Journal articles: 'Transverse zone'

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Kang, Byung Heon, Sang Rok Woo, Hyun Jin Park, Seong Yun Chung, Seok Kang, Seong-Ho Jeong, and Joon Shik Yoon. "Ultrasonographic Assessment of the Safe Zone for Carpal Tunnel Intervention: A Comparison Between Healthy Individuals and Patients With Carpal Tunnel Syndrome." Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 46, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.22123.

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Objective To compare transverse and longitudinal safe zones using ultrasonography between healthy individuals and patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).Methods This was a prospective observational case-control study. Forty wrists from 20 healthy individuals and 40 wrists from 24 patients with CTS were examined. Patients with CTS were classified into three groups (mild, moderate, and severe CTS) based on electrodiagnostic findings. Using ultrasonography, we measured the distance between the median nerve and ulnar vessels to identify the transverse safe zone, and between the distal flexor retinaculum and superficial palmar artery arch to identify the longitudinal safe zone.Results The transverse and longitudinal safe zones were significantly different between participants with CTS and those without CTS. The transverse safe zone significantly differed between the mild and severe CTS groups, while the longitudinal safe zone was not significantly different between the groups. The cross-sectional area of the median nerve negatively correlated with the transverse and longitudinal safe zones.Conclusion Transverse and longitudinal safe zones were narrower in patients with CTS than in the healthy group. A significant difference was observed between patients with mild CTS and those with severe CTS. Furthermore, the cross-sectional area of the median nerve was directly proportional to the degree of narrowing of the transverse and longitudinal safe zones.

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Shin, Jaehyun, Sunmi Lee, and Inhwan Park. "Analysis of Storage Effects in the Recirculation Zone Based on the Junction Angle of Channel Confluence." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 11607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411607.

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In this study, numerical simulations using the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code model were conducted to elucidate the effects of flow structures in the recirculation zone on solute storage based on the junction angle. Numerical simulations were performed at a junction angle of 30° to 90° with a momentum flux ratio of 1.62. The simulation results revealed that an increase in the junction angle caused the recirculation zone length and width to increase and strengthened the development of helical motion. The helical motion increased the vertical gradient of the mixing layer and the mixing metric of the dosage curves. The recirculation zone accumulated the solute as a storage zone, which formed a long tail in the concentration curves. The interaction between the helical motion and recirculation zone affected the transverse mixing, such that the transverse dispersion had a positive relationship with the helical motion intensity and a negative relationship with the recirculation zone size. Transverse mixing exhibited an inverse relationship with the mass exchange rate of the recirculation zone. These results indicate that the transverse dispersion is replaced by mixing due to strongly developed storage zones.

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Wang, Wei Feng, Chuan Hua Zhu, Yan Bin Qing, and Xin Jian Shan. "Research on Transverse Faults in the Longmenshan Fault Zone, China." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 1380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.1380.

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The Longmenshan fault zone has been a research hotspot, but fewer scholars have paid attention to its transverse faults. According to the analysis of regional tectonic, seismic activities, geomorphic features, remote sensing images, and deep geophysical data, combined with field studies, the existence, distribution and type of the transverse faults in the Longmenshan fault zone were demonstrated. Research shows that there are 9 transverse faults that lie parallel to each other approximately at ~50km intervals in the Longmenshan fault zone. And transverse faults can be divided into regional transverse faults and localized transverse faults with NW strike, nearly EW strike and nearly SN strike.

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Petty, Aaron M., and Michael M. Douglas. "Scale relationships and linkages between woody vegetation communities along a large tropical floodplain river, north Australia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 1 (December 8, 2009): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990319.

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Abstract:Riparian vegetation varies according to hydrogeomorphic processes operating across different scales over two didmensions: transversely (across-stream) and longitudinally (parallel to stream). We tested the hypothesis that vegetation patterns reveal the scale and direction of underlying processes. We correlated patterns of dominant woody vegetation with environmental variables at 28 sites located within four geomorphologically distinct regions along the length of the South Alligator River catchment of Kakadu National Park, northern Australia. Across the catchment there existed a strong transverse boundary between upland savanna vegetation and two zones of riparian vegetation: Melaleuca-spp.-dominated closed-forest vegetation along stream channels and mixed open-woodland vegetation adjacent to closed forest. We surmise that there is hierarchic constraint on smaller-scale catchment processes due to fire incursion into the riparian zone and access to water during the dry season. Within the closed-forest zone, vegetation did not vary transversely, but did longitudinally. Riparian woodlands also varied longitudinally, but in the upper reaches varied independently of stream variables. By contrast, in the lower reaches woodland was strongly correlated with stream variables. The observed pattern of weak transverse linkages in headwaters but strong linkages in lower reaches is analogous to models developed for in-stream patterns and processes, particularly the river continuum and flood-pulse concepts.

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Sobolev, M. O., B. F. Tarasenko, L. F. Mechkalo, S. A. Voynash, and V. A. Sokolova. "Threshing and separating device." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 2 (2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2021-2-61-67.

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The article presents a brief analysis of the technology of harvesting grain crops and technical means, from which it follows that one-section threshing-separating decks structurally look as fol-lows. The “sockets” for their installation in the combine are fixed on the side cheeks, which, in turn, are rigidly connected to the transverse strips, installed between them at a uniform interval along the entire length of the deck, and the transverse strips with their inner side are located on a cylindrical surface with a certain drum wrap angle. At the same time, to increase the rigidity of the transverse strips and the entire deck as a whole, below the surface of the bar tier, the transverse strips are inter-connected by rectangular ribs curved along a concentric circle of a larger radius than the radius of the working surface of the separating grid. All decks are installed on the combine with respect to the outer diameter of the drum beaters, not along a concentric circle, but with an offset. Therefore, the principal disadvantages of single-drum single-section decks are the high levels of under-threshing, loss of free grain in the coarse heap through straw walkers, and especially crushing. In this connec-tion, there is a need for its improvement, as well as the need to modernize the threshing-separating device with an improvement in the operation of the air-sieve cleaning. On the basis of prospecting studies, a single-section threshing deck protected by the RF patent was proposed. The deck consists of at least three zones. In the first zone of threshing and separation the separating grid is made two-tier, with a variable distance between the tiers by means of a variant installation under the main tier of removable bars of the grid, located on the transverse slats with a step t larger on radii than those of the main tier, passing in the middle of the step bars of the main upper tier with intervals from 0.75 to 1.25t. In the second zone of separation and threshing the separating grid with a length of 5 to 12 intervals between the transverse strips is single-tier, but the step between the grid bars located on the continuation of the tier of the first zone on the transverse strips of the zone is at least 1.5t of the step. In the third zone of final threshing and separation with a length of no more than 6 intervals between the transverse slats, a single-tier grating is a continuation of the upper tier of the first zone with a bar pitch from 0.5 to 1.5t of the first zone pitch. This solution has practical significance and perspective for implementation by installing them on self-propelled grain harvesters.

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KRANIS, H., N. PALYVOS, G. LIVADITIS, and H. MAROUKIAN. "The Hyambolis zone: geomorhological and tectonic evidence of a transverse structure in Lokris (Central Greece)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17020.

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Geomorphological and tectonic observations attest to the existence of a NE-SW fault zone transverse to the active zones in Lokris. The geometry of the 'Hyambolis fault zone' and preliminary results concerning its mode and timing of activity are presented and its role within the local and regional active tectonic grain is discussed. Moreover, this zone is placed in the context of a probable larger crustal discontinuity, the existence and significance of which are yet to be explored.

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Razmyshlyaev, A. D., P. A. Vydmysh, and M. V. Ageeva. "On the problem of modeling transverse magnetic field structure in welding pool zone." Paton Welding Journal 2018, no. 7 (July 28, 2018): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2018.07.03.

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Ismat, Zeshan, and Kevin Toeneboehn. "Deformation along a salient-transverse zone junction: An example from the Leamington transverse zone, Utah, Sevier fold-thrust belt (USA)." Journal of Structural Geology 75 (June 2015): 60–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.03.010.

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Nourbakhsh, Ali, Jinping Yang, Sean Gallagher, Anil Nanda, Prasad Vannemreddy, and Kim J. Garges. "A safe approach to explore/identify the V2 segment of the vertebral artery during anterior approaches to cervical spine and/or arterial repairs: anatomical study." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 12, no. 1 (January 2010): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.7.spine08504.

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Object The purpose of this study was to find a landmark according to which the surgeon can dissect the cervical spine safely, with the lowest possibility of damaging the vertebral artery (VA) during anterior approaches to the cervical spine or the VA. Methods The “safe zone” for each level of the cervical spine was described as an area where the surgeon can start from the midline in that zone and dissect the soft tissue laterally to end up on the transverse process and cross the VA while still on the transverse process. In other words, safe zone signifies the narrowest width of the transverse process at each level. In such an approach, the VA is protected from the inadvertent deep penetration of the instruments by the transverse process. The surgical safe zone for each level was the common area among at least 95% of the safe zones for that level. For the purpose of defining the upper and lower borders of the safe zone for each level, the line passing from the upper vertebral border perpendicular to the midline (upper vertebral border line) was used as a reference. Cervical spines of 64 formalin-fixed cadavers were dissected. The soft tissue in front of the transverse process and intertransverse space was removed. Digital pictures of the specimens were taken before and after removal of the transverse processes, and the distance to the upper and lower border of the safe zone from the upper vertebral border line was measured on the digital pictures with Image J software. The VA diameter and distance from the midline at each level were also measured. To compare the means, the authors used t-test and ANOVA. Results The surgical safe zone lies between 1 mm above and 1 mm below the upper vertebral border at the fourth vertebra, 2 mm above and 1 mm below the upper vertebral border at the fifth vertebra, and 1 mm above and 2 mm below the upper vertebral border of the sixth vertebra. The VA was observed to be tortuous in 13% of the intertransverse spaces. There is a positive association between disc degeneration and tortuosity of the VA at each level (p < 0.001). The artery becomes closer to the midline (p < 0.001) and moves posteriorly during its ascent. Conclusions Dissection of the soft tissue off the bone along the surgical safe zone and removal of the transverse process afterward can be a practical and safe approach to avoid artery lacerations. The findings in the present study can be used in anterior approaches to the cervical spine, especially when the tortuosity of the artery mandates exposure of the VA prior to uncinate process resection, tumor excision, or VA repair.

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Gaydalenok, O. V., S. A. Sokolov, and N. A. Gordeev. "TECTONIC STRUCTURE OF KERCH-TAMAN FOLD ZONE OF AZOV-KUBAN TROUGH." Bulletin of Kamchatka Regional Association «Educational-Scientific Center». Earth Sciences, no. 2(50) (June 30, 2021): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31431/1816-5524-2021-2-50-64-83.

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The nrotectonic structure of the Kerch-Taman folded zone, the southern deformed part of the Azov-Kuban piedmont trough, has a number of structural features and a history of deformation development. The authors divide the zone into five transverse segments, differing in the age of the main phase of folding. In the central Taman segment, folding is still going on, while in the framing segments, the main phases of folding took place in the Pliocene. In the peripheral segments, the main phase of folding is older - Early-Middle Miocene. The boundaries of the Kerch-Taman zone, as well as its youngest, the Taman segment, coincide with the transverse fault (fault-flexure) zones. It is shown that the southern frame of the Kerch-Taman folded zone is the continuation of the structures of the Crimean Mountains and the Northwestern Caucasus. The correlation of mud volcanism manifestations with tectonic elements of the Taman segment is noted to be ambiguous.

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Li, Ziwan, Yixiang Yuan, Baoting Guo, V. L. Varsegov, and Jun Yao. "The Recirculation Zone Characteristics of the Circular Transverse Jet in Crossflow." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 3224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123224.

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Transverse jets in crossflow are widely used in energy systems, especially as dilution air jets, fuel/air mixers, and combustion equipment, and have received extensive attention and plenty of research. However, the studies of the circular transverse jet issued from a circular gap at the circumferential direction of a tube in crossflow are very limited. This paper studies a relatively new jet: the circular transverse jet. Firstly, numerical calculations are conducted under different turbulence models but with the same boundary conditions. By comparing the numerical results of different turbulence models with the existing experimental data, the turbulence model which is most suitable for the numerical calculation of the circular transverse jet is selected. Then, this turbulence model is used to calculate and analyze the flow field structure and its characteristics. It is found that due to the aerodynamic barrier effect of the high-velocity jet, a negative pressure zone is formed behind the jet trajectory; the existence of the negative pressure zone causes the formation of a vortex structure and a recirculation zone downstream the circular transverse jet; and the length/width ratio of the recirculation zone does not change with the changes of the crossflow and the jet parameters. It means that the recirculation zone is a fixed shape for a definite device. This would be fundamental references for the studying of fuel/air mixing characteristics and combustion efficiency when the circular transverse jet is used as a fuel/air mixer and stable combustion system.

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He, Li, Dong Chen, Donatella Termini, Shiyan Zhang, and Zhenhui Zhu. "Experiments on Longitudinal and Transverse Bedload Transport in Sine-Generated Meandering Channels." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 6560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146560.

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Bedload grains in consecutive meandering bends either move longitudinally or across the channel centerline. This study traces and quantifies the grains’ movement in two laboratorial sine-generated channels, i.e., one with deflection angle θ0 = 30° and the other 110°. The grains originally paved along the channels are uniform in size with D = 1 mm and are dyed in various colors, according to their initial location. The experiments recorded the changes in the flow patterns, bed deformation, and the gain-loss distribution of the colored grains in the pool-bar complexes. We observed the formation of two types of erosion zones during the process of the bed deformation, i.e., Zone 1 in the foreside of the point bars and Zone 2 near the concave bank downstream of the bend apexes. Most grains eroded from Zone 1 are observed moving longitudinally as opposed to crossing the channel centerline. Contrastingly, the dominant moving direction of the grains eroded from Zone 2 changes from the longitudinal direction to the transversal one as the bed topography evolves. Besides, most building material of the point bars comes from the upstream bends, although low- and highly curved channels behave differently.

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Gryc, V., H. Vavrčík, and P. Horáček. "Variability in swelling of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) wood with the presence of compression wood." Journal of Forest Science 53, No. 6 (January 7, 2008): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2019-jfs.

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Wood is a hygroscopic material that is affected by shape changes. The aim of this study was to analyse the variability of wood swelling in the individual anatomic directions. Wood swelling was examined on a sample tree containing compression wood. With regard to the presence of compression wood, the sample tree was divided into the following three zones: the compression wood zone (CW), the opposite wood zone (OW), and two side wood zones (SWL and SWR). The results show that the wood containing compression wood swells less at the transverse plane (in the radial and tangential direction). Conversely, the swelling of compression wood in the longitudinal direction is higher. The same proportion was established in the swelling coefficient that grew proportionally to the increasing wood density in all anatomic directions. The proportion of compression wood manifested its effects in different ways. Transversely (in the radial and tangential direction) the swelling coefficient decreased proportionally to the increasing percentage of compression wood, longitudinally, however, the opposite was the case.

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Yin, H. M., L. Z. Sun, and Glaucio H. Paulino. "A Multiscale Framework for Elastic Deformation of Functionally Graded Composites." Materials Science Forum 492-493 (August 2005): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.391.

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A micromechanics-based elastic model is developed for two-phase functionally graded composites with locally pair-wise particle interactions. In the gradation direction, there exist two microstructurally distinct zones: particle-matrix zone and transition zone. In the particle-matrix zone, the homogenized elastic fields are obtained by integrating the pair-wise interactions from all other particles over the representative volume element. In the transition zone, a transition function is constructed to make the homogenized elastic fields continuous and differentiable in the gradation direction. The averaged elastic fields are solved for transverse shear loading and uniaxial loading in the gradation direction.

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NEVDAKH, А., and P. KRIVITSKIY. "THE INFLUENCE OF CONCRETE COMPRESSION ZONE ON THE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS." Herald of Polotsk State University. Series F. Civil engineering. Applied sciences 32, no. 14 (December 29, 2022): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1683-2022-32-14-51-57.

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The paper analyzes the effect of the compressed zone of concrete on the shear resistance of reinforced concrete flexible beams. The calculation models are considered, by which the contribution of the compressed zone of concrete to the total value of the shear resistance is further determined. The features of each model are described, and schemes and dependencies for calculating the transverse force in the compressed zone of concrete are presented. The experimental database of specimens is presented and the analysis by the considered calculation models is carried out. Varying parameters in the database are marked and the analysis by the obtained calculated values of transverse force in the compressed concrete strip by models is performed. The contribution of the transverse force in the compressed zone to the quantitative contribution to the shear resistance is indicated and appropriate conclusions are drawn on the models presented and the parameters considered.

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Zhang, Ying Hui, Jing Qin, Hong Jin Zhao, and Gao Lei Xu. "Interfacial Microstructure Evolution of Copper/Aluminium Laminates with Different Annealing Processes." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 2976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.2976.

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The interfacial microstructure evolution of copper/aluminium laminates with different annealing processes was studied. It was found that the formation and growth of intermetallic compounds in the interface during metallurgical combination process have four stages: the incubation period, the formation of island-like new phases in local areas, the transverse-lengthwise-transverse growth of diffusion zone, the formation of new intermetallic compounds and thickening of diffusion zone.

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Potts, C. G., R. S. White, and K. E. Louden. "Crustal structure of Atlantic fracture zones--II. The Vema fracture zone and transverse ridge." Geophysical Journal International 86, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): 491–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1986.tb03840.x.

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Bulgakov, Pascuzzi, Adamchuk, Kuvachov, and Nozdrovicky. "Theoretical Study of Transverse Offsets of Wide Span Tractor Working Implements and Their Influence on Damage to Row Crops." Agriculture 9, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070144.

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: Wide span tractors have a wide transversal bar, on which different implements can be mounted, while the supporting wheels follow the set traffic-lanes. The stability of wide span tractor movement is influenced by unbroken small angular deviations and transversal displacements of the machine due to several factors. These deflections from the set trajectories affect the working implements, especially the peripheral ones, which can cut the plants if wide span tractors are used to manage row crops. In this context, it needs to consider a safeguard zone that allows to reduce the probability of contact between working implements and plants. The aim of this paper was to determine the quantitative effect of transverse displacements of the working implements and the suitable size of the aforesaid safeguard zone. The magnitude of the inner and outer displacements of the working implements depends significantly on their location in relation to the center of the wide span tractor. For working implements located outside the center of the tractor, the outer safeguard zone should be larger than the inner zone. The probability of crop damage by working implements can be reduced by automated control of wide span tractor movement.

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Grujicic, Mica, Jennifer Snipes, S. Ramaswami, and Chian-Fong Yen. "Experimental characterization and numerical analysis of the weld-region material in friction stir welded thick AA2139-T8 plates." International Journal of Structural Integrity 7, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 429–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-06-2015-0017.

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Purpose – The weld region obtained during friction stir welding (FSW) of metallic materials (including aluminum alloys) contains typically well-defined zones, each characterized by fairly unique microstructure and properties. The purpose of this paper is to carry out combined experimental and numerical investigations of the mechanical properties of materials residing in different weld zones of FSW joints of thick AA2139-T8 plates. Design/methodology/approach – Within the experimental investigation, the following has been conducted: first, optical-microscopy characterization of the transverse sections of the FSW joints, in order to help identify and delineate weld zones; second, micro hardness field generation over the same transverse section in order to reconfirm the location and the extent of various weld zones; third, extraction of miniature tensile specimens from different weld zones and their experimental testing; and finally, extraction of a larger size tensile specimen spanning transversely the FSW weld and its testing. Within the computational investigation, an effort was made to: first, validate the mechanical properties obtained using the miniature tensile specimens; and second, demonstrate the need for the use of the miniature tensile specimens. Findings – It is argued that the availability of weld-zone material mechanical properties is critical since: first, these properties are often inferior relative to their base-metal counterparts; second, the width of the weld in thick metallic-armor is often comparable to the armor thickness, and therefore may represent a significant portion of the armor exposed-surface area; and finally, modeling of the weld-material structural response under loading requires the availability of high-fidelity/validated material constitutive models, and the development of such models requires knowledge of the weld-material mechanical properties. Originality/value – The importance of determining the mechanical properties of the material in different parts of the weld zone with sufficient accuracy is demonstrated.

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Drogreshka, Katerina, Jasmina Najdovska, and Dragana Chernih-Anastasovska. "SEISMIC ZONES AND SEISMICITY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA." Knowledge International Journal 31, no. 3 (June 5, 2019): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3103669d.

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According to all sources of data available to the Seismological Observatory the seismic activity in the Republic of North Macedonia is mainly tectonic, with the exception of weak collapse earthquakes. This seismic activity is caused by its affiliation to the Mediterranean area of the Alpine-Himalayan orogeny belt. Epicentral areas belong to the three main seismic zones, West-Macedonian seismic zone, Vardar seismic zone and East-Macedonian seismic zone. Three secondary seismic zones, transverse to the main seismic zones, are also defined. Each of these zones is characterized by а specific time and space distribution of earthquake locations, with frequent seismic microactivity, lot of minor to light earthquakes and very rare moderate to major earthquakes. Observed seismic activity on the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia has a main role for the evaluation of the seismic hazard of the specific territory.

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Junaid, Massab, Fahd Nawaz Khan, Muhammad Rashid Mirza, and Mirza Nadeem Baig. "Microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stress distribution in pulsed tungsten inert gas welding of Ti–5Al–2.5Sn alloy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 10 (November 7, 2018): 2030–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420718811364.

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Pulsed tungsten inert gas welding with full penetration was performed on 1.6 mm thick Ti–5Al–2.5Sn alloy sheet. Hole-drill strain measurement method was employed to measure the distribution of residual stresses across the weld line. Tensile tests were performed on the specimens sectioned in transverse direction of the welded sample. The evolved microstructure in the welded zone was investigated by metallography and X-ray diffraction. Transverse residual stresses of tensile nature were present at different depths below the surface and decreased the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. However, this decrease was not dependent on the maximum value of transverse residual stress. Fracture location was found to be dependent on the micro-hardness profile and fracture took place in base metal where micro-hardness was the lowest. Furthermore, the presence of tensile residual stresses in the welded sample had no influence on the fractured surface morphology. Peak current and background current had a significant influence on the fusion zone width, heat-affected zone width, and fusion zone grain size.

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Abramov, B. N. "On petrogeochemical zoning of mesozoic volcanites of the ore fields of gold and polymetallic deposits of the Eastern Transbaikalia." Доклады Академии наук 487, no. 1 (July 19, 2019): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5652487165-68.

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Transverse petrogeochemical zoning in the location of volcanites of Shadaronsky (J2-3) and Mulinsky (J2-3) series, characteristic of volcanic arcs, has been revealed in the Eastern Transbaikalia. Volcanites of the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series are developed in the frontal zone of the volcanic arc, in the suture zone of the Mongolo-Okhotsk suture (MOS), in the rear zone of the MOS - volcanites of the calc-alkaline series. The volcanites of the frontal and rear parts differ in their petrogeochemical composition, in the degree of oxidation of iron and in the distribution of rare earth elements (REE). These differences are characteristic of the volcanic arcs of the transition zones from the ocean to the continent. Vulcano-plutonic structures of the frontal zone of MOS produce gold mineralization, the rear zone of MOS - polymetallic mineralization.

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Mohammadpanah, Ahmad, and Stanley G. Hutton. "Flutter Instability Speeds of Guided Splined Disks: An Experimental and Analytical Investigation." Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/942141.

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“Guided splined disks” are defined as flat thin disks in which the inner radius of the disk is splined and matches a splined arbor that provides the driving torque for rotating the disk. Lateral constraint for the disk is provided by space fixed guide pads. Experimental lateral displacement of run-up tests of such a system is presented, and the flutter instability zones are identified. The results indicate that flutter instability occurs at speeds when a backward travelling wave of a mode meets a reflected wave of a different mode. Sometimes, the system cannot pass a flutter zone, and transverse vibrations of the disk lock into that flutter instability zone. The governing linear equations of transverse motion of such a spinning disk, with assumed free inner and outer boundary conditions, are derived. A lateral constraint is introduced and modeled as a linear spring. Rigid body translational and tilting degrees of freedom are included in the analysis of the total motion of the spinning disk. The eigenvalues of the system are computed numerically, and the flutter instability zones are defined. The results show that the mathematical model can predict accurately the flutter instability zones measured in the experimental tests.

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Gonchar, V. V. "Transverse deformation zonality values and palinspastic reconstructions of Carpathians on the base of structural analysis of folding." Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal 44, no. 3 (August 24, 2022): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24028/gj.v44i3.261975.

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On the basis of the structural analysis of folds the complex deformation profile in the Hust—Ivano-Frankivsk (central part of Ukrainian Carpathians) transsection is constructed. It characterises distribution of non-coaxial flow deformation on a spectrum of parameters: angles of an axis of compression and simple shear, sizes of horizontal compression and deformational ellipses. Horizontal shortening shows a series of peaks over more or less levelled general background of double compression. The most intensive deformation, expressed in the maximum sizes of horizontal and general compression (to 4 times), is dated for area of Internal Nappes (basically the Dukljansky zone) and to the termination of the Krosnensky zone. There are also indications on growth of deformation in back of Internal Nappes and in front of Skibovaya zone. Deformation as a whole goes down to the central part of a profile occupied by Krosnensky zone where conditions of almost horizontal main compression are marked also. Reconstruction of the primary sizes of structural zones along of Hust—Ivano-Frankivsk profile in the interval of Porkuletsky—Skibovoj zones as a result of returning in a initial condition before deformation of non-coaxial flow has increased in 2.4 times, having reached 183 km that it is necessary to consider as the bottom estimation of initial width which should be increased at the expense of components of bend folding. Possibilities which are given by model of non-coaxial flow for reconstruction on the scale of full deep crossing of Carpathians are short estimated for what approach of homogeneous deformation on depth has been used: 2-time size of horizontal reduction, and also angle of an axis of compression 20є are accepted as averages. Obtained contours of the Krosnensky zone of profile DOBRE-3 shows convergence with results of application of a method of the balanced cross-sections.

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Filatov, V. B. "Finite element modelling reinforced concrete beam in transverse bending zone." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 962 (November 18, 2020): 022066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/962/2/022066.

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Jumel, Julien, Michal K. Budzik, and Martin E. R. Shanahan. "Process zone in the Single Cantilever Beam under transverse loading." Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 56, no. 1 (August 2011): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2011.09.006.

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Gilani, A. R., Z. Wazir, M. K. Suleymanov, S. Kanwal, S. M. Aslam, and Ali Zaman. "Analysis of transverse momentum distributions of charged particles produced in CC interactions at 4.2 A GeV/c." Modern Physics Letters A 34, no. 23 (July 30, 2019): 1950187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732319501876.

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In this paper, the transverse momentum and maximum transverse momentum distributions of protons and pions produced in an event for CC collisions at 4.2 A GeV/c have been analyzed. This analysis is based on experimental data obtained from 2 m propane bubble chamber at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia and simulation data obtained from Dubna cascade code. We observed three disparate zones for the transverse momentum distribution of the produced particles. The third zone where transverse momentum is greater than 0.375 GeV/c is restricted only for pions with transverse momentum approximately equal to 1 GeV/c, and for protons the restricted value of [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]1.5 GeV/c. So contribution of pions to this region is less and decreases sharply than the contribution of protons. The results of cascade model are not fully compatible with the experimental results in the third [Formula: see text] region, as this region contains less number of particles for model data as compared with experimental data but is compatible in the case of [Formula: see text].

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Gao, Nan Nan, Ying Pei, Jie Zhan, Hong Bo Li, and Lin Niu. "Research and Application on Successive Action Zone and Dead Zone of Transverse Differential Protection in Parallel Lines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1614.

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This paper deeply researches on successive action zone and dead zone of transverse differential protection in parallel lines, and improves the existing analysis software for relay protection action. First determine which zone the fault point belongs to, and then analyze the protection action according to the different zone concretely. This improvement will greatly increase the accuracy to analyze the relay protection action, and will be significant to the safe and stable operation of regional networks.

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Kolesnichenko, V. A. "Peculiarities of diagnosis and treatment of transverse lumbar processes neoarthroses in outpatients." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 6, no. 2 (March 17, 2022): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto104805.

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In 17 male patients, aged 18-26 years with L5 transverse processes neoarthroses clinical manifestations and X-ray data were studied. In 12 patients transverse-sacral neoarthroses were diagnosed, in 4 patients transverse-iliac neoarthroses and in 1 patient transverse-transverse neoarthroses were detected. Syndromic pattern of lumbar transverse processes neoarthroses including complaints, clinical manifestations and X-ray data was typical for spondyloartralgia. However unlike lumbar spondyarthralgia neoarthroses spondylartralgia was characterized by prevalence of monoarticular lesion symptoms with strictly local pain in neoathrosis zone at palpation, unilateral localization of painful sense and unilateral muscle tension; recurrence and increase of pain were provoked not as much by extension as by rotatory motions and inclination towards the aching side. Prevailing method of treatment of patients with transverse-sacral, transverseiliac as well as transverse-transverse neoarthroses is a conservative one with obligatory intra-articular corticosteroid blocades.

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Gu, Li, Zinan Jiao, and Zulin Hua. "Longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients in braided rivers." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 2 (May 9, 2014): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.212.

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The dispersion characteristics of braided rivers are presently unclear. The comprehensive flow structure in a physical braided river model was measured and was used to estimate its dispersion coefficient tensor. The largest values of the longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients occurred in the separation zone in two anabranches. The separation zone disappeared in a small diversion angle model of braided rivers where the coefficients were smaller. As for the sectional transverse distribution, the two coefficients varied markedly and an interesting negative correlation between them appeared in several sections. The dispersion coefficients increased with upstream flow rates. Comparison between the coefficients for different anabranch widths revealed higher values in wider sections. Finally, the values of the laboratory tests were compared with those in a real braided river, and relatively larger coefficients were found in natural rivers. The findings of this paper could be helpful in understanding the dispersion characteristics and in estimating pollutant concentration in braided rivers.

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Sasiprapha, Phanunan, and Sompob Poopitaya. "Anatomical Consideration for Posterior Atlantoaxial Transarticular Screw Fixation from Reformatted Two-Dimensional CT Images." Journal of Southeast Asian Medical Research 1, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55374/jseamed.v1i2.24.

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Background: Posterior transarticular C1-C2 fixation by screw is a widely used technique to correct atlantoaxial instability. However, the screw trajectory must be precise because the adjacent vital organs include the spinal cord and vertebral artery in the transverse foramen. Due to the lack of an objective measuring method, clarifying the range of the safe zone of screw trajectory in both the sagittal and coronal planes is important. Objective: To clarify the safe zone and ideal trajectory for screw fixation ensuring safety and without violating the transverse foramen and spinal canal. Methods: Radiographs of the normal upper cervical spine and coronal reconstruction CT scans from the entry point of the screw on C2 was performed and the safe zone for the screw path was drawn. The points of screw intersection on the superior articular surface of C2 were measured from the posterior rim of the superior articular surface of C2 then the safe zone of the screw in the coronal plane was drawn in the coronal oblique plane along the screw direction. Results: Average safe zone in the sagittal plane was 51.6 – 61.2 relative to the superior articular of C2 and the safe zone in the coronal view was medially 9.5 and laterally 4.2 relative to the midline of the spinous process. The safe zone and ideal screw trajectory should intersect C2 at 8.03 and 4.5 mm from the posterior rim of the superior articular surface on C2. Conclusion: The result of this study showed the range of the safe zone of the posterior atlantoaxial screw trajectory that guides to minimize the risk of misdirection and violating the transverse foramen by the screw. The areas on the superior articular of C2 intersected by the trajectories making the longest paths are guides to purchase the longest path of bone to achieve more stability and pullout strength

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Zhang, Yong Jun, Zhu Bai Liu, and Jing Tao Han. "Physical Simulation on Forging Method with Horizontal V-Shaped Anvil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.454.

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The forging method with horizontal V – shaped anvil is introduced to control fibrous tissue flow direction through changing shape of anvil, its working face is composed of four projecting cone, it can realize no transverse tensile stress forging. For this, in the paper qualitative physical simulation was carried out. The results show that there was no crack between the hole and the pin in deformation zone of rectangular billet by horizontal V – shaped anvil forging method, therefore, the authors think that there no transverse tensile stress in deformation zone of billet in the forging process of horizontal V – shaped anvil.

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33

Gorbunov, Igor, Vladimir Kakusha, Mikhail Moshnikov, Maksim Kudryavtsev, and Kristina Dobrina. "Behavior of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP under transverse force." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 04058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199704058.

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The article discusses the effect of transverse reinforcement spacing for the strength and deformation characteristics of beams with glass fibre reinforced polymer. The bending tests results of reinforced concrete specimens are presented (GFRP) with different concrete strength and reinforcement spacing. Force-deflection, force-GFRP bars deformation and force-concrete compressed zone deformation dependencies are given in the article. Based on ultimate force and beams destruction pattern it is established that increasing transverse reinforcement spacing reduces the beams strength and leads to destruction in oblique section. With narrow-mashed transverse reinforcement fracture occurs in the compressed zone of concrete. A computational analysis for different types of beams fracture is presented. It is established that transverse reinforcement spacing doesn’t affect the parameters determined by service limit state: crack formation load, crack width and beam deflection. A comparative analysis of maximum permissible deflection based on test results and theoretical calculations was carried out. The numerical values of bending stiffness parameter are obtained at the loading stages with linear deformation before and after first crack formation.

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34

Pockalny, Robert A., Pascal Gente, and Roger Buck. "Oceanic transverse ridges: A flexural response to fracture-zone–normal extension." Geology 24, no. 1 (1996): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0071:otrafr>2.3.co;2.

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35

Ribas, F., H. E. de Swart, D. Calvete, and A. Falqués. "Modeling and analyzing observed transverse sand bars in the surf zone." Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 117, F2 (April 25, 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011jf002158.

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36

Abrams, Lewis J., Robert S. Detrick, and Paul J. Fox. "Morphology and crustal structure of the Kane Fracture Zone Transverse Ridge." Journal of Geophysical Research 93, B4 (1988): 3195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb093ib04p03195.

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37

Ashour-Abdalla, Maha, David Schriver, and Hideo Okuda. "Transverse ion heating in multicomponent plasmas along auroral zone field lines." Journal of Geophysical Research 93, A11 (1988): 12826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja093ia11p12826.

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38

Jesson, D. E., and J. W. Steeds. "Higher-order Laue zone diffraction from crystals containing transverse stacking faults." Philosophical Magazine A 61, no. 3 (March 1990): 385–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418619008231924.

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39

Glen, R. A., and J. L. Walshe. "Cross‐structures in the Lachlan Orogen: The Lachlan Transverse Zone example." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 46, no. 4 (August 1999): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.1999.00734.x.

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40

Liong, Rugerri Toni, and Carsten Proppe. "Cohesive zone model for a transverse breathing crack in a rotor." PAMM 11, no. 1 (December 2011): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.201110073.

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41

Martin, Jonathan E. "The Role of Shearwise and Transverse Quasigeostrophic Vertical Motions in the Midlatitude Cyclone Life Cycle." Monthly Weather Review 134, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 1174–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3114.1.

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Abstract The total quasigeostrophic (QG) vertical motion field is partitioned into transverse and shearwise couplets oriented parallel to, and along, the geostrophic vertical shear, respectively. The physical role played by each of these components of vertical motion in the midlatitude cyclone life cycle is then illustrated by examination of the life cycles of two recently observed cyclones. The analysis suggests that the origin and subsequent intensification of the lower-tropospheric cyclone responds predominantly to column stretching associated with the updraft portion of the shearwise QG vertical motion, which displays a single, dominant, middle-tropospheric couplet at all stages of the cyclone life cycle. The transverse QG omega, associated with the cyclones’ frontal zones, appears only after those frontal zones have been established. The absence of transverse ascent maxima and associated column stretching in the vicinity of the surface cyclone center suggests that the transverse ω plays little role in the initial development stage of the storms examined here. Near the end of the mature stage of the life cycle, however, in what appears to be a characteristic distribution, a transverse ascent maximum along the western edge of the warm frontal zone becomes superimposed with the shearwise ascent maximum that fuels continued cyclogenesis. It is suggested that use of the shearwise/transverse diagnostic approach may provide new and/or supporting insight regarding a number of synoptic processes including the development of upper-level jet/front systems and the nature of the physical distinction between type A and type B cyclogenesis events.

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42

Tran, Van Hung. "STATIC ANALYSIS OF FGM CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER LOCAL LOAD USING QUASI-3D HIGHER-ORDER SHEAR DEFORMATION THEORY." Journal of Science and Technique 15, no. 4 (July 28, 2020): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.56651/lqdtu.jst.v15.n04.14.

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The paper presents static analysis results of functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shells under concentrated load by an analytical approach. The basic equations are formulated based on a higher-order shear strain theory, taking into account the effects of transverse shear strain and stress. The one-dimensional material distribution in the thickness direction follows Voigt’s power law. In this article influences of several geometric parameters and material distribution coefficients on the stress state of FGM cylindrical shells are considered. Based on the analysis results at the clamped boundary zone, the local load concentration is found, and the transverse normal stress is demonstrated to be considerable at this zone.

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43

Sheploak, M., and J. Dugundji. "Large Deflections of Clamped Circular Plates Under Initial Tension and Transitions to Membrane Behavior." Journal of Applied Mechanics 65, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2789012.

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The large deflections of a clamped circular plate are investigated over a wide range of transverse loadings and initial in-plane tension loads. The continuous transition from plate behavior to membrane behavior is described in detail, along with the development of the accompanying edge zone region where properties change rapidly. We give a simple approximation of this edge zone and its properties, provide limits for the validity of small deflection, linear theory, and note the similar effects of large in-plane tension and large transverse loading. The values and trends are presented in general nondimensional form, and should prove useful for the design of thin circular disks for microsensing applications.

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44

Bakiev, Masharif, Kuvonchbek Yakubov, Seytxan Koybakov, Kholmurod Khayitov, and Nodira Bobojanova. "Theoretical bases for determining the velocity and suspended matter concentration in the swirling zone beyond the transverse dam." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 03044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403044.

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Design dependencies to determine the velocity and concentration of suspended matter in the swirling zone beyond the transverse dam in the presence of the initial section of the jet are proposed in the article, using the main provisions of the theory of turbulent jets, the scheme of dividing the flow into hydraulic homogeneous zones: a weakly perturbed core, intense turbulent mixing and reverse currents. The distribution of velocities and concentration of suspended matter (turbidity) in the zone of intense turbulent mixing are affine and obey the theoretical Schlichting-Abramovich relationships; this was substantiated by laboratory and field studies. The equations of continuity and conservation of solid matter along the flow were used to solve the problem. To establish the adequacy of the dependencies obtained, a test problem was implemented in which the velocities in the core and the depth along the flow were assumed constant. The problem was implemented for the following contraction ratios of flow nc 0,1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5. Tabular and graphic dependencies obtained show that with all contraction ratios of flow, the relative backflow velocities first increase, and at the end of the swirling zone, they sharply decrease. The maximum is observed at the intersection of the outer boundary of the zone of intense turbulent mixing with the protected coast and reaches m = 0.317. Comparison of the calculation results with the experimental ones shows their qualitative and quantitative agreement. The relative concentration of suspended matter in reverse currents remains practically constant along the entire length of the swirling zone. It is close to unity for all contraction ratios of flow.

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45

Kim, Eun Key, Taik Jong Lee, and Jin Sup Eom. "Comparison of Fat Necrosis Between Zone II and Zone III in Pedicled Transverse Rectus Abdominis Musculocutaneous Flaps." Annals of Plastic Surgery 59, no. 3 (September 2007): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sap.0000252770.15946.14.

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46

Tulik, Mirela, Jerzy Karczewski, Natalia Szeliga, Joanna Jura-Morawiec, and Ingeborga Jarzyna. "Morphological Characteristics and Allometric Relationships of Shoot in Two Undergrowth Plants: Polygonatum odoratum and Polygonatum multiflorum." Forests 9, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9120783.

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The main purpose of this investigation was to describe the spatial arrangement of shoot tissues, as seen in transverse section, and allometric relationships in two contrasting species of Polygonatum i.e., Polygonatum odoratum which commonly grows in mixed pine-oak forest with shoots rectangular in shape, and Polygonatum multiflorum found in oak-hornbeam forest with cylindrical shoots. The mass and length of the aerial shoots of each individual plant were measured. The shoot regions of each plant were then categorized as basal (b), central (c) or apical (a). Transverse sections of these shoot regions were subsequently cut, and the following parameters were measured: (1) Diameter of shoots, (2) thickness of the outer and inner zones of parenchyma and (3) thickness of the sclerenchyma zone. Additional allometric relationships between the various measurements were computed and determined as Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r). Both species of Polygonatum differed significantly with respect to the length, diameter and thickness of the outer zone of parenchyma. Shoots of P. multiflorum were taller but narrower than those of P. odoratum, which had a significantly wider zone of outer parenchyma. Allometric relationships were stronger for P. multiflorum, and for both species, they were generally stronger in the basal part of the shoot. We conclude that in P. multiflorum, the strong correlation between the diameter and length of the shoot seems to be important to the growth in shaded environments.

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Oyegoke, S. O., O. O. Ayeni, K. O. Olowe, A. S. Adebanjo, and O. O. Fayomi. "Effectiveness of geophysical assessment of boreholes drilled in basement complex terrain at Afe Babalola University, using Electromagnetic (E.M.) method." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i1.4.

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In this research, an Electromagnetic (E.M) method of groundwater investigations was used as an on-spot assessment tool to test the integrity of the developed borehole in Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti. Some randomly selected functional and abandoned boreholes developed by the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) methods were chosen for this study, with the aim to know the potential of the boreholes. Four transverses were established across the institution consisting of two functional and two abandoned boreholes selected from the existing forty boreholes. These weresubjected to E.M method of groundwater investigation using a PQWT S500 series machines. The results obtained from this study produced curve graphs and subsurface profile maps of each transverse location. It was observed that boreholes TR 1 and TR 3, were accurately sited on vertical fractures and weathered formations while TR 2 and TR 4 were wrongly sited at the locations of poor groundwater yielding zone. Keywords: Electromagnetic, Vertical electrical Sounding, transverse, Groundwater.

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48

Wang, Z. X., and R. Liu. "Elastic-Plastic Fracture Assessment for the Cracks Emanating from a Circular Hole under a Biaxial Loading Condition." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 2241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.2241.

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In this study, elastic-plastic stress and strain fields were analyzed on hole-edge cracks in an aluminum alloy plate under the biaxial load. And the effects of the load parallel to the crack face on failure parameters were discussed. By quantifying the effects of the crack size and the loading mode on the crack propagation driving force, J integral, and the plastic limit load, the corresponding failure assessment curves of the hole-edge cracked plate were established with the new R6 failure assessment diagram (FAD) method. The result shows that the transverse load has a larger effect on the failure assessment curve than crack length does, the safety zone of the failure assessment diagram gradually becomes smaller while transverse loading stress changes from tensile condition to compressed. Especially, when the transverse load acts as pressure, the Option 3 failure assessment diagram results to a smaller safety zone than the Option 1 failure assessment diagram does.

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49

Beltaos, S., and V. K. Arora. "An explicit algorithm to simulate transient transverse mixing in rivers." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 964–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-128.

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Because no analytical solution exists for transient mixing of contaminants in the transverse mixing zone of streams, numerical solutions must be used in pertinent engineering applications. Few numerical algorithms have been devehloped for this problem and the relatively simple explicit ones are subject to serious numerical "diffusion." It is suggested herein that such effects can be minimized using an irregular space grid such that the length of each element is exactly equal to the time step times the local flow velocity. Using also the well-known streamtube concept, a simple explicit algorithm is obtained and verified by means of three laboratory and one field test. Two of these tests include concentration data that are both transient and within the transverse mixing zone, which afford a more complete algorithm testing than has been done in the past. Possible improvements for increased accuracy, efficiency, and generalized natural stream application are discussed. Key words: advection, algorithm, channel, diffusion, dispersion, explicit, mixing, numerical, numerical diffusion, river, streamtube, test, transient, transverse.

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50

Trimble, D., H. Mitrogiannopoulos, G. E. O'Donnell, and S. McFadden. "Friction Stir Welding of AA2024-T3 plate – the influence of different pin types." Mechanical Sciences 6, no. 1 (April 17, 2015): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-6-51-2015.

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Abstract. Some aluminium alloys are difficult to join using traditional fusion (melting and solidification) welding techniques. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding technique that can join two plates of material without melting the workpiece material. This proecess uses a rotating tool to create the joint and it can be applied to alumium alloys in particular. Macrostructure, microstructure and micro hardness of friction stir welded AA2024-T3 joints were studied. The influence of tool pin profile on the microstructure and hardness of these joints was examined. Square, triflute and tapered cylinder pins were used and results from each weldment are reported. Vickers micro hardness tests and grain size measurements were taken from the transverse plane of welded samples. Distinct zones in the macrostructure were evident. The zones were identified by transitions in the microstructure and hardness of weld samples. The zones identified across the sample were the the unaffected parent metal, the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ), the Thermo-Mechanicaly Affected Zone (TMAZ), and the Nugget Zone (NZ). Measured hardness values varied through each FSW zone. The hardness in each zone was below that of the parent material. The HAZ had the lowest hardness across the weld profile for each pin type tested. The cylindrical pin consistently produced tunnel and joint-line defects. Pin profiles with flat surface features and/or flutes produced consolidated joints with no defects.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Transverse zone'

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