of applying such approaches to the study of services I first review their ability to explain and predict changes currently taking place in the tourism industry as a whole. This is followed by a discussion of the empirical findings of the thesis based on 103 interviews with managers and owners of Montreal hotels and travel agencies. I focus on the following key areas: the evolving competitive environment, changes in corporate organization, the adoption of new technologies and shifts in labour use. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Malas, Anas. "Contributions à la résolution du transport à la demande fondées sur les systèmes multi-agents." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMIR07/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur le problème du transport à la demande (TAD). Nous proposons trois approches décentralisées basées sur les systèmes multi-agents pour résoudre ce problème. La première approche multi-agent utilise l'algorithme A* afin de trouver une solution optimale dans un réseau routier caractérisé par des vitesses de voyage constantes. Des expérimentations sont effectuées sur le réseau routier d'une ville libanaise appelée Tripoli et de bons résultats sont obtenus. Cependant, dans une ville comme Tripoli, les vitesses de voyage dépendent fortement de la situation dynamique du trafic routier. Pour cette raison, la deuxième approche multi-agent massif vient remédier à la première en tenant compte de l'évolution du trafic. Le réseau routier est considéré comme dynamique déterministe. Il se caractérise par des vitesses de voyages dépendantes de la situation habituelle du trafic. Ces vitesses sont pré-calculées en se basant sur des connaissances historiques du trafic routier. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que le nombre de clients insatisfaits est supérieur à 50 % si les vitesses sont considérées comme constantes. Or, les connaissances historiques ne suffisent pas pour refléter la situation réelle du trafic surtout en cas d'apparition d'un événement imprévu tel qu'un accident sur le réseau. Pour cela, une troisième approche multi-agent massif auto-organisé est proposée. Le réseau routier est considéré comme dynamique stochastique caractérisé par des vitesses de voyage dépendantes de la situation réelle du trafic. Cette approche représente l'organisation dynamique du trafic à son échelle en se basant sur des connaissances historiques du trafic et sur des informations du trafic en temps réel. Les trajectoires des véhicules et leurs durées sont calculées et recalculées en ligne à chaque fois qu'un événement imprévu perturbe la situation habituelle du trafic. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que jusqu'à 39 % des clients seront insatisfaits si un accident routier n'est pas considéré durant le traitement de leurs demandes. Autrement, 50 % à 100 % de ces clients sont satisfaitsThis thesis addresses the problem of on-demand transport (ODT). We propose three decentralized approaches based on multi-agent systems to solve this problem. The first multi-agent approach uses the algorithm A* in order to find an optimal solution in a road network characterized by constant travel speeds. Experiments are carried out on the road network of a Lebanese city called Tripoli and good results are obtained. However, in a city like Tripoli, travel speeds depend heavily on the dynamic situation of road traffic. For this reason, the second multi-agent approach massif comes to remedy the first taking into account the evolution of traffic. The road network is considered as dynamic deterministic. It is characterized by travel speeds dependent on the usual traffic situation. These speeds are pre-calculated on the basis of historical knowledge of road traffic. The experimental results show that the number of dissatisfied customers is greater than 50 % if the speeds are considered to be constant. Nevertheless, historical knowledge is not sufficient to reflect the actual traffic situation, especially in case of an unexpected event (such as an accident) occurring on the network. For this, a self-organized massive multi-agent approach is proposed. The road network is considered as a dynamic stochastic characterized by travel speeds dependent on the actual traffic situation. This approach represents the dynamic organization of traffic on its scale based on historical traffic knowledge and real-time traffic information. Vehicle trajectories and their durations are calculated and recalculated online whenever an unexpected event disrupts the usual traffic situation. The experimental results show that up to 39 % of customers will be dissatisfied if a road accident is not considered during the processing of their demands. Otherwise, 50 % to 100 % of these customers are satisfied
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Roberts-Lombard, Mornay. "Verhoudingsbemarking by reisagentskappe in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie / Mornay Roberts-Lombard." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1731.
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Zokoza, Makhaya. "The impact of the Blue Crane development agency on tourism development: a comparative analysis." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018602.
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This research investigates the impact of the Blue Crane Development Agency (BCDA) on tourism development by comparing the implementation of the Responsible Tourism Sector Plan of the Blue Crane Route Municipality (BCRM) with the Responsible Tourism Sector Plan of the Sundays River Valley Municipality (SRVM). In the latter instance, there is no development agency involved. A qualitative approach to research is applied with a specific focus on in-depth interviews. The literature review focuses on responsible tourism, local economic development (LED) and development agencies. The research is grounded in the Endogenous Growth Theory. The research notes the phenomenal success of the development agency model for delivery of LED projects. There is a notable growth in the tourism sector within the BCRM. With 45 permanent jobs created, the BCRM is a better place as compared to what it was in the era prior to the establishment of the BCDA. This surpasses by far the number of jobs created in the SRVM where the development agency model does not exist. The South African Local Government Association (SALGA) prefers a district-wide development agency as opposed to a local development agency. The establishment of Cacadu Development Agency (CDA) follows this suggestion. The findings of this research are thus very significant for the SALGA in their pursuit for best practices in LED. Both the BCRM and the SRVM are under-marketed, a negative factor on their tourism growth and development. Placing of billboards at the Ncanara interchange to advertise them would ideally enhance their tourism marketing campaigns. The research also finds that both local municipalities have inadequate monitoring and evaluation systems for projects. In this respect, the research suggests that the Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency (ECPTA) should consider conducting a provincial research covering all the districts, on the contribution of tourism to the local economies. As a provincial entity, the ECPTA would be better placed to undertake that task. They would have less legal restrictions imposed by jurisdictional issues than would a local municipality. The research recommends the relocation of the CDA and the CDM from the metropolitan city of Port Elizabeth to one of the local municipalities. That would most likely increase business tourism, thereby boosting the local economy in the relevant small municipality. In conclusion, this research proposes that the presence of a development agency enhances tourism growth and development in the BCRM.
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Dinu, Razvan. "Web Agents : towards online hybrid multi-agent systems." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20126/document.
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Multi-agent systems have been used in a wide range of applications from computer-based simulations and mobile robots to agent-oriented programming and intelligent systems in real environments. However, the largest environment in which software agents can interact is, without any doubt, the World Wide Web and ever since its birth agents have been used in various applications such as search engines, e-commerce, and most recently the semantic web. However, agents have yet to be used on the Web in a way that leverages the full power of artificial intelligence and multi-agent systems, which have the potential of making life much easier for humans. This thesis investigates how this can be changed, and how agents can be brought to the core of the online experience in the sense that we want people to talk and interact with agents instead of "just using yet another application or website". We analyze what makes it hard to develop intelligent agents on the web and we propose a web agent model (WAM) inspired by recent results in multi-agent systems. Nowadays, a simple conceptual model is the key for widespread adoption of new technologies and this is why we have chosen the MASQ meta-model as the basis for our approach, which provides the best compromise in terms of simplicity of concepts, generality and applicability to the web. Since until now the model was introduced only in an informal way, we also provide a clear formalization of the MASQ meta-model.Next, we identify the three main challenges that need to be addressed when building web agents: integration of bodies, web semantics and user friendliness. We focus our attention on the first two and we propose a set of principles to guide the development of what we call strong web agents. Finally, we validate our proposal through the implementation of an award winning platform called Kleenk. Our work is just a step towards fulfilling the vision of having intelligent web agents mediate the interaction with the increasingly complex World Wide WebMulti-agent systems have been used in a wide range of applications from computer-based simulations and mobile robots to agent-oriented programming and intelligent systems in real environments. However, the largest environment in which software agents can interact is, without any doubt, the World Wide Web and ever since its birth agents have been used in various applications such as search engines, e-commerce, and most recently the semantic web. However, agents have yet to be used on the Web in a way that leverages the full power of artificial intelligence and multi-agent systems, which have the potential of making life much easier for humans. This thesis investigates how this can be changed, and how agents can be brought to the core of the online experience in the sense that we want people to talk and interact with agents instead of "just using yet another application or website". We analyze what makes it hard to develop intelligent agents on the web and we propose a web agent model (WAM) inspired by recent results in multi-agent systems. Nowadays, a simple conceptual model is the key for widespread adoption of new technologies and this is why we have chosen the MASQ meta-model as the basis for our approach, which provides the best compromise in terms of simplicity of concepts, generality and applicability to the web. Since until now the model was introduced only in an informal way, we also provide a clear formalization of the MASQ meta-model.Next, we identify the three main challenges that need to be addressed when building web agents: integration of bodies, web semantics and user friendliness. We focus our attention on the first two and we propose a set of principles to guide the development of what we call strong web agents. Finally, we validate our proposal through the implementation of an award winning platform called Kleenk. Our work is just a step towards fulfilling the vision of having intelligent web agents mediate the interaction with the increasingly complex World Wide Web
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Guo, Yingying, and Kai Sun. "Relationship in Travel Agency: A case of Chinese International Travel Service." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-13850.
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Bachelor Thesis, School of Management and Economics, Växjö University, 2FE10E Strategic Marketing, spring 2011 Authors: Guo Yingyiung, Sun Kai Tutor: Viktorija Kalonaityte Examiner: Åsa Devine Title – Relationship in Travel Agency Background –With the social and economic development and people's living standards, travel service become a popular leisure time has come. Travel agencies are very sensitive services company because the customer wants the high quality of services to enjoy their travel. The paper purpose is to find out any interrelation between travel agency and client. This is aimed by a case study in a Chinese Travel Agency. Aim – the aim of this paper the factors which affect the relationship between client and travel agency. This study will help to reader about the knowledge of the factors which can be helpful for travel agencies to improve their relationship with their clients. Research question – how can these factors including service quality, customer satisfaction, and membership relationship and CRM be used in order to establish good relationship between tourists and travel agency? Method – in this paper, a positivistic point of view is embedded, and then we chose to use a case study design in a travel agency. In addition, we used primary and secondary for gathering the data. The research question was answered in the analysis with the combination theoretical framework and empirical data from a real case of Chinese International Travel Service (CITS). Finding – this paper mentioned four factors including service quality, customer satisfaction, membership relationship and customer relationship management be used in order to create long relationship between tourists and travel agency. Service quality has become a factor important in the overall tourism experience, and one which ultimately dictates is the success of the tourism business. Service satisfaction is a crucial point for firm to keeping the long relationship with customer. A membership relationship is a formalized relationship between the firm and an identifiable customer that often provides special benefits to both parties. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) focuses on managing the relationship between a company and its current and prospective customer base as a key to success. Conclusion—though observing the travel agency‘s situation, authors used four factors to analyze what the problems they are, and give firm‘s suggestion about how to use the factors to maintain and enhance the relationship with customer.
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Weijsenburg, Helena, and Denisse Morales. "Strategier och kanaler vid marknadsföring för fysiska researrangörer och traditionella resebyråer." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-25004.
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The tourism industry in Sweden has expanded in recent years and the increasing industry has meant that customers are in need of a reseller for their trips abroad. Today there are three types of retailers available. These are : Traditional travel agencies , tour operators and online travel agencies. Online Travel agencies are the most modern online option for customers. Their existence has made it easier for the customer and reservation can be made anytime and anywhere. The competition has intensified between the three retailers and the traditional alternatives must find new ways to survive. Through effective marketing and selecting the right channel may be vital to the travel agency's survival. The theories that have been essentiell for this Investigation are: marketing mix, relationship marketing, porter curve, the buying process, the agent's role, word-of-mouth and marketing of services and products company. In this essay, the authors investigated four tour operators and one traditional travel agency and everyone is placed in Stockholm. The authors has choosed to investigate their market businesses and how the customer's requirements have changed since online travel agencies took over a large part of the market. The authors have also decided to conduct interviews with an online travel agency and one travel company that works with marketing for travel agencies. The tour operators in Stockholm mainly use relationship marketing as a primary strategy for maintaining a loyal relationship with the customer. The channels that travel companies utilize is a combination of word-of- mouth, digital media and printed media. All companies could state that the consumer in the current situation is more aware than before and this has led an increased requirement for travel agencies. Travel agents and tour operators must offer something unique or give the client an xceptional service that they can not recieve in another place. Service in this case may involve travel on customers behalf, visa application, bookings for specific requests and helping to add travel insurance.
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Ling, Long, and 凌瓏. "Travel Agents Strategic Marketing - Case Study." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96411975021003274026.
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Hsin-tseng, Hsiao, and 蕭炘增. "The Study on Travel Agents'' Online Service." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18604434341965543957.
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Goan, Yuan-Lang, and 龔原瑯. "The e-Readiness Measurement for Travel Agents." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64601547722859950924.
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碩士元智大學
資訊管理研究所
91
After the maturity of e-commerce technology (B2B,B2C) and more corporations begin process reengineering, the information flow, cooperation and competition models between companies lead into new confines. The evaluation of Electronic Business (e-business) urges the industries to redefine the business models, making members in supply chain to cooperate more closely, and improve the competence of whole industry. Travel agents in Taiwan face a great compact of electronic commerce because of more transparent and faster information transformation in new channels, new competitors and depression influence. E-business which can improve industry competence then become a hot topic. But the travel service have some special properties cause the implement method is not as sure as other industries like manufacturing industry and semiconductor industry. This study chose “travel agents in Taiwan” as our object of research. We tried to establish a “e-readiness measurement model” to research key competencies that should be measured before implementing e-business and how travel agents perform on these key competencies. Through the method of factor analysis, six factors were extracted. The factors are “level of e-business and information sharing”, ”adoption of new e-commerce models”, ”supply of production and information”, ”business environment”, ”level of customize” and “information infrastructure”. After getting these factors, we processed cluster analysis. Using six factors as input variables generated five clusters. There were “conservative”, “negative”, “wait and see”, “trier” and “highly developer”. Finally we generalize the required level of every factor through interviews with experts and leader quadrant, making compare and suggestions for every cluster of travel agents.
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Tseng, Wei-Chi, and 曾偉祺. "The Network Operation of Small Medium-Sized Travel Agents and Value Creation: A Case of Travel Agent A." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31082281785749869516.
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碩士國立臺南大學
經營與管理學系科技管理碩士在職專班
102
This study explore what elements constitute a network centrality, and the centrality affected by the characteristics of network members and network structure, and the way to stable the relationships and then to achieve the objective of value creation within the network. This study applies single-case study to explore the above question, and then suggest the results, as follows. First, the brand significance and the market power of centrally positioned agent affect the degree of network members’ dependencies. Second, the degree of network members’ autonomy, density, diversity and the size magnitude of network will affect the status of centrally positioned agent. Third, the ability of network governance, network stability and integration capability of supply chain can promote differentiate products. Finally, because of the above actions, the centrally positioned agent can create value for its partners through the above operation.
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"Choosing between travel agencies and the Internet." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13685.
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M.A. (Tourism and Hospitality Management)Travel agents have been traditionally seen as the key intermediary between suppliers of travel services and the traveller. Developments in the field of information technology offer consumers an alternative to booking via a travel agent - the option to plan and arrange holidays online. Due to the ever developing nature of technology, travellers have the luxury of a multitude of choices in their everyday life - particularly so in making decisions regarding travel. Travellers will seek to optimise choices by selecting a distribution channel which will provide them with the greatest perceived value. The primary goal of the study is to explore the underlying factors that influence consumer behaviour in making travel decisions, with specific reference to choosing between booking through a travel agent or online. Research with a perspective on travel decision-making in South Africa is limited. In attempting to fill the void, this study surveyed 408 respondents residing in South Africa using a structured questionnaire, and examined preference in booking holiday flights or accommodation travel through a travel agent or Internet. A literature review was embarked upon to create a framework for this study and to recognise previous research related to travel decision-making. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify factors influencing traveller decision-making. Statistical tests, such as Chi-square and correlation tests, were further used to examine the degree of relationship and significance between items and factors. Factors that influence travel decision-making were identified, namely trust and financial risk perception, convenience and adoption of technology, price, personal contact or empathy and the role of demographic factors such as age, income and ethnicity...
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CHEN, WEN-HE, and 陳文河. "The study of marketing strategies on Taiwan travel agents." Thesis, 1987. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54780225725474231577.
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Lin, Jo-Hui, and 林若慧. "Relational Behavior of Buyer-Seller Relationship Between Travel Agents." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96880580156392904920.
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碩士中國文化大學
觀光事業研究所
86
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relational behavior betweenretailersand wholesalers of the travel agents. It is anticipated that relational behavior willinfluenced retailer''s loyality and wholesaler''s marketshares via intervening variable of relationship quality. This study first establishes relational behavior conceptual model and research hypotheses based on existing literature; the next step is to utilize linear structural relation model(LISREL) to conduct emppirical analysis; and finally toclarify thedeterminats that influences relationship quality of travel agents. The subjectsare Type A travel agents with head offices in Taipei. This study is based on relational behavior model in order to explain the current travel agent organizational relationship between wholesalers and retailers, and clarify the determinants that influence relationship quality. The results of this study indicate that several factors including "initiating behavior", "signaling behavior", "disclosing behavior", "client''s satisfaction" and "offering support"significantly influence on relationship quality, inturn, has a significant influence on buyer''s loyalty and seller''s markert shares. Interesting, the effectsof both relational behavior and relationshkip quality depend on the age of the buyer-seller relationship as well as the importance of the procuct. This study can testify the theoretical structure of relational behavior, and asloprovide suggestions about relationship marketing strategies and long- term relationshipat ablishment for the travel industry.
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HSIAO, KUANG-SHENG, and 蕭光盛. "The Study of Performance Evaluation on Taiwan Listed Travel Agents." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7v3t9f.
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碩士國立臺北大學
企業管理學系碩士在職專班
106
This paper aims to explore the factors that affect the performance of four Taiwan Travel Industries (TTI) and evaluate their performance ratings. A total of 35 quarterly observation, ranging from 2009/Q1 to 2017/Q4, were collected. The purposes of the study are (1) to make an approach to the relative key factors in evaluating TTI; (2) to explore the performance grouping accuracy of TTI according to the accuracy result of the key factors groups ; (3) to examine whether there are major differences in key factors among different groups; (4) to compare the performance evaluation rankings of TTI. The paper selects fourteen financial ratios as performance indicators, and extracts four factors by using factor analysis. The extractive 4 factors indexes are Activity index (F1), Profitability index (F2), Safety index (F3), growth index (F4).To use cluster analysis, discriminate analysis and other statistical methods to establish the performance evaluation model of the TTI.The conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) Four factors were extracted and named by using factor analysis and the cumulative explanatory power is 78.14%. Four groups with the best statistical effects were derived by cluster analysis. (2) The overall model predictive accuracy is 91.27% by using discriminated analysis, showing the model has highly predictive capability. (3) The tests of general linearity model (GLM) show that there are highly obvious differences in the four factors among four different groups. (4) This study ranks the performance of 4 travel industries during 2014 to 2017. The results of the research could able provide that when travel industries find early problem, being able to provide solution to the abnormal performance evaluation. Furthermore, they can know in-depth reasons and provide the efficient ways to solve the problems as well.
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陳慶生. "The Study of Business Strategy for Taiwan’s Travel Agents with Website." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39414627879443520773.
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Kuo, Chiung-Mann, and 郭瓊蔓. "A Sharing Platform Development Strategy for the Digitalization of Travel Agents." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e2k82m.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
工業工程學研究所
107
Digitalization has become an irreversible trend in business development. Overall, digitalization process is comparatively backward in the industry of travel agencies in Taiwan. If the small or medium travel agencies don’t catch up the speed in digitalization transformation, they will be eliminated by the market due to the following impacts （1） consumers have gradually shifting shopping channels, （2） travelers’ have changed their mode of travel habits from group guided tour to advanced Foreign Independent Tour （self-guided tour）, and （3） giant online travel agencies（OTA） and upstream suppliers aggressively seize market share by doing cross industry business. This research is to identify the pain points in the travel agencies’ digitalization development, and to offer a creative business model that not only has the economy scale, resource sharing but also the characteristic of being able to survive in the new market. This model helps the small or medium business to improve their digital ability, to increase the quoting negotiation skills with upstream suppliers, and to design an unique product and service according to the data analysis from consumer’s needs. Digital tools enable the travel agencies to make contact with the right target market that eventually boost up sales revenue and make this digital transformation more effective.
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Yoo, Kyung Hyan. "Creating More Credible and Likable Travel Recommender Systems: The Influence of Virtual Agents on Travel Recommender System Evaluation." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-05-7984.
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To help online trip planners, some online travel agencies and travel service providers have adopted travel recommender systems. Although these systems are expected to support travelers in complex decision-making processes, they are not used efficiently by travelers due to a lack of confidence in the recommendations they provide. It is important to examine factors that can influence the likelihood of recommendations to be accepted and integrated into decision-making processes. The persuasion literature suggests that people are more likely to accept recommendations from credible and likable sources. It has also been found that technologies can be more credible and likable when they give a variety of social cues that elicit social responses from their human users. Thus, it is argued that enhancing the social aspects of travel recommender systems is important to create more persuasive systems.
One approach to enhancing the social presence of recommender systems is to use a virtual agent. Current travel recommender systems use various types of virtual agents. However, it is still not clear how those virtual agents are perceived by travel recommender system users and influence users' system evaluations and interactions with these systems. Consequently, this dissertation aimed to investigate the influence of virtual agents presented in travel recommender systems on system users' perceptions. Specifically, the virtual agents' anthropomorphism as well as similarity and authority cues on system users' perceptions of system credibility and liking were examined.
For this purpose, two experiments were conducted. For Study 1, the impacts of anthropomorphism of the virtual agents on users' perceptions of virtual agents as well as recommender systems in terms of credibility and attractiveness/liking were examined. Anthropomorphism was manipulated with visual human appearance and voice output. Study 2 tested the influence of virtual agents? similarity and authority on travel recommender system users' perceptions of virtual agents and system credibility and attractiveness/liking. Similarity and authority of the virtual agent were tested by manipulating nonverbal cues (age and outfit) of the agent.
The results showed that the characteristics of virtual agents have some influences on system users' perceptions of virtual agents as well as recommender systems. Specifically, a human-like appearance of the virtual agent is found to positively influence users' perceived attractiveness of the virtual agent while voice outputs were found to enhance users' liking of the system (Study 1). Findings also indicate that RS users' perceptions of virtual agent expertise are increased when virtual agents wear a uniform rather than a casual outfit (Study 2). In addition, system users' perceptions of the virtual agent's credibility are found to have a significant influence on users' perceived credibility and liking of the overall system, which implies an important role of virtual agents in recommender system evaluations. Further, perceived credibility and liking of recommender systems lead to favorable evaluations of the recommendations, which, in turn, increase users' intentions to travel to the recommended destination.
Past travel recommender system studies have largely neglected the social role of recommender systems as advice givers. Also, it is not clear whether the specific characteristics of virtual agents presented as a part of the system interface influence system users' perceptions. This dissertation sought to close this knowledge gap. By applying classic interpersonal communication theories to human and system relationships, this dissertation expands the scope of traditional theories used in the context of studying recommender systems. Further, the results of the research presented in this dissertation provide insights for tourism marketing as well as practical implications for travel recommender system design.
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Lan, Yi-Shou, and 藍翊修. "The Research of Travelers and Travel Agents Recognition about Traveling Related Ordinance -From the view of Travel Disputes." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52348728411358569466.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國文化大學
觀光事業研究所
90
Because domestic traveling population has increased greatly in recent years, trav-elers’ consumerism rose constantly. On the other hand, travel market order has not been established efficiently, that not only caused travel disputes emerged all the time, but bothered the chief government- Tourism Bureau, travel agents and travelers. There are two new amended passing ordinances that have great influence on travel agents in re-cent years. One is “Domestic and International Traveling Standard Contract shall spec-ify the following particulars”. The other one is in Civil Law’s traveling special section . The enforcement of Civil Law traveling special section not only secures the consumers, but also completes travel agents responsible insurance content. It has lowered operation risks, and strengthened protection to travelers. The Civil Law traveling special section has impacted on travel agents. They must adapt themselves to problems that might oc-cur after the new law’s enforcement in the future. Traveling related ordinance has enormous influence on traveling quality. However, we have tried to probe into the causality if the ordinance is too hard for travel agents to abide and how travelers recognize the law and their legal rights? Although the traveling ordinance has been fully completed, travel disputes have happened constantly. What are the differences between travelers and travel agents rec-ognition to the ordinance? Which is the most significant issue of this paper. Further more, in domestic traveling related ordinance’s studies, most of them are limited in the contents of legal provision’s interpretation and exploration. Consumers and travel agents’ recognition to the ordinance have not been surveyed by those studies. Therefore, it is another issue we would like to explore.
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"Relating agent loyalty and agent image in Hong Kong travel industry." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1988. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5885864.
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Fang, Su Ming, and 蘇明芳. "The Study of Relational Selling Behavior Between Airline Industry and Travel Agents." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68215026345597776501.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國文化大學
觀光事業研究所
87
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relational selling behavior between airline industry and travel agents. It is anticipated that relational selling behavior will influence agent''''s loyalty and performance via intervening variable of relationship quality. The subjects are travel agents with head officers in Taipei. The study first establishes relational welling behavior Conceptual model of airline industry and research hypotheses based on existing literature; the next step is to utilize linear structural relations model to condust empirical analysis and estimate; and finally is to clarify the determinants that influences relationship quality between airline industry and travel agents. The result of experimentation can deomonstrate suitable those wholesaler''''s travel agencies of Taipei own the selling relationship with airline industry. Meanwhile, the structures of interdependency,cooperative intentions and oppportunistic behavior own the the very significant meaning in statistics, it will effect the quality of relationship, the most influence is cooperative intentions; even more the cooperative intentions will effect the agencies'''' loyalty and performance obviously. At the same time, discussing some interference which may effect the behavior of selling, such as the duration of selling relation, the scale of industry, and the drgree of interdependency, also the quality of relationship. It is supported that empirical model can explain the relationship between airline industry and travel agents, and clarify the determinants that influence relationship quality. The study can testify the theoretical structure of relationsl selling behavior, and also provide suggestions about relationship marketing strategies and long-term relationship establishment from the airline industry.
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Tung, Hung-Wen, and 董鴻文. "Context-Aware Personalized Agents for Recommending Travel Related Information in Mobile Environments." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37299703063953441841.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
資訊工程學系
91
An agent that recommends information in mobile environments is quite different from the one in normal environments. A recommender agent in mobile environments should be context-aware to release the user attention while the user is moving. There could be many different kinds of contexts used by a recommender agent. In this paper, we demonstrate a prototype design of a software agent that recommends travel related information according to the user's contexts in mobile environments. The recommendation procedure includes the dialogue between the user and the agent for modifying constraints given to the agent. We illustrate with a scenario with recommending a restaurant to a tourist in Taipei city by interacting with a context-aware personalized agent.
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Gwo, Pei-Wen, and 郭佩雯. "The Relationship between Personality and Job Turnover among Operation in Travel Agents." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23577503609310057000.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國文化大學
觀光事業研究所
86
This research examines the relationship between personality and job turnoveramong operation in travel agents. During literature, we found that the job satisfaction and job will affect job turnover, and we regard them as controlvariables. After data collecting, we use T test, ANOVA analysis, and relationanalysis to understand the relationship between variables. In this research,we obtained the following results. The first, the people who are A type personality prefer higher job turnover. Second, in population ststisticsvariables, female, single and younger people prefer higher job turnover. Third, the diversity in the record of formal schooling does not show any differences in job turnover behavior. Final, the job satisfaction and job pressure willaffect personality and population statistics variables, and therefore affect job turnover.