Academic literature on the topic 'Travel agency'

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Journal articles on the topic "Travel agency"

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Hodes, Karen A. "Travel Agency Dispensing?" American Pharmacy 33, no. 9 (September 1993): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-3450(15)30676-0.

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&NA;. "Association Travel Agency." Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 16, no. 6 (November 1989): 27A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152192-198911000-00017.

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Buttle, Francis. "Travel agency merchandising." International Journal of Hospitality Management 5, no. 4 (January 1986): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4319(86)90017-4.

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Kwangdong Park. "Review on Japanese Travel Agency Law and Korean Travel Agency Bill." Dankook Law Riview 36, no. 1 (June 2012): 373–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17252/dlr.2012.36.1.014.

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Almira, Winona, and Wiguna Alodia Alodia. "Analisis Strategi Traditional Travel Agency Di Tengah Persaingan Online Travel Agency (Studi Kasus: Airlangga Travel)." Jurnal Manajemen 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/jm-uika.v10i2.2553.

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The travel industry in Indonesia is still very attractive, especially when considering the large population of Indonesia and the growing value trend of the travel market. However, the development of information technology and the internet has had an impact on the proliferation of Online Travel Agencies (OTA), resulting in high levels of competition in the travel industry. Traditional travel companies must continue to innovate to maintain their presence in the competition. This research was conducted to analyze the competitive conditions of the travel industry in Indonesia, a case study at Airlangga Travel company. The research method uses Porter and SWOT analysis. The results of the study are recommendations for differentiation strategies for Airlangga Travel in order to survive in the intense competition of the travel business
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Ross, Glenn F. "Travel agency employment perceptions." Tourism Management 18, no. 1 (February 1997): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(96)00094-5.

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W., G. "Settling Travel-Agency Commissions." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 37, no. 4 (August 1996): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088049603700409.

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Moliner, Miguel A., Javier Sánchez, Rosa M. Rodríguez, and Luís Callarisa. "Travel Agency Relationship Quality." Annals of Tourism Research 34, no. 2 (April 2007): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.11.001.

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Lingyun, Zhang. "China's travel agency industry." Tourism Management 12, no. 4 (December 1991): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(91)90049-y.

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Duvall, Patricia Wood, Ray M. Haynes, and Lawrence J. Truitt. "Evaluating Small Travel Agency Productivity." Journal of Travel Research 31, no. 3 (January 1993): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728759303100302.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Travel agency"

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Guo, Yingying, and Kai Sun. "Relationship in Travel Agency: A case of Chinese International Travel Service." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-13850.

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Bachelor Thesis, School of Management and Economics, Växjö University, 2FE10E Strategic Marketing, spring 2011 Authors: Guo Yingyiung, Sun Kai  Tutor: Viktorija Kalonaityte Examiner: Åsa Devine Title – Relationship in Travel Agency Background –With the social and economic development and people's living standards, travel service become a popular leisure time has come. Travel agencies are very sensitive services company because the customer wants the high quality of services to enjoy their travel. The paper purpose is to find out any interrelation between travel agency and client. This is aimed by a case study in a Chinese Travel Agency. Aim – the aim of this paper the factors which affect the relationship between client and travel agency. This study will help to reader about the knowledge of the factors which can be helpful for travel agencies to improve their relationship with their clients. Research question – how can these factors including service quality, customer satisfaction, and membership relationship and CRM be used in order to establish good relationship between tourists and travel agency? Method – in this paper, a positivistic point of view is embedded, and then we chose to use a case study design in a travel agency. In addition, we used primary and secondary for gathering the data. The research question was answered in the analysis with the combination theoretical framework and empirical data from a real case of Chinese International Travel Service (CITS). Finding – this paper mentioned four factors including service quality, customer satisfaction, membership relationship and customer relationship management be used in order to create long relationship between tourists and travel agency. Service quality has become a factor important in the overall tourism experience, and one which ultimately dictates is the success of the tourism business. Service satisfaction is a crucial point for firm to keeping the long relationship with customer. A membership relationship is a formalized relationship between the firm and an identifiable customer that often provides special benefits to both parties. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) focuses on managing the relationship between a company and its current and prospective customer base as a key to success. Conclusion—though observing the travel agency‘s situation, authors used four factors to analyze what the problems they are, and give firm‘s suggestion about how to use the factors to maintain and enhance the relationship with customer.
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Chen, Wei. "Travel agency marketing : a study of Changsha, China." Thesis, University of Derby, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/323788.

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This thesis constitutes an explication of tourism marketing in P.R. China. It identified the predominant factors at influence the marketing operations of Chinese travel agencies and explored the marketing mix approaches adopted by them. By studying Changsha, the research revealed that tourism marketing in China is a complex phenomenon. The great geographical and cultural distances mean the marketing theories, which are widely utilized in western countries, could have different effects on the oriental developing country. An even more important distinction is that China is a socialist country but the reforms have begun to introduce the capitalistic market economy from the end of 1970' s. Central government protected the travel agency market and significantly influenced the business for 20 years. The marketing concept is a new idea for Chinese entrepreneurs in tourism industry, therefore they are learning to utilize the tool to achieve their goals. With China's entry into the WTO (World Trade Organisation) at Nov. 2001, it meant that every travel agency in China would face the new challenges and opportunities in a free market environment. Based on a combination of research methods with semi-structured interviews, observations and the review of secondary data, the research provides a picture of the current market situation of the Changsha travel agency industry. It reveals that the role of Chinese travel agencies is larger than that of those in western countries. Travel agencies in Changsha work as the organiser, retailer, educator and advocator in the industry. They have begun to use the integrated marketing mix tools to maintain their marketing share and keep on improving their management and technical skills.
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Smith, Anita. "Strategies for E-Commerce Adoption in a Travel Agency." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5943.

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In 2016, online travel sales increased 8%, resulting in profits increasing to over 565 billion U.S. dollars. Traditional travel agencies in brick-and-mortar storefronts are facing challenges related to competing with online travel agencies (OTAs), attracting new customers, and retaining existing customers. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the e-commerce processes, business models, and strategies that leaders of traditional travel agencies use to compete with OTAs. The study sample consisted of 8 travel professionals from 3 small travel agencies located in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The conceptual framework for this study was Rogers's diffusion of innovation theory. Data for the study were derived from semistructured interviews, review of travel agency documents and websites, and review of interview transcripts. Data analysis and methodological triangulation included coding, organizing, interpreting, and summarizing data to identify themes. Four themes emerged: the effect of e-commerce on travel agents' performance, competing with online travel agencies, marketing strategies to attract and retain customers, and e-commerce processes used in travel agencies. Fifty percent of travel agents' business declined, and performance decreased because customers used OTAs or e-commerce websites to purchase vacations. Travel agents specialized in niche' travel destinations to compete with OTAs. Travel agents differentiated products and services to attract and retain customers. Leaders may use the findings to develop strategies, improve business processes, and profitability, thereby, increasing revenues, creating jobs, and providing income for families.
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Engvall, Maria, Johannes Fritz, and Sofia Kindh. "Offline vs. Online: Who buys where? A customer segmentation study of travel agencies." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18315.

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Background: It has been shown that people travel much more nowadays than ever before. Since the Internet and the e-commerce have been developed the ability to book trips online has been enabled. There are now two dominant ways of buying trips, online or offline. The survival of traditional travel agencies has been questioned and some thinks that there will be no need for them in the future. Therefore it would be interesting to see who books trips at traditional and online travel agencies.  Purpose: The purpose with this study is to understand which segments that are purchasing travels at traditional travel agencies and online travel agencies by examine demographic, psychographic and behaviouristic segmentation in the region of Jönköping. Further, in the region of Jönköping, examine advantages and disadvantages of buying trips at an online versus offline travel agency.  Method: In order to fulfil the purpose and answer the research questions the authors will use a quantitative method. The quantitative data will be gathered through a questionnaire after pilot studies have been conducted. SPSS 19.0 will be used in order to analyse the data from the questionnaires.  Conclusion: The segment of traditional travel agencies is older people with high income while the segment of online travel agencies is younger people with lower income. Advantages of traditional travel agencies are their ability to provide service, customize a trip and give expert advice. Online travel agencies have its availability, price comparison service and comfortable way to buying trips as their advantages
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Wang, Anna, and Ingemar Weiner. "Kommer den fysiska resebyrån att överleva? : En undersökning om konkurrensen mellan den fysiska och virtuella resebyrån." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30781.

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Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur det kommer sig att den fysiska resebyrån finns kvar och hur framtiden ser ut hos dessa i och med teknologins snabba framväxt.  Metod: Denna studie utgår ifrån en kvalitativ metod. För att samla in data till empirin har tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med olika resebyråer belägna i Stockholm, via personliga möten, telefon och e-post. De resebyråer som undersökts är Jade Travel, Lotus Travel, Resevaruhuset, Resecity, Apollo, Ving, Nygren & Lind, Jorden Resor, BIG Travel och Globetrotter. Teoretisk referensram: De teorier som använts i studien behandlar konsumentbeteende, distributionskanaler, servicescape, dynamiken av servicemötet och relationen mellan konsument och resebyrå. Slutsats: Den fysiska resebyrån har i och med teknologins framväxt förändrats på så sätt att dagens fysiska resebyråer värderar det fysiska servicemötet med kunden. En del fysiska resebyråer har minskat i antal men servicekvaliteten tillsammans med kompetens och kunskap hos de anställda i resebyråerna har blivit högre, detta föra att kunna konkurrera mot andra resebyråer och deras virtuella tjänster samt för att skapa en relation med konsumenterna.
Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to examine why physical travel agencies still exist, and what the future looks like for those agencies since the technology's rapid growth.  Method: This study is based on a qualitative methodology. Ten semi-structured interviews have been conducted for the empirical data. The interviews were held with various travel agencies located in Stockholm through personal meetings, telephone and e-mail. The travel agencies who participated in the interviews was; Jade Travel, Lotus Travel, Resevaruhuset, Resecity, Apollo, Ving, Nygren & Lind, Jorden Resor, BIG Travel and Globetrotter. Theoretical framework: The theories that have been used in this essay are consumer decision making, distribution channels, servicescape, the dynamics of the service encounter and the relationship between customer and travel agency. Conclusion: The physical travel agency has since the technology's development changed on a way that today's physical travel agencies evaluate the physical service meeting with the customer. Some physical agencies have decreased in number but the quality of service along with the skills and knowledge among employees of the travel agencies has increased, therefore to compete against other travel agencies and their virtual services, and to create a relationship with the consumers.
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Lumyong, Rotjarek, and Suppalak Suksom. "Service Quality of Thai Travel Agency, Thailand Resor AB, in Sweden." Thesis, Mälardalen University, Mälardalen University, Mälardalen University, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-7789.

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The customers perceived all 5 SERVQUAL dimensions; tangibles, reliability, assurance, responstiveness, and empathy, pertaining service quality performance at low level when compared with their expectation. Thailand Resor AB should fulfill these 5 gaps and pay attention at assurance dimension concerning conveying trust and confidence because of the highest gap. The dimension of tangibles (equipment, physical facilities, etc.), empathy (ability to see through the customer’s eyes), responstiveness (willingness to help and provide prompt service), and reliability (doing what company have promised) were adjusted consequencely. The respondents highlighted the following key quality factors of their expectations; be treated with respect, be listened to and be dedicated attention, more friendly staffs, get the accoracy information. Some respondent have fuzzy expectations that he company have to further discover the real expectations by providing gauidance to their staffs to encourage them to ask questions.

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Kim, Tae-Jun. "The current internet marketing status of Korean travel agency web sites." Online version, 1999. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1999/1999kim.pdf.

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Kangasmäki, Heini, and Maja Koskelainen. "How Important Is an Image? : Dutch Travel Agencies' Perception of Sweden as a Travel Destination." Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Business and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-59.

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Nowadays, when the world feels smaller as a result of the increasing flow of information, the competition of tourism between countries is getting bigger. This has caused that the marketing of the country has become vital. It is important for the country to send out the right signals so that the tourists have the right image of a destination. Once the image has been created, it might be hard to change it.

Scandinavian Travel Agent AB is a company arranging different trips around Scandinavia. They work as incoming agent for foreign tour operators, which they help with different types of travel arrangements in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. Now they want to expand their business to other countries, and at the same time they want to identify how Sweden is seen as a tourist destination. We helped them with this by investigating travel agencies and tour operators in the Netherlands.

Our purpose with this thesis was to find out what kind of picture the Dutch travel agencies and tour operators have about Sweden. Furthermore, we wanted to know how the Dutch market looks like considering the trips to Sweden. To be able to analyze the phenomena of image we have taken closer look at the decision- making process, which was originally created by Mathieson and Wall (1984). It contains four areas (tourist profile, travel awareness, destination resources & characteristics and trip features) that have effect on the decision making process. Since we thought that image also has a big influence on the tourists’ decision, we chose to investigate that subject as well.

With the help of our theories we created two different questionnaires, one to Dutch travel agencies/ tour operators having Sweden as a travel destination, and one to Dutch travel agencies/tour operators not currently offering trips to Sweden. After receiving the answers we interpreted them together with our theories and we found out that the respondents have a correct image of the reality. Sweden’s nature with the forests, water and snow were some of the most common parts of their image. Stockholm was also a prominent feature together with beautiful and clean nature. Sweden was also seen as a modern and safe country with high quality. Some respondent also mentioned space, but it was not as common answer as we expected.

Regarding the image, we found out that an image handles both a person’s affective and cognitive images, which arises from many different sources and influences. After doing this research our believes, about the image as a part of the decision making process, were strengthened. Therefore we saw the need to change the already existing model.

Our suggestions to the Scandinavian Travel Agent AB, is to first contact the travel agencies/tour operators who are currently offering Sweden, since they seem to be most interested in expanding to Sweden. Among the other travel agencies/tour operators an interest has to be aroused. This can depend on the fact that companies with Sweden can see the demand and the opportunities better than the companies who do not have Sweden.

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Zhu, Tao. "Cultural influence on visitors' perceived service quality of a Chinese travel agency /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1426121.

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Yang, Jie, and Yanfei Yan. "Customer Relationship in Tourism Industry : A case study of Swedish travel agency." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-9912.

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Books on the topic "Travel agency"

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Dervaes, Claudine. Travel agency computerization. Tampa, Fl: Solitaire Publishing, 1994.

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McGuire, Margit E. The travel agency. Chicago, IL: Everyday Learning Corp., 1997.

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Thompson-Smith, Jeanie M. Travel agency guide to business travel. Albany, NY: Delmar, 1988.

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Poynter, James M. Travel agency accounting procedures. Albany, NY: Delmar, 1991.

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Manual of travel agency practice. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1995.

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Manual of travel agency practice. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.

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Christopher, William G. Starting a retail travel agency. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Business Development, 1986.

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Christopher, William G. Starting a retail travel agency. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Business Development, 1988.

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Syratt, Gwenda. Manual of travel agency practice. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.

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Bennett, Marion. Information technology and travel agency. Reading: University of Reading Department of Geography, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Travel agency"

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MacLean, Gerald M. "Captive Agency." In The Rise of Oriental Travel, 183–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230511767_16.

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Zhou, Zongqing. "Travel agency and tour operation." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_206-1.

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Zhou, Zongqing. "Travel agency and tour operation." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 967–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01384-8_206.

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Ticca, Anna-Claudia. "Managing multiactivity in a travel agency." In Multiactivity in Social Interaction, 191–223. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.187.07tic.

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Bigné, J. E., and L. Andreu. "Strategic Marketing in the Travel Agency Sector." In The International Marketing of Travel and Tourism, 263–98. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27486-4_11.

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Sui, Qi, and Hai-yang Wang. "IPVita: An Intelligent Platform of Virtual Travel Agency." In Frontiers of WWW Research and Development - APWeb 2006, 1205–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11610113_136.

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Rusu, Cristian, Federico Botella, Virginica Rusu, Silvana Roncagliolo, and Daniela Quiñones. "An Online Travel Agency Comparative Study: Heuristic Evaluators Perception." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 112–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91521-0_9.

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Pichpibul, Tantikorn. "Improving Vehicle Routing Decision for Travel Agency in Chonburi, Thailand." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 251–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47200-2_28.

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Olivier, A. P. S. "The dissemination of information by means of travel agency extranets." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 1998, 212–23. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7504-0_22.

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Lijun, Xu. "Fuzzy Integrated Evaluation on the Product Quality of Travel Agency." In Information and Business Intelligence, 370–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29087-9_57.

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Conference papers on the topic "Travel agency"

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Hui Li, Haiyang Wang, Zongmin Shang, and Yongquan Dong. "Virtual travel agency based on web services." In in Design (CSCWD). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cscwd.2008.4537020.

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Nasution, F. I. H., A. K. Khairunnisa, A. A. Menawan, L. Gobel, Fahmi Ardi, and M. Mujiya Ulkhaq. "Assessing Website Quality of Online Travel Agency." In ICDTE 2019: 2019 The 3rd International Conference on Digital Technology in Education. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3369199.3369243.

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Mescheryakova, Anna, and K. Volkova. "AUTOMATION SYSTEMS FOR TRAVEL AGENCIES." In Modern technologies and automation of production. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mtap2021_39-44.

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Maki, Yusaku, Satoshi Gondo, Tomoo Inoue, and Ken-Ichi Okada. "Travel Agency Desk Support System Using Interest Degree." In 2015 IEEE 29th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aina.2015.283.

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Qi, Sui, and Wang Hai-yang. "Meta Service in Intelligent Platform of Virtual Travel Agency." In 2005 First International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grid. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/skg.2005.89.

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Ling, Liuyi, Xiaolong Guo, and Liang Liang. "Optimal Pricing Strategy of Hotel for Cooperative Travel Agency." In 2009 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Software Engineering. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cise.2009.5362585.

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Said, Martriana, and Fani Nabilla. "Local Tourism Destination Content in Online Travel Agency Promotion." In – The Asian Conference on Language 2020. The International Academic Forum(IAFOR), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22492/issn.2435-7030.2020.11.

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Pet, Elena. "STUDY ON IMPACT OF TRAVEL AGENCY ON CONSUMER�S PURCHASE." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b53/s21.074.

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Zhou, Ting, and Zhi-qing Yang. "Construction of Travel Agency Service System Based on Service Management." In 2011 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2011.5998770.

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Santana, Clodomir J., Pedro Aguiar, and Carmelo J. A. Bastos-Filho. "Customer Segmentation in a Travel Agency Dataset using Clustering Algorithms." In 2018 IEEE Latin American Conference on Computational Intelligence (LA-CCI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/la-cci.2018.8625252.

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Reports on the topic "Travel agency"

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Mahlberg, Justin, Yaguang Zhang, Sneha Jha, Jijo K. Mathew, Howell Li, Jairaj Desai, Woosung Kim, et al. Development of an Intelligent Snowplow Truck that Integrates Telematics Technology, Roadway Sensors, and Connected Vehicle. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317355.

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The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) manages and maintains over 28,000 miles of roadways. Maintenance of the roadways includes pavement repair in the summer as well as snow removal and de-icing in the winter. The prioritization of assets during winter storm events is crucial and impacts travel and safety. The objective of this project was to identify and develop tools INDOT could provide its operators to effectively perform winter operation de-icing activities. This project examined application methods and data to provide analytics and make data-driven decisions for state-wide deployment and operations. Discovery of calibration metrics partnered with fleetwide telematics enabled the development of analytic dashboards that allowed real-time evaluations and adjustments to be made during winter operation activities. These tools will allow the agency to better treat and enhance safety for road users.
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Niles, John S., and J. M. Pogodzinski. Steps to Supplement Park-and-Ride Public Transit Access with Ride-and-Ride Shuttles. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1950.

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Public transit ridership in California declined in the five years before the pandemic of 2020–21 and dropped significantly further after the pandemic began. A sharp downward step in the level of transit boarding occurred after February 2020, and continues to the date of this report as a result of the public-health guidance on social distancing, expanded work-at-home, and a travel mode shift from public transit to private cars. A critical issue has come to the foreground of public transportation policy, namely, how to increase the quality and geographic reach of transit service to better serve the essential trips of mobility disadvantaged citizens who do not have access to private vehicle travel. The research focus of this report is an examination of the circumstances where fixed route bus route service could cost-effectively be replaced by on-demand microtransit, with equivalent overall zone-level efficiency and a higher quality of complete trip service. Research methods were reviews of documented agency experience, execution of simple simulations, and sketch-level analysis of 2019 performance reported in the National Transit Database. Available evidence is encouraging and suggestive, but not conclusive. The research found that substitutions of flexible microtransit for fixed route buses are already being piloted across the U.S., with promising performance results. The findings imply that action steps could be taken in California to expand and refine an emphasis on general purpose microtransit in corridors and zones with a relatively high fraction of potential travelers who are mobility disadvantaged, and where traditional bus routes are capturing fewer than 15 boardings per vehicle hour. To be sufficiently productive as fixed route replacements, microtransit service technologies in the same or larger zones need to be capable of achieving vehicle boardings of five per hour, a challenge worth addressing with technology applications. Delivery of microtransit service can be undertaken through contracts with a growing set of private sector firms, which are developing processes to merge general purpose customers with those now assigned to ADA-required paratransit and Medi-Cal-supported non-emergency medical transport.
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3

Latané, Annah, Jean-Michel Voisard, and Alice Olive Brower. Senegal Farmer Networks Respond to COVID-19. RTI Press, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0045.2106.

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This study leveraged existing data infrastructure and relationships from the Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay (“flourishing agriculture”) project, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by RTI International from 2015 to 2019. The research informed and empowered farmer organizations to track and respond to rural households in 2020 as they faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmer organizations, with support from RTI and local ICT firm STATINFO, administered a survey to a sample of 800 agricultural households that are members of four former Naatal Mbay–supported farmer organizations in two rounds in August and October 2020. Focus group discussions were conducted with network leadership pre- and post–data collection to contextualize the experience of the COVID-19 shock and to validate findings. The results showed that farmers were already reacting to the effects of low rainfall during the 2019 growing season and that COVID-19 compounded the shock through disrupted communications and interregional travel bans, creating food shortages and pressure to divert seed stocks for food. Food insecurity effects, measured through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and cereals stocks, were found to be greater for households in the Casamance region than in the Kaolack and Kaffrine regions. The findings also indicate that farmer networks deployed a coordinated response comprising food aid and access to personal protective equipment, distribution of short-cycle legumes and grains (e.g., cowpea, maize) and vegetable seeds, protection measures for cereals seeds, and financial innovations with banks. However, food stocks were expected to recover as harvesting began in October 2020, and the networks were planning to accelerate seed multiplication, diversify crops beyond cereals, improve communication across the network. and mainstream access to financial instruments in the 2021 growing season. The research indicated that the previous USAID-funded project had likely contributed to the networks’ COVID-19 resilience capacities by building social capital and fostering the new use of tools and technologies over the years it operated.
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4

Van Horn, Kevin S. Complete and Infinite Traces: A Descriptive Model of Computing Agents. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada442962.

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5

Li, Honglin. TRAIL: A Novel Therapeutic Agent for Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406826.

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Li, Honglin. TRAIL: A Novel Therapeutic Agent for Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada427925.

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7

Li, Honglin. TRAIL: A Novel Therapeutic Agent for Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada416484.

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8

J. Richard Hess, Jacob J. Jacobson, Richard Nelson, and Carl Wolf. International Energy Agency (IEA) Task 40 ? Sustainable International Energy Trade: Securing Supply and Demand -- Country Report 2009 for the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/966157.

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9

J. Richard Hess, Jacob J. Jacobson, Richard Nelson, and Carl Wolf. International Energy Agency (IEA) Task 40 ? Sustainable International Energy Trade: Securing Supply and Demand -- Country Report 2010 for the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1035904.

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10

Braithwait, Samuel, Ricardo Rozemberg, and Jesica De Angelis. CARICOM Report: Progress and Challenges of The Integration Agenda. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002912.

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The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) was established in 1973 as a customs union and nowadays consists of 15 member countries. CARICOM includes member and non-members of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), an economic union with free movement of people and goods, a single currency, and a common central bank. This report is the third in a series of INTAL publications on regional integration on the CaribbeanREPORT Community and covers the period 2005 to 2020. After a brief background to the CARICOM integration project and a look at the economy and international trade, this report focuses on the main issues and developments relating to the deepening of integration within CARICOM and crucial relationships with external partners. The final section concludes with an assessment of the short-term adverse impacts of the pandemic and summarizes a set of recommendations to tackle the main issues.
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