Relevant bibliographies by topics / TraR

Academic literature on the topic 'TraR'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "TraR"

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He, Xuesong, William Chang, Deanne L. Pierce, Laura Ort Seib, Jennifer Wagner, and Clay Fuqua. "Quorum Sensing in Rhizobium sp. Strain NGR234 Regulates Conjugal Transfer (tra) Gene Expression and Influences Growth Rate." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 3 (February 1, 2003): 809–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.3.809-822.2003.

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ABSTRACT Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 forms symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing nodules on a wide range of legumes via functions largely encoded by the plasmid pNGR234a. The pNGR234a sequence revealed a region encoding plasmid replication (rep) and conjugal transfer (tra) functions similar to those encoded by the rep and tra genes from the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, including homologues of the Ti plasmid quorum-sensing regulators TraI, TraR, and TraM. In A. tumefaciens, TraI, a LuxI-type protein, catalyzes synthesis of the acylated homoserine lactone (acyl-HSL) N-3-oxo-octanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C8-HSL). TraR binds 3-oxo-C8-HSL and activates expression of Ti plasmid tra and rep genes, increasing conjugation and copy number at high population densities. TraM prevents this activation under noninducing conditions. Although the pNGR234a TraR, TraI, and TraM appear to function similarly to their A. tumefaciens counterparts, the TraR and TraM orthologues are not cross-functional, and the quorum-sensing systems have differences. NGR234 TraI synthesizes an acyl-HSL likely to be 3-oxo-C8-HSL, but traI mutants and a pNGR234a-cured derivative produce low levels of a similar acyl-HSL and another, more hydrophobic signal molecule. TraR activates expression of several pNGR234a tra operons in response to 3-oxo-C8-HSL and is inhibited by TraM. However, one of the pNGR234a tra operons is not activated by TraR, and conjugal efficiency is not affected by TraR and 3-oxo-C8-HSL. The growth rate of NGR234 is significantly decreased by TraR and 3-oxo-C8-HSL through functions encoded elsewhere in the NGR234 genome.
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Kataoka, Masakazu, Takeshi Tanaka, Toshiyuki Kohno, and Yusuke Kajiyama. "The Carboxyl-Terminal Domain of TraR, a Streptomyces HutC Family Repressor, Functions in Oligomerization." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 21 (August 22, 2008): 7164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00843-08.

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ABSTRACT Efficient conjugative transfer of the Streptomyces plasmid pSN22 is accomplished by regulated expression of the tra operon genes, traA, traB, and spdB. The TraR protein is the central transcriptional repressor regulating the expression of the tra operon and itself and is classified as a member of the HutC subfamily in the helix-turn-helix (HTH) GntR protein family. Sequence information predicts that the N-terminal domain (NTD) of TraR, containing an HTH motif, functions in binding of DNA to the cis element; however, the function of the C-terminal region remains obscure, like that for many other GntR family proteins. Here we demonstrate the domain structure of the TraR protein and explain the role of the C-terminal domain (CTD). The TraR protein can be divided into two structural domains, the NTD of M1 to R95 and the CTD of Y96 to E246, revealed by limited proteolysis. Domain expression experiments revealed that both domains retained their function. An in vitro pull-down assay using recombinant TraR proteins revealed that TraR oligomerization depended on the CTD. A bacterial two-hybrid system interaction assay revealed that the minimum region necessary for this binding is R95 to P151. A mutant TraR protein in which Leu121 was replaced by His exhibited a loss of both oligomerization ability and repressor function. An in vitro cross-linking assay revealed preferential tetramer formation by TraR and the minimum CTD. These results indicate that the C-terminal R95-to-P151 region of TraR functions to form an oligomer, preferentially a tetramer, that is essential for the repressor function of TraR.
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Chen, Guozhou, Chao Wang, Clay Fuqua, Lian-Hui Zhang, and Lingling Chen. "Crystal Structure and Mechanism of TraM2, a Second Quorum-Sensing Antiactivator of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Strain A6." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 23 (September 22, 2006): 8244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00954-06.

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ABSTRACT Quorum sensing is a community behavior that bacteria utilize to coordinate a variety of population density-dependent biological functions. In Agrobacterium tumefaciens, quorum sensing regulates the replication and conjugative transfer of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid from pathogenic strains to nonpathogenic derivatives. Most of the quorum-sensing regulatory proteins are encoded within the Ti plasmid. Among these, TraR is a LuxR-type transcription factor playing a key role as the quorum-sensing signal receptor, and TraM is an antiactivator that antagonizes TraR through the formation of a stable oligomeric complex. Recently, a second TraM homologue called TraM2, not encoded on the Ti plasmid of A. tumefaciens A6, was identified, in addition to a copy on the Ti plasmid. In this report, we have characterized TraM2 and its interaction with TraR and solved its crystal structure to 2.1 Å. Like TraM, TraM2 folds into a helical bundle and exists as homodimer. TraM2 forms a stable complex (Kd = 8.6 nM) with TraR in a 1:1 binding ratio, a weaker affinity than that of TraM for TraR. Structural analysis and biochemical studies suggest that protein stability may account for the difference between TraM2 and TraM in their binding affinities to TraR and provide a structural basis for L54 in promoting structural stability of TraM.
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Su, Shengchang, Sharik R. Khan, and Stephen K. Farrand. "Induction and Loss of Ti Plasmid Conjugative Competence in Response to the Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Quorum-Sensing Signal." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 13 (January 18, 2008): 4398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01684-07.

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ABSTRACT Conjugative transfer of the Ti plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is controlled by a quorum-sensing system composed of TraR and its signal N-(3-oxo-octanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone. This system is, in turn, controlled by the conjugative opines produced by crown gall tumors induced on plants by the bacteria. Using nonpolar traI mutants, we examined the kinetics of induction of conjugative transfer in response to exogenous acyl-homoserine lactone. In the absence of the antiactivator TraM, onset of induction of transfer requires about 30 min, 15 to 20 min of which is needed for expression and construction of the conjugative apparatus. TraM delays the onset of conjugation by 30 min. While the rate of development of conjugative competence was not significantly affected by levels of TraR, maximum efficiencies of transfer were correlated with amounts of the activator in the donors. Donors harboring Ti plasmids lacking TraM were fully induced by the quormone at concentrations as low as 100 pM. TraM raised the concentration of signal required for maximum activity to 1 nM. Donors grown in batch culture retained conjugative competence following signal removal, even when in stationary phase. However, donors kept in balanced growth rapidly lost transfer ability following signal removal. Loss of transfer was mirrored by a decrease in levels of active TraR. Decreases in TraR activity and conjugative competence could be accounted for by dilution associated with cell division, suggesting that while induction of Ti plasmid conjugation is an active process, the cells lack a mechanism for disassembling the conjugative apparatus when signals become limiting.
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Zhu, Jun, John W. Beaber, Margret I. Moré, Clay Fuqua, Anatol Eberhard, and Stephen C. Winans. "Analogs of the Autoinducer 3-Oxooctanoyl-Homoserine Lactone Strongly Inhibit Activity of the TraR Protein ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 20 (October 15, 1998): 5398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.20.5398-5405.1998.

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ABSTRACT The TraR and TraI proteins of Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediate cell-density-dependent expression of the Ti plasmidtra regulon. TraI synthesizes the autoinducer pheromoneN-(3-oxooctanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C8-HSL), while TraR is an 3-oxo-C8-HSL-responsive transcriptional activator. We have compared the abilities of 3-oxo-C8-HSL and 32 related compounds to activate expression of a TraR-regulated promoter. In a strain that expresses wild-type levels of TraR, only 3-oxo-C8-HSL was strongly stimulatory, four compounds were detectably active only at high concentrations, and the remaining 28 compounds were inactive. Furthermore, many of these compounds were potent antagonists. In contrast, almost all of these compounds were stimulatory in a congenic strain that overexpresses TraR and no compound was a potent antagonist. We propose a model in which autoinducers enhance the affinity of TraR either for other TraR monomers or for DNA binding sites and that overexpression of TraR potentiates this interaction by mass action. Wild-type A. tumefaciens released a rather broad spectrum of autoinducers, including several that antagonize induction of a wild-type strain. However, under all conditions tested, 3-oxo-C8-HSL was more abundant than any other analog, indicating that other released autoinducers do not interfere with tra gene induction. We conclude that (i) in wild-type strains, only 3-oxo-C8-HSL significantly stimulates tra gene expression, while many autoinducer analogs are potent antagonists; (ii) TraR overexpression increases agonistic activity of autoinducer analogs, allowing sensitive biodetection of many autoinducers; and (iii) autoinducer stimulatory activity is potentiated by TraR overproduction, suggesting that autoinducers may shift an equilibrium between TraR monomers and dimers or oligomers. When autoinducer specificities of other quorum-sensing proteins are tested, care should be taken not to overexpress those proteins.
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White, Catharine E., and Stephen C. Winans. "Cell–cell communication in the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1483 (March 13, 2007): 1135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2040.

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The plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens induces the formation of crown gall tumours at wound sites on host plants by directly transforming plant cells. This disease strategy benefits the bacteria as the infected plant tissue produces novel nutrients, called opines, that the colonizing bacteria can use as nutrients. Almost all of the genes that are required for virulence, and all of the opine uptake and utilization genes, are carried on large tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmids. The observation more than 25 years ago that specific opines are required for Ti plasmid conjugal transfer led to the discovery of a cell–cell signalling system on these plasmids that is similar to the LuxR–LuxI system first described in Vibrio fischeri . All Ti plasmids that have been described to date carry a functional LuxI-type N -acylhomoserine lactone synthase (TraI), and a LuxR-type signal receptor and transcriptional regulator called TraR. The traR genes are expressed only in the presence of specific opines called conjugal opines. The TraR–TraI system provides an important model for LuxR–LuxI-type systems, especially those found in the agriculturally important Rhizobiaceae family. In this review, we discuss current advances in the biochemistry and structural biology of the TraR–TraI system.
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Luo, Zhao-Qing, Shengchang Su, and Stephen K. Farrand. "In Situ Activation of the Quorum-Sensing Transcription Factor TraR by Cognate and Noncognate Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Ligands: Kinetics and Consequences." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 19 (October 1, 2003): 5665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.19.5665-5672.2003.

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ABSTRACT Conjugal transfer of Ti plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is controlled by a quorum-sensing system composed of the transcriptional activator TraR and its acyl-homoserine lactone quormone N-(3-oxo-octanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C8-HSL). The population density dependence of quorum-sensing systems can often be circumvented by addition of the quormone to cultures at low cell numbers. However, the quorum-dependent activation of Ti plasmid conjugal transfer exhibited a lag of almost 8 h when the quormone was added to donor cells at low population densities (Piper and Farrand, J. Bacteriol. 182:1080-1088, 2000). As measured by activation of a TraR-dependent traG::lacZ reporter fusion, TraR in cells exposed to the cognate signal for 5 min showed detectable activity, while exposure for 15 min resulted in full activity. Thus, the lag in activation is not due to some intrinsic property of TraR. Cells exposed to the agonistic analog N-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C6-HSL) exhibited similar induction kinetics. However, activation of the reporter in cells exposed to the poorly effective alkanoyl acyl-HSL N-hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL) required the continued presence of the signal. As measured by an in vivo repressor assay, TraR activated by 3-oxo-C6-HSL or by 3-oxo-C8-HSL remained active for as long as 8 h after removal of exogenous signal. However, TraR activated by the alkanoyl quormone C6-HSL rapidly lost activity following removal of the signal. In quormone retention assays, which measure signal binding by TraR, cells grown with either of the two 3-oxo-acyl-HSL quormones retained the ligand after washing, while cells grown with C6-HSL lost the alkanoyl-HSL concomitant with the rapid loss of TraR activity. We conclude that TraR rapidly binds its quormone and that, once bound, the cognate signal and its close homologs are tightly retained. Moreover, in the absence of other regulatory factors, activated TraR remains functional after removal of the signal. On the other hand, poorly active signals are not tightly bound, and their removal by washing leads to rapid loss of TraR activity.
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Tun-Garrido, Cristina, Patricia Bustos, Víctor González, and Susana Brom. "Conjugative Transfer of p42a from Rhizobium etli CFN42, Which Is Required for Mobilization of the Symbiotic Plasmid, Is Regulated by Quorum Sensing." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 5 (March 1, 2003): 1681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.5.1681-1692.2003.

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ABSTRACT Rhizobium etli CFN42 contains six plasmids. Only one of them, p42a, is self-conjugative at high frequency. This plasmid is strictly required for mobilization of the symbiotic plasmid (pSym). To study the transfer mechanism of p42a, a self-transmissible cosmid clone containing its transfer region was isolated. Its sequence showed that most of the tra genes are highly similar to genes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens pTiC58 and other related plasmids. Four putative regulatory genes were identified; three of these (traI, traR, and cinR) belong to the LuxR-LuxI family. Mutagenesis of these genes confirmed their requirement for p42a transfer. We found that the conjugative transfer of p42a is dependent on quorum sensing, and consequently pSym transfer also was found to be similarly regulated, establishing a complex link between environmental conditions and pSym transfer. Although R. etli has been shown to produce different N-acyl-homoserine lactones, only one of them, a 3-oxo-C8-homoserine lactone encoded by the traI gene described here, was involved in transfer. Mutagenesis of the fourth regulatory gene, traM, had no effect on transfer. Analysis of transcriptional fusions of the regulatory genes to a reporter gene suggests a complex regulation scheme for p42a conjugative transfer. Conjugal transfer gene expression was found to be directly upregulated by TraR and the 3-oxo-C8-homoserine lactone synthesized by TraI. The traI gene was autoregulated by these elements and positively regulated by CinR, while cinR expression required traI. Finally, we did not detect expression of traM, indicating that in p42a TraM may be expressed so weakly that it cannot inhibit conjugal transfer, leading to the unrepressed transfer of p42a.
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Luo, Zhao-Qing, and Stephen K. Farrand. "The Agrobacterium tumefaciens rndHomolog Is Required for TraR-Mediated Quorum-Dependent Activation of Ti Plasmid tra Gene Expression." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 13 (July 1, 2001): 3919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.13.3919-3930.2001.

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ABSTRACT Conjugal transfer of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmids is regulated by quorum sensing via TraR and its cognate autoinducer, N-(3-oxo-octanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone. We isolated four Tn5-induced mutants of A. tumefaciens C58 deficient in TraR-mediated activation oftra genes on pTiC58ΔaccR. These mutations also affected the growth of the bacterium but had no detectable influence on the expression of two tester gene systems that are not regulated by quorum sensing. In all four mutants Tn5 was inserted in a chromosomal open reading frame (ORF) coding for a product showing high similarity to RNase D, coded for by rnd ofEscherichia coli, an RNase known to be involved in tRNA processing. The wild-type allele of the rnd homolog cloned from C58 restored the two phenotypes to each mutant. Several ORFs, including a homolog of cya2, surround A. tumefaciens rnd, but none of these genes exerted a detectable effect on the expression of the tra reporter. In the mutant,traR was expressed from the Ti plasmid at a level about twofold lower than that in NT1. The expression of tra, but not the growth rate, was partially restored by increasing the copy number of traR or by disrupting traM, a Ti plasmid gene coding for an antiactivator specific for TraR. The mutation in rnd also slightly reduced expression of two tested vir genes but had no detectable effect on tumor induction by this mutant. Our data suggest that the defect intra gene induction in the mutants results from lowered levels of TraR. In turn, production of sufficient amounts of TraR apparently is sensitive to a cellular function requiring RNase D.
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Chai, Yunrong, and Stephen C. Winans. "The Chaperone GroESL Enhances the Accumulation of Soluble, Active TraR Protein, a Quorum-Sensing Transcription Factor from Agrobacterium tumefaciens." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 11 (March 27, 2009): 3706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01434-08.

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ABSTRACT TraR of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a LuxR-type quorum-sensing transcription factor that regulates genes required for replication and conjugation of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. TraR requires its cognate autoinducer N-3-oxooctanoyl-homoserine lactone (OOHL) for resistance of proteolysis in wild-type bacteria and for correct protein folding and solubility when overexpressed in E. coli. In this study, we ask whether GroESL might also play a role in TraR folding, as this molecular chaperone assists many proteins in attaining their native tertiary structure. Expression of E. coli GroESL in a strain expressing TraR increases the solubility of TraR and increases transcriptional activity of a TraR-dependent promoter. Both solubility and activity still require OOHL. We also studied the folding of TraR in the closely related bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. A mutation in one groEL gene slightly decreased the expression of a TraR-dependent promoter, strongly decreased the accumulation of TraR in Western immunoblot assays, and also strongly influenced the fate of pulse-labeled TraR.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "TraR"

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Goh, Wai Kean Chemistry Faculty of Science UNSW. "Novel antagonists of bacterial signaling pathways." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Chemistry, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41458.

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Traditional bacterial disease therapies utilize compounds that ultimately kill the target bacteria but it exerts a strong selective pressure on the bacteria to develop multi-drug resistance mutants. The increasing occurrence of resistance in common pathogens has highlighted the need to identify new anti-microbials that target the control of bacterial pathogenicity in a non-extermination manner to reduce the incidence of bacteria resistance. One new strategy exploits the discrete signaling molecules that regulate the various bacterial signaling pathways, which are responsible for the expression of pathogenicity traits. Halogenated furanones (fimbrolides) from the marine red alga, Delisea pulchra have been shown to interfere with the key signaling pathway present in Gram-negative bacteria by competitively displacing the cognate signaling molecule from the transcription protein. This project focused on the design and synthesis of 1,5-dihydropyrrol-2-ones, a new class of fimbrolide derivatives capable of displaying strong antagonistic properties of the fimbrolides. Primary synthetic methodologies examined include the halolactamization of allenamides and the direct lactone-lactam transformation. No doubt, both methodologies yielded the lactam ring, the former failed to introduce the crucial C-5 bromomethylene group essential for bioactivity. A facile high yielding two-step lactone-lactam transformation method was developed and using this method, a wide range of substituted 5-bromomethyl- and 5-dibromomethylene-1,5-dihydropyrrol-2-ones were synthesized. Furthermore, a new class of tricyclic crown-ether type compounds with no literature precedent were discovered. To vary the diversity of the compounds, a related class of compounds, 5,6-dihydroindol-2-ones, were examined. A general versatile method for the synthesis of 7-substituted 5,6-dihydroindol-2-ones was developed. The synthetic strategy proceeds via the established Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of halogenated dihydroindol-2-ones with arylboronic acids/esters. The Suzuki methodology was found to be reliable in furnishing a wide range of 7-substituted products in high yields. A preliminary molecular modeling approach was used to assist in the design of new anti-microbials via the ligand-docking analyses of the TraR and LasR protein. A positive correlation was observed between the docking scores and biological activity and the methodology was further developed into an initial screening tool to filter potential active and non-active compounds. The newly synthesized compounds were analysed for their efficacy in reducing the expression of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in the presence of natural AHL signaling molecules in an AHL-monitor strain, indicative of the inhibition of bacterial phenotype expression. The dihydropyrrol-2-one class of compounds showed significant biological activity and this highlighted their potential for further development.
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Keith, Karin, and Celeste Pridemore. "Daybooks: A Book for Your Mind." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1300.

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This article explains how to create and use a daybook in the literacy classroom. Readers learn what a daybook is, how the daybook in one fourth and fifth grade classroom is structured, and how students in this classroom use that daybook during reading instruction to engage, record important information, and discuss a text.
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Ward, Natalia, and Amber Warren. "“In Search of Peace”: Refugee Experiences in Children’s Literature." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1849.

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The authors closely analyzed 45 children's books featuring characters with refugee backgrounds that had been published since 2013. With the concept of culturally sustaining pedagogy underpinning the review, analysis revealed that these texts are rich and detailed, providing a starting point for discussing the global refugee crisis with students, but they occasionally fall short in providing complex, multidimensional representations of characters’ lives and experiences. A majority of the texts analyzed focus on the journey in search of a safe place to live, whereas very few focus on the complexity of making a life in a new place. The findings highlight the importance of identifying texts that provide complexity, dimension, and specificity in depicting experiences of refugee‐background characters across settings. Opening classrooms to texts about the diversity of refugee experiences invites teachers and their students to critically explore the important global issues of migration, equity, and ways of being human.
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Seidlová, Vendula. "Studie prodloužení tramvajové tratě do městské části Brno-Medlánky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371975.

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The aim of the diploma thesis is to design the extension of tram line no. 12 from the current terminal station Technologicky park to the city district Brno-Medlanky. The tram track is situated on the separate road bed outside the built up urban area. Directional and elevational solution of the track is designed in several variants, after the evaluation the best variant is selected and elaborated. The diploma thesis contains the design of the tram stop and the terminal station with baloon loop, including access paths. Adjustment of the crossed road and the drainage system solution is part of the thesis as well.
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Pěknicová, Daniela. "Studie prodloužení tramvajové trati do městské části Brno-Lesná." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240168.

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This master’s degree thesis is aiming to provide design solution within extension of tram line no.5 in the town of Brno,which nowadays ends by balloon loop at Štefánikova čtvrť stop at Merhautova street in Černá Pole district. Proposed tram line is designed in the limits of local urban roads and ends by newly designed balloon loop at Okružní street in Lesná district. Within the framework of this thesis new tram super structure is designed together with surrounding urban rous and connection to Halasova náměstí.
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Meng, T. Jr, L. A. Bariola, and T. J. Henneberry. "Comparative Trap Catches in Four Boll Weevil Trap Types." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219782.

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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.
Four trap types were used to trap boll weevils at 1 m heights, with and without grandlure, and 2 trap types were compared at 0.5 m height, with and without grandlure. The results indicate trap height may be an important factor in boll weevil catches at certain times during the cotton season. Also trap color, design and other factors may influence trap catches since traps not baited with grandlure caught high numbers of boll weevils during certain times during the cotton growing season.
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Fike, William H. "Lobster Sampling Trap." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/FikeWH2007.pdf.

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Smith, Karl. "The Prior Trap." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-09212007-152251/.

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Basic economic theory suggests that the decision to go to college should be based only on the expected costs and benefits of college. The income of the family the student comes from should have no effect. Yet, it does. The two common explanations for this discrepancy, inadequate primary school funding and liquidity constraints are at odds with the facts. I offer a third explanation, economically disadvantaged students attend college at lower rates because they have biased information. This analysis connects to the existing literature in at least three ways. It provides a rational basis for the neighborhood effect., extends work on human capital development indicating that educational paths are set at or before age 16 and helps provide an explanation for the both the increase in the return to education and the slowdown in college graduation growth among young men in the United States.
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Gibeau, Daniel G. "Missile Design PC TRAP : an improved PC TRAP for tactical missile design /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA277215.

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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering and Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineer) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1993.
Thesis advisor(s): Conrad F. Newberry. "September 1993." Bibliography: p. 309. Also available online.
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許哲碩 and Chik-shek Enesco Hui. "Peak Tram Station: extension." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31985749.

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Books on the topic "TraR"

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Roland, Green, ed. Tran. Riverdale, N.Y., USA: Baen Books, 1996.

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Moy, Bob. Tray. London: Capital Media, 1985.

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Trag. Zagreb: August Šenoa, 1991.

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Trag. Zagreb: Azur Journal, 1993.

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Trac! Waterloo: Renaissance du Livre, 2014.

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Pakistan: Drug trap to debt trap. Lahore: Lahore Law Publications, 2003.

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Rutto, Bill. Death trap. Nairobi, Kenya: Longhorn Publishers, 2003.

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Zweig, Stefan. Tran katha. Ahmedabad: Gurjar Granthratna, 1999.

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Peter, O'Donnell. Cobra Trap. Souvenir Press, 2001.

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Różewicz, Tadeusz. The trap. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "TraR"

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Göpferich, Susanne. "Transfer and Transfer Studies." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 374–77. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra1.

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Halverson, Sandra L. "Translation." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 378–84. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra2.

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Hansen, Gyde. "Translation ‘errors’." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 385–88. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra3.

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Kelly, Dorothy. "Translation didactics." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 389–96. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra4.

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D’hulst, Lieven. "Translation history." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 397–405. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra5.

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Englund Dimitrova, Birgitta. "Translation process." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 406–11. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra6.

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Gambier, Yves. "Translation strategies and tactics." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 412–18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra7.

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Munday, Jeremy. "Translation Studies." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 419–28. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra8.

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Folaron, Deborah A. "Translation tools." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 429–36. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra9.

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Schäffner, Christina. "Translation studies." In Handbook of Pragmatics, 1–21. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.15.tra1.

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Conference papers on the topic "TraR"

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Di Cosimo, S., T. Triulzi, L. De Cecco, S. Pizzamiglio, E. de Azambuja, D. Fumagalli, L. Pusztai, et al. "Abstract P2-09-03: Identifying clinically relevant subgroups of women with HER2-positive breast cancer: An analysis of Neo-ALTTO using the 41-gene TRAR score." In Abstracts: 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 5-9, 2017; San Antonio, Texas. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p2-09-03.

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Varbel, Jordan M., Elsy Y. Flores, William K. Toledo, Craig M. Newtson, and Brad D. Weldon. "Structural Testing of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Shear Keys in Concrete Bridge Superstructures." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.027.

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Tahami, Amid, Mohammadreza Gholikhani, Reza Khalili, and Samer Dessouky. "Application of Thermoelectric Technology in Sustainable Pavement Structures." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.002.

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Mousa, Momen R., and Mostafa A. Elseifi. "Prediction of Field Performance of Asphalt Concrete Overlays in Louisiana Using a Tree-Based Algorithm." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.006.

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Roy, Sumon, and Zahid Hossain. "Nanoscale Study of the Influence of Short-Term and Long-Term Aging on Asphalt Binders’ Properties." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.017.

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Islam, Kazi Tamzidul, and Zahid Hossain. "Application of Rice Husk Ash in Flowable Fill Concrete." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.030.

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Idris, Ipshit I., Husam Sadek, Marwa Hassan, Charles Berryman, and Mohammad I. Hossain. "The Effectiveness of Using the Overlay Tester Setup to Evaluate the Performance of Asphalt Mixtures against Reflective Cracking." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.018.

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Hassan, Mohammad Nazmul, and Zahid Hossain. "Paper Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) Analysis on Modified Asphalt Binders." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.016.

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Hasan, Md Ariful, and Zahid Hossain. "Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Corrugated Metal Pipes in Arkansas." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.033.

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Bagchi, Tandra, and Zahid Hossain. "Evaluation of Compatibility of Asphalt Binders and Aggregates." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.020.

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Reports on the topic "TraR"

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Fujiwara, Ippei, Tomoyuki Nakajima, Nao Sudo, and Yuki Teranishi. Global Liquidity Trap. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16867.

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Boissay, Frédéric, and Russell Cooper. The Collateral Trap. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20703.

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Kıbrıs, Arzu. The polarization trap. Sabancı University, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5900/su_fass_wp.2012.19320.

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Caballero, Ricardo, and Emmanuel Farhi. The Safety Trap. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19927.

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Badel, Alejandro. An American Inequality Trap. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2010.047.

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Hamlet, Benjamin Roger. Ion trap simulation tools. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/983695.

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Burger, Leland L., and Randall D. Scheele. HWVP Iodine Trap Evaluation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15009659.

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Christiano, Lawrence, and Christopher Gust. The Expectations Trap Hypothesis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7809.

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Fergusson, Leopoldo, Carlos Molina, and James Robinson. The Weak State Trap. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26848.

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DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE WASHINGTON DC. TRAP T-2 Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada386358.

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