Journal articles on the topic 'Trap detection'
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1
Neuharth, Dalton B., Wade A. Ryberg, Connor S. Adams, Toby J. Hibbitts, Danielle K. Walkup, Shelby L. Frizzell, Timothy E. Johnson, Brian L. Pierce, Josh B. Pierce, and D. Craig Rudolph. "Searching for rare and secretive snakes: are camera-trap and box-trap methods interchangeable?" Wildlife Research 47, no. 6 (2020): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19230.
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Abstract ContextAdvancements in camera-trap technology have provided wildlife researchers with a new technique to better understand their study species. This improved method may be especially useful for many conservation-reliant snake species that can be difficult to detect because of rarity and life histories with secretive behaviours. AimsHere, we report the results of a 6-month camera-trapping study using time lapse-triggered camera traps to detect snakes, in particular the federally listed Louisiana pinesnake (Pituophis ruthveni) in eastern Texas upland forests in the USA. MethodsSo as to evaluate the efficacy of this method of snake detection, we compared camera-trap data with traditional box-trapping data collected over the same time period across a similar habitat type, and with the same goal of detecting P. ruthveni. Key resultsNo differences in focal snake species richness were detected across the trap methods, although the snake-detection rate was nearly three times higher with camera traps than with the box traps. Detection rates of individual snake species varied with the trapping method for all but two species, but temporal trends in detection rates were similar across the trap methods for all but two species. Neither trap method detected P. ruthveni in the present study, but the species has been detected with both trap methods at other sites. ConclusionsThe higher snake-detection rate of the camera-trap method suggests that pairing this method with traditional box traps could increase the detection of P. ruthveni where it occurs. For future monitoring and research on P. ruthveni, and other similarly rare and secretive species of conservation concern, we believe these methods could be used interchangeably by saturating potentially occupied habitats with camera traps initially and then replacing cameras with box traps when the target species is detected. ImplicationsThere are financial and logistical limits to monitoring and researching rare and secretive species with box traps, and those limits are far less restrictive with camera traps. The ability to use camera-trap technologies interchangeably with box-trap methods to collect similar data more efficiently and effectively will have a significant impact on snake conservation.
2
McIntyre, T., T. L. Majelantle, D. J. Slip, and R. G. Harcourt. "Quantifying imperfect camera-trap detection probabilities: implications for density modelling." Wildlife Research 47, no. 2 (2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19040.
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Abstract ContextData obtained from camera traps are increasingly used to inform various population-level models. Although acknowledged, imperfect detection probabilities within camera-trap detection zones are rarely taken into account when modelling animal densities. AimsWe aimed to identify parameters influencing camera-trap detection probabilities, and quantify their relative impacts, as well as explore the downstream implications of imperfect detection probabilities on population-density modelling. MethodsWe modelled the relationships between the detection probabilities of a standard camera-trap model (n=35) on a remotely operated animal-shaped soft toy and a series of parameters likely to influence it. These included the distance of animals from camera traps, animal speed, camera-trap deployment height, ambient temperature (as a proxy for background surface temperatures) and animal surface temperature. We then used this detection-probability model to quantify the likely influence of imperfect detection rates on subsequent population-level models, being, in this case, estimates from random encounter density models on a known density simulation. Key resultsDetection probabilities mostly varied predictably in relation to measured parameters, and decreased with an increasing distance from the camera traps and speeds of movement, as well as heights of camera-trap deployments. Increased differences between ambient temperature and animal surface temperature were associated with increased detection probabilities. Importantly, our results showed substantial inter-camera (of the same model) variability in detection probabilities. Resulting model outputs suggested consistent and systematic underestimation of true population densities when not taking imperfect detection probabilities into account. ConclusionsImperfect, and individually variable, detection probabilities inside the detection zones of camera traps can compromise resulting population-density estimates. ImplicationsWe propose a simple calibration approach for individual camera traps before field deployment and encourage researchers to actively estimate individual camera-trap detection performance for inclusion in subsequent modelling approaches.
3
Welsh, Taylor J., Daniel Bentall, Connor Kwon, and Flore Mas. "Automated Surveillance of Lepidopteran Pests with Smart Optoelectronic Sensor Traps." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 9577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159577.
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Several lepidopterans are pests in horticulture and pose biosecurity risks to trading countries worldwide. Efficient species-specific semiochemical lures are available for some of these pests, facilitating the implementation of surveillance programmes via trapping networks. These networks have a long history of success in detecting incursions of invasive species; however, their reliance on manual trap inspections makes these surveillance programmes expensive to run. Novel smart traps integrating sensor technology are being developed to detect insects automatically but are so far limited to expensive camera-based sensors or optoelectronic sensors for fast-moving insects. Here, we present the development of an optoelectronic sensor adapted to a delta-type trap to record the low wing-beat frequencies of Lepidoptera, and remotely send real-time digital detection via wireless communication. These new smart traps, combined with machine-learning algorithms, can further facilitate diagnostics via species identification through biometrics. Our laboratory and field trials have shown that moths flying in/out of the trap can be detected automatically before visual trap catch, thus improving early detection. The deployment of smart sensor traps for biosecurity will significantly reduce the cost of labour by directing trap visits to the locations of insect detection, thereby supporting a sustainable and low-carbon surveillance system.
4
Stokeld, Danielle, Anke S. K. Frank, Brydie Hill, Jenni Low Choy, Terry Mahney, Alys Stevens, Stuart Young, Djelk Rangers, Warddeken Rangers, and Graeme R. Gillespie. "Multiple cameras required to reliably detect feral cats in northern Australian tropical savanna: an evaluation of sampling design when using camera traps." Wildlife Research 42, no. 8 (2015): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15083.
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Context Feral cats are a major cause of mammal declines and extinctions in Australia. However, cats are elusive and obtaining reliable ecological data is challenging. Although camera traps are increasingly being used to study feral cats, their successful use in northern Australia has been limited. Aims We evaluated the efficacy of camera-trap sampling designs for detecting cats in the tropical savanna of northern Australia. We aimed to develop a camera-trapping method that would yield detection probabilities adequate for precise occupancy estimates. Methods First, we assessed the influence of two micro-habitat placements and three lure types on camera-trap detection rates of feral cats. Second, using multiple camera traps at each site, we examined the relationship between sampling effort and detection probability by using a multi-method occupancy model. Key results We found no significant difference in detection rates of feral cats using a variety of lures and micro-habitat placement. The mean probability of detecting a cat on one camera during one week of sampling was very low (p = 0.15) and had high uncertainty. However, the probability of detecting a cat on at least one of five cameras deployed concurrently on a site was 48% higher (p = 0.22) and had a greater precision. Conclusions The sampling effort required to achieve detection rates adequate to infer occupancy of feral cats by camera trap is considerably higher in northern Australia than has been observed elsewhere in Australia. Adequate detection of feral cats in the tropical savanna of northern Australia will necessitate inclusion of more camera traps and a longer survey duration. Implications Sampling designs using camera traps need to be rigorously trialled and assessed to optimise detection of the target species for different Australian biomes. A standard approach is suggested for detecting feral cats in northern Australian savannas.
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Wilton, Clay M., Jeff Beringer, Emily E. Puckett, Lori S. Eggert, and Jerrold L. Belant. "Spatiotemporal factors affecting detection of black bears during noninvasive capture–recapture surveys." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 1 (November 16, 2015): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv176.
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Abstract Accounting for low and heterogeneous detection probabilities in large mammal capture–recapture sampling designs is a persistent challenge. Our objective was to improve understanding of ecological and biological factors driving detection using multiple data sources from an American black bear ( Ursus americanus ) DNA hair trap study in south-central Missouri. We used Global Positioning System telemetry and remote camera data to examine how a bear’s distance to traps, probability of space use, sex-specific behavior, and temporal sampling frame affect detection probability and number of hair samples collected at hair traps. Regression analysis suggested that bear distance to nearest hair trap was the best predictor of detection probability and indicated that detection probability at encounter was 0.15 and declined to < 0.05 at nearest distances > 330 m from hair traps. From remote camera data, number of hair samples increased with number of visits, but the proportion of hair samples from known visits declined 39% from early June to early August. Bears appeared attracted to lured hair traps from close distances and we recommend a hair trap density of 1 trap/2.6 km 2 with spatial coverage that encompasses potentially large male home ranges. We recommend sampling during the late spring and early summer molting period to increase hair deposition rates.
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Hahn, Federico, Salvador Valle, Roberto Rendón, Oneyda Oyorzabal, and Alondra Astudillo. "Mango Fruit Fly Trap Detection Using Different Wireless Communications." Agronomy 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2023): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071736.
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Fruit flies cause production losses in mango orchards affecting fruit quality. A National Campaign against Fruit Flies (NCFF) evaluates farm status using the fruit flies per trap per day index (FTD). Traps with attractant are installed manually within orchards in Mexico, but counting the flies trapped every week requires excessive numbers of trained personal. Electronic traps (e-traps) use sensors to monitor fruit fly population, saving labor and obtaining the real-time orchard infestation. The objective of this work was to acquire an image within a e-trap at 17:00 when an insect was detected and binarize the information in real-time to count the number of flies. Each e-trap was implemented with a polyethylene PET bottle screwed to a tap containing an ESP32-CAM camera. E-traps from several hectares of mango trees were sampled and transmitted through WSN wireless sensor networks. This original system presents a star topology network within each hectare with the long range LoRa transceiver at the central tower. It receives the fly count from five e-traps and finally transmits data to the house tower end point. Another contribution of this research was the use of a DJI mini2 for acquiring the e-trap data, and the 8-ha flight took 15 min and 35 s. This period can be reduced if the drone flies higher.
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Moll, Remington J., Waldemar Ortiz-Calo, Jonathon D. Cepek, Patrick D. Lorch, Patricia M. Dennis, Terry Robison, and Robert A. Montgomery. "The effect of camera-trap viewshed obstruction on wildlife detection: implications for inference." Wildlife Research 47, no. 2 (2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19004.
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Abstract ContextCamera traps are one of the most popular tools used to study wildlife worldwide. Numerous recent studies have evaluated the efficiency and effectiveness of camera traps as a research tool. Nonetheless, important aspects of camera-trap methodology remain in need of critical investigation. One such issue relates to camera-trap viewshed visibility, which is often compromised in the field by physical obstructions (e.g. trees) or topography (e.g. steep slopes). The loss of visibility due to these obstructions could affect wildlife detection rates, with associated implications for study inference and management application. AimsWe aimed to determine the effect of camera-trap viewshed obstruction on wildlife detection rates for a suite of eight North American species that vary in terms of ecology, commonness and body size. MethodsWe deployed camera traps at 204 sites throughout an extensive semi-urban park system in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, from June to September 2016. At each site, we quantified camera-trap viewshed obstruction by using a cover-board design. We then modelled the effects of obstruction on wildlife detection rates for the eight focal species. Key resultsWe found that detection rates significantly decreased with an increasing viewshed obstruction for five of the eight species, including both larger and smaller mammal species (white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, and squirrels, Sciurus sp., respectively). The number of detections per week per camera decreased two- to three-fold as visibility at a camera site decreased from completely free of obstruction to mostly obstructed. ConclusionsThese results imply that wildlife detection rates are influenced by site-level viewshed obstruction for a variety of species, and sometimes considerably so. ImplicationsResearchers using camera traps should address the potential for this effect to ensure robust inference from wildlife image data. Accounting for viewshed obstruction is critical when interpreting detection rates as indices of abundance or habitat use because variation in detection rate could be an artefact of site-level viewshed obstruction rather than due to underlying ecological processes.
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Levi-Zada, A., A. Sadowsky, S. Dobrinin, T. Ticuchinski, M. David, D. Fefer, E. Dunkelblum, and J. A. Byers. "Monitoring and mass-trapping methodologies using pheromones: the lesser date moth Batrachedra amydraula." Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, no. 1 (May 11, 2017): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317000487.
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AbstractThe lesser date moth (LDM) Batrachedra amydraula is a significant pest of date palm fruits. Previously, detection and monitoring of the pest was inaccurate due to high costs of sampling with lifting machines. We report a practical system for detection and monitoring of LDM based on pheromone traps and relevant models. Dose–response experiments with LDM pheromone traps indicated a 1 mg lure is optimal for monitoring. Delta traps with adhesive covering their entire inner surface gave the highest captures while trap colour was unimportant. Sampling pheromone traps throughout the night indicated male flight began at 1:00–2:00 and reached a peak 2 h before sunrise. Monitoring traps exposed all year long in Israel revealed three generations with different abundance. Trapping transects in a date plantation indicated interference from a monitoring trap became minimal at distances >27 m away. Inter-trap distances closer than this may lower efficiency of monitoring and mass trapping in control programs. Our estimate of the circular effective attraction radius (EARc) of a 1 mg delta trap for LDM (3.43 m) shows this bait is among the most attractive compared with baits for other insects. We developed encounter-rate equations with the pheromone trap EARc to model the interplay between population levels, trap density and captures that are useful for detection of invasive LDM and its control by mass trapping. The integrated methodologies are applicable to many pest species.
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Huang, Renjie, Tingshan Yao, Cheng Zhan, Geng Zhang, and Yongqiang Zheng. "A Motor-Driven and Computer Vision-Based Intelligent E-Trap for Monitoring Citrus Flies." Agriculture 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050460.
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Citrus flies are important quarantine pests in citrus plantations. Electronic traps (e-traps) based on computer vision are the most popular types of equipment for monitoring them. However, most current e-traps are inefficient and unreliable due to requiring manual operations and lack of reliable detection and identification algorithms of citrus fly images. To address these problems, this paper presents a monitoring scheme based on automatic e-traps and novel recognition algorithms. In this scheme, the prototype of an automatic motor-driven e-trap is firstly designed based on a yellow sticky trap. A motor autocontrol algorithm based on Local Binary Pattern (LBP) image analysis is proposed to automatically replace attractants in the e-trap for long-acting work. Furthermore, for efficient and reliable statistics of captured citrus flies, based on the differences between two successive sampling images of the e-trap, a simple and effective detection algorithm is presented to continuously detect the newly captured citrus flies from the collected images of the e-trap. Moreover, a Multi-Attention and Multi-Part convolutional neural Network (MAMPNet) is proposed to exploit discriminative local features of citrus fly images to recognize the citrus flies in the images. Finally, extensive simulation experiments validate the feasibility and efficiency of the designed e-trap prototype and its autocontrol algorithm, as well as the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed detection and recognition algorithms for citrus flies.
10
Ramsey, Dave, Murray Efford, Steve Ball, and Graham Nugent. "The evaluation of indices of animal abundance using spatial simulation of animal trapping." Wildlife Research 32, no. 3 (2005): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03119.
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We apply a new algorithm for spatially simulating animal trapping that utilises a detection function and allows for competition between animals and traps. Estimates of the parameters of the detection function from field studies allowed us to simulate realistically the expected range of detection probabilities of brushtail possums caught in traps. Using this model we evaluated a common index of population density of brushtail possums based on the percentage of leg-hold traps catching possums. Using field estimates of the parameters of the detection function, we simulated the relationship between the trap-catch index and population density. The relationship was linear up to densities of 10 possums ha–1. We also investigated the accuracy (bias and precision) of the trap-catch index for possums to estimate relative changes in population density (relative abundance) under conditions of varying detection probability, and compared these results with those obtained using a removal estimate of the population in the vicinity of trap lines. The ratio of trap-catch indices was a more precise estimator of relative abundance than the ratio of removal estimates but was positively biased (i.e. overestimated relative abundance). In contrast, the ratio of removal estimates was relatively unbiased but imprecise. Despite the positive bias, the trap-catch index had a higher power to determine the correct ranking between population densities than the removal estimate. Although varying detection probability can bias estimates of relative abundance using indices, we show that the potential for bias to lead to an incorrect result is small for indices of brushtail possum density based on trapping.
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Resnerová, Karolina, Jaroslav Holuša, Peter Surový, Jiří Trombik, and Emanuel Kula. "Comparison of Ips cembrae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Capture Methods: Small Trap Trees Caught the Most Beetles." Forests 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121275.
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Ips cembrae is the most important bark beetle pest of larches and has had several local outbreaks in recent decades in Europe. In this study, we compared the numbers of I. cembrae captured by pyramid-trap piles, trap trees, pheromone traps, and poisoned and baited tripods. We also studied how the properties of trap trees and trap logs (volume, sun exposure, and position relative to the ground once deployed) affected the trapping of I. cembrae. We found that both sexes avoided infestation at the bottom of the logs and more than 15 times the number of beetles were captured by traditional trap trees than by pheromone traps or baited and insecticide-treated tripods. The number of I. cembrae per trap tree did not decrease with trap volume; therefore, it is appropriate to use traps of small dimensions. Baited tripods, pyramid-trap piles, and pheromone traps could be useful for detection of the beginning of flight activity, but trap trees are the most useful for reducing I. cembrae numbers.
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Kendra, Paul E., Wayne S. Montgomery, Teresa I. Narvaez, and Daniel Carrillo. "Comparison of Trap Designs for Detection of Euwallacea nr. fornicatus and Other Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) That Vector Fungal Pathogens of Avocado Trees in Florida." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz311.
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Abstract Laurel wilt and Fusarium dieback are vascular diseases caused by fungal symbionts of invasive ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Both diseases threaten avocado trees in Florida. Redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, is the primary vector of the laurel wilt pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, but in recent years this symbiont has been transferred laterally to at least nine other species of ambrosia beetle, which now comprise a community of secondary vectors. Dieback disease, caused by Fusarium spp. fungi, is spread by shot hole borers in the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex. In this study, we conducted field tests in Florida avocado groves to compare efficacy of four trap designs for detection of Scolytinae. Treatments included an 8-funnel Lindgren trap, black 3-vane flight interception trap, green 3-vane interception trap, white sticky panel trap, and an unbaited sticky panel (control). In two tests targeting E. nr. fornicatus and X. glabratus, traps were baited with a two-component lure (α-copaene and quercivorol). In a test targeting other species, traps were baited with a low-release ethanol lure. For E. nr. fornicatus, sticky panels and black interception traps captured significantly more beetles than Lindgren traps; captures with green traps were intermediate. With ethanol-baited traps, 20 species of bark/ambrosia beetle were detected. Trap efficacy varied by species, but in general, sticky traps captured the highest number of beetles. Results indicate that sticky panel traps are more effective for monitoring ambrosia beetles than Lindgren funnel traps, the current standard, and may provide an economical alternative for pest detection in avocado groves.
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Shiriaev, Igor M., Artyom A. Maskaev, and Daria I. Mokrousova. "Institutional Traps and Interest Groups in the Sphere of Education and Science." Journal of Economic Regulation 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 087–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2020.11.4.087-104.
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The article is devoted to study of institutional traps of optimization in education and science spheres. Our analysis also identifies the role of key actors or groups of interests in education sphere in reproduction of aforesaid institutional traps. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate identified institutional traps and groups of interests with help of narratives that were generated in the course of organized focus-groups with university stuff. This article is based on previous research where key institutional traps in education sphere were identified and described. This paper continues the analysis of following institutional traps: metrics trap, the trap of increasing bureaucracy, the trap of financing gap, the trap of electronisation and digitalisation, the trap of reducing the quality of education, the trap of human resources and justifies the efficiency of focus groups research method for detection groups of interests as real or potential actors of institutional changes. This method enables to find out the existing contradictions inside the groups and as a consequence to deepen the understanding of the nature of studied institutional traps and propose recommendations for overcoming the negative effects of it.
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Shiriaev, Igor M., Artyom A. Maskaev, and Daria I. Mokrousova. "Institutional Traps and Interest Groups in the Sphere of Education and Science." Journal of Economic Regulation 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 087–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2020.11.4.087-104.
Abstract:
The article is devoted to study of institutional traps of optimization in education and science spheres. Our analysis also identifies the role of key actors or groups of interests in education sphere in reproduction of aforesaid institutional traps. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate identified institutional traps and groups of interests with help of narratives that were generated in the course of organized focus-groups with university stuff. This article is based on previous research where key institutional traps in education sphere were identified and described. This paper continues the analysis of following institutional traps: metrics trap, the trap of increasing bureaucracy, the trap of financing gap, the trap of electronisation and digitalisation, the trap of reducing the quality of education, the trap of human resources and justifies the efficiency of focus groups research method for detection groups of interests as real or potential actors of institutional changes. This method enables to find out the existing contradictions inside the groups and as a consequence to deepen the understanding of the nature of studied institutional traps and propose recommendations for overcoming the negative effects of it.
15
He, Wentong, Ze Luo, Xinyu Tong, Xiaoyi Hu, Can Chen, and Zufei Shu. "Long-Tailed Metrics and Object Detection in Camera Trap Datasets." Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (May 14, 2023): 6029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13106029.
Abstract:
With their advantages in wildlife surveys and biodiversity monitoring, camera traps are widely used, and have been used to gather massive amounts of animal images and videos. The application of deep learning techniques has greatly promoted the analysis and utilization of camera trap data in biodiversity management and conservation. However, the long-tailed distribution of the camera trap dataset can degrade the deep learning performance. In this study, for the first time, we quantified the long-tailedness of class and object/box-level scale imbalance of camera trap datasets. In the camera trap dataset, the imbalance problem is prevalent and severe, in terms of class and object/box-level scale. The camera trap dataset has worse object/box-level scale imbalance, and too few samples of small objects, making deep learning more challenging. Furthermore, we used the BatchFormer module to exploit sample relationships, and improved the performance of the general object detection model, DINO, by up to 2.9% and up to 3.3% in terms of class imbalance and object/box-level scale imbalance. The experimental results showed that the sample relationship was simple and effective, improving detection performance in terms of class and object/box-level scale imbalance, but that it could not make up for the low number of small objects in the camera trap dataset.
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Harmsen, Bart J., Nicola Saville, and Rebecca J. Foster. "Long-term monitoring of margays (Leopardus wiedii): Implications for understanding low detection rates." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): e0247536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247536.
Abstract:
Population assessments of wide-ranging, cryptic, terrestrial mammals rely on camera trap surveys. While camera trapping is a powerful method of detecting presence, it is difficult distinguishing rarity from low detection rate. The margay (Leopardus wiedii) is an example of a species considered rare based on its low detection rates across its range. Although margays have a wide distribution, detection rates with camera traps are universally low; consequently, the species is listed as Near Threatened. Our 12-year camera trap study of margays in protected broadleaf forest in Belize suggests that while margays have low detection rate, they do not seem to be rare, rather that they are difficult to detect with camera traps. We detected a maximum of 187 individuals, all with few or no recaptures over the years (mean = 2.0 captures/individual ± SD 2.1), with two-thirds of individuals detected only once. The few individuals that were recaptured across years exhibited long tenures up to 9 years and were at least 10 years old at their final detection. We detected multiple individuals of both sexes at the same locations during the same survey, suggesting overlapping ranges with non-exclusive territories, providing further evidence of a high-density population. By studying the sparse annual datasets across multiple years, we found evidence of an abundant margay population in the forest of the Cockscomb Basin, which might have been deemed low density and rare, if studied in the short term. We encourage more long-term camera trap studies to assess population status of semi-arboreal carnivore species that have hitherto been considered rare based on low detection rates.
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Debruille, Agathe, Pauline Kayser, Géraldine Veron, Murielle Vergniol, and Melissa Perrigon. "Improving the detection rate of binturongs (Arctictis binturong) in Palawan Island, Philippines, through the use of arboreal camera-trapping." Mammalia 84, no. 6 (November 26, 2020): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2019-0113.
Abstract:
AbstractAlthough remote camera-traps are used worldwide for ecological studies, the methods of use are often based on ground-level detection. This inherently limits the ability to detect arboreal species. This study aims to test arboreal camera trapping as an alternative method to improve the detection of the binturong (Arctictis binturong). We obtained a total of 41 independent detections of binturongs for 2,973 trap-nights, representing a detection rate of 1.38%. Thus, although statistical comparison with other surveys is not possible, this is currently the highest detection rate for the species. This is encouraging to further develop this method for research on binturongs.
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Stolze, K., N. Udilova, and H. Nohl. "Lipid radicals: properties and detection by spin trapping." Acta Biochimica Polonica 47, no. 4 (December 31, 2000): 923–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2000_3947.
Abstract:
Unsaturated lipids are rapidly oxidized to toxic products such as lipid hydroperoxides, especially when transition metals such as iron or copper are present. In a Fenton-type reaction Fe2+ converts lipid hydroperoxides to the very short-lived lipid alkoxyl radicals. The reaction was started upon the addition of Fe2+ to an aqueous linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LOOH) emulsion and the spin trap in the absence of oxygen. Even when high concentrations of spin traps were added to the incubation mixture, only secondary radical adducts were detected, probably due to the rapid re-arrangement of the primary alkoxyl radicals. With the commercially available nitroso spin trap MNP we observed a slightly immobilized ESR spectrum with only one hydrogen splitting, indicating the trapping of a methinyl fragment of a lipid radical. With DMPO or 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO) adducts were detected with carbon-centered lipid radical, with acyl radical, and with the hydroxyl radical. We also synthesized lipophilic derivatives of the spin trap DEPMPO in order to detect lipid radical species generated in the lipid phase. With all spin traps studied a lipid-derived carbon-centered radical was obtained in the anaerobic incubation system Fe2+/LOOH indicating the trapping of a lipid radical, possibly generated as a secondary reaction product of the primary lipid alkoxyl radical formed. Under aerobic conditions an SOD-insensitive oxygen-centered radical adduct was formed with DEPMPO and its lipophilic derivatives. The observed ESR parameters were similar to those of alkoxyl radical adducts, which were independently synthesized in model experiments using Fe3+-catalyzed nucleophilic addition of methanol or t-butanol to the respective spin trap.
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Lyudmila, Kirichenko, Khatsko Daryna, and Zinchenko Petro. "КЛАСТЕРИЗАЦІЯ ТРАЄКТОРІЙ БРОУНІВСЬКОГО РУХУ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ МАШИННОГО НАВЧАННЯ." System technologies 5, no. 148 (March 20, 2024): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1562-9945-5-148-2023-10.
Abstract:
The article is dedicated to detecting traps encountered by a Brownian particle based on machine learning methods. The trajectory of the Brownian particle was modeled using a drift-extended Brownian motion model, encompassing both free dif-fusion and particle movement within a trap. The density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) method was employed for clustering the motion trajectory. The versatility of this method allows the identification of clusters without prior knowledge of their quantity or shape, making it suitable for trap detection. The conducted research demonstrates that the application of the DBSCAN method achieves an average accuracy of 95.0%
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McLean, Wren R., Ross L. Goldingay, and David A. Westcott. "Visual lures increase camera-trap detection of the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii)." Wildlife Research 44, no. 3 (2017): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16025.
Abstract:
Context Monitoring is a key component in managing wildlife populations and is critical for revealing long-term population trends of endangered species. Cryptic or highly mobile species that occur in low densities and in remote terrain require the development of specific monitoring methods. The southern cassowary is an Australian endangered species that poses many challenges for conducting population surveys. Aims The aims of the present study were to determine the effectiveness of camera traps in detecting cassowaries at a site, to determine whether visual lures increased detection rates, and to explore the potential of camera traps in population surveys. Methods Coloured lures (mimicking large blue and red fruit) were placed in front of a set of camera traps and compared with controls (no lures) at 29 survey sites on the Daintree coast, northern Queensland, Australia. Key results Camera traps with lures (1) detected more birds, (2) had a shorter detection latency, (3) had a marginally greater number of captures, (4) experienced a longer capture duration, (5) were more likely to have the cassowary stop in front of the camera, and (6) achieved a 95% probability of detecting cassowaries in 12 trap days, compared with 28 trap days without lures. Conclusions An increase in the number of cassowaries detected, the reduction in camera latency times and the ability to identify the birds enables a more efficient approach to estimating population sizes over existing methods. This is the first published study to use visual lures to conduct camera trapping of birds. Implications The use of camera traps with lures is a practical and cost-efficient technique for the rapid detection of cassowaries at a site and lends itself to studies of population structure, size and trends.
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Budiman, Diana, Dadang Dadang, and Idham Sakti Harahap. "Keefektifan tiga jenis perangkap serangga untuk deteksi serangga hama gudang yang menyerang bungkil kopra." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 17, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.17.1.1.
Abstract:
<p>Stored product insect can cause consumer rejection and economic loss due to quality concerns and phytosanitary regulation. Insect traps have been regularly used as a control method, however its effectiveness on controlling stored copra meal insect pests is not yet known.This study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of three types of insect traps for detection of insect pests of copra meal.The three types of insect traps were pitfall trap, probe trap, and ultraviolet (UV) light trap (blacklight and LED-light emiting diodes). Research was conducted at Laboratory of Entomology SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor and two storage facilities of copra meal in North Sulawesi. Laboratory experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with two factors and four replications. The first factor was the types of insect traps (pitfall trap, probe trap, and probe trap with UV LED) and the second factor was insect species (<em>Lasioderma serricorne</em> (Herbst) and <em>Tribolium castaneum </em>(Fabricius)). The experiment at storage facilities was conducted with nested block design where the insect species trapped were nested in the insect traps. The result of laboratory experiment showed that the probe trap captured more insects (30.4%) significantly higher than pitfall trap (17.1%), however there was no significant difference of number of insects trapped in probe trap with and without UV LED. In addition the probe trap captured more <em>T. castaneum</em> and <em>Tenebroides mauritanicus</em> than other type of insects trap, but probe trap with UV LED was more effective to detect <em>L. serricorne</em> and <em>Necrobia rufipes</em> (Fabricius) in the stored copra meal.</p>
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Lepard, Clara C., Remington J. Moll, Jonathon D. Cepek, Patrick D. Lorch, Patricia M. Dennis, Terry Robison, and Robert A. Montgomery. "The influence of the delay-period setting on camera-trap data storage, wildlife detections and occupancy models." Wildlife Research 46, no. 1 (2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17181.
Abstract:
Context The use of camera traps in ecological research has grown exponentially over the past decade, but questions remain about the effect of camera-trap settings on ecological inference. The delay-period setting controls the amount of time that a camera trap is idle between motion-activated triggers. Longer delay periods may potentially extend battery life, reduce data-storage requirements, and shorten data-analysis time. However, they might result in lost data (i.e. missed wildlife detections), which could bias ecological inference and compromise research objectives. Aims We aimed to examine the effect of the delay period on (1) the number of camera-trap triggers, (2) detection and site-occupancy probabilities for eight mammalian species that varied in size, movement rate and commonness and (3) parameter estimates of habitat-based covariates from the occupancy models for these species. Methods We deployed 104 camera traps for 4 months throughout an extensive urban park system in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, using a spatially random design. Using the resultant data, we simulated delay periods ranging from 10s to 60min. For each of these delay periods and for each of our eight focal species, we calculated the number of camera-trap triggers and the parameter estimates of hierarchical Bayesian occupancy models. Key results A simulated increase in the delay period from 10s to 10min decreased the number of triggers by 79.6%, and decreased detection probability and occupancy probability across all species by 1.6% and 4.4% respectively. Further increases in the delay period (i.e. from 10 to 60min) resulted in modest additional reductions in the number of triggers and detection and occupancy probabilities. Variation in the delay period had negligible effects on the qualitative interpretations of habitat-based occupancy models for all eight species. Conclusions Our results suggest that delay-period settings ranging from 5 to 10min can drastically reduce data-storage needs and analysis time without compromising inference resulting from occupancy modelling for a diversity of mammalian species. Implications Broadly, we provide guidance on designing camera-trap studies that optimally trade-off research effort and potential bias, thereby increasing the utility of camera traps as ecological research tools.
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Barrera, Roberto, Manuel Amador, Jose Ruiz-Valcárcel, and Veronica Acevedo. "Factors Modulating Captures of Gravid Aedes aegypti Females." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/20-6931.1.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT To improve detection and assessment of Aedes aegypti abundance, we investigated whether microhabitat factors of the location of autocidal gravid ovitraps (AGO traps) influenced captures of gravid females in 2 locations in southern Puerto Rico. One location had been under vector control for several years using mass AGO trapping (intervention site), where Ae. aegypti abundance was several times lower than in the other study site without mosquito control (nonintervention site). We observed 10 environmental factors describing trap microhabitat location, and monitored water volume and minimum, maximum, and average temperature in AGO traps. Air temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall were recorded at each site. We conducted a hot-spot analysis of AGO traps to understand whether trap captures were influenced by the local abundance of mosquitoes rather than or in addition to trap microhabitat factors. AGO traps were classified using a 2-step cluster analysis based on attributes of trap microhabitats, water temperature, and water volume. Captures of female Ae. aegypti in each cluster per site were compared between resulting clusters to determine whether trap microhabitat factors defining the clusters were associated with trap captures. Trap captures in both study sites were mostly correlated with captures in nearby traps regardless of trap microhabitat factors, possibly reflecting the influence of the spatial aggregation of mosquitoes coming from nearby aquatic habitats or the concentration of dispersing adults. These results indicated that AGO traps can be located at places that can be easily reached during periodic inspections, such as in front of houses, without much regard to local microhabitat conditions.
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Peck, George W., Fanny Castro-Llanos, Victor M. López-Sifuentes, Gissella M. Vásquez, and Erica Lindroth. "Comparative Analysis of Mosquito Trap Counts In the Peruvian Amazon: Effect of Trap Type and Other Covariates On Counts and Diversity." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/17-6724.1.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT Efficient detection of multiple species of adult mosquitoes in various habitats using effective traps is a crucial 1st step in any disease prevention program. Novel trap types that target tropical vectors of human diseases require field testing in the habitat of the vector–disease system in question. This paper analyzes a series of mosquito trapping studies conducted at Mapacocha, San Juan Bautista District, Loreto, Peru, during August–September 2013 and April–May 2014. Six trap configurations were evaluated in forest and rural locations. Adult mosquito counts were analyzed using full Bayesian inference of multilevel generalized linear models and posterior probability point estimates of the difference of means of the combined trap catch by trap type comparisons of all species. Light traps (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] incandescent, white light-emitting diode [LED], and ultraviolet LED) caught greater numbers of mosquitoes compared with traps baited with yeast-generated CO2 and Biogents Sentinel™ traps (battery powered traps without light and passive box traps). However, diversity measures (species richness, evenness, and similarity) were consistently nearly equal among trap types. Arbovirus vectors were more common in forest locations, while malaria vectors were more common near human habitations. Location had a significant effect on trap effectiveness and mosquito diversity, with traps from forest locations having greater numbers and greater species richness, compared with traps set near human habitations. The results of this study will inform mosquito surveillance trap choices in remote regions of central South America, including regions with emerging tropical diseases, such and dengue and Zika virus.
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Mishra, Deviprasad, Partha Roy, and Anil Mishra. "TRAP BASED ANOMALY DETECTION MECHANISM FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK." ASEAN Engineering Journal 14, no. 2 (May 31, 2024): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v14.20997.
Abstract:
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises compact, resource-limited devices strategically placed for data collection and transmission, adapting seamlessly across diverse sectors and managing sensitive information. Security is pivotal in these applications, where compromised sensor nodes swiftly jeopardize network integrity, especially without robust security measures. Strategies addressing node compromise center on detecting false data from compromised nodes but often lack precision in tracing the exact source, hindering effective compromised node detection. This paper introduces an inventive anomaly-detection mechanism rooted in trap-based strategies, aiming to prevent sensor node compromise, ensure secure data aggregation, and sustain energy efficiency in WSNs. The trap system integrates deceptive nodes strategically to entice potential attackers, gathering essential attacker details and promptly alerting other network nodes. Consequently, the network excels in identifying attackers and thwarting node compromise, enhancing energy efficiency, network longevity, success rates, and data transmission. Additionally, this approach provides early warning mechanisms for swift attacker detection and attack-type identification, addressing vulnerabilities effectively. By deploying traps proactively, this innovative mechanism not only safeguards against compromises but also fortifies the network's resilience and performance. This proactive strategy aligns with energy efficiency goals in WSNs, elevating the network's security significantly while advancing efficiency across sensitive data domains in sensor network infrastructure.
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Hong, Suk-Ju, Il Nam, Sang-Yeon Kim, Eungchan Kim, Chang-Hyup Lee, Sebeom Ahn, Il-Kwon Park, and Ghiseok Kim. "Automatic Pest Counting from Pheromone Trap Images Using Deep Learning Object Detectors for Matsucoccus thunbergianae Monitoring." Insects 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040342.
Abstract:
The black pine bast scale, M. thunbergianae, is a major insect pest of black pine and causes serious environmental and economic losses in forests. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the occurrence and population of M. thunbergianae, and a monitoring method using a pheromone trap is commonly employed. Because the counting of insects performed by humans in these pheromone traps is labor intensive and time consuming, this study proposes automated deep learning counting algorithms using pheromone trap images. The pheromone traps collected in the field were photographed in the laboratory, and the images were used for training, validation, and testing of the detection models. In addition, the image cropping method was applied for the successful detection of small objects in the image, considering the small size of M. thunbergianae in trap images. The detection and counting performance were evaluated and compared for a total of 16 models under eight model conditions and two cropping conditions, and a counting accuracy of 95% or more was shown in most models. This result shows that the artificial intelligence-based pest counting method proposed in this study is suitable for constant and accurate monitoring of insect pests.
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Miller, D. R., and C. M. Crowe. "Trap Type Affects Catches of Bark and Woodboring Beetles in a Southern Pine Stand." Journal of Entomological Science 57, no. 2 (March 29, 2022): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/jes21-28.
Abstract:
Abstract In 2012, we tested the relative efficacy of four commercial types of insect traps (panel; standard multiple-funnel; modified multiple-funnel; and sea, land, and air Malaise [SLAM]) for capturing bark and woodboring beetles (Coleoptera) in a pine stand in northcentral Georgia. All traps were baited with ethanol, α-pinene, ipsenol, and ipsdienol lures. The SLAM trap outperformed the panel trap for diversity and abundance of Cerambycidae. Mean catches of Asemum striatum (L.) in SLAM traps were greater than those in all other traps. SLAM traps caught more Acanthocinus obsoletus (LeConte) and Xylotrechus sagittatus (Germar) than standard multiple-funnel funnel and panel traps. The greatest numbers of Monochamus titillator (F.) were in SLAM and modified multiple-funnel traps. In contrast, SLAM traps were inferior to all other trap types in trapping bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). More Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier), Hylastes porculus Erichson, and Hylastes salebrosus Eichhoff were captured in panel traps than the other types of traps. Catches of Ips avulsus (Eichhoff), Ips calligraphus (Germar), Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff), and Pityophthorus spp. were the same in panel, standard multiple-funnel, and modified multiple-funnel traps. Our data suggest that combinations of trap types should be considered in maximizing the effectiveness of detection programs for pine bark and woodboring beetles.
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Harmon, Dasia S., Muhammad Haseeb, Lambert H. B. Kanga, and Oscar E. Liburd. "Evaluation of Monitoring Traps and Lures for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Berry Plantings in Florida." Insects 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100313.
Abstract:
Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive insect pest that was detected in Florida in August 2009 in Hillsborough County. Very limited information is available for berry growers to properly detect and monitor this serious pest in southern highbush blueberry (hybrids of Vaccinium corymbosum L. × V. darrowi Camp), rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum L.), and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) production systems. We compared several D. suzukii traps and lures/baits at two sites in Florida. The traps evaluated included Trécé, Scentry, and a standard homemade cup trap. These traps were compared with various baits and lures, including Trécé lure, Scentry lure, yeast bait, and Suzukii trap, under Florida production systems. Early detection is important to develop an effective monitoring system so management action can be taken before economic damage occurs. Data were recorded as overall trends, as well as in 4–5 trapping periods from early to late season. Overall, the Scentry trap baited with Scentry lure, the Trécé trap baited with Trécé lure + yeast, and the Trécé trap baited with Scentry lure were the best performing traps. Yeast-based traps were also attractive to D. suzukii early in the season, but they did not provide consistent captures as the season progressed. The Scentry trap with yeast bait, the Scentry trap with Scentry lure, the Trécé trap with Trécé lure + yeast bait, and a cup trap with yeast bait caught most of the flies during the first trapping period in 2015 and 2016 in the rabbiteye blueberry. In the southern highbush blueberry, the population of D. suzukii was much lower than in the rabbiteye blueberry planting, and the Scentry trap with Scentry lure captured the highest number of flies during the first trapping period in 2016. In the blackberry, the Scentry trap with Scentry lure numerically had the highest captures during the first trapping period, but this was not significantly different from the cup trap with yeast bait, the Trécé trap baited with Suzukii trap, and the Trécé trap with Trécé lure. Overall, the Scentry trap with Scentry lure was the most consistent trap that captured D. suzukii flies throughout the season in the three production systems—rabbiteye blueberry, southern highbush blueberry, and blackberry. Growers in low pressure systems that are similar to Florida can use the Scentry trap with Scentry lure to monitor D. suzukii populations.
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Jernakoff, P., and BF Phillips. "Effect of a baited trap on the foraging movements of juvenile western rock lobsters, Panulirus cygnus George." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 2 (1988): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880185.
Abstract:
The influence of a commercial trap on the foraging movements of juvenile P. cygnus was determined by tracking animals to which electromagnetic tags had been attached. Catch rates were low. Tagged lobsters were caught on eight occasions; on 14 occasions, tagged lobsters visited the trap and stayed for several hours during the night, but left by morning. The greatest distance travelled by a lobster from down stream to the baited trap was 120 m. On 19 occasions lobsters upcurrent from the trap passed as close as 20 m without going to the trap, although other lobsters as far away as 75 m upcurrent visited the trap. Previous tracking records of individuals foraging upcurrent of the trap suggest that these lobsters' visits may have been due to the trap's location within their foraging range rather than to detection of the bait. Present trapping techniques used to estimate the densities of juvenile lobsters on individual patch reefs may be biased because lobsters on neighbouring reefs as far away as 120 m could be attracted to the baited trap. The present results also suggest that some lobsters may leave the traps before sunrise, and that traps set closer than 120 m apart may fish competitively for the same individuals.
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Heinlein, Bracy W., Rachael E. Urbanek, Colleen Olfenbuttel, and Casey G. Dukes. "Effects of different attractants and human scent on mesocarnivore detection at camera traps." Wildlife Research 47, no. 4 (2020): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19117.
Abstract:
Abstract ContextCamera traps paired with baits and scented lures can be used to monitor mesocarnivore populations, but not all attractants are equally effective. Several studies have investigated the efficacy of different attractants on the success of luring mesocarnivores to camera traps; fewer studies have examined the effect of human scent at camera traps. AimsWe sought to determine the effects of human scent, four attractants and the interaction between attractants and human scent in luring mesocarnivores to camera traps. Methods We compared the success of synthetic fermented egg (SFE), fatty acid scent (FAS) tablets, castor oil, and sardines against a control of no attractant in luring mesocarnivores to camera traps. We deployed each attractant and the control with either no regard to masking human scent or attempting to restrict human scent for a total of 10 treatments, and replicated treatments eight to nine times in two different phases. We investigated whether: (1) any attractants increased the probability of capturing a mesocarnivore at a camera trap; (2) not masking human scent affected the probability of capturing a mesocarnivore at a camera trap; and (3) any attractants increased the probability of repeat detections at a given camera trap. We also analysed the behaviour (i.e. speed and distance to attractant) of each mesocarnivore in relation to the attractants. Key resultsSardines improved capture success compared with the control treatments, whereas SFE, castor oil, and FAS tablets had no effect when all mesocarnivores were included in the analyses. Masking human scent did not affect detection rates in the multispecies analyses. Individually, the detection of some species depended on the interactions between masking (or not masking) human scent and some attractants. ConclusionsSardines were the most effective as a broad-based attractant for mesocarnivores. Mesocarnivores approached traps baited with sardines at slower rates, which allows for a higher success of capturing an image of the animal. ImplicationsHuman scent may not need to be masked when deploying camera traps for multispecies mesocarnivore studies, but researchers should be aware that individual species respond differently to attractants and may have higher capture success with species-specific attractants.
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Feng, Jiangfan, and Xinxin Xiao. "Multiobject Tracking of Wildlife in Videos Using Few-Shot Learning." Animals 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12091223.
Abstract:
Camera trapping and video recording are now ubiquitous in the study of animal ecology. These technologies hold great potential for wildlife tracking, but are limited by current learning approaches, and are hampered by dependence on large samples. Most species of wildlife are rarely captured by camera traps, and thus only a few shot samples are available for processing and subsequent identification. These drawbacks can be overcome in multiobject tracking by combining wildlife detection and tracking with few-shot learning. This work proposes a multiobject-tracking approach based on a tracking-by-detection paradigm for wildlife to improve detection and tracking performance. We used few-shot object detection to localize objects using a camera trap and direct video recordings that could augment the synthetically generated parts of separate images with spatial constraints. In addition, we introduced a trajectory reconstruction module for better association. It could alleviate a few-shot object detector’s missed and false detections; in addition, it could optimize the target identification between consecutive frames. Our approach produced a fully automated pipeline for detecting and tracking wildlife from video records. The experimental results aligned with theoretical anticipation according to various evaluation metrics, and revealed the future potential of camera traps to address wildlife detection and tracking in behavior and conservation.
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Cribellier, Antoine, Jens A. van Erp, Alexandra Hiscox, Martin J. Lankheet, Johan L. van Leeuwen, Jeroen Spitzen, and Florian T. Muijres. "Flight behaviour of malaria mosquitoes around odour-baited traps: capture and escape dynamics." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 180246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180246.
Abstract:
Host-seeking mosquitoes rely on a range of sensory cues to find and approach blood hosts, as well as to avoid host detection. By using odour blends and visual cues that attract anthropophilic mosquitoes, odour-baited traps have been developed to monitor and control human pathogen-transmitting vectors. Although long-range attraction of such traps has already been studied thoroughly, close-range response of mosquitoes to these traps has been largely ignored. Here, we studied the flight behaviour of female malaria mosquitoes ( Anopheles coluzzii ) in the immediate vicinity of a commercially available odour-baited trap, positioned in a hanging and standing orientation. By analysing more than 2500 three-dimensional flight tracks, we elucidated how mosquitoes reacted to the trap, and how this led to capture. The measured flight dynamics revealed two distinct stereotypical behaviours: (i) mosquitoes that approached a trap tended to simultaneously fly downward towards the ground; (ii) mosquitoes that came close to a trap changed their flight direction by rapidly accelerating upward. The combination of these behaviours led to strikingly different flight patterns and capture dynamics, resulting in contrasting short-range attractiveness and capture mechanism of the oppositely oriented traps. These new insights may help in improving odour-baited traps, and consequently their contribution in global vector control strategies.
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Rodriguez-Saona, Cesar, Nicolas Firbas, Johnattan Hernández-Cumplido, Robert Holdcraft, Caryn Michel, Sirley Palacios-Castro, and Diego B. Silva. "Interpreting Temporal and Spatial Variation in Spotted-Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Trap Captures in Highbush Blueberries." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 5 (August 2, 2020): 2362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa153.
Abstract:
Abstract Integrated pest management (IPM) programs for the spotted-wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) rely on insecticide applications to reduce adult populations and prevent fruit infestation. Although monitoring traps are used for early D. suzukii adult detection to time the start of insecticide applications, it remains unclear whether trap counts can be used to determine the efficacy of these programs and predict the risk of fruit infestation. To address this, a 2-yr study (2016–2017) was conducted in highbush blueberries in New Jersey (USA) to interpret D. suzukii trap count variation in relation to the frequency of insecticide applications and proximity to forest habitats. We also correlated trap counts with fruit infestation and used traps to determine the maximum dispersive distance traveled by D. suzukii adults within blueberry fields by using mark-release-capture studies. Using a trapping network across nine farms, we demonstrated that insecticide applications reduce D. suzukii trap counts, but this varied according to seasonality, and that traps placed closer to forest habitats within farms had higher fly counts than those placed in farm interiors. Moreover, blueberry fields that had zero fruit infestation also had predictably lower trap counts than fields with infested fruit, and the maximum dispersive distance for D. suzukii within blueberry fields was 90 m. In summary, while D. suzukii trap counts in blueberry farms could predict the frequency of insecticide applications and fruit infestation, the predictive power of our trap data was too variable across the blueberry harvest period to make it a reliable tool.
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Hallett, Rebecca H., Sheila A. Goodfellow, and James D. Heal. "Monitoring and detection of the swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)." Canadian Entomologist 139, no. 5 (October 2007): 700–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-071.
Abstract:
AbstractIn 2002, two types of light traps were compared against sticky yellow cards for efficiency and selectivity in capturing adult swede midge Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Incandescent light traps were more efficient at capturing swede midge than were sticky traps. Incandescent light traps were more selective than blacklight traps and required less time for processing of samples and identification of captured midges. Emergence (2003 and 2004) and pheromone (2004) traps were used to assess swede midge population dynamics. Captures from emergence traps indicate up to five overlapping emergence events for swede midge each year. Emergence traps captured swede midge earlier in the season than pheromone traps, but pheromone-trap captures continued later in the season than those in emergence traps. Pheromone traps are small and portable, easy to maintain, and capture significantly more swede midge than emergence traps.
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Chu*, Chang-chi, Kai Umeda, Tian-Ye Chen, Alvin M. Simmons, and Thomas H. Henneberry. "Insect Trap Catch Improvement with Light-Emitting Diode Modification." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 871D—872. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.871d.
Abstract:
Insect traps are vital component of many entomological programs for detection and monitoring of insect populations. We equipped yellow (YC), blue (BC) sticky card (BC) with 530 nm lime green (LED-YC) and 470 nm blue (LED-BC) light-emitting diodes, respectively that increased trap catches of several insect pests. The LED-YC traps caught 1.3, 1.4, 1.8, and 4.8 times more adult greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B, cotton aphids Gossypium hirsutum (L.), and fungus gnats Bradysia coprophila (Lintner), respectively, compared with standard YC traps. The LED-YC traps did not catch more Eretmocerus spp. than the standard YC traps. Eretmocerus spp. are important B. tabaci parasitoids used in greenhouse biological control programs. For whitefly control in greenhouse the 530 nm lime green LED equipped plastic cup trap designed by Chu et al. (2003) is the better choice than LED-YC trap because it catches few Eretmocerus spp. and Encarsia spp. whitefly parasitoids released for B. tabaci nymph control. The LED-BC traps caught 2.0-2.5 times more adult western flower thrips Franklinella occidentalis (Pergande) compared with the standard BC traps.
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Miller, D. R. "Effects of Ethanol and α-Pinene in a Generic Trap Lure Blend for Pine Bark and Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern United States." Journal of Entomological Science 55, no. 3 (July 27, 2020): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-55.3.310.
Abstract:
Abstract Managers of detection programs for bark and wood-boring beetles require cost-effective trap lure combinations that maximize species detections. A trapping study was conducted in 2012 to determine the effects of ethanol and α-pinene lures on beetle catches in traps baited with ipsenol and ipsdienol lures in a stand of Pinus taeda L. in north-central Georgia. Traps with all four compounds worked well for 20 of 25 species of bark and wood-boring beetles, and associated predators. Catches of Acanthocinus obsoletus (LeConte) and Monochamus titillator (F.) (Cerambycidae), Hylastes porculus Erichson, Hylastes salebrosus Eichhoff, Hylobius pales (Herbst), Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff) (Curculionidae), Thanasimus dubius (F.) (Cleridae), and Temnoscheila virescens (F.) (Trogossitidae) in baited traps increased with the addition of ethanol and α-pinene with maximum catches in traps baited with all four compounds. Catches of Ips avulsus (Eichhoff) (Curculionidae) decreased with the addition of both compounds; the lowest numbers of I. avulsus and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) were caught in traps baited with all four compounds. α-Pinene increased catches of Buprestis lineata F. (Buprestidae), Ips calligraphus (Germar), Pachylobius picivorus (Germar) (Curculionidae), Corticeus spp. (Tenebrionidae), Lasconotus spp., and Pycnomerus sulcicollis LeConte (Zopheridae); ethanol had no effect on these species. Ethanol increased trap catches of Curius dentatus Newman (Cerambycidae), Dryoxylon onoharaense (Murayama) (Curculionidae) and Platysoma spp. (Histeridae); α-pinene reduced catches. The data suggest that ethanol and α-pinene should be retained with ipsenol and ipsdienol as a generic trap lure blend for pine bark and wood-boring beetles in southeastern United States.
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Yee, W. L. "Ambient light intensity and direction determine relative attractiveness of yellow traps toRhagoletis indifferens(Diptera: Tephritidae)." Canadian Entomologist 147, no. 6 (March 17, 2015): 776–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.6.
Abstract:
AbstractUnderstanding factors that influence attraction of tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to objects can lead to development of more sensitive traps for fly detection. Here, the objective was to determine if differences in attractiveness between two sticky yellow rectangle traps to western cherry fruit fly,Rhagoletis indifferensCurran, depend on ambient light intensity and direction. The translucent plastic Yellow Sticky Strip (YSS) was compared with the less translucent yellow cardboard Alpha Scents (AS). Flies were released inside a box or cage opposite a trap or traps illuminated from outside at different intensities to generate variable light passage. Regardless of type, the trap with greatest light passage was most attractive. When the same light intensity was shone on both traps, the YSS, which allowed greater light passage, was more attractive than the AS. When the light was inside a cage and shone onto the two traps in the same direction as approaching flies, the AS reflected more light and was more attractive. A field experiment generally supported light passage effects seen in the laboratory. Results suggest trap placement with respect to sunlight intensity and direction affects light passage and the attractiveness of yellow traps toR. indifferens.
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Faria, Pedro, Telmo Nogueira, Ana Ferreira, Cristina Carlos, and Luís Rosado. "AI-Powered Mobile Image Acquisition of Vineyard Insect Traps with Automatic Quality and Adequacy Assessment." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040731.
Abstract:
The increasing alarming impacts of climate change are already apparent in viticulture, with unexpected pest outbreaks as one of the most concerning consequences. The monitoring of pests is currently done by deploying chromotropic and delta traps, which attracts insects present in the production environment, and then allows human operators to identify and count them. While the monitoring of these traps is still mostly done through visual inspection by the winegrowers, smartphone image acquisition of those traps is starting to play a key role in assessing the pests’ evolution, as well as enabling the remote monitoring by taxonomy specialists in better assessing the onset outbreaks. This paper presents a new methodology that embeds artificial intelligence into mobile devices to establish the use of hand-held image capture of insect traps for pest detection deployed in vineyards. Our methodology combines different computer vision approaches that improve several aspects of image capture quality and adequacy, namely: (i) image focus validation; (ii) shadows and reflections validation; (iii) trap type detection; (iv) trap segmentation; and (v) perspective correction. A total of 516 images were collected, divided into three different datasets and manually annotated, in order to support the development and validation of the different functionalities. By following this approach, we achieved an accuracy of 84% for focus detection, an accuracy of 80% and 96% for shadows/reflections detection (for delta and chromotropic traps, respectively), as well as mean Jaccard index of 97% for the trap’s segmentation.
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FAN, Chun-long, Bin YUAN, Zhou-hua YU, and Lei XU. "Spider detection based on trap techniques." Journal of Computer Applications 30, no. 7 (July 29, 2010): 1782–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2010.01782.
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Smith, Bradley J. "Density-Dependent Escapement of Rusty Crayfish from Modified Minnow Traps with Varying Throat Configurations." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 11, no. 1 (November 25, 2019): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/032019-jfwm-015.
Abstract:
Abstract Modified minnow traps are the most widely used gear for collecting tertiary burrowing crayfishes. The throats of modified minnow traps are often widened more than 60% to accommodate the capture of larger crayfish. However, widening this crucial chokepoint into the trap may facilitate easier escape of captured individuals, especially as density in the trap increases. Increased escapement rates may reduce catch rates and corresponding estimates of relative abundance and lower detection probability. Incorporating a design feature, that is, throat restriction, that allows entry of all sizes of crayfish while reducing escapement would be an improvement over current designs. Here, I present the results of a paired field and laboratory experiment comparing the effectiveness of modified minnow traps with a throat restriction (restricted) and without such a feature (unrestricted) under varying crayfish densities. I chose rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus as a study organism because it is widespread and abundant in the Laurentian Great Lakes region and commonly the focus of research and removal efforts. Rusty crayfish capture and escapement were strongly influenced by throat design and crayfish densities. The field component demonstrated that both traps performed similarly under low-to-moderate densities; however, at high densities catch in unrestricted traps plateaued at approximately 50 crayfish/trap, while restricted traps kept accumulating catch up to 155 crayfish/trap. Laboratory trials demonstrated that escapement for both trap types was negligible at low density and slightly higher at medium density: 0.8% for restricted and 11.5% for unrestricted. However, at high density, escapement from restricted traps was 8.8 vs. 45.3% for unrestricted traps. Our findings suggest that inclusion of a throat restriction may increase catch of rusty crayfish by reducing escapement and may be of particular use in removal projects or when sampling in high-density populations.
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Hou, Mi, Dawei Xu, Magnus Björkholm, and Astrid Gruber. "Real-Time Quantitative Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol Assay for the Detection of Telomerase Activity2." Clinical Chemistry 47, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/47.3.519.
Abstract:
Abstract Background: Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme associated with immortalization and transformation of human cells. The telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) is widely used for the detection of telomerase activity. The TRAP method, although highly sensitive and specific because it includes PCR amplification, is laborious and does not provide precise quantitative information. Methods: We developed a real-time quantitative TRAP (RTQ-TRAP) system by combining a real-time PCR technique with the conventional TRAP method. Telomerase activity in human tumor cell lines and in 13 lymphoma samples was measured using the RTQ-TRAP assay, and the results obtained from the samples using the RTQ-TRAP method were compared with the conventional TRAP method. Results: The RTQ-TRAP method was both accurate and reproducible in measuring telomerase activity in a dilution series of protein extracts from HL60 cells. Telomerase activity in 13 lymphoma samples, as determined by the RTQ-TRAP method, was ninefold lower than that measured by the conventional TRAP method. The half-life of telomerase activity in human tumor cells, as determined using RTQ-TRAP, was much shorter than the half-life reported previously. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the conventional TRAP assay frequently overestimates telomerase activity in tumor samples. The RTQ-TRAP method is thus a useful tool to rapidly and precisely quantify telomerase activity.
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Meek, Paul D., Guy-Anthony Ballard, and Peter J. S. Fleming. "The pitfalls of wildlife camera trapping as a survey tool in Australia." Australian Mammalogy 37, no. 1 (2015): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am14023.
Abstract:
Camera trapping is a relatively new addition to the wildlife survey repertoire in Australia. Its rapid adoption has been unparalleled in ecological science, but objective evaluation of camera traps and their application has not kept pace. With the aim of motivating practitioners to think more about selection and deployment of camera trap models in relation to research goals, we reviewed Australian camera trapping studies to determine how camera traps have been used and how their technological constraints may have affected reported results and conclusions. In the 54 camera trapping articles published between 1991 and 2013, mammals (86%) were studied more than birds (10%) and reptiles (3%), with small to medium-sized mammals being most studied. Australian camera trapping studies, like those elsewhere, have changed from more qualitative to more complex quantitative investigations. However, we found that camera trap constraints and limitations were rarely acknowledged, and we identified eight key issues requiring consideration and further research. These are: camera model, camera detection system, camera placement and orientation, triggering and recovery, camera trap settings, temperature differentials, species identification and behavioural responses of the animals to the cameras. In particular, alterations to animal behaviour by camera traps potentially have enormous influence on data quality, reliability and interpretation. The key issues were not considered in most Australian camera trap papers and require further study to better understand the factors that influence the analysis and interpretation of camera trap data and improve experimental design.
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Ezhov, V. F., and V. L. Ryabov. "Systematic Effects in the Measurement of the Lifetime of the Neutron in Magnetic Traps of Ultracold Neutrons." JETP Letters 117, no. 2 (January 2023): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0021364022602822.
Abstract:
Possible systematic effects in experimental measurements of the lifetime of the neutron using magneto-gravitational traps to store ultracold neutrons have been discussed. Methods for the online detection of possible losses, including depolarization losses and a small heating of neutrons stored in a trap, have been proposed.
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Maxudov, Midat O., Ivan E. Doroshenko, Andrey S. Grehov, and Diana G. Makarova. "RELEVANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM WITH A TRAP MODULE." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 8, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-8-1-165-167.
Abstract:
The article presents the relevance of developing an intrusion detection system with a trap module. The trap module implemented as a part of the intrusion detection system allows providing a detailed report and information about the attacker for the intrusion detection and prevention system SNORT.
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Heiniger, Jaime, and Graeme Gillespie. "High variation in camera trap-model sensitivity for surveying mammal species in northern Australia." Wildlife Research 45, no. 7 (2018): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18078.
Abstract:
Context The use of camera traps as a wildlife survey tool has rapidly increased, and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the technology is imperative to assess the degree to which research objectives are met. Aims We evaluated the differences in performance among three Reconyx camera-trap models, namely, a custom-modified high-sensitivity PC850, and unmodified PC850 and HC550. Methods We undertook a controlled field trial to compare the performance of the three models on Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, by observing the ability of each model to detect the removal of a bait by native mammals. We compared variation in detecting the known event, trigger numbers, proportion of false triggers and the difference in detection probability of small to medium-sized mammals. Key results The high-sensitivity PC850 model detected bait take 75% of the time, as opposed to 33.3% and 20% for the respective unmodified models. The high-sensitivity model also increased the detection probability of the smallest mammal species from 0.09 to 0.34. However, there was no significant difference in detection probability for medium-sized mammals. Conclusions Despite the three Reconyx camera models having similar manufacturer-listed specifications, they varied substantially in their performance. The high-sensitivity model vastly improved the detection of known events and the detection probability of small mammals in northern Australia. Implications Failure to consider variation in camera-trap performance can lead to inaccurate conclusions when multiple camera models are used. Consequently, researchers should carefully consider the parameters and capabilities of camera models in study designs. Camera models and their configurations should be reported in methods, and variation in detection probabilities among different models and configurations should be incorporated into analyses.
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Flórián, Norbert, Júlia Katalin Jósvai, Zsolt Tóth, Veronika Gergócs, László Sipőcz, Miklós Tóth, and Miklós Dombos. "Automatic Detection of Moths (Lepidoptera) with a Funnel Trap Prototype." Insects 14, no. 4 (April 13, 2023): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14040381.
Abstract:
Monitoring insect populations is essential to optimise pest control with the correct protection timing and the avoidance of unnecessary insecticide use. Modern real-time monitoring practices use automatic insect traps, which are expected to be able to estimate the population sizes of pest animals with high species specificity. There are many solutions to overcome this challenge; however, there are only a few data that consider their accuracy under field conditions. This study presents an opto-electronic device prototype (ZooLog VARL) developed by us. A pilot field study evaluated the precision and accuracy of the data filtering using an artificial neural network(ANN) and the detection accuracy of the new probes. The prototype comprises a funnel trap, sensor-ring, and data communication system. The main modification of the trap was a blow-off device that prevented the escape of flying insects from the funnel. These new prototypes were tested in the field during the summer and autumn of 2018, detecting the daily and monthly flight of six moth species (Agrotis segetum, Autographa gamma, Helicoverpa armigera, Cameraria ohridella, Grapholita funebrana, Grapholita molesta). The accuracy of ANN was always higher than 60%. In the case of species with larger body sizes, it reached 90%. The detection accuracy ranged from 84% to 92% on average. These probes detected the real-time catches of the moth species. Therefore, weekly and daily patterns of moth flight activity periods could be compared and displayed for the different species. This device solved the problem of multiple counting and gained a high detection accuracy in target species cases. ZooLog VARL probes provide the real-time, time-series data sets of each monitored pest species. Further evaluation of the catching efficiency of the probes is needed. However, the prototype allows us to follow and model pest dynamics and may make more precise forecasts of population outbreaks.
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Corva, Dean M., Nathan I. Semianiw, Anne C. Eichholtzer, Scott D. Adams, M. A. Parvez Mahmud, Kendrika Gaur, Angela J. L. Pestell, Don A. Driscoll, and Abbas Z. Kouzani. "A Smart Camera Trap for Detection of Endotherms and Ectotherms." Sensors 22, no. 11 (May 28, 2022): 4094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114094.
Abstract:
Current camera traps use passive infrared triggers; therefore, they only capture images when animals have a substantially different surface body temperature than the background. Endothermic animals, such as mammals and birds, provide adequate temperature contrast to trigger cameras, while ectothermic animals, such as amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates, do not. Therefore, a camera trap that is capable of monitoring ectotherms can expand the capacity of ecological research on ectothermic animals. This study presents the design, development, and evaluation of a solar-powered and artificial-intelligence-assisted camera trap system with the ability to monitor both endothermic and ectothermic animals. The system is developed using a central processing unit, integrated graphics processing unit, camera, infrared light, flash drive, printed circuit board, solar panel, battery, microphone, GPS receiver, temperature/humidity sensor, light sensor, and other customized circuitry. It continuously monitors image frames using a motion detection algorithm and commences recording when a moving animal is detected during the day or night. Field trials demonstrate that this system successfully recorded a high number of animals. Lab testing using artificially generated motion demonstrated that the system successfully recorded within video frames at a high accuracy of 0.99, providing an optimized peak power consumption of 5.208 W. No water or dust entered the cases during field trials. A total of 27 cameras saved 85,870 video segments during field trials, of which 423 video segments successfully recorded ectothermic animals (reptiles, amphibians, and arthropods). This newly developed camera trap will benefit wildlife biologists, as it successfully monitors both endothermic and ectothermic animals.
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Rahmawati, Dian, Fransiscus Xaverius Wagiman, Tri Harjaka, and Nugroho Susetya Putra. "Detection of Cocoa Pod Borer Infestation Using Sex Pheromone Trap and its Control by Pod Wrapping." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 21, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.22659.
Abstract:
Cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is a major pest of cocoa. Detection of the pest infestation using sex pheromone traps in the early growth and development of cocoa pods is important for an early warning system programme. In order to prevent the pest infestation the young pods were wrapped with plastic bags. A research to study the CPB incidence was conducted at cocoa plantations in Banjarharjo and Banjaroya villages, District of Kalibawang; Hargotirto and Hargowilis villages, District of Kokap; and Pagerharjo village, District of Samigaluh, Yogyakarta. The experiments design used RCBD with four treatments (sex pheromone trap, combination of sex pheromone trap and pod wrapping, pod wrapping, and control) and five replications. As many as 6 units/ha pheromone traps were installed with a distance of 40 m in between. Results showed that one month prior to the trap installation in the experimental plots there were ripen cocoa pods as many as 9-13%, which were mostly infested by CPB. During the time period of introducting research on August to Desember 2016 there was not rambutan fruits as the CPB host, hence the CPB resource was from infested cocoa pods. The CPB moth trapped as many as 0−7 (1.13 ± 0.14) moths/6 traps/12 observations. The seed damage due to CPB larvae in the pheromone trap treatments (23.98%) was relatively similar with the control (20.25%). Seed damage rate in combination treatment of pheromone trap and pod wrapping (0.59%) was relatively the same with the pod wrapping (0.20%). The pheromone trap was more usefull for monitoring tool rather than for control, meanwhile pod wrapping was an effective control measure of CPB. IntisariPenggerek Buah Kakao (PBK), Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) merupakan salah satu hama utama kakao. Deteksi serangan hama PBK dengan perangkap feromon seks pada awal pertumbuhan dan perkembangan buah kakao penting dilakukan sebagai sistem peringatan dini. Dalam upaya pencegahan serangan hama tersebut dilakukan pembrongsongan buah muda. Penelitian dilakukan di kebun kakao rakyat di Desa Banjarharjo dan Banjaroya, Kecamatan Kalibawang, Desa Hargotirto dan Hargowilis, Kecamatan Kokap, serta kebun PT Pagilaran di Desa Pagerharjo, Kecamatan Samigaluh, Yogyakarta. Percobaan dengan empat perlakuan (perangkap feromon, kombinasi perangkap feromon dan brongsong, brongsong, kontrol) dan lima ulangan menggunakan rancangan RCBD. Perangkap feromon sebanyak 6 unit/ha dipasang dengan jarak antar perangkap sekitar 40 m. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa satu bulan sebelum pemasangan perangkap terdapat buah tua sebanyak 9−13 % dan umumnya terserang PBK. Selama kajian berlangsung tidak terdapat buah rambutan sebagai inang PBK sehingga sumber PBK diduga hanya dari buah kakao yang terserang. Ngengat PBK yang tertangkap yaitu sebanyak 0−7 (1,13±0,14) ekor/6 perangkap/12 pengamatan. Intensitas kerusakan biji akibat ulat PBK pada perlakuan perangkap feromon (23,98%) relatif sama dengan kontrol (20,25%). Kerusakan biji kakao pada perlakuan kombinasi perangkap feromon dan pembrongsongan (0,59%) relatif sama dengan pembrongsongan saja (0,20%). Perangkap feromon lebih berfungsi sebagai alat monitoring daripada alat pengendalian PBK, sedangkan pembrongsongan buah merupakan teknologi pengendalian PBK yang efektif.
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Tobin, Patrick C., Brian L. Strom, Joseph A. Francese, Daniel A. Herms, Deborah G. McCullough, Therese M. Poland, Krista L. Ryall, Taylor Scarr, Peter J. Silk, and Harold W. Thistle. "Evaluation of Trapping Schemes to Detect Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 1201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab065.
Abstract:
Abstract Management responses to invasive forest insects are facilitated by the use of detection traps ideally baited with species-specific semiochemicals. Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, is currently invading North American forests, and since its detection in 2002, development of monitoring tools has been a primary research objective. We compared six trapping schemes for A. planipennis over 2 yr at sites in four U.S. states and one Canadian province that represented a range of background A. planipennis densities, canopy coverage, and ash basal area. We also developed a region-wide phenology model. Across all sites and both years, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile of adult flight occurred at 428, 587, and 837 accumulated degree-days, respectively, using a base temperature threshold of 10°C and a start date of 1 January. Most trapping schemes captured comparable numbers of beetles with the exception of purple prism traps (USDA APHIS PPQ), which captured significantly fewer adults. Trapping schemes varied in their trap catch across the gradient of ash basal area, although when considering trap catch as a binary response variable, trapping schemes were more likely to detect A. planipennis in areas with a higher ash component. Results could assist managers in optimizing trap selection, placement, and timing of deployment given local weather conditions, forest composition, and A. planipennis density.
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Mali, Ivana, Adam Duarte, and Michael R. J. Forstner. "Comparison of hoop-net trapping and visual surveys to monitor abundance of the Rio Grande cooter (Pseudemys gorzugi)." PeerJ 6 (May 11, 2018): e4677. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4677.
Abstract:
Abundance estimates play an important part in the regulatory and conservation decision-making process. It is important to correct monitoring data for imperfect detection when using these data to track spatial and temporal variation in abundance, especially in the case of rare and elusive species. This paper presents the first attempt to estimate abundance of the Rio Grande cooter (Pseudemys gorzugi) while explicitly considering the detection process. Specifically, in 2016 we monitored this rare species at two sites along the Black River, New Mexico via traditional baited hoop-net traps and less invasive visual surveys to evaluate the efficacy of these two sampling designs. We fitted the Huggins closed-capture estimator to estimate capture probabilities using the trap data and distance sampling models to estimate detection probabilities using the visual survey data. We found that only the visual survey with the highest number of observed turtles resulted in similar abundance estimates to those estimated using the trap data. However, the estimates of abundance from the remaining visual survey data were highly variable and often underestimated abundance relative to the estimates from the trap data. We suspect this pattern is related to changes in the basking behavior of the species and, thus, the availability of turtles to be detected even though all visual surveys were conducted when environmental conditions were similar. Regardless, we found that riverine habitat conditions limited our ability to properly conduct visual surveys at one site. Collectively, this suggests visual surveys may not be an effective sample design for this species in this river system. When analyzing the trap data, we found capture probabilities to be highly variable across sites and between age classes and that recapture probabilities were much lower than initial capture probabilities, highlighting the importance of accounting for detectability when monitoring this species. Although baited hoop-net traps seem to be an effective sampling design, it is important to note that this method required a relatively high trap effort to reliably estimate abundance. This information will be useful when developing a larger-scale, long-term monitoring program for this species of concern.