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1
Nesbitt, Catherine. "Emotion and trauma : underlying emotions and trauma symptoms in two flooded populations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4021.
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Flood literature presents an inconsistent account of post-disaster distress; debating whether distress is pathological or normal and attempting to understand distress in terms of disaster variables. The literature therefore provides little guidance as to how to formulate difficulties in a clinically meaningful way reflective of individual’s experiences. The SPAARS model is presented as a model by which to reconcile these differences and quantitative support for its concepts were studied within two flooded samples. Participants who were flooded in Carlisle in 2005 (n=32) and participants flooded in Morpeth in 2008 (n=29) provided two samples at different stages in flood recovery and facilitated a quasi-longitudinal sample for comparison of flood-related distress over time. Participants were asked to complete a survey pertaining to: basic emotions experienced during the flood event, basic emotions experienced after the flood, Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ) and the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI). Findings suggest that a third of participants who were flooded experienced clinically significant levels of distress, even after four years. Both samples showed higher levels of impact symptoms on the IES compared to symptoms on the TSI. Anxiety and anger were significant in reported flood experiences both during and after the flooding. Flood-related variables and previous experiences had no effect on increased distress but greater use of internal-dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies was related to increased impact and distress symptoms. Study findings and the SPAARS model are discussed in relation to previous flooding and PTSD literature, as well as clinical implications for the treatment of post-disaster distress and for the future management of flood-affected populations.
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Howell, Sean. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS ON SYMPTOMS OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/805.
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ABSTRACT
Despite a plethora of research documenting the effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions on the symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), there continues to be ambiguity insofar as which approaches or combination thereof are most effective at improving adverse manifestations of this disorder. This lack of clarity is further confounded when other variables and nuances pertaining to variations of PTSD (i.e. military, sexual trauma, childhood abuse, etc.) are factored into these comparisons. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the impact of various interventions on improving the symptoms of PTSD. This study also examined the variances which stand in need of recognition when determining which interventions are most appropriate and meaningful in improving the quality of life and functionality of individuals with this disorder. This has significance in both macro and micro social work practices due to the potential for improvements in policies, allocation of resources, and enhancements in micro-level interventions. The research design involved qualitative interviews with clinicians devised to identify gaps, areas of agreement, and dissent among the research. Data analysis will be qualitatiive and will be guided by assessing the impact of interventions on the 17 symptoms which, according to the DSM-5 are associated with PTSD.
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Piercy, Julie A. "The effect of information provision on trauma symptoms /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18544.pdf.
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McBain, Candice. "Deception and Deception Detection of Feigned Trauma Symptoms." Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/390064.
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Through this research project we assessed the ability of psychology students to enact and detect deception enacted through feigning symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Psychometric and psychophysiological testing are often used to assess the feigning or malingering of mental health disorders in forensic settings. However, clinicians do not always have these tools readily available to them. Therefore, we have focused our investigation on verbal and nonverbal behaviours that may be indicators of deception used to identify cases of feigning or malingering. Despite the large body of existing research on cues to deception, we currently have no reliable cues that proceed or accompany deception related to feigning or malingering a psychological disorder. Through a series of four studies we aimed to identify cues to deception that are exhibited when feigning symptoms of PTSD.
The aim of Study 1 was to examine: personality traits (i.e., Introversion / Extroversion and Psychoticism) that may moderate the ability to deceive; emotional and physiological arousal (i.e., heart rate variability [HRV]) associated with deception; and the influence of these variables on peoples’ confidence in their own ability to deceive. Our findings indicated that emotional and physiological arousal related to the thought of enacting deception correlated with emotional and physiological arousal related to stress. However, emotional arousal associated with stress or deception was not correlated with physiological arousal associated with stress or deception. Therefore, we were unable to identify a consistent pattern of emotional and physiological responding associated with the thought of being deceitful. In addition: deception confidence was not correlated to the physiological arousal (i.e., HRV) associated with deceit; Psychoticism had no impact on emotional or physiological arousal associated with deception or deception confidence; and Introversion / Extroversion was not correlated to physiological arousal associated with deception. However, people higher on Extraversion reported more subjective distress after thinking about enacting deception than people higher on Introversion. During this study we identified the trait of Psychoticism as needing further investigation.
Subsequently, in Study 2 we further examined deceivers who were low and higher in Psychoticism. We examined: verbal and nonverbal behaviours displayed when telling the truth and deceiving; verbal and nonverbal behaviours of deceivers who were low and higher in Psychoticism; and verbal and nonverbal behaviours of more and less credible deceivers. Deception confidence and perceived credibility (as judged by raters) were also considered. Most notably, we found that people smile less when deceiving. This is different to evidential deception research. Findings indicated that deceivers higher in Psychoticism displayed unique behavioural cues. However, Psychoticism did not moderate deception confidence or perceived credibility (as judged by raters).
In Study 3, we again examined verbal and nonverbal behaviours displayed when telling the truth and enacting deceit. We also assessed the verbal and nonverbal behaviors of differentially motivated deceivers, and people who were more and less prepared to deceive. Deception confidence and perceived credibility were again considered. Findings indicated that participants in this sample displayed less eye movements, raised their eyebrows less, were less facially expressive, smiled less, and pursed their lips more when deceiving. More motivated deceivers and more prepared deceivers displayed unique behaviours and motivated deceivers spent more time preparing to deceive. However, deception preparation did not impact deception confidence or perceived credibility.
The main aim of Study 4 was to examine the deception detection ability of psychology students, and the difference in deception detection ability between undergraduate and postgraduate psychology students. We also investigated the impact of law enforcement experience, legal experience, and psychology work experience on the ability to detect deception. Findings indicated: students were not better than chance (if we assume chance is 50%) at making lie / truth judgments; postgraduates were better deception detectors than undergraduates; experience with law enforcement and psychology work experience were positively correlated to deception detection ability; deception detectors were better able to identify deceivers who were less motivated to feign PTSD; confidence in people’s own ability to detect deception was not related to their actual ability to detect deception; and deception detectors did not rate truthtellers as more credible than deceivers.
Overall, we find that deception of mental health symptoms leads to different cues than those found in evidential research. We also conclude that Psychoticism may lead to differential behavioural cues when deceiving, as do motivation and preparation time. People are not good at detecting deceit, but experience with psychology and life experience seems to be predictors in the case of detecting feigned trauma symptoms. Methodological limitations of the current studies include: the failure of the deception task to evoke strong physiological arousal in Study 1; the lack of high psychoticism deceivers in Study 2; the disparity in the duration of the two videos used in experiments 2 and 3; the disparity in credibility scores of the more credible deceivers group between Studies 2 and 3; and the inclusion of only one independent rater in Studies 2 and 3. Additionally, in comparison to the financial remuneration often gained through successful feigning or malingering of PTSD, the financial incentive offered in Studies 2 and 3 is nominal. These limitations are addressed in the general discussion of this thesis.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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Myers, Abby Marie. "Multiple Interpersonal Traumas and Specific Constellations of Trauma Symptoms in a Clinical Population of University Females." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/cps_diss/46.
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Female survivors of multiple forms of trauma are increasingly found to be a significant portion of the university population (Briere, Kaltman, & Green 2008). While there is a strong literature base for understanding the effects of individual trauma on psychological functioning (e.g., Briere, 1992; Kaltman, Krumnick, Stockton, Hooper, & Green, 2005), little is known about specific symptom constellations for those who have experienced multiple traumas (Rich, Gingerich, & Roseìn, 1997). Using a clinical population of 500 female university students, this study explored the rates of multiple interpersonal traumatic experiences, the connection between multiple traumas and symptom severity, and the association of specific constellations of multiple types of traumas with specific constellations of trauma symptoms. The Trauma Symptom Inventory-Alternate (Briere, 1995) and self-report measures of demographic data and abuse histories were used to collect data, which was analyzed with frequencies, Multivariate Analysis of Variance, and a Canonical Correlation to explore the interrelationships of abuse and trauma symptoms. Multiple abuse was common, with 81% of participants experiencing two or more types of abuse. Multiple trauma generally predicted more severe trauma-related symptoms than those with no trauma or single traumas. A Canonical Correlation revealed a moderately significant relationship between participants with aggressive types of abuse (e.g., childhood physical, adult physical, and adult sexual abuse) with higher symptoms of intrusive experiences, defensive-avoidance, and dissociation. These findings suggest a differential model of trauma effects, particularly for trauma types characterized by aggression. Implications for future research and clinical practice are addressed.
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Chase-Brennan, Kimberly B. "Aspects of Spirituality as Moderators in the Relationship between Trauma Exposure and Trauma Symptoms." Thesis, Northcentral University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3569189.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Disorder of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS) are physiological and psychological symptoms known to arise in the aftermath of trauma. Although lifetime prevalence of trauma capable of resulting in PTSD is 50-90%, lifetime prevalence of PTSD is eight percent, indicating that there may be factors that protect against the development of such symptoms. Spirituality has been implicated as a possible moderator; spirituality may play a protective or restorative role in lessening the relationship between trauma exposure and trauma symptoms. The purpose of this quantitative research was to examine the moderating role of different aspects of spirituality, including cognitive orientation to spirituality, the experiential/phenomenological dimensions of spirituality, and religiousness, on the relationship between trauma exposure and trauma symptoms when such symptoms are defined to include both PTSD and DESNOS. Data collected from members of the general adult population using a cross-sectional online survey design indicated that the cognitive orientation to spirituality and the experiential/phenomenological dimension of spirituality both significantly moderated the relationship between trauma exposure and DESNOS symptoms; both of these aspects of spirituality buffer the strength of the relationship between trauma exposure and DESNOS symptoms. Religiousness was not found to moderate the relationship between trauma exposure and DESNOS, and none of the aspects of spirituality moderated the relationship between trauma exposure and PTSD. These findings add to what is currently known about the protective role of spirituality, provide additional data on the differences between PTSD and DESNOS symptoms, and set the stage for further research.
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Hunter, Gillian. "Examining trauma symptoms in children exposed to domestic violence." Thesis, Bangor University, 2006. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/examining-trauma-systems-in-children-exposed-to-domestic-violence(b0385558-e570-4d1d-ba19-aa1a2464f54e).html.
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Fischer, Beth Ann. "A PROSPECTIVE EXAMINATION OF URINARY STRESS HORMONES AND PTSD SYMPTOMS FROM MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT TO POST-TRAUMA RECOVERY." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1194966805.
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Spauwen, Janneke, Lydia Krabbendam, Roselind Lieb, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, and Os Jim van. "Impact of psychological trauma on the development of psychotic symptoms: relationship with psychosis proneness." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-108608.
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Background. The reported link between psychological trauma and onset of psychosis remains controversial.
Aims. To examine associations between self-reported psychological trauma and psychotic symptoms as a function of prior evidence of vulnerability to psychosis (psychosis proneness).
Method. At baseline, 2524 adolescents aged 14-24 years provided self-reports on psychological trauma and psychosis proneness, and at follow-up (on average 42 months later) participants were interviewed for presence of psychotic symptoms.
Results. Self-reported trauma was associated with psychotic symptoms, in particular at more severe levels (adjusted OR1.89,95% CI1.16-3.08) and following trauma associated with intense fear, helplessness or horror. The risk difference between those with and without self-reported trauma at baseline was 7% in the group with baseline psychosis proneness, but only 1.8% in those without (adjusted test for difference between these two effect sizes: χ2=4.6, P=0.032).
Conclusions. Exposure to psychological trauma may increase the risk of psychotic symptoms in people vulnerable to psychosis.
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Creedy, Debra Kay, and D. Creedy@mailbox gu edu au. "Birthing and the development of trauma symptoms: Incidence and contributing factors." Griffith University. School of Applied Psychology, 1999. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030102.101015.
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Background: Little is known about the relationship between women's birthing experiences and the development of trauma symptoms. This study aimed to determine the incidence of acute trauma symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women as a result of their labor and delivery experiences, and identify factors that contributed to the women's psychological distress. Method: Using a prospective, longitudinal design, women in their last trimester of pregnancy were recruited from four public hospital antenatal clinics. Four to six weeks postpartum, telephone interviews were conducted with participants (n = 499) and explored the medical and midwifery management of the birth, perceptions of intrapartum care, and the presence of trauma symptoms. Results: One in three women (33%) identified a traumatic birthing event and reported the presence of at least three trauma symptoms. Twenty-eight women (5.6%) met DSM-IV criteria for acute posttraumatic stress disorder. Antenatal variables were not found to contribute to the development of acute or chronic trauma symptoms. The level of obstetric intervention experienced during childbirth (beta = .351, p <.0001) and the perception of inadequate intrapartum care (beta = .319, p <.0001) during labor were consistently associated with the development of acute trauma symptoms. Conclusions: Posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth is an under-recognized phenomenon. Women who experienced both a high level of obstetric intervention and were dissatisfied with their intrapartum care were more likely to develop trauma symptoms than women who received a high level of obstetric intervention or women who perceived their care to be inadequate. Such findings should prompt a serious review of intrusive obstetric intervention during labor and delivery, and the psychological care provided to birthing women.
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Creedy, Debra. "Birthing and the development of trauma symptoms: Incidence and contributing factors." Thesis, Griffith University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367663.
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Background: Little is known about the relationship between women's birthing experiences and the development of trauma symptoms. This study aimed to determine the incidence of acute trauma symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women as a result of their labor and delivery experiences, and identify factors that contributed to the women's psychological distress. Method: Using a prospective, longitudinal design, women in their last trimester of pregnancy were recruited from four public hospital antenatal clinics. Four to six weeks postpartum, telephone interviews were conducted with participants (n = 499) and explored the medical and midwifery management of the birth, perceptions of intrapartum care, and the presence of trauma symptoms. Results: One in three women (33%) identified a traumatic birthing event and reported the presence of at least three trauma symptoms. Twenty-eight women (5.6%) met DSM-IV criteria for acute posttraumatic stress disorder. Antenatal variables were not found to contribute to the development of acute or chronic trauma symptoms. The level of obstetric intervention experienced during childbirth (beta = .351, p <.0001) and the perception of inadequate intrapartum care (beta = .319, p <.0001) during labor were consistently associated with the development of acute trauma symptoms. Conclusions: Posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth is an under-recognized phenomenon. Women who experienced both a high level of obstetric intervention and were dissatisfied with their intrapartum care were more likely to develop trauma symptoms than women who received a high level of obstetric intervention or women who perceived their care to be inadequate. Such findings should prompt a serious review of intrusive obstetric intervention during labor and delivery, and the psychological care provided to birthing women.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology (Health)
Griffith Health
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Spauwen, Janneke, Lydia Krabbendam, Roselind Lieb, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, and Os Jim van. "Impact of psychological trauma on the development of psychotic symptoms: relationship with psychosis proneness." Technische Universität Dresden, 2006. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26761.
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Background. The reported link between psychological trauma and onset of psychosis remains controversial.
Aims. To examine associations between self-reported psychological trauma and psychotic symptoms as a function of prior evidence of vulnerability to psychosis (psychosis proneness).
Method. At baseline, 2524 adolescents aged 14-24 years provided self-reports on psychological trauma and psychosis proneness, and at follow-up (on average 42 months later) participants were interviewed for presence of psychotic symptoms.
Results. Self-reported trauma was associated with psychotic symptoms, in particular at more severe levels (adjusted OR1.89,95% CI1.16-3.08) and following trauma associated with intense fear, helplessness or horror. The risk difference between those with and without self-reported trauma at baseline was 7% in the group with baseline psychosis proneness, but only 1.8% in those without (adjusted test for difference between these two effect sizes: χ2=4.6, P=0.032).
Conclusions. Exposure to psychological trauma may increase the risk of psychotic symptoms in people vulnerable to psychosis.
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Forbes, Amanda Jacqueline. "Intrusive memories and trauma-related symptoms in individuals presenting with dental anxiety." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26511.
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Research indicates that between 36-40% of people are afraid to visit the dentist, 20% are highly anxious and 5% avoid dental treatments due to severe anxiety (Lindsay & Jackson, 1993). Dental anxiety is known to be a major barrier to optimal health care with individuals fearful of impending invasive procedures often presenting only when in severe pain. Dental anxiety has been found to be based on past memories of experiences of pain and loss of control in the dental setting. Evidence from the literature suggests that some individuals with dental anxiety also present with additional psychological problems, such as panic disorder. De Jongh, Muris, ter Horst and Duyx (1995) also reported that individuals with dental anxiety also exhibited more catastrophizing thoughts related to dental treatment. A recent study by De Jongh, Aartman & Brand (submitted for publication) reported that intrusive memories of past distressing dental experiences were associated with dental anxiety. However no structured assessment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was carried out. This study aimed to identify the association between intrusive memories related to dental experiences and trauma-related symptomatology and to investigate differences in pyschopathology and thought content in individuals with a dental anxiety presenting with and without intrusive memories. The proportion of individuals with intrusive memories who would meet criteria for PTSD was also investigated. Results will be given and conclusions reached.
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Aljurany, Khalil A. Hussen. "Personality characteristics, trauma and symptoms of PTSD : a population study in Iraq." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2641.
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Background: The Iraqi people have been continually exposed to wide range of traumatic events, greatly increasing the rates of PTSD, depression, and health problems. However, there is a dearth of research investigating the prevalence of PTSD in the Iraqi population and the impact this has on the individual. This research sought to address this issue by assessing personality traits, sense of coherence, coping strategies and aggressive behaviours. Methods: Self-report scales were used via three studies and a qualitative analysis was conducted from interview transcripts in the fourth study. In order to use self-report scales, the first study validated seven scales, including Baghdad Trauma History Screen (BTHS), Brief Cope, Screen of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (SPTSS), Sense of Coherence (SOC), personality traits of Neuroticism, Depression and Somatic Symptoms Scale (DSSS), and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) in sample of 408 ( 251 males, and 157 females) members of the public. In the second study, another three scales were validated to use including; Health-Related Quality of Life SF-8, Health-relevant 5-factor Personality inventory (HP5i), and Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) in a sample of 52 (33 males and 19 females) Iraqi public population. In the third study the scale of the Big Five Inventory (BFI) was validated in a sample of 51 (34 males, 17 females) Iraqi student and refugees. Correlations between saliva cortisol and PTSD were examined in the second and third studies. In the fourth study, 17 interviews were conducted (9 males and 8 females) with Iraqi students and refugees to obtain a better understanding individual's experiences of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD symptoms as well as the different coping strategies adopted following a traumatic event. Results: The studies scales were reliable and valid. The results showed that a high proportion (94%) of participants reported at least one traumatic event. Thirty percent of 359 traumatised participants met the full DSM-IV criteria for PTSD association by low levels of sense of coherence, and high level of depression, neuroticism, and aggression. Very few of the participants (6%) reported no PTSD symptoms. Women reported less exposure to trauma and manifested more PTSD symptoms than men. Groups with and without PTSD did not differ significantly on their cortisol concentration levels. Social relationships and family support as well as religion played a vital role in shaping and dealing with trauma and PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: Personality traits, active coping strategies, sense of coherence and social and family support contributed in prediction of PTSD symptoms after exposure to severe ii traumatic events. Furthermore, the characteristics of PTSD related to social backgrounds and continue exposure to trauma in Iraq. The report measures were validated in this study, demonstrating their utility for future research examining PTSD symptoms in the Iraqi general population. Further research will help to create a systematic treatment programs for traumatised people.
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Sykes, Charlotte Louise Grania. "Is there a relationship between trauma, PTSD and negative symptoms of psychosis?" Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/is-there-a-relationship-between-trauma-ptsd-and-negative-symptoms-of-psychosis(ec3f0ef5-28c5-40e7-a915-fb4468faa527).html.
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Aim: Previous systematic reviews have addressed and synthesised the relationship between trauma, PTSD and the positive symptoms of psychosis. The relationship between trauma, PTSD and the negative symptoms of psychosis however has yet to be systematically reviewed. Gaining a greater psychological understanding of negative symptoms is a priority as they impair functioning and tend to be treatment resistant. This review therefore aims to review the evidence on the relationship between trauma, PTSD and negative symptoms, and to evaluate this evidence in relation to key quality factors: the assessment of trauma, PTSD, negative symptoms and depression, as well as the design and statistical analysis employed to assess the relationship. Method: Searches of electronic databases Pubmed and PsycINFO were conducted and 41 studies were identified after inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Findings: Included studies appeared to yield equivocal findings with limited variability in study quality, as most studies were low or medium in quality and demonstrated multiple key methodological issues. The synthesis suggests higher quality studies that formally assess both trauma and PTSD, whilst employing a symptom specific assessment of negative symptoms, indicate more complex differential relationships are likely to exist between PTSD clusters and individual negative symptoms. Conclusions: Recommendations are made to improve the methodological quality of future studies in order to reduce the level of equivocal findings reported and to encourage consistency in research aims and methods. It is a priority to employ higher quality studies to identify whether trauma and PTSD are associated with negative symptoms, and to establish the mechanisms accounting for this association as they may provide a promising new direction for developing innovative psychosocial interventions for people affected by these difficulties.
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Le, Anh-Thuy H. "The Relation Between Peer Victimization and Changes in Trauma Symptoms in Adolescents." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3606.
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Peer victimization has been shown to negatively impact youth functioning and may be especially damaging during adolescence, given the increased importance of peers. However, there is a dearth of longitudinal research examining trauma symptomatology as an outcome of peer victimization with low-income, ethnic minority adolescents. The present study investigated this relation in a predominantly African American sample of 684 students assessed at five time points between the fall of their sixth grade and seventh grade school years. Growth mixture models grouped participants with similar victimization trajectories, and latent growth models related growth trajectories of physical and relational victimization to changes in trauma symptoms. Although initial levels of victimization were unrelated to changes in trauma symptoms over time, increasing victimization was associated with increasing trauma symptoms. These findings provide insight into the relation between peer victimization and trauma in an underserved sample of adolescents, with important implications for prevention efforts.
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Klest, Bridget K. (Bridget Kristen). "Trauma, posttraumatic symptoms, and health in Hawaii: Gender, ethnicity, and social context." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10937.
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xv, 134 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Prior research finds that exposure to traumatic stress negatively impacts physical and mental health, and that the social context in which trauma occurs is an important predictor of symptom development. Eight-hundred thirty-three members of an ethnically diverse longitudinal cohort study in Hawaii were surveyed about their personal exposure to several types of traumatic events, socioeconomic resources, mental health symptoms, and health status. Rates of trauma exposure were predicted to vary as a function of type of trauma and participant gender and ethnicity. In addition, access to social resources and the relational context of trauma were predicted to be associated with symptom reports in this ethnically diverse sample of men and women. Results replicated findings that while men and women are exposed to similar rates of trauma overall, women report more exposure to traumas high in betrayal. while men report exposure to more lower-betrayal traumas. Women also reported more mental health symptoms, and traumas higher in betrayal were generally more predictive of symptoms. Ethnic group variation in trauma exposure and physical and mental health symptoms was also present: ethnic groups with lower socioeconomic status generally reported more trauma exposure and symptoms, although in some cases the pattern of results was not straightforward. This study adds new information about the prevalence of traumatic stress and mental health symptoms across ethnic groups in Hawaii, and how these relate to social context. In addition, this study provides preliminary information on the independent contribution of neglect and household dysfunction to the prediction of symptoms. The relevance of these results can be summarized with three main arguments. First, measures of trauma exposure must include events that occur across relational contexts if they are to be gender equitable and most predictive of symptoms. Second, gender and ethnic group differences in symptoms are largely explained by differential trauma exposure and differential access to educational and economic resources. Third, prevention and intervention efforts must address both trauma exposure and social context, as each is implicated in the presentation of symptoms.
Committee in charge: Jennifer Freyd, Chairperson, Psychology; Anne Simons, Member, Psychology; Gerard Saucier, Member, Psychology; Debra Merskin, Outside Member, Journalism and Communication
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Jeter, Whitney Kristin. "Chronic psychological trauma predicts mental and physical trauma symptoms differentially based on gender and levels of resilience and forgiveness." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15178.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Psychology
Brenda L. McDaniel
A large majority of trauma research focuses on relatively acute, physical trauma leading to the development of negative mental and physical trauma symptoms. Sometimes psychological trauma is measured concurrently with these instances of physical trauma. However, less is known about the impact of solely psychological trauma on mental and physical trauma symptom development. Moreover, chronic rather than acute psychological trauma is even more understudied. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to address the gap of knowledge surrounding the impact of chronic psychological trauma on mental and physical health in young adults. The present inquiry was guided by two theoretical models: the Chronic Relational Trauma (CRT) Model and the Etiology of Psychopathology (EP) Model. The CRT Model posits a cyclical pattern of relational trauma perpetrated by caregivers, peers, and intimate partners. Relatedly, the EP Model focuses on acute physical trauma exposure leading to the development of negative mental and physical trauma symptoms as well as potential biological dysregulation with personality characteristics moderating these relationships. However, it is currently unknown how these moderating personality characteristics impact chronic psychological trauma. Thus, the current study blended these two theoretical models in order to examine the impact of chronic psychological trauma on mental, physical, and biological symptoms. One hundred and eighty young adults (Mean age = 18.53, SD = .70) were recruited for the current study. Participants completed a series of questionnaires and provided five total cortisol samples via oral swabs. Results indicate that after controlling for chronic physical trauma, chronic psychological trauma predicts mental trauma symptoms for females and males, but not physical trauma symptoms or biological dysregulation in cortisol. Further, levels of resilience, namely a sense of mastery and emotional reactivity as well as forgiveness significantly moderate the relationship between chronic psychological trauma and mental and physical trauma symptoms for males and females differentially. Contributions of the current findings in terms of adding unique knowledge to trauma literature and future research projects are discussed.
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Drotskie, Helene. "'n Beradingsprogram vir kinders wat 'n trauma beleef het." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03152005-141755.
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Frame, Lucy. "Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following hospitalisation for acute psychosis : sources of trauma." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263185.
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Pessall, Luan. "Childhood experiences of bullying, trauma symptoms and attributions : their relation to violent offending." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/7834.
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The primary aim of this study was to see whether there is a relationship between the experience of being bullied and violent offending in later life. It was proposed that someone being bullied could be traumatised by the experience and display symptoms akin to PTSD, including hypervigilance and heightened threat perception, which may influence the likelihood of their involvement in violence. The study considers the relationship between the experience of being bullied, trauma symptoms and violent offending. Attributional style in relation to all of these variables is also considered as hostile attributional bias was proposed as a possible outcome of being bullied and a factor in increasing the likelihood of violent offending. Research concerned with childhood bullying, its effects, offending, and trauma is reviewed. The study and results are discussed in the context of literature to date. A relationship between the level of bullying experienced and the level of trauma symptoms currently experienced was found. There were no differences found between violent and non violent offenders on any of the measures used but there was a relationship between violent offending and a tendency to make negative attributions about their own actions relating to events. A similar relationship was also found for participants who had experienced bullying but not for those who had bullied others. Possibilities for future research and the implications for intervention and bullying prevention programmes are discussed in light of the findings.
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Stinson, Jill D. "The Impact of Trauma on Early-Onset Aggression, Sexual Offending, and Psychiatric Symptoms." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7973.
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Tonizzo, Santina. "The relationship between symptoms of perceived trauma and verbal learning and memory deficits." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2000. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1550.
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Recent empirical studies on individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) report an association between PTSD and deficits in short-term verbal memory. While the previous studies utilised a global score of PTSD, the present study assessed the association of individual symptoms as a result of perceived traumatic events with verbal learning and memory deficits. In addition, the severity of the traumatic events was examined as well as gender, age, IQ, education and previous alcohol abuse and drug use. A sample of 148 adults reported to have experienced a traumatic event such as sexual or physical abuse ns children. war veterans, or other severe traumas were recruited from agencies and communities in Western Australia. Participants were administered an adaptation of the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI: Briere, 1995) to assess perceived symptoms associated with PTSD: intrusive experiences, defensive avoidance, anxious arousal, dissociation, depression and anger. The vocabulary subscale of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R; Wechsler, 1981) was used as the indicator for the level of lQ, while alcohol abuse was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT; Babor, de Ia Fuenta & Saunders, 1992). Verbal learning and memory was assessed using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RA VLT; Spreen & Strauss, 1991). A series of four hierarchical multiple regressions using sets of demographic, trauma severity and trauma symptom variables predicted four measures from the RAVLT: Trial I, sum of Trials l-5 for verbal learning and for verbal memory immediate and delayed recall trials. Firstly, it was found that the demographic factors of gender, age, IQ, education, alcohol and drug use accounted significantly for 24-32% of the variance for predicting verbal learning and 17-24% for verbal memory. Secondly, when the set of trauma severity factors (ie number of traumas, distress and duration) were included in step 2 of the hierarchical multiple regressions, n significant increase was found of 4-6% of the variance in predicting verbal learning and 2-4 %for predicting verbal memory. Thirdly, by partially out the set of demographic variables and the set of trauma severity variables, the set of trauma symptoms significantly increased the prediction by 2-3% of the variance for verbal learning and 5-6% of the verbal memory. Specifically, the symptoms of dissociation and anxious arousal contributed significantly to the prediction of immediate recall, while anxious arousal was the only significant trauma symptom for predicting delayed recall. Verbal learning and memory deficits may have serious implication in a number of settings in particular, children's early academic performance, for those seeking therapy, and in the court-room. Assessing dissociative symptoms associated with trauma may be a useful strategy for assisting individuals in the treatment of trauma intervention. One further recommendation is made to assess specific trauma symptoms rather than a global PTSD score.
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Clark, Emily A., Sarah A. Job, and Stacey L. Williams. "PTSD Symptoms and Military-Specific Stigma in United States Veterans." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/134.
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Alcorn, Kristie. "Variations Among Women: An Investigation Into the Nature of Birth Trauma." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367522.
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An anxiety disorder following childbirth that has received increased research attention is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, methodological and theoretical problems limit research findings. This thesis identifies these problems, and evaluates research on trauma in childbirth considering these concerns. A primary aim of this thesis was to examine the prevalence of traumatic births and PTSD and partial PTSD (i.e., subsyndromal PTSD) using a methodology that addressed previous limitations. Data were collected during the third trimester and 4 to 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postpartum. Nine hundred and thirty three women completed the first study phase. Results revealed that 45.5% of women experienced a traumatic birth using the DSM-IV criteria for a traumatic event and that 1.2% had PTSD at 4 to 6 weeks and 3.1% had PTSD at 3 and 6 months postpartum respectively. The prevalence rates of partial PTSD ranged from 1.3% to 2.3% postpartum. Another primary aim was to investigate variability in outcome to childbirth specific to perceiving birth as traumatic, developing PTSD and PTSD symptoms, and PTSD symptom change. Few studies have examined the predictive factors of meeting criteria for a traumatic birth or the predictors of PTSD postpartum. Thus, a goal of this thesis was to investigate variation in childbirth outcome, using prebirth, birth, and postbirth factors. Specifically, the thesis investigated the predictors of perceiving childbirth to be traumatic, the development of PTSD and PTSD symptoms, and PTSD symptom change, and found that some of the most salient predictors include: persistent dissociation, environmental stressors, and peritraumatic affective responses such as the intensity of fear, helplessness, and horror. The study was able to correctly predict, using cross-validated data, 88% of women as either meeting or not meeting criteria for a traumatic birth; 87% as developing or not developing PTSD; and 83% as experiencing an improvement or a decline in symptoms. The study also predicted 77% of PTSD symptom severity. Theoretical and practical implications and areas for future research are discussed.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Psychology
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Ahern, Lisa Anne. "Understanding trauma symptoms in children and adolescents exposed to domestic abuse : a research portfolio." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25913.
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Introduction: This thesis had two primary aims. The first aim was to systematically review the literature investigating trauma symptoms in children and adolescents aged five to eighteen years who had been exposed to domestic abuse. The second aim was to complete an empirical study investigating predictors of trauma symptoms and the relational nature of trauma in women and children aged five to eighteen years who had been exposed to domestic abuse. Method: For the first aim, a systematic literature search identified eligible studies that met predefined inclusion criteria. Following data extraction, the studies were rated against methodological quality criteria. For the second aim, using a quantitative, cross-sectional design, 84 women self-reported on experiences of domestic abuse, symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress and trauma and their child’s trauma symptoms. Analyses investigated the relationship between exposure to domestic abuse and trauma symptoms, predictors of trauma symptoms and whether maternal trauma symptoms moderated the relationship between exposure to domestic abuse and child trauma symptoms. Results: The systematic review identified 14 studies that were eligible for inclusion. Two studies were rated as high quality, ten as acceptable quality and two as low quality. A consistent relationship between exposure to DA and trauma symptoms in children and adolescents was reported, regardless of study quality. The empirical study found a significant relationship between exposure to physical and psychological abuse and trauma symptoms in children aged five to eighteen years. Maternal trauma symptoms were both significantly correlated with and a significant predictor of child trauma symptoms supporting the relational nature of trauma in this population. The interaction was not significant, indicating that maternal trauma symptoms was not a moderator, and the relationship between domestic abuse and child trauma symptoms was present at low, medium and high levels of maternal trauma symptom severity. Conclusion: Across included studies the systematic review found a consistent but variable prevalence of PTSD and trauma symptoms in children and adolescents exposed to domestic abuse, highlighting the importance of assessment and evidence based intervention in this population. Results should be interpreted whilst taking into account the strengths and limitations of individual studies and the overall review. The majority of children in the research study were experiencing trauma symptom severity within the range of clinical concern. The relational nature of trauma was supported in mothers and children exposed to domestic abuse highlighting that treatment should be family based and delivered concurrently to mothers and their children. Results are discussed and should be interpreted whilst considering the limitations discussed.
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Allwood, Maureen A. "The relations of violence exposure, trauma symptoms and aggressive cognitions to youth violent behavior." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4148.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (November 7, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Mather, Charlotte Victoria. "An investigation of childhood trauma, dissociation and body-focused attention in medically unexplained symptoms." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490061.
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Objectives: Medically Unexplained Symptoms are a heterogeneous group of conditions that cannot be accounted for by medical illness or injury. A fl:umber of variables have been deemed to be key factors in the development and maintenance of MUS. The first purpose of this study was to investigate three variables implicated in the development of MUS models in this area: childhood trauma, dissociation, and body-focused attention. The second aim of study was to evaluate the theoretical underpinnings of two models that have attempted to explain the observed link between childhood trauma and MUS. These models were Janet's dissociation model, which proposed that dissociation mechanisms explain the link between childhood trauma and MUS, and Brown's integrative conceptual model, which proposed that body-focused attention explains link. .Method: Participants who met the criteria for chronic widespread pain formed the I\1US group and participants who were pain free formed a healthy control group. These participants were compared on a measure of childhood trauma Chl1dll0Cld. Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ]; Bernstein & Fink, 1998), a measure of dissociation, (Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire [SDQ-20] Nijenhuis et aI., 1996), and an experimental task measuring body-focused attention (Bro\-vn et aI.,2007). The experimental task consisted of a series of body-relevant or bodyirrelevant pictures, half of which were threatening and half were neutral, followed by a target stimuli in either the visual or the tactile modality. The participant's task was to judge the location of the target stimuli their performance was used to calculate their tendency to attend away from or toward the body. Results: In line with predictions, elevated levels of childhood trauma and dissociation were found in the MUS group. However, difference between the groups on the dissociation measure disappeared when general tendency to somatize was controlled for, raising doubts about the validity of the SDQ-20 as a measure of dissociative symptomatology. Furthermore, contrary to prediction, the MUS group demonstrated a tendency to direct attention away from (or toward the body, rather than increased body-focused attention. This bias was demonstrated when responding to targets occurring SOOms after the presentation of body pictures. Finally, body-focused attention was not found to mediate the link between childhood trauma and abuse. Conclusions: These findings support the importance of trauma as a predisposing factor for rvrus. The contradictions between the present study's finding of a body-avoidant tendency and the widely-held assumption of increased body-focus in MUS are discussed. It is proposed that a modified version ofBrown's (2004) integrative conceptual model is best placed to account for this finding. These findings have clear clinical implications for intervention in MUS further delineation of this attentional bias in MUS is required. Methodological limitations of the study are also discussed. Supplied by The British Library - 'The world's knowledge'
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Nicholson, Jenny Elizabeth. "A neurophysiological investigation into the relationship between trauma symptoms and attention functioning in children." Thesis, University of Hull, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252608.
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Johnson, Pam L. "Trauma and Mental Health Symptoms among Clients in Residential Treatment for Substance Use Disorders." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1603379882431674.
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Carmona, Jasmin. "The Effects of Trauma Events on Substance Use and Depressive Symptoms among Homeless Youth." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1356019823.
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Christ, Nicole M. "Psychophysiological Correlates of Novel, Negative Emotional Stimuli in Trauma-Exposed Participants with PTSD Symptoms." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1534160952853362.
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Williams, Stacey L., M. Deitz, S. Rife, and P. Cantrell. "An Integrated Cultural, Social, and Self Model Explaining Trauma Symptoms of Unwanted Sexual Experiences." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8143.
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The current study investigated a model explaining sexual assault victims’ severity of trauma symptoms that incorporated multiple stigma constructs. Integrating the sexual assault literature with the stigma literature, this study sought to better understand trauma-related outcomes of sexual assault by examining three levels of stigma—cultural, social, and self. Results showed self-stigma was significantly and positively related to trauma symptom severity. Thus, results revealed that the internalized aspect of stigma served as a mechanism in the relation between sexual assault severity and increased levels of trauma symptom severity, highlighting the importance of assessing self-stigma in women reporting sexual assault experiences.
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Brake, C. Alex. "MODELING DAILY POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS SYMPTOMS AND MENTAL CONTAMINATION EXPERIENCES AMONG SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL TRAUMA." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/169.
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Mental contamination (i.e., feelings of dirtiness in the absence of contact with a contaminant) is a potentially important yet understudied factor in posttraumatic psychopathology, particularly for survivors of sexual trauma. Mental contamination has been linked to PTSD symptom severity, negative affect, and coping cross-sectionally and in lab-based paradigms, but research has yet to assess these relationships in ecological contexts. The present study extends previous cross-sectional findings by modelling relationships between mental contamination and posttraumatic psychopathology, emotions, and coping both within-day and from one day to the next. Forty-two female sexual trauma survivors completed twice-daily assessments of mental contamination, PTSD symptoms, negative emotions, and avoidant/approach coping via a smartphone app. Daily averages and intraindividual changes in mental contamination scores were linked with PTSD symptoms at the same timepoint. Mental contamination also significantly predicted several specific avoidant coping strategies at later timepoints in addition to concurrent links. Unexpectedly, several negative emotions exhibited positive links with concurrent mental contamination but were negatively linked to later mental contamination. Exploratory analyses identified a significant interaction whereby elevated morning negative affect predicted evening reductions in mental contamination, but only for individuals also high in morning PTSD symptoms. Lastly, prevalence of reported baseline mental contamination was much higher in the present study compared to prior research. Clinical relevance and future recommendations for ecological research in trauma-related mental contamination is discussed.
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Valentine, Lisa M. "PTSD Symptoms and Dominant Emotional Response to a Traumatic Event: An Examination of DSM-IV Criterion A2." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84294/.
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To qualify for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder the DSM-IV requires that individuals report dominant emotions of fear, helplessness, and horror during the trauma. Despite this stipulation, traumatic events can elicit a myriad of emotions other than fear such as anger, guilt or shame, sadness, and numbing. The present study examined which emotional reactions to a stressful event in a college student sample are associated with the highest levels of PTSD symptoms. Results suggest mixed support for the DSM-IV criteria. Although participants who experienced a dominant emotion of fear reported high PTSD symptomatology, participants who experienced anger, disgust-related emotions, and sadness reported PTSD symptoms of equivalent severity. Participants also reported experiencing other emotions more frequently than they reported experiencing fear. Coping style was unrelated to dominant emotion experienced; however, dysfunctional coping was associated with worse outcomes in terms of PTSD symptoms. These results have diagnostic and treatment limitations.
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Dike, Janey. "The Predictive Value of Complex PTSD Symptoms on Resting High-Frequency Heart Rate Variability." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101776.
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Although the negative consequences of traumatic exposure across various domains of functioning have been well-documented, gaps and discrepancies continue to exist in the understanding of the impact of complex trauma, such as interpersonal violence (IPV), and how outcomes may vary across diverse populations and identities. In this cross-sectional study investigating the impact of traumatic exposure on physiological domains of functioning, a sample of female-identifying college students completed a number of self-reported measures (assessing past and present trauma exposure, complex posttraumatic stress disorder [CPTSD] symptoms, racial-ethnic minority status, and age of onset of first traumatic exposure) and provided resting high-frequency heart rate variability (hfHRV) data, which served as a biomarker for the potential impact of trauma exposure on physiological domains. Correlational and multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the strength of relationships between variables and the predictive value of the models. Results indicated endorsement of IPV trauma was significantly associated with earlier age of onset, more severe levels of CPTSD symptoms, and higher hfHRV, but not racial-ethnic minority status. Racial-ethnic minority status was significantly related to more severe CPTSD symptoms. Type of trauma exposure was the only variable that emerged as having predictive value for changes in hfHRV. These findings suggest that experiencing IPV may have unique implications for trauma symptomatology and functioning above and beyond other forms of traumatic exposure, but that continued research must be conducted in order to draw more robust conclusions about the effects of exposure on physiological regulation across various racial-ethnic identities.M.S.
Research has highlighted the consequences that extremely negative, stressful experiences, also called traumatic events, can have on the way humans think, emote, behave, and physically react. It can be more difficult to draw conclusions about the effects of interpersonal violence (IPV), or violence that occurs at the hands of another (i.e., family, partner, or community violence), due to the complex, severe, and long-term nature of symptoms that survivors experience. There is also limited research about what complex trauma looks like across diverse populations. This study aimed to investigate the impact of traumatic exposure on physiology, which falls under biology and broadly includes the functions of living things. A sample of female-identifying college students completed a number of self-reported measures (assessing trauma exposure, complex posttraumatic stress disorder [CPTSD] symptoms, racial-ethnic minority status, and age of onset of first traumatic exposure) and provided resting high-frequency heart rate variability (hfHRV) data, which measures variation in time between beats and served as a measure for the potential impact of trauma exposure on physiology. Results suggested that IPV exposure was associated with earlier age of first traumatic experience, more severe levels of CPTSD symptoms, and higher hfHRV. Racial-minority status was significantly related to more severe CPTSD symptoms. Type of trauma exposure significantly predicted changes in hfHRV. Findings suggest that experiencing IPV may uniquely influence trauma symptoms and functioning above and beyond other forms of traumatic exposure. Continued research will allow for stronger conclusions about the effects of traumatic exposure on physiology across various racial-ethnic identities.
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Hallett, Claudia Margaret Elaine. "An experimental trauma film study to investigate the role of peri-traumatic cognitive processing on post-event PTSD symptoms and trauma memory." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-experimental-trauma-film-study-to-investigate-to-investigate-the-role-of-peritraumatic-cognitive-processing-on-postevent-ptsd-symptoms-and-trauma-memory(b01bbfce-1db2-4a24-b847-aa833df4b226).html.
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BACKGROUND: In recent years there has been emerging empirical support for the hypothesis that the mode of processing adopted in relation to trauma can impact upon outcomes in trauma-exposed individuals. Specifically “abstract” and “concrete” cognitive processing styles have been found to exert negative and positive outcomes respectively. However, at present the mechanisms by which these processing modes exert their effects on outcomes remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: By means of a systematic narrative review, we investigated the effects of “abstract” and “concrete” cognitive processing styles on outcomes in trauma-exposed individuals, and looked for evidence of the possible mechanisms by which these processing modes may be operating. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were published in a peer-reviewed journal, conducted on an adult population, included exposure to a trauma or an analogue trauma/stressor, as well as containing a manipulation or measurement of either “abstract” or “concrete” processing. RESULTS: 12 articles were included in the review, providing data from 14 studies. Eight studies were experimental in design, four were cross-sectional and two were longitudinal. Abstract processing was shown to lower mood, increase intrusions and levels of arousal. CONCLUSIONS: Abstract processing may be a cognitive avoidance strategy, which hinders the emotional processing of trauma, and thus perpetuates traumatic symptoms. Future studies should examine the effects of processing mode on appraisals of and memory for the trauma in order to shed further light on this cognitive processing mechanism.
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Sink, Holli E. "Distinguishing Subtypes of Psychopathy in Youth based on Anxiety, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Emotion Recognition." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1279481371.
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Deitz, Mandi F., Stacey L. Williams, Sean C. Rife, and Peggy Cantrell. "Examining Cultural, Social, and Self-Related Aspects of Stigma in Relation to Sexual Assault and Trauma Symptoms." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8019.
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The current study investigated a model explaining sexual assault victims’ severity of trauma symptoms that incorporated multiple stigma constructs. Integrating the sexual assault literature with the stigma literature, this study sought to better understand trauma-related outcomes of sexual assault by examining three levels of stigma—cultural, social, and self. Results showed self-stigma was significantly and positively related to trauma symptom severity. Thus, results revealed that the internalized aspect of stigma served as a mechanism in the relation between sexual assault severity and increased levels of trauma symptom severity, highlighting the importance of assessing self-stigma in women reporting sexual assault experiences.
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Herbert, Claudia. "Efficacy of a trauma information booklet in reducing post-traumatic symptoms after road traffic accidents." Thesis, Open University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273352.
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Roberts, L. "The effect of age at first trauma and multiple traumatisation on symptoms of Complex PTSD." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1405812/.
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Aims There is a growing body of evidence into the prevalence of Complex PTSD, however what is as of yet unclear is whether Complex PTSD is a result of multiple traumas, or a consequence of traumas occurring at a young age. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of age at first trauma and the number of traumas experienced on symptoms of Complex PTSD. Method Seventy-two individuals with PTSD were recruited from three mental health outpatient services. Participants were administered standardised measures regarding their experiences of traumatic events (THQ) and symptoms of PTSD (PCL) and Complex PTSD (DES, SDQ-5, IIP-25 and BDI-II). Results Age at first trauma was shown to effect interpersonal problems, with the childhood trauma group displaying increased symptoms once the number of traumas experienced was controlled for. Age at first trauma was not related to dissociation, somatisation, PTSD severity or depression. In contrast, the number of traumas experienced was related to PTSD severity, interpersonal problems, dissociation, somatisation and depression. Conclusion The results suggest that the experience of multiple traumas may lead to symptoms of Complex PTSD. With the exception of interpersonal problems, the study suggests that Complex PTSD is a response to the cumulative effect of multiple traumas, rather than a response to traumas occurring in childhood.
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Savola, O. (Olli). "Brain injury and hazardous alcohol drinking in trauma patients." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2004. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514273796.
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Abstract
Head injury is the leading cause of death and disability in trauma patients, and alcohol misuse is often associated with such injuries. Despite modern diagnostic facilities, the extent of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is difficult to assess and supplementary diagnostic tools are warranted. The contribution of alcohol misuse to traumas also needs to be elucidated, as the role of different patterns of alcohol drinking in particular has received less attention.
We investigated the clinical utility of a novel serum marker of brain damage, protein S100B, as a tool for assessing TBI in patients with trauma. We also investigated the patterns of alcohol drinking among trauma patients and the trauma mechanisms in relation to blood alcohol concentration (BAC), with special emphasis on head traumas. Finally, we studied the early identification of hazardous drinkers among trauma patients.
Serum protein S100B was found to be a feasible supplementary method for assessing TBI, as the latter was shown to elevate its levels significantly, the highest values being found in patients with severe injuries. S100B was also found to be elevated in patients with mild head injury, where it was associated with an increased risk of developing post-concussion symptoms (PCSs). Extracranial injuries also increased S100B values in patients with multitrauma. Accordingly, S100B was not specific to TBI. The more severe the extracranial injury, the higher the S100B value that was found.
Binge drinking was found to be the predominant pattern in trauma patients. Alcohol intoxication on admission and hazardous drinking patterns were more often present in patients with head injury than in those with other types of trauma. The risk of sustaining a head trauma significantly increased with increasing BAC. The results also demonstrated that BAC on admission is the best marker of alcohol misuse in trauma patients. The BAC test depicts hazardous alcohol drinking better than conventional biochemical markers of alcohol misuse such as gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), or mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of erythrocytes.
The findings support the use of S100B as a supplementary method for assessing TBI and the use of BAC as a marker of alcohol misuse in trauma patients.
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Atwood, Jonathan Robert. "Emotional Expression and Depth Processing in HIV-Positive Gay Males and HIV-Positive Straight Males: Effects on Depression and PTSD Symptoms." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/12.
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The expressive writing (EW) paradigm developed by Pennebaker (1985) has been found to provide health benefits in populations with medical and psychological conditions. Several theories have been proposed to explain the effectiveness of EW such as: the inhibition theory, increased social connections theory, the cognitive adaptation theory, and the exposure/emotional processing theory. Some studies have suggested that the effects of EW on health outcomes are mediated by varying degrees of depth processing (DP). The present study examines differences in emotional expression (EE) and DP in self-identified gay (GM) and straight men (SM), and assesses changes in levels of depression and PTSD symptoms from pre- to post-intervention. It was hypothesized that GM would display higher levels of EE, and consequently DP, in their written essays. This hypothesis was based on the notion that GM are behaviorally and emotionally more similar to women, who typically display higher levels of EE. Lower levels of depression and PTSD symptoms at follow-ups sessions were expected because theories to explain the effectiveness of EW address several common life experiences of GM. Results showed that GM expressed significantly more negative emotion words and were significantly more involved in the writing process than SM. However, when education was controlled for, the findings were no longer significant. The two groups did not differ from each other in their slope of change in levels of depression and PTSD symptoms from pre- to post-intervention, although the SM group displayed a significant within-group reduction in PTSD symptoms. It appears that EW may actually be more beneficial for HIV-positive SM than GM in alleviating PTSD symptoms. Interpretations and implications for future research are also discussed.
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Nugent, Nicole Renee. "THE EFFICACY OF EARLY PROPRANOLOL ADMINISTRATION AT PREVENTING/REDUCING PTSD SYMPTOMS IN CHILD TRAUMA VICTIMS: PILOT." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1182616758.
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Williams, Wendy Claudia. "Stress and traumatic symptoms among police officers: a gender analysis." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/144.
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This study assessed the extent to which exposure to traumatic events affected the traumatic stress response of male and female police officers. A convenience sample of male and female police officers (N = 66: n Male=46, n Female=20) was surveyed at an Eastern Cape police station. The following instruments were used: 1) Biographical questionnaire 2) PTSS-10 scales 3) The 39-item stress incident scale. Findings of this study indicate that the frequency of exposure to stressful incidents especially for more serious events is significant higher than that of Peltzer (2001) study. The four most frequent stressful incidents experienced by all participants were 1) Finding a corpse after murder (86.4 percent), 2) Responding to a scene involving accidental injury of a child (84.8 percent), .3) Finding a corpse (died of natural causes) (84.8 percent), 4) Duty related violence (non-shooting) (84.8 percent ).The four least frequent incidents experienced by participants were: (1) Response to the depressing social situation (71.2 percent), (2) Dragging of a corpse (74.2 percent), (3) Taking a life in the line of duty (75.8 percent), (4) Violent death of a colleague (77.3 percent ).Female participants results indicated a positive relationship between frequency of stressful incidents and total threat, anxiety, helplessness and PTSS-scale , where male participants’ results indicate no significant relationship between frequency of stressful incidents and total threat, anxiety, helplessness and PTSS-scale. Findings on male participants however indicate a positive relationship between years of service in police, age of police officers and PTSS-scale, while female participants’ results indicated no relationship between years of service in the police, age of police officer and PTSS-scale.
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Ball, S. "The effect of rumination on analogue-PTSD symptoms : an experimental investigation using the trauma film paradigm." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/849456/.
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This thesis is presented in three parts. Part one reviews published studies utilising the 'trauma film paradigm'; an experimental analogue method for investigating the effect of pre-, peri-and post-trauma variables on PTSD symptomatology. It reports results from the reviewed trauma "film paradigm studies in relation to intrusive memories and compares these findings with clinical literature and cognitive processing models of PTSD. Part two presents the empirical paper; an investigation of the effect of rumination on analogue-PTSD intrusive memories and mood using the trauma film paradigm. Results indicate that both trauma-and non trauma-related rumination affects intrusions and negative mood. This was the first experimental study to specifically examine the role of rumination in the maintenance of symptoms. Findings support clinical research regarding the effects of rumination in persistent PTSD. The findings are presented in the context of theoretical explanations for the effect of rumination. Strengths and limitations of the study, as well as clinical implications, are discussed. Part three is a critical appraisal of the research study, which draws on the literature review presented in part one, and reflects in more detail on the methodological and conceptual strengths and limitations of the research. It also discusses the development of ideas underlying the study and the implications for future trauma film paradigm studies and clinical treatment.
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Raiche, Emily. "The Role of Combat Exposure, Moral Injury, and Trauma Symptoms in the Lives of Military Families." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707345/.
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The current study used a sample of service members and veterans to explore the association of combat exposure and perceptions of the family system using a moderated mediation model. Combat veterans over the age of 18 with a family of creation (N = 154) completed an online survey through which they were administered a background information questionnaire, the Combat Experiences subscale of the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory – 2, the Moral Injury Events Scale, the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the McMaster Family Assessment Device, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale – Revised. Results of six moderated mediation analyses revealed that exposure to potentially morally injurious events (pMIEs) moderated the relationship between (1) combat exposure and couple relationship satisfaction and (2) combat exposure and family functioning, both via PTSS, anxious symptoms, and depressive symptoms. To our knowledge, the empirical models presented in this paper are the first to model the role of pMIEs in SMV literature, and provide a foundation for other models to emerge moving forward. Implications and limitations are discussed.
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Quinones, Michael A. "Adverse Childhood Experiences, Attachment, and PTSD Symptoms Among Male Offenders in Court-Ordered Diversion." Diss., NSUWorks, 2019. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/128.
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There are millions of adult male offenders currently involved with U.S. corrections system, many of which report a wide range of mental health difficulties and a history of traumatic experiences. Mental health and trauma-related difficulties are important considerations in the treatment and rehabilitation of adult male offenders. The relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), attachment style, and PTSD symptoms were studied in a sample of adult male participants in a court-ordered diversion program. The sample consisted of 59 men, ranging in age from 19 to 68-years-old, who endorsed a history of at least one prior arrest. Data were collected during a psychoeducational group-therapy class offered at a post-arrest diversion program. Primary study measures included the use of the ACEs questionnaire, Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ-40), and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5 (PCL-5). A priori hypotheses proposed, 1) there is a significant correlation among ACEs, ASQ subscales, and PTSD symptoms, and 2) insecure attachment subscales mediate the relationship between ACEs and PTSD symptoms. Correlation, regression, and mediation analyses evaluated the relationship among ACEs, ASQ subscales and PCL-5 scores. As predicted, ACEs and PTSD symptoms were negatively correlated with secure attachment and positively correlated with insecure attachment. Also as predicted, insecure attachment style (i.e. discomfort from closeness) mediated the relationship between ACEs and PTSD symptoms. Results suggested that the confidence and discomfort with closeness attachment scales shared a significant relationship between and ACEs and PTSD symptoms. These findings suggest that the relationship between ACEs, attachment style, and PTSD symptomatology can further inform conceptualizations and treatments oriented toward improving outcomes for adult male offenders and successful reintegration into their communities.
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Hassan, Sarah. "The Link between Lifetime Victimization and Psychological Symptoms: Understanding the Interplay of Coping and Specific Characteristics of Violent Events." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1498102576581265.
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Malluche, Danielle Desiree. "Dissociation, Coping Styles, and Prior Trauma as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Following a Traumatic Physical Injury." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/282.
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Objectives: The relationship between dissociation and PTSS was studied by examining the moderating role of prior trauma. The relationship between prior trauma and PTSS was studied by examining the mediating role of dissociation. The relationship between various coping styles, dissociation and prior trauma was also addressed. Study Design: The current study was a retrospective correlational between-subjects design. Subjects: The study included 90 subjects who were admitted into a level one trauma center following a traumatic physical injury. Results: Dissociation was most strongly and significantly related to PTSS (r = .583). Childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, and total prior trauma were also significantly related to PTSS (r = .249, r =.298, r = .295, respectively). The results of the study indicated that prior trauma did not moderate the relationship between dissociation and PTSS. The addition of the interaction term (prior trauma X dissociation) explained 3.5% additional variance in PTSS (F(3,82) = 1.10, p = .354). However, the relationship between prior trauma and PTSS was found to be partially mediated by dissociation. The effect of prior trauma on PTSS was reduced when dissociation was added into the regression equations for each of the prior trauma predictor variables including: childhood sexual abuse (b = 9.122 reduced to b = 2.050), childhood physical abuse (b = 1.011 reduced to b = .547), and total prior trauma (b = .114 reduced to b = .055). Dissociation was also found to be significantly related to maladaptive coping including: emotional venting (r = .373), denial (r = .213), and behavioral disengagement (r = .330). Prior trauma was not found to be related to maladaptive coping styles. Conclusions: The study findings suggest that the relationship between prior trauma and PTSS is partially due to the engagement in dissociation. However, those who have not experienced a prior trauma are also at risk for experiencing dissociation and subsequent PTSS. Additionally, dissociation was found to be related to maladaptive coping, while prior trauma was not significantly related to any coping styles. Therefore, the findings suggest that dissociation is related to more disruptive psychological sequelae, as compared to pre-trauma factors such as the experience of prior trauma.