Journal articles on the topic 'Transporting gas or liquid'
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1
Hartsfield, T. M., R. K. Schulze, B. M. La Lone, J. J. Charonko, J. E. Hammerberg, J. D. Regele, M. M. Schauer, et al. "The temperatures of ejecta transporting in vacuum and gases." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 19 (May 21, 2022): 195104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087212.
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In this work, we measure continuous thermal radiance from evolving clouds of liquid metal fragments ejected into vacuum, nonreactive, and reactive gas. We implement a model for the thermalization of the ejecta and gas and use this to constrain the absolute temperature of the ejecta cloud. This model enables further analyses of ejecta thermal behavior under a variety of conditions.
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Akintola, Sarah, Emmanuel Folorunsho, and Oluwakunle Ogunsakin. "FLOW ASSURANCE IN KUMUJE WET-GAS PIPELINE: ANALYSIS OF PIGGING SOLUTION TO LIQUID ACCUMULATION." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 9, no. 9 (September 25, 2018): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2018.09.09.
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Liquid condensation in gas-condensate pipelines in a pronounced phenomenon in long transporting lines because of the composition of the gas which is highly sensitive to variations in temperature and pressure along the length of the pipeline. Hence, there is a resultant liquid accumulation in onshore wet-gas pipelines because of the pipeline profile. This accumulation which is a flow assurance problem can result to pressure loss, slugging and accelerated pipeline corrosion if not properly handled.
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Davitashvili, Teimuraz. "On liquid phase hydrates formation in pipelines in the course of gas non-stationary flow." E3S Web of Conferences 230 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123001006.
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Nowadays, when the emphasis is on alternative means of energy, natural gas is still used as an efficient and convenient fuel both in the home (for heating buildings and water, cooking, drying and lighting) and in industry together with electricity. In industrial terms, gas is one of the main sources of electricity generation in both developed and developing countries. Pipelines are the most popular means of transporting natural gas domestically and internationally. The main reasons for the constipation of gas pipelines are the formation of hydrates, freezing of water plugs, pollution, etc. It is an urgent task to take timely measures against the formation of hydrates in the pipeline. To stop gas hydrate formation in gas transporting pipelines, from existing methods the mathematical modelling with hydrodynamic method is more acceptable. In this paper the problem of prediction of possible points of hydrates origin in the main pipelines taking into consideration gas non-stationary flow and heat exchange with medium is studied. For solving the problem the system of partial differential equations governing gas non-stationary flow in main gas pipeline is investigated. The problem solution for gas adiabatic flow is presented.
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Kadri, Usama. "Prediction of Gas-Pulsation Frequency To Reduce Slug Length in Gas/Liquid Horizontal-Pipe Flow." SPE Journal 20, no. 03 (June 15, 2015): 594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/172996-pa.
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Summary Very long slugs reaching several hundreds of pipe diameters may appear when transporting gas and liquid in horizontal pipes. Such slugs may cause serious operational and system failures. One could avoid the long slugs by pulsating the gas phase at the inlet at a specific range of frequencies. The present paper provides a simplified mathematical expression for the optimum gas-pulsation frequency. Predictions of the pulsation frequency for different flow conditions and pipe diameters are presented. Comparisons with available experiments are satisfactory.
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Abdul-Ameer, Maha R., and Mohammed M. Daway. "Pressure Changes in Pipe Transporting Mixture of Iraqi Crude Oils (Gathering System)." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 90–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v4i3.119.
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A study has been done to represent the pressure changes along gathering system in pipelines transporting Iraqi's crude oils; the study is divided into four parts. The first part represents the calculations of pressure drop in pipelines transporting petroleum fluid from the well head to a gathering point. In this part, there is a two-phase flow (gas and liquid). The calculations of pressure change in this part depends upon determination of some properties such as liquid and gas density, liquid and gas viscosity, liquid hold up and friction factor.
Determining the liquid hold up and then pressure drop are achieved using two methods, the first method is modified Beggs and Brill correlation, depending on three assumed flow patterns. The second is Aziz et al. correlation, depending on three flow patterns also but are different to that of modified Beggs and Brill. While a method of Colebrook used in determination of two-phase friction factor. The results of two-phase flow calculations show that modified Beggs and Brill correlation (having error of 0.26%) better than Aziz et al. correlation (having error of 0.55%).
In the second part there are calculations of pressure change in liquid flow in a pipeline from the gathering point to the first stage of separators. In this part Colebrook correlation is used to determine the friction factor, Brill and Mukherjee method is used for calculation of pressure change.
Mukherjee and Brill method gave good results with respect to the pressure drop of flow in the axial pipeline after the gathering point of the actual field data. The third part deals with the networking in pipelines, types of gathering systems presented and discussed, the calculations of pressure change in a simple gathering system is studied. The fourth part discusses optimization techniques; Constrained Rosenbrock is used to find optimum pressure which gives favorable oil properties. They have been achieved with some assumptions; they are:
Minimum Produced gas oil ratio.
Minimum formation volume factor.
Maximum API gravity.
Finally, two computer programs are developed. Each program performs all the calculations of the four parts. The first program is developed using FORTRAN language, while the second is developed using Visual Basic language.
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Rudenko, Mikhail Fedorovich, Yulia Victorovna Shipulina, and Alexandra Mikhailovna Rudenko. "Using low-temperature technologies to prevent emergency situations at sea and rivers during extraction, production and transportation of hydrocarbon raw materials." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2020, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2020-1-7-12.
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The paper highlights the chemically hazardous objects of marine and river infrastructure: offshore drilling platforms and oil production platforms; pipelines transporting liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels along the sea bottom and above the ground; marine tankers transporting oil, fuel oil, gaseous and liquid ammonia; coastal terminals handling and shipping hydrocarbon raw materials, distillation products; gas producing plants and oil refineries; storage facilities for chemi-cally hazardous substances, etc. There are proposed new technologies for combating oil emissions during deep-water drilling, as well as for safe ways of transporting hydrocarbons through subsea pipelines and by oil tankers. These technologies are based on the methods of using low-temperature freons and cryogenic liquids. There are considered the methods of using machine cooling technologies, where the cascade refrigeration units work on various refrigerants, as well as using solid carbon dioxide and liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen having a low boiling point (about minus 196C) has a higher rate of seawater freezing and forms stable ice layers on flat and cylindrical surfaces. There are given the examples of the experimental data to determine the growth rate of ice in the water frozen by liquid nitrogen. There has been given the chart of an underwater cryo-cuvette consisting of a metal panel with sockets, heat-insulated barrels, a tank for storing liquid nitrogen,
a nozzle for filling the cryoagent, adjusting eyebolts, an object for freezing and transportation, and a safety valve. The underwater cryo-cuvette is designed to work with barrel-shaped objects. Envi-ronmental safety of transportation and production of natural hydrocarbon raw materials is signifi-cantly improved in the course of operation of the new technologies.
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Jiang, Linglin, Houlin Liu, Yong Wang, Yanhong Mao, Runze Zhou, and Jianbin Gu. "Experimental Study on the Effect of Gas Volume Fraction on the Cavitation Performance of a Low-Specific-Speed Centrifugal Pump." Water 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050798.
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In order to study the cavitation performance of centrifugal pumps with low specific speeds under the condition of gas–liquid two-phase flow, a cavitation test rig for pumping gas–liquid two-phase flow was set up. The cavitation performance of the pump with a specific speed of 32 was studied. The variation of the head, pressure pulsation intensity, and vibration intensity with the cavitation allowance NPSHa (Net Positive Suction Head available) of the centrifugal pump were obtained at different inlet gas volume fraction (IGVF) conditions of 0, 1%, 2%, and 3%. The results show that the cavitation performance of a low-specific-speed centrifugal pump can be improved obviously in a certain liquid flow range when the IGVF is 1%, especially at a low liquid flow rate. When cavitation did not occur or the degree of cavitation was low, a lower IGVF can reduce pressure pulsation intensity at the pump outlet and the vibration intensity at the pump inlet under design flow rate and high flow rate conditions. Additionally, all performances of the low-specific-speed pump are more sensitive to gas when the liquid flow rate is low. The results can provide a reference for improving the cavitation performance of low-specific-speed pumps for transporting gas–liquid two-phase flow and single-phase liquids.
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Vorhauer, Nicole, Haashir Altaf, Evangelos Tsotsas, and Tanja Vidakovic-Koch. "Pore Network Simulation of Gas-Liquid Distribution in Porous Transport Layers." Processes 7, no. 9 (August 23, 2019): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090558.
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Pore network models are powerful tools to simulate invasion and transport processes in porous media. They are widely applied in the field of geology and the drying of porous media, and have recently also received attention in fuel cell applications. Here we want to describe and discuss how pore network models can be used as a prescriptive tool for future water electrolysis technologies. In detail, we suggest in a first approach a pore network model of drainage for the prediction of the oxygen and water invasion process inside the anodic porous transport layer at high current densities. We neglect wetting liquid films and show that, in this situation, numerous isolated liquid clusters develop when oxygen invades the pore network. In the simulation with narrow pore size distribution, the volumetric ratio of the liquid transporting clusters connected between the catalyst layer and the water supply channel is only around 3% of the total liquid volume contained inside the pore network at the moment when the water supply route through the pore network is interrupted; whereas around 40% of the volume is occupied by the continuous gas phase. The majority of liquid clusters are disconnected from the water supply routes through the pore network if liquid films along the walls of the porous transport layer are disregarded. Moreover, these clusters hinder the countercurrent oxygen transport. A higher ratio of liquid transporting clusters was obtained for greater pore size distribution. Based on the results of pore network drainage simulations, we sketch a new route for the extraction of transport parameters from Monte Carlo simulations, incorporating pore scale flow computations and Darcy flow.
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Zhang, Fan, Martin Böhle, and Shouqi Yuan. "Experimental investigation on the performance of a side channel pump under gas–liquid two-phase flow operating condition." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 231, no. 7 (June 2, 2017): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650917713090.
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Side channel pump is a kind of small volume vane pump with low flow rate but high head and most side channel pumps can transport gas–liquid two-phase flow. In order to investigate the performance of this type of pump depending on the blade suction angle under gas–liquid two-phase flow operating condition, an experimental study has been carried out. The head and efficiency curves, and the influence of blade suction angle changes on these curves for different inlet gas volume fraction states are analyzed in detail. Moreover, the gas transporting capability of the impeller with three different blade suction angles (10°, 20°, 30°) are also compared. The results show that the head and efficiency performances of the three impellers decrease a large value when the side channel pump operates with a little gas inside, and the operating range narrows as well. With the increasing of inlet gas volume fraction, the performance of the side channel pump worsens. The head and efficiency performances in the single-phase state improve by increasing the blade suction angle, but decrease by increasing the blade suction angle in the gas–liquid two-phase flow state. The maximum gas transporting capability of the impeller with a small blade suction angle is better than a large blade suction angle. Analysis on the measured data allows a better understanding of the effect of inlet gas quantity on the performance of the side channel pump with different blade suction angles, and it could supply the design reference for two-phase flow side channel pumps.
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Serbout, Sanae, Laurent Maxit, and Frédéric Michel. "Vibration of a stiffened pipe filled with a bubbly liquid: analysis of resonance frequencies in function of bubble fraction." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1008–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1730.
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The characterization of the presence of bubbles in industrial fluid circuits may be extremely important for many safety issuses. It is well known that the acoustic properties of liquids can be drastically modified by a small amount of gaz content in the liquid. At sufficiently low frequencies, the speed of sound depends primarily on the gas volume fraction. The variation of the gas fraction may then induce some variations in the vibroacoustic behavior of the pipe transporting the liquid. Analysis of the pipe vibrations can then help in the monitoring of the bubble presence. In such a context, the aim of this study is to show how the the presence of bubbles in the liquid could affect the resonance frequencies of the pipe. A numerical vibroacoustical model has been developed to predict the vibroacoustical behavior of a stiffened cylindrical shell filled with a bubbly liquid exhibiting low frequency resonances. The model, experimentally verified with a well-characterized bubbly liquid, is then used to analyse the frequency shifts of the shell resonances in function of the bubble. Keywords : pipe, heavy fluid, numerical modelling, circumferential admittance approach, cylindrical shell, resonance frequency, void fraction
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Shang, Li Yan, Shan Lin Zhao, Zhen Pan, and Teng Long Huang. "Study on Kinetic Characteristics of Solid-Liquid Two-Phase in Transporting Pipeline of Natural Gas Hydrate." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 1814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1814.
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Based on multiphase flow theory and calculation method, the distribution of internal multiphase flow field in the vertical rise pipeline of natural gas hydrate is simulated with FLUENT as a tool and the mixture of natural gas hydrate solid particles and water as a medium. The change rules of velocity field and volume concentration field are described and the effect of solid particles diameter, density and volume concentration of the natural gas hydrate on the pressure loss and resistance loss of pipeline is also analyzed deeply. It provides theoretical basis on transporting of natural gas hydrate solid particles by pipeline. Keywords:natural gas hydrate. pipeline. solid-liquid two-phase flow. kinetic characteristic. numerical simulation.
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Li, Wenhua, Qing Zhou, Guang Yin, Muk Chen Ong, Gen Li, and Fenghui Han. "Experimental Investigation and Numerical Modeling of Two-Phase Flow Development and Flow-Induced Vibration of a Multi-Plane Subsea Jumper." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 10 (September 20, 2022): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101334.
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As an essential component in the offshore oil and gas industry, subsea jumpers are likely to encounter the cyclic-induced stresses caused by the alternating movement of gas plugs and liquid slugs while transporting a multiphase mixture. The present study investigates the gas-liquid flow and the induced vibration in a multi-plane jumper by adopting experimental and numerical techniques. The flow patterns at every characteristic section of a Z-shaped jumper with an inner diameter of 48 mm are experimentally investigated, including dispersed bubbly, slug, churn, wavy, stratified and annular flows. Displacement and pressure sensors are installed near each elbow to record the vibration and pressure response of the jumper. It is found that both pressure characteristics and vibration amplitudes are highly related to the gas content rate, mixing velocity, and gas and liquid superficial velocity. The one-way fluid–solid coupling numerical simulations are performed and validated against the experimental data in terms of the flow patterns and the induced vibrations at different gas–liquid velocities. The results reveal that both simulated flow patterns and vibration responses agree well with the experiments.
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Zhou, Jun, Guangchuan Liang, Tao Deng, and Jing Gong. "Route Optimization of Pipeline in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Based on Genetic Algorithm." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1640303.
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This paper describes the problems in route optimization of two-phase pipelines. Combining the hydraulic calculation with route optimization theory, this paper establishes an automatic route optimization model and adopts the general genetic algorithm (gGA) and steady-state genetic algorithm (ssGA) to solve the model, respectively, gets the optimal route, and discusses the influence of parameters setting to the result. This algorithm was applied in determining pipelines routes in coalbed methane gathering and transporting system in Shanxi Province, China. The result shows that the algorithm is feasible, which improves the hydraulic properties by reducing the pressure drop along the line while the pipeline length is still acceptable.
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Wan, Lihua, Xiaoya Zang, Juan Fu, Xuebing Zhou, Jingsheng Lu, Jinan Guan, and Deqing Liang. "Formation of a Low-Density Liquid Phase during the Dissociation of Gas Hydrates in Confined Environments." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030590.
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The large amounts of natural gas in a dense solid phase stored in the confined environment of porous materials have become a new, potential method for storing and transporting natural gas. However, there is no experimental evidence to accurately determine the phase state of water during nanoscale gas hydrate dissociation. The results on the dissociation behavior of methane hydrates confined in a nanosilica gel and the contained water phase state during hydrate dissociation at temperatures below the ice point and under atmospheric pressure are presented. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) were used to trace the dissociation of confined methane hydrate synthesized from pore water confined inside the nanosilica gel. The characterization of the confined methane hydrate was also analyzed by PXRD. It was found that the confined methane hydrates dissociated into ultra viscous low-density liquid water (LDL) and methane gas. The results showed that the mechanism of confined methane hydrate dissociation at temperatures below the ice point depended on the phase state of water during hydrate dissociation.
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Zhang, Shuang Lei, Chang Jun Li, Ji Chuan Zhang, and Jun Li. "An Economic Comparison of CO2 Pipeline Transport Processes for Dongfang 1-1 Gas Field EGR Program." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 1928–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1928.
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As more and more natural gas fields with high content of CO2 have been exploited, it is a strategic significance to capture and take good use of the waste gas while reducing CO2 emission to atmosphere. Pipelines have been identified as the primary means of transporting CO2 from point-of-capture to storage sites, but there is little published work on the economics of CO2 pipeline transport study either exclude transport costs or assume a given cost per tonne of CO2 in addition to capture costs.This paper simulates the CO2 pipeline transport processes of different diameters by liquid and supercritical phase, and estimates the total costs of different transport cases. By comparing the economic value of different cases comprehensively, the optimal transport option for Dongfang 1-1 gas field EGR program has been analyzed.
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Cabrera, Jairo H., and Cinthya Marcela Medina. "Analysis of Operational and Seakeeping aspects in the Design of PSV type for the Colombian Caribbean Sea." Ciencia y tecnología de buques 10, no. 19 (July 21, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.140.
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Colombia is currently searching for oil and gas at sea as new exploratory frontiers so as to incorporate new reserves. With the beginning of maritime operations comes the need for large offshore structures that allow the extraction and separation of oil and gas before transporting it to land. Most of these platforms require specific support and supply vessels, carrying a variety of loads, from liquid and bulk up general cargo, and various specific activities such as towing, rescue staff in case of accidents, firefighting and positioning anchor handling. In the offshore industry, these are known as PSV (Platform Supply Vessels). e main purpose of this work is the hydrodynamic PSV considering the environmental and operational conditions of the Colombian Caribbean including a case study.
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Кутуков, Сергей Евгеньевич, Андрей Владимирович Мельников, Андрей Иванович Гольянов, and Ольга Витальевна Четверткова. "Overview of trunk pipeline transporting technologies for hydrogen." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2022-12-5-429-437.
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Целью работы является оценка технологических аспектов способов магистрального транспорта водородсодержащих продуктов по действующим нефте- и нефтепродуктопроводам. Для технико-экономического обоснования проектов в области транспорта больших объемов водородсодержащих продуктов целесообразно рассматривать четыре технологии перекачки по трубопроводам: перекачка в газообразном состоянии в чистом виде или в смеси с природным газом; транспортировка в сжиженном виде; перекачка сатурированного водорода в потоке жидких углеводородов (газонасыщенная перекачка); транспорт водорода в химически связанном состоянии. В общем виде показано, что перепрофилирование нефтепроводов под перекачку чистого водорода нецелесообразно в силу ограниченности плеча перекачки одним технологическим участком нефтепровода, а также существенных затрат на замену основного насосного оборудования. Реализация технологии перекачки водорода в сжиженном виде невозможна в силу конструктивных особенностей нефтепроводов. Энергозатраты при совместном транспорте нефти с газообразным водородом будут на порядок-два выше нормативных. Целесообразность применения жидких органических носителей водорода находится в прямой зависимости от возможности их утилизации или реверсивной доставки к месту насыщения водородом. Оптимально использовать для транспорта водородсодержащих продуктов действующую нефтетранспортную инфраструктуру позволяет перекачка водорода в химически связанном состоянии. Рассмотрены два соединения водорода - сероводород и аммиак. Показано, что аммиак как углеродно-нейтральное неорганическое водородное соединение является наиболее перспективным продуктом для магистрального трубопроводного транспорта. Лимитирующим фактором для транспортировки водорода по нефтепроводам является ограниченная протяженность технологических участков из-за высоких показателей давления насыщенных паров перекачиваемой среды. Одним из перспективных направлений развития технологий магистрального транспорта может стать разработка средств интеграции технологических участков нефтепроводов в единый коридор, позволяющий осуществлять трансконтинентальную перекачку водорода или водородсодержащих энергоносителей. The goal of the paper is to evaluate the technological aspects of the methods of trunk transportation of hydrogencontaining products over currently operating oil and petroleum products pipelines. In feasibility studies for each specific case of transportation of large volumes of hydrogen-containing products it is feasible to evaluate four pipeline transportation technologies: transportation in gaseous state in clean condition or as a mixture with natural gas; transportation in liquefied form; transportation of saturated hydrogen with the flow of liquid hydrocarbons (gas-saturated transfer); transportation of hydrogen in chemically-bound state. In generalized form it is shown that switching of oil pipelines to transfer of pure hydrogen is not feasible due to limitation of transfer branch to a single technological section of oil pipeline, as well as significant cost of replacement of the main pumping equipment; implementation of liquefied hydrogen transfer is not possible due to structural features of oil pipelines; energy demands for implementation of combined transportation of oil with gaseous hydrogen will be by an order or two above normative; feasibility of using liquid hydrogen carriers is directly dependent on possibility of their utilization or reverse delivery to the hydrogen saturation location. Optimal usage of currently operating oil transportation infrastructure for transfer of hydrogen-containing products is possible with hydrogen transportation in chemically-bound state. Two hydrogen compounds are considered - hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. It is shown that ammonia is the most prospective product for trunk pipeline transportation. A limiting factor for hydrogen transportation over oil pipelines is the limited length of technological sections due to high saturated vapor pressure of transferred media. Therefore one of the prospective areas for development of trunk pipeline transportation technologies can become development of the means for integration of technological oil pipeline sections into a single corridor, allowing for transcontinental transfer of hydrogen or hydrogen-containing energy carriers.
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Wang, Yi, Yan Wang, and Zhe Cheng. "Direct Numerical Simulation of Gas-Liquid Drag-Reducing Cavity Flow by the VOSET Method." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040596.
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Drag reduction by polymer is an important energy-saving technology, which can reduce pumping pressure or promote the flow rate of the pipelines transporting fluid. It has been widely applied to single-phase pipelines, such as oil pipelining, district heating systems, and firefighting. However, the engineering application of the drag reduction technology in two-phase flow systems has not been reported. The reason is an unrevealed complex mechanism of two-phase drag reduction and lack of numerical tools for mechanism study. Therefore, we aim to propose governing equations and numerical methods of direct numerical simulation (DNS) for two-phase gas-liquid drag-reducing flow and try to explain the reason for the two-phase drag reduction. Efficient interface tracking method—coupled volume-of-fluid and level set (VOSET) and typical polymer constitutive model Giesekus are combined in the momentum equation of the two-phase turbulent flow. Interface smoothing for conformation tensor induced by polymer is used to ensure numerical stability of the DNS. Special features and corresponding explanations of the two-phase gas-liquid drag-reducing flow are found based on DNS results. High shear in a high Reynolds number flow depresses the efficiency of the gas-liquid drag reduction, while a high concentration of polymer promotes the efficiency. To guarantee efficient drag reduction, it is better to use a high concentration of polymer drag-reducing agents (DRAs) for high shear flow.
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Shyrin, L., R. Yehorchenko, and V. Taran. "Monitoring and operational control of the gas hydrates formation in gas degassing pipelines." Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 69 (June 2022): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/69.243.
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Purpose. Creation of operational determination methodology of mechanical and liquid deposit zones in deformed sections of mine degassing gas pipelines to prevent the process of hydrate formation and increase their throughput. Research methodology. The peculiarities of monitoring the technical condition of mine degassing systems (MDS), as well as a methodical support for operational control of their formation zones in the mine environment real conditions, are considered. Approaches to assessment, control and forecasting methods of gas hydrate formation zones under the influence of mine environment specific factors were determined and innovative technical solutions were developed to increase the degassing system throughput. Findings. Based on the results of modern trends assessment in the field of monitoring and forecasting gas hydrate formation zones, it was established that a fundamentally new approach to ensuring the accident-free operation of pipeline transport is being implemented in foreign practice. Originality. Grounded innovative technical solutions for existing degassing systems modernization to increase the throughput capacity of mine pipelines and predict the formation zones of crystalline gas hydrates during transporting methane-air mixture from wells to vacuum pumping stations. Practical implications. A program and methodology for monitoring and diagnosing mine degassing gas pipelines have been developed using innovative technical solutions to promptly determine the gas hydrate formation places and increase throughput during the current operation.
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Cabarcas Simancas, Manuel, Angélica María Rada Santiago, and Brandon Humberto Vargas Vera. "Gas transport at dense phase conditions for the development of deepwater fields in the Colombian Caribbean sea." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.131.
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The purpose of this article is to set out the benefits of using the dense phase gas transport in future projects in the Caribbean Sea and to verify that when operating pipelines at high pressures, more mass per unit of volume is transported, and liquid formation risks are mitigated in hostile environments and low temperatures.This study contains key data about gas production fields in deep and ultra-deep waters around the world, which serve as a basis for research and provide characteristics for each development to be contrasted with the subsea architecture proposed in this paper. Additionally, analogies are established between the target field (Gorgón-1, Kronos-1 and Purple Angel-1) and other offshore gas fields that have similar reservoir properties. Using geographic information systems, the layout of a gas pipeline and a subsea field architecture that starts in the new gas province is proposed.Finally, using a hydraulic simulation tool, the gas transport performance in dense phase is analyzed and compared with the conventional way of transporting gas by underwater pipelines, achieving up to 20 % in cost savings when dense phase is applied.
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Akwukwaegbu, Chinedu F., Godwin A. Chukwu, Abhijit Y. Dandekar, Santanu Khataniar, Shirish L. Patil, Vidyadhar A. Kamath, and William F. Haslebacher. "EVALUATION OF THE MODES OF TRANSPORTING GAS-TO-LIQUID (GTL) PRODUCTS THROUGH THE TRANS ALASKA PIPELINE SYSTEM (TAPS)." Petroleum Science and Technology 20, no. 7-8 (January 7, 2002): 819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/lft-120003715.
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Ramnial, Taramatee, Michelle K. Hauser, and Jason A. C. Clyburne. "Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids as Efficient Borane Carriers." Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 5 (2006): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06021.
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Phosphonium-based ionic liquids form new ionic liquids when treated with borane (BH3), and these ionic liquids are useful for reduction reactions involving carbonyl compounds. Alane (AlH3) reacts with the phosphonium cation, nevertheless the resulting solutions are capable of reducing esters to aldehydes. Phosphonium-based ionic liquids may serve as useful materials for reactive gas transport, and hence may serve as a fluid alternative to porous materials and may provide a convenient method of safely transporting boron hydrides for a variety of applications.
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Gorce, Jean-Baptiste, Hua Xia, Nicolas Francois, Horst Punzmann, Gregory Falkovich, and Michael Shats. "Confinement of surface spinners in liquid metamaterials." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 51 (December 4, 2019): 25424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912905116.
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We show that rotating particles at the liquid–gas interface can be efficiently manipulated using the surface-wave analogue of optical lattices. Two orthogonal standing waves generate surface flows of counter-rotating half-wavelength unit cells, the liquid interface metamaterial, whose geometry is controlled by the wave phase shift. Here we demonstrate that by placing active magnetic spinners inside such metamaterials, one makes a powerful tool which allows manipulation and self-assembly of spinners, turning them into vehicles capable of transporting matter and information between autonomous metamaterial unit cells. We discuss forces acting on a spinner carried by a nonuniform flow and show how the forces confine spinners to orbit inside the same-sign vortex cells of the wave-driven flow. Reversing the spin, we move the spinner into an adjacent cell. By changing the spinning frequency or the wave amplitude, one can precisely control the spinner orbit. Multiple spinners within a unit cell self-organize into stable patterns, e.g., triangles or squares, orbiting around the center of the cell. Spinners having different frequencies can also be confined, such that the higher-frequency spinner occupies the inner orbit and the lower-frequency one circles on the outer orbit, while the orbital motions of both spinners are synchronized.
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Abdullah, Kharis, Id Adha Mulab, and Rodlitul Awwalinc. "Analisis Perancangan Dry Container Sebagai Alternatif Transportasi Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) 12 KG di Daerah Perintis." Jurnal Penelitian Transportasi Laut 24, no. 1 (September 13, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/transla.v24i1.1944.
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LPG is one of the gas fuels needed in daily life after the government has converged the use of fuel oil to fuel gas. The distribution of 12 Kg LPG in remote and outermost areas is still often hampered by the delivery process. Constraints in the distribution of 12 Kg LPG caused prices to become unstable. Government program to reach out and equal distribution of goods by making jalur tol laut. One of the sea toll fleets is the pioneer container ship that transports containers from remote and outermost areas. One alternative to transporting 12 Kg LPG is to use dry containers as a means of transportation. The transportation of 12 Kg LPG using containers goes through the design stages and structural analysis to determine the feasibility of the construction. Containers with a length of 20 feet are capable of carrying 126 12 Kg LPG cylinders, with an additional deck construction in the middle of the container with a deck plate thickness of 2 mm. By using the ANSYS APDL software, the analysis of the strength of the additional construction structure in the container is still below the required allowable stress of 103.23 N/mm2 and the actual deflection that occurs is 0.516 mm.
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Shi, Guangtai, Sijia Tao, Xiaobing Liu, Haigang Wen, and Zekui Shu. "Effect of Gas Volume Fraction on the Gas-Phase Distribution in the Passage and Blade Surface of the Axial Flow Screw-Type Oil-Gas Multiphase Pump." Processes 9, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050760.
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The axial flow screw-type oil-gas multiphase pump is mainly applied to oil and gas transport in the deep sea. In the process of transporting the multiphase medium, the gas volume fraction (GVF) on the gas phase changes from time-to-time, resulting in the performance of the oil-gas multiphase pump being greatly influenced by the gas phase. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the gas-phase distribution law and the vortex distribution in the flow passages within the oil-gas multiphase pump by means of numerical calculations, supplemented by experimental verification. The results show that the gas phase is mainly concentrated in the diffuser at different GVFs, and the gas phase gathering in the diffuser becomes more significant with the increase in the GVF. The gas-phase volume fraction increases gradually from rim to hub, that is, the gas-phase gathering degree increases. The maximum gas-phase volume distribution area is mainly concentrated in the area near the hub of the diffuser inlet and the middle blade height area at the outlet of the diffuser. The flow in the impeller is relatively stable under the different GVFs, while there is a large vortex near the inlet of the diffuser near the hub, and there is a backflow phenomenon between the outlet of the diffuser and the tip clearance of the impeller. The volume fraction of the gas phase near the rim fluctuates more than that near the hub because the gas phase is squeezed by the liquid phase more violently. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the optimal design of oil-gas multiphase pump blades.
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Vredenburgh, Alison G., and Ilene B. Zackowitz. "Forensic Case Study: When labeling leads to wrongful incarceration." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621091.
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This case study involves a woman who travelled to Mexico and returned to the United States transporting bottles of cuajo, a substance derived from a calf’s stomach, which is used to make cheese. She informed the border officer that the liquid in the bottle was used to make cheese and she had receipts in her possession for purchasing cuajo. A Safariland NarcoPouch field drug kit was used to test the liquid, which produces an expected color change to any substance that contains secondary amines, including methamphetamine and MDMA. A positive test result to the cuajo when tested at the Port of Entry was a major factor in deciding to arrest the woman, who was held in jail for more than six months; the results of gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer testing indicated that there was no controlled substance in the bottles and she was released. The human factors issues for this matter include adequacy of training, instructions and warnings which misled officers to believe that the test was conclusive for methamphetamine, resulting in her lengthy incarceration.
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Seiersten, M., A. Dugstad, J. Nossen, and O. Sendstad. "Top of line corrosion in gas-condensate pipelines." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1201, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1201/1/012082.
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Abstract Low alloyed carbon steel is the only viable material of construction for long pipelines transporting unprocessed gas-condensate. The water that condenses is highly corrosive because it contains dissolved acid gases, i.e., CO2, H2S and organic acids like acetic and formic acid. The high velocity gas also contains droplets of water and condensate, and these will deposit if they hit the steel surface. Monoethylene glycol (MEG) injected to prevent ice and hydrates must be considered when predicting the composition and corrosivity of the aqueous phases in the pipeline. The liquids gathering at the bottom of the pipe have a higher heat capacity than the gas, and the temperature at the top of the pipe will be slightly lower than at the bottom. As the produced fluids cool during the transport from the hot wells to the process plant, water will condense on the cold pipe surface and more at the top than at the bottom. The literature on Top-of-line corrosion (ToLC) has grown steadily since the first reported case in 1960. There are also several prediction models for ToLC. This review is an overview of the main factors that cause ToLC and how these are modelled. Mass transfer from the aqueous phase at the bottom to the top contribute to the condensation. Despite the low MEG to water ratio in the gas due to the difference in vapour pressure, the fraction of MEG in the condensing water may be considerable. The concentration of MEG in the aqueous phase at the top depends on the mass transfer from bottom. The same is the case for organic acids. Liquid droplets entrained in the gas may deposit top of line and contribute to the chemistry of the aqueous phase. Models for ToLC must thus not only predict the composition of the condensing phases but also the mass transfer to be able to estimate the corrosion rate.
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Alssayh, M. A., Shuib Husin, A. Addali, and David Mba. "Investigating the Capability of Acoustic Emission Technology to Determine Slug Velocity in Gas/Water Two Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.545.
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Two phase flow is a common phenomenon that exists in the petroleum and chemical engineering industrial fields. An important feature employed to describe two phase flow is the flow regime which varies depending on the individual velocities of the components within the two-phase flow. One of these regimes, the slug regime, can create significant pressure fluctuations that compromise the integrity of the transporting structure (pipes, separators, etc). This is in addition to other unwanted effects such as flooding at the receiving end, an increase in deposits of hydrates and corrosion. Under such circumstances the detection of the slug and its associated characteristics are vitally important to the operator. This experimental study looks into the application of Acoustic Emission (AE) technology for detecting slug velocity in two phase (gas/liquid) flow. It is verified that slug velocity can be determined by using acoustic emission sensors.
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Ejiofor, N., S. L. Patil, G. A. Chukwu, D. Reynolds, S. Khataniar, and A. Y. Dandekar. "Economic Appraisal of Transporting Gas-to-Liquids Products through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS)." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 3, no. 2 (March 26, 2008): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567240601057164.
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Pokrovski, Gleb S., Jacques Roux, and Jean-Claude Harrichoury. "Fluid density control on vapor-liquid partitioning of metals in hydrothermal systems." Geology 33, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g21475ar.1.
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Abstract Hot aqueous fluids, both vapor and saline liquid, are primary transporting media for metals in hydrothermal-magmatic systems. Despite the growing geological evidence that the vapor phase, formed through boiling of magmatic ore-bearing fluids, can selectively concentrate and transport metals, the physical-chemical mechanisms that control the metal vapor-liquid fractionation remain poorly understood. We performed systematic experiments to investigate the metal vapor-liquid partitioning in model water-salt-gas systems H2O-NaCl-KCl-HCl at hydrothermal conditions. Measurements show that equilibrium vapor-liquid fractionation patterns of many metals are directly related to the densities of the coexisting vapor and liquid phases. Despite differences in the vapor-phase chemistry of various metals that form hydroxide, chloride, or sulfide gaseous molecules of contrasting volatile properties, water-solute interaction is a key factor that controls the metal transfer by vapor-like fluids in Earth's crust. These findings allow quantitative prediction of the vapor-liquid distribution patterns and vapor-phase metal transport in a wide range of conditions. Our density model accounts well for the vapor-brine distribution patterns of Na, Si, Fe, Zn, As, Sb, and Ag observed in fluid inclusions from magmatic-hydrothermal deposits. For Au and Cu, the partitioning in favor of the liquid phase, predicted in a sulfur-free system, contrasts with the copper and gold enrichment observed in natural vapor-like inclusions. The formation of stable complexes of Cu and Au with reduced sulfur may allow for their enhanced transport by sulfur-enriched magmatic-hydrothermal vapors.
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Novruzova Sudaba, and Qadashova Elmira,. "POSSIBILITY OF VORTEX SEPARATION EJECTOR APPLICATION IN THE COLLECTION AND SEPARATION OF GAS." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 5, no. 443 (October 15, 2020): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.115.
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The article analyzes the experimental and pilot ejector installations and shows shortcomings in their work with two-phase flows. Association of high and low pressure gas flows with a conventional choke device leads to a significant loss of flow energy of high pressure gas. This union of gas flows of high and low pressures, also limits the selection of gas from wells with low wellhead pressure and the combined gas stream in this case becomes a low-pressure, so transporting it over long distances becomes impossible. Thus, new design of the vortex and separation ejector for the improvement of technological processes is proposed. Its design and principle of operation are described. The proposed ejector consists of a feed chamber with a tangential inlet of the passive flow, and a tangential exit of the liquid phase, mixing chamber and diffuser. The possibility of implementing it at the same time in the ejection and low-temperature gas separation processes were considered. The advantages of the ejector are shown. Due to the cold created by very low temperature in the proposed vortex ejector it is possible to carry out the process of static low-temperature gas separation simultaneously with the process of ejection. The use of this small-sized ejector instead of compressor installations on limited areas of offshore platforms, bushes and flyovers is especially expedient and advantageous. The vortex ejector is simple in design and can be made out of the factory by forces of the manufacturers themselves from tube elements.
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Filipchuk, Oleksandr, Victor Marushchenko, Mikhailo Bratakh, Myroslav Savchuk, and Safaa Tarwat. "EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF IMPLEMENTATION OF OPTIMIZATION METHODS OF OPERATION MODES OF THE "PLAST - GAS PIPELINE" SYSTEM BY THE METHODS OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 5 (September 28, 2018): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2018.00717.
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To date, Ukraine's mature gas fields, which are being developed in the gas regime, are at the final stage of development, which is characterized by a significant depletion of reservoir energy. The final stage of development requires solving complex problems related to watering wells, destruction of the reservoir, removal of formation water and mechanical impurities, increasing back pressure in the system, as well as the moral and physical wear and tear of industrial equipment. In the conditions of falling gas production, a significant part of the operating well stock is unstable, in the mode of unauthorized stops due to the accumulation of liquid at the bottom and insufficient gas velocities for removal to the surface, and also the accumulation of the liquid phase in the lowered places of the gas gathering system. Within the framework of the conducted studies, the gas dynamic models of the operation of the gas collection system of 3 oil/gas-condensate fields (OGCF) are created. A single model of the gas production system "reservoir - well - gas gathering system - inter-field gas pipeline - main facilities" is built. The current efficiency of the gas production, collection and transportation system is assessed. On the basis of model calculations, the current production capabilities of the wells are defined, as well as the "narrow" places of the system. It is established that the introduction of modern technologies for the operation of watered wells without optimizing the operation of the entire gas production system is irrational, since the liquid that is carried out from the wellbore will accumulate in the plumes and increase the back pressure level in the ground part. In conditions of increasing gas sampling, liquid flowlines can be taken out of the loops and deactivated the separation equipment. The feasibility of introducing methods for optimizing the operation modes of the gas production - gathering and transportation system is estimated, which allows choosing the optimal method for increasing the efficiency and reliability of its operation. For the first time in the Ukrainian gas industry, an integrated model of the field is created as a single chain of extraction, collection, preparation and transportation of natural gas, which can be adapted for the development and arrangement of both new and mature deposits. The main advantage of the application for the hydrocarbon production sector is the simulation of the processes, which makes it possible to evaluate the operating mode of the well in the safe zone while reducing the working pressure and introducing various intensification methods, and also to estimate the increase in hydrocarbon production. For the equipment of the ground infrastructure – "midstream" – the main advantage is a reduction in the time required to perform design calculations for gas pipelines, trains and pipelines for transporting multiphase media using public models. The creation and use of integrated models of gas fields gives an understanding of the integral picture of available resources and ensures an increase in the efficiency of field development management. The results of the calculation are clearly correlated with the actual data, which makes it possible to use the models constructed to obtain numerical results.
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Sergeev, S. M., E. N. Provotorova, Y. O. Lebedeva, L. N. Borisoglebskaya, and Ja Kravets. "Optimal control of fluctuations of the “liquid substance - pipeline” system in terms of speed during transportation of a liquid substance." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 5 (November 1, 2021): 052020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/5/052020.
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Abstract The process of transporting a liquid substance (oil, petroleum products, gas mixtures) the pipeline network and related engineering facilities, being a dynamically non-equilibrium physical system, are often carried out in extreme modes, which can form dangerous wave phenomena accompanied by various instabilities, generating undesirable consequences and even catastrophes. Similar phenomena can occur in technical devices and apparatuses containing in their design hydraulic networks for the transfer of continuous media (aircraft, energy objects). Eliminate (extinguish or reduce the intensity) such phenomena are possible in the shortest possible time by making additional structural changes to the pipeline network, which make it possible to use external devices for dynamic influence on the “liquid substance – pipeline” system and eliminate (or minimize) the possibility of negative wave effects. The paper is devoted to the problem of eliminating dangerous vibrations initiated by a liquid substance transported through a pipeline network, provided that time resources are spent minimally. A mathematical model of the wave process and the problem of optimal control over the speed of such a model are considered. The control effect on the “liquid substance-pipeline” system is carried out at the initial and final points of the pipeline network, while the necessary information about the state of the system is used in a finite number of points distributed along the entire length of the pipeline, which makes it possible to calculate external influences on the system. In order to simplify the presentation of the results, a linear carrier of a liquid substance is used (in applications, a pipeline without branches) and a one-dimensional wave equation – the length of the pipeline is much larger than its diameter.
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Bloch, David. "Waste Desalination Streams, Pre - Salt and Energy Genesis, Replenishing Oil, Gas Salt Diapirs in “Salt Mirror Petroleum Formations" - 40 Years in Retrospect, and Ancient Qanat Karez Mineral Salt Leaching Technology." Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 2, no. 4 (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000131.
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The Geology Of “Salt Mirrors” a s t he Responsible Hydraulic Mechanisms Enabling t he Disappearance o f Heavy Saline Waste Fluids, a nd Other Waste Toxic Sediments i nto Deep Land a nd Ocean Aquifers. A hydraulic mechanism which dissolves salt to form so - called “ salt mirrors” results in exceptionally flat geological expanses of wetland, for example, suitable for solar evaporation pans. Whether initially in the form of evaporates, eutectic deposits, domes or other rock salt diapirs, the mechanism is proposed to be responsible for transporting most waste organic and inorganic debris into very deep aquifers in the water table: Specifically the interface of fresh water and heavy saturated brines in the water table initiates powerful horizontal and vertical liquid strea ms which are capable of collecting most sediment waste material and concentrating it into heavy gradient saline pools. Based on observations made in 1953 and presented to the 4th Salt Symposium Ohio USA by M.R.Bloch, it is also proposed that this mechanism is responsible for the slurry concentrating function of huge quantities of decomposed biodiversity waste and transporting it to such subterranean reservoirs where it subsequently is transformed into crude petroleum. Historically this mechanism became natu re's process of recycling waste to very great depths in the Earth's aquifers. It could also become the obvious destination for toxic RO reject brine. During mankind’s short industrial timeline, raw chemical and even nuclear waste has been added to the equa tion and it is estimated that as this very deep interface of water and saturated brine rises together with the water table, and that it may percolate up through these same aquifers. This will be particularly true in the event that the water table raises du e to predicted increased eustatic sea levels. Salt - driven wetlands and other historical saline concentrations and salt deposits are an integral part of the process in this mechanism and therefore careful control of these saline streams at their point of ev olution must become a priority to sustaining such wetland sub oceanic ecosystems.
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Belyaeva, Elizaveta V., Alina A. Markova, Dmitry N. Kaluzhny, Andrei L. Sigan, Lev L. Gervitz, Aida N. Ataeva, Nikolai D. Chkanikov, and Alexander A. Shtil. "Novel Fluorinated Porphyrins Sensitize Tumor Cells to Photodamage in Normoxia and Hypoxia: Synthesis and Biocompatible Formulations." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 4 (July 17, 2018): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520617666170719150834.
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Background: Hypoxia renders tumor cells refractory to treatment. One way to overcome this problem is the design of drug delivery systems that contain the antitumor agent within an oxygen supply medium. Objective: to evaluate whether the perfluorocarbon liquids (capable of retaining up to 50% v/v amounts of O2 gas) can be tools for delivery of photosensitizers to hypoxic tumors. Method: We synthesized a series of compounds in which fluoroaliphatic or fluoroaromatic moieties were conjugated to the porphyrin ring in meso-positions. Two derivatives were tested as the solutions prepared either from a dimethylformamide stock (‘free’ formulation) or from a perfluorocarbon emulsion in which the photosensitizer is entrapped in the oxygenated medium. Results: In the emulsion the hydrophobic photosensitizer and the gas transporting liquid represented a biocompatible composition. Free formulations or perfluorocarbon emulsions of fluorinated porphyrins evoked little-to-null dark cytotoxicity. In contrast, each formulation triggered cell death upon light activation. Photodamage in the presence of fluorinated porphyrins was achievable not only at normoxic (20.9% O2 v/v) conditions but also in hypoxia (0.5% O2). With new compounds dissolved in the medium the cell photodamage in hypoxia was negligible whereas a significant photodamage was achieved with the emulsions of fluorinated porphyrins. The derivative with the fluoroalkyl substituent was more potent than its structurally close analog carrying the fluoroaryl moiety. Conclusion: Our new fluorinated porphyrin derivatives, especially their emulsions in which the photosensitizer and the oxygenated medium are coupled into one phase, can be perspective for photoelimination of hypoxic tumor cells.
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Pineda Gómez, César Augusto, Oscar Armando Arenas Mantilla, and Nicolás Santos Santos. "EVALUATIÓN OF THE CONDENSATION POTENTIAL OF HYDROCARBON FLUIDS IN THE NATIONAL GAS PIPELINE SYSTEM: ESTABLISHING OF ADEQUATE OPERATIONAL SCHEMES." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 3, no. 3 (December 31, 2007): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.486.
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For transporting industry of natural gas by pipeline systems, it’s vital to guarantee the integrity of their lines, in order to decrease operational costs and prevent accidents that may damaging against people’s safety, the environment or the infrastructure itself. In this paper it’s presented the principal compounds from a technical study about principal net and its distribution branches to municipalities of the National System Transport of Natural Gas operated by the Colombian Natural Gas Company – Ecogas, (specifically the Cusiana - Porvenir – La Belleza, La Belleza - Cogua, La Belleza – Vasconia, Vasconia - Neiva and Vasconia - Cali gas lines, see Figure 1). The principal objective is evaluate the possible condensation of hydrocarbons fluids inside gas lines, due to compositional characteristics of the gas, the different topographical conditions along the gas line route and the actual and future operational conditions to be implemented in the system. The evaluation performed over this gas streams, generates transcendental information in the creation of safe operational limits that minimizing the existence of obstacle problems and damages over pipeline systems and process equipment, due to the presence of liquid hydrocarbons inside these flow lines. This article has been prepared in four sections in order to guarantee easy access to each one of the steeps involved in the study. Section one presents the compositional and thermodynamic analysis of feeding gas streams; in section two, its presented the required information for modeling gas lines with definition of the gas pipeline numerical simulation model in stable state; section three presents the sensitivity analysis for gas variation upon loading gas composition at the inlet point of the system, variation of the operational conditions (flow, pressure and gas temperature) and environment temperatures for the different inlet points (branches) with verification of compliance of the Unique Transport Regulation (Reglamento Único de Transporte – RUT) established by CREG (CREG, 1999); section four presents the recommended set up of adequate work schemes required to guarantee the non-existence of hydrocarbon fluid due condensation in the evaluated system.
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Erazo-Cifuentes, Yovany Arley, Juan Pablo Orejuela, and Diego F. Manotas-Duque. "Technoeconomic Comparison of Scenarios for the Configuration of the Renewable Hydrogen Supply Chain in Colombia." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 6 (November 28, 2022): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13576.
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Green hydrogen (RH2) can be used as a clean fuel and as energy vector. For this reason, it is a promising solution to the problems faced by the renewable energy (RE) industry. One determining factor for achieving its practical implementation is the correct configuration of its supply chain. This study compares different hydrogen supply chain (HSC) configurations. RH2 production will be by water electrolysis using RE in the Colombian Caribbean region, then, converted into Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC), Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) or Compressed Hydrogen Gas (GH2), later, transported by trucks and delivered to meet the projected demand of the transportation sector. In the reference scenario, we found that the best alternative is to produce RH2 using an AEC-type electrolyser (alkaline electrolysis cells) powered by wind energy and convert it to GH2 at 350 bar for transportation and storage. Then, scenarios of demand, one-way distance and WACC were considered for projections between 2030 and 2050. The results showed that can be determined the one-way distance from which converting and transporting RH2 as LOHC is the best alternative and, also can be determined this limit for demand values, which allows us to identify the best configuration of the HSC.
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Yu, Peng, Yuanchao Yin, Qianjin Yue, and Shanghua Wu. "Experimental Study of Ship Motion Effect on Pressurization and Holding Time of Tank Containers during Marine Transportation." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 3595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063595.
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Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is the cleanest fossil fuel available, producing less carbon emissions and fewer pollutants than other fossil fuels. Marine transportation is a key process in the LNG supply chain. The use of tank containers, which are portable equipment, can effectively facilitate multi-mode transportation. LNG evaporation causes pressurization, which is a safety concern during transportation. Ship motion and environmental temperature are the main factors affecting pressure variations. In this study, the effect of ship motion on pressurization and holding time was investigated through three types of experiments, namely, prototype, field, and self-pressurization experiments. The results showed that while increased boil-off gas was generated due to ship motion, this evaporation remained stable in dynamic cases. Higher evaporation rates were obtained under more severe dynamic conditions, and the holding time was shortened. The two different effects of ship motion on pressure development discussed here are the facilitation of pressurization due to the enhancement of heat transfer and the prevention of pressurization due to gas condensation at the vapor–liquid interface. These two effects show varied levels of predominance over the pressure variations depending on different stages of transportation. The holding time in the experiments was able to reach 87 days under the most severe condition, which is long enough for long-term shipping; the safety of transporting LNG in tank containers is further discussed based on the experimental results herein.
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Kabir, C. Shah, Sheldon Burt Gorell, Maria E. Portillo, and A. Stan Cullick. "Decision Making With Uncertainty While Developing Multiple Gas/Condensate Reservoirs: Well Count and Pipeline Optimization." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 10, no. 03 (June 1, 2007): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/95528-pa.
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Summary Well-developed methodology exists for handling uncertainty for a single reservoir. However, development of multiple fields presents a significant challenge when uncertainty in a large number of variables, such as gas in place and liquid yield, occur in each reservoir. Some of the challenges stem from our need to forecast the system behavior involving a coupled reservoir/wellbore/surface (CRWS) network for the entire spectrum of variables so that facilities can be designed for the range of fluid composition and throughput. Of course, assessing well count and sequencing well drills are some of the important objectives. This paper describes probabilistic production forecasting with a compositional CRWS network model for nine reservoirs involved in delivering gas supply to a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Nigeria. Our main objective was to use an economic indicator to select the optimal design of two main pipelines, each transporting 200 and 300 MMscf/D from the two production platforms, located 15 and 5 km, respectively, from the processing platform. Rate and cumulative profiles showed that sustained deliverability of gas could be realized for approximately 11 years before the decline occurred in high-permeability reservoirs. In other words, uncertainty in gas in place did not surface during the plateau period, only during the decline period lasting another 5 years after the first 11. In contrast, the liquid rates exhibited a large uncertainty band throughout, a direct manifestation of the condensate yield issue. The uncertainty band among each of the 12 components aided facilities design. Differences in net present value (NPV) and discounted profitability index (DPI) were used as discriminators for discerning optimal pipe size from the standpoint of project economics. Introduction In recent years, probabilistic forecasting has gained popularity and has become the preferred approach when assessing the value of a project, given the uncertainty of many input variables. Uncertainties arise because both static and dynamic variables are ascertained from rather small volumetric samples of a reservoir and subsequent key variables are estimated from interpretations. Systematic approaches have emerged to account for uncertainty of both static and dynamic variables involving statistical approaches. These methods have been detailed elsewhere (Damsleth et al. 1992; Friedmann et al. 2003; Kabir et al. 2004) for a single reservoir. However, very few studies exist in which production is sought from multiple reservoirs with uncertainty associated with each one of them. Cullick et al. (2004) and Narayanan et al. (2003) have presented case studies of production forecasting under uncertainty for multiple fields. In their studies, flow-simulation tools were integrated with economic evaluation tools and the Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm. Optimization was sought for an objective function (NPV, for instance) honoring various constraints. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of uncertainty in input variables on the production forecast for systems consisting of multiple gas/condensate reservoirs, honoring wellbore constraints. We studied multiple reservoirs with multiple wells producing independently. The complexity arises because of the interactions through the common flowline system. The wellbore model was coupled with the reservoir model to honor wellbore constraints. The surface network interfaced with disparate wells through producing rules or constraints. Some of the producing rules included production upper limits to avoid erosional velocity and meeting CO2 production constraints because blending of various streams occurs. In this study, the types of uncertainty considered are in-place volume, condensate yield, capital costs, and operating costs. We segmented this study into two phases. In Phase 1, we used an analytic simulator to generate the pressure and production forecasts for dry-gas reservoirs, coupled with a simple economic model but without the surface network. The intrinsic idea was to establish well count with a simplistic approach on a spreadsheet. In Phase 2, a CRWS model allowed us to discern the pipe diameter of two main trunk lines transporting gas/condensate fluids by use of incremental economics.
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ALI, M. S., D. S. BEGLYAROV, and E. E. NAZARKIN. "FEATURES OF CALCULATION TRANSIENT PROCESSES IN WATER PIPELINES OF PUMPING STATIONS UNDER CONDITIONS OF FLOW CONTINUITY DISCONTINUITY FORMATION." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 4 (2020): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2020-4-122-128.
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The purpose of this work is to provide a method for engineering calculation of an unsteady process in gas-liquid mixtures in complex hydraulic systems. When determining the optimal version of the pressure system, transient processes should be considered which occurrence is connected with the change of the operation mode of pumping units: emergency and planned turning-off,starting pumps, regulation of their operation, changing of the opening degree of shut-off and safety valves. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to determine changes in parameters of pressure water supply systems during transient processes. Accounting for the presence of the undissolved air in hydro systems is one of the most important factors to ensure the reliability of calculation since the presence of air leads to the increased compressibility in the medium due to which there occur sharp pressure fluctuations. Hydroelectric and water management include pressure systems with pumping stations, providing the necessary required amounts of water to specified heights. As a result of the work, the following conclusions were obtained, which allow us to revise the methodology for calculating transients in water pipelines of pressure water supply systems. The simplest and most effective measure to deal with an unacceptable increase in pressure in the event of a hydraulic shock caused by engine shutdown is to pass water through the pump in combination with the intake and pinching of air at the points where the continuity of the flow is formed. In pressure pipelines transporting a single-phase liquid (for example, water), there is always a small amount of undissolved air, which has a significant impact on the non-stationary processes that occur in the pipelines. Therefore, under certain conditions, even a single-phase liquid should be considered as a two-phase liquid and this circumstance should be taken into account when calculating pressure unsteady movement and hydraulic shock in pipes.
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Hussain, Dr Mohammad Nasir, Huda Khalil Ibrahim, Ahmed kareem Hasan, and Ahmed Abdul Jaleel Haddar. "Surge Pressure Effect on Crude Oil Export Pipelines to Petroleum Ports." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v5i1.141.
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Pressure surges in pipelines are created by a change in momentum of the moving stream (e.g. valve closure). The occurrence of pressure surges should be determined by transient pressure analysis .Surge pressures are particularly critical for pipelines transporting liquid fluids, because of the high density and lower compressibility compared to gaseous fluids. Although damping of the pressure wave initiated at the point of blockage occurs as it travels upstream, surge may in some cases result in the highest pipeline pressure at a location well upstream of the point of origin. This may occur in particular for liquid pipelines in hilly terrain.
Methods of preventing the generation of unacceptably high surge pressures including valve closure speed reduction or special fast-response pressure relief systems close to the point of surge initiation. If not sufficient, strict adherence to well formulated operating procedures should be implemented.
In our research we presented the factors that may contribute in the happening of surge phenomenon and with the use of computer calculations and experimental work we gave some solutions to prevent it. Depending on Joukowsky equation we noticed that for crude oil that each time when decreasing the valve opening the pressure will increase .in experimental part we also made tests on gas oil by using a system in petroleum research and development center the results showed that as the valve closed the pressure increase where we get maximum pressure of 42 psi.
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Tang, Lei, Yong Zhang, and Xiao Hui Ying. "Sensor-Based Real-Time Monitoring Hazardous Chemical Cargo." Applied Mechanics and Materials 484-485 (January 2014): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.484-485.311.
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Monitoring and tracking dangerous goods can represent a great improvement in security and safety when transporting hazardous goods by water road. In this paper we propose a complete monitoring and tracking system, which is able to check at the same time the position and real-time status of dangerous goods of the ship, as well as the conditions in the cargo bay. The system exploits battery-powered environmental sensors (temperature, humidity, pressure, gas concentration and liquid level), connected by a ZigBee-based Wireless Sensor Network, This approach guarantees flexibility, ease of deployment and low power consumption. Collected data is then sent from the ship to a fixed server via a GPRS link. The GPS positioning system is integrated by the use of Navigation System, which also guarantees a precise estimate of the position when the GPS signal is weak or temporarily lost. When dangerous goods of the ship start leaking, the system can develop a plan to solve the accident, according to the situation at that time. The proposed solution has been deployed in a real environment, and some performance evaluation tests have been carried out.
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Oliynyk, A. P., L. I. Feshanych, and G. V. Grygorchuk. "Mathematical modelling of the process of pipeline deformation through which gas-liquid mixtures with aggressive components are transported." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 111, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9995.
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Mathematical modelling of the process of deformation of pipeline, transporting gas-liquid mixtures with aggressive components and a comparative analysis of the value of the specified velocity depending on the dynamic viscosity of the multicomponent gas mixture is conducted. A mathematical model of the process of leakage of the transported product due to the loss of tightness of the pipe based on the system of Navier-Stokes equations with boundary conditions with considering the geometry of the leakage zones and the value of the leakage rate is implemented. Models of the process of deformation of the pipeline due to displacements of a certain set of surface points by specifying different types of functions, describing the geometry of deformed sections are constructed. The method of calculating the tensely deformed state based on the data on the movement of surface points by comparing different ways of setting functions, taking into account the actual configuration of sections and axes is improved. The change of flow characteristics in the pipeline when changing the structure of the mix, transported by studying of influence of change of dynamic viscosity is investigated; The method of calculating the rate of leakage of the mixture in case of loss of tightness due to the occurrence of critical stresses in the pipe material is improved. Building a model of the deformation process, information about the nature, duration of forces and loads affecting the pipeline is not used. The law of the pipeline movement was constructed having taken into account the deformation of the sections in three directions. The necessity to take wind loads into account, estimating the real tensely deformed state was displayed. Using the method of calculating the tensely deformed state based on the data on the movement of surface points by comparing different ways of setting functions, taking into account the actual configuration of sections and axes. According to the computational algorithms created on the basis of the specified models, the calculations of the tense state of the pipelines and the flow rate of the mixture depending on its composition were performed. An analysis of the results of calculations - tense intensity and flow rate depending on the dynamic viscosity of the mixture is performed. The influence on the flow parameters - the flow rate of the mixture and the force of hydraulic resistance - changes in the dynamic viscosity of the mixture is analyzed.
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Si, Qiaorui, Qianglei Cui, Keyu Zhang, Jianping Yuan, and Gérard Bois. "Investigation on centrifugal pump performance degradation under air-water inlet two-phase flow conditions." La Houille Blanche, no. 3 (June 2018): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2018031.
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In order to study the flow characteristics of centrifugal pumps when transporting the gas-liquid mixture, water and air were chosen as the working medium. Both numerical simulation and experimental tests were conducted on a centrifugal pump under different conditions of inlet air volume fraction (IAVF). The calculation used URANS k-epsilon turbulence model combined with the Euler-Euler inhomogeneous two-phase model. The air distribution and velocity streamline inside the impeller were obtained to discuss the flow characteristics of the pump. The results show that air concentration is high at the inlet pressure side of the blade, where the vortex will exist, indicating that the gas concentration have a great relationship with the vortex aggregation in the impeller passages. In the experimental works, pump performances were measured at different IAVF and compared with numerical results. Contributions to the centrifugal pump performance degradations were analyzed under different air-water inlet flow condition such as IAVF, bubble size, inlet pressure. Results show that pump performance degradation is more pronounced for low flow rates compared to high flow rates. Finally, pressure pulsation and vibration experiments of the pump model under different IAVF were also conducted. Inlet and outlet transient pressure signals under four IAVF were investigated and pressure pulsation frequency of the monitors is near the blade passing frequency at different IAVF, and when IAVF increased, the lower frequency signal is more and more obvious. Vibration signals at five measuring points were also obtained under different IAVF for various flow rates.
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Dreus, A. Yu, A. V. Haminich, N. V. Koval, and S. V. Dziuba. "Modeling of multiphase flow at solid particles hydropelling." Metallurgicheskaya i gornorudnaya promyshlennost, no. 1 (2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33101/s001-14000119.
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Purpose. Development of methods for calculating the parameters of the solid particles lifting from the bottom of reservoirs based on the three-phase (gas-liquid-solid particles) flow simulation in an air-lift pipe. Methodology. Mathematical modeling of multiphase flows based on hydraulic ratios. In doing so, heights of up to 10 m (short airlift) are considered with corresponding physical assumptions. Findings. A methodological support has been developed for calculating rational parameters of modes of transporting solid particles with a short airlift. The solution of the problem of the solid particles hydraulic lift by a short airlift is reduced to solving a system of nonlinear algebraic equations. Parametric calculations were carried out and the dependences of the gas flow rate required to ensure a given airlift performance were determined, and the influence of the geometric characteristics of the pipelines on the flow of the solid phase was estimated. Originality. The proposed method allows one to determine the parameters of the solid particles hydraulic lift in a short airlift by solving a system of nonlinear algebraic equations, without using the apparatus of mathematical physics methods. Practical value. It consists in the development of a method for calculating and determining rational parameters of pulp transportation processes in short airlifts. These methods make it possible to determine the dependence of the air flow on the solid particles flow and substantiate the corresponding geometric and flow parameters of the hydraulic lift system. Key words: short airlift, multiphase flow, solid particles hydraulic lift, technological calculatio.
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Bello, Kelani, Babs Mufutau Oyeneyin, and Gbenga Folorunso Oluyemi. "A Novel Approach to Subsea Multiphase Solid Transport." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.413.
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Transportation of multiphase reservoir fluid through subsea tiebacks has gained considerable attention in recent years especially in the deep offshore and ultra deep offshore environments where there is increasing pressure on the operators to reduce development costs without compromising oil production. However, the main challenge associated with this means of transporting unprocessed reservoir fluids is the need to guarantee flow assurance and optimise production. Solids entrained in the fluid may drop off and settle at the bottom of horizontal pipe thereby reducing the space available to flow and causing erosion and corrosion of the pipeline. The problem has been largely attributed to insufficient flow velocity among other parameters required to keep the solids in suspension and prevent them from depositing in the pipe. The continuous changing flow patterns have introduced additional complexities dependent on gas and liquid flow rates. Acquisition of experimental data for model development and validation in multiphase flow has been largely focused on single and two phase flow. This has impeded our understanding of the behaviour and associated problems of three phase or four phase (oil, water, gas and solid) in pipes. The result is inappropriate solid transport models for three phase and four phase. In order to bridge this gap, the Well Engineering Research group at Robert Gordon University has initiated a project on integrated multiphase flow management system underpinned by comprehensive experimental investigation of multiphase solids transport. The project is aimed at developing precise/accurate sand transport models and an appropriate design and process optimisation simulator for subsea tiebacks. In this paper, the physics of the multiphase transport models being developed is presented. The models will allow for the prediction of key design and operational parameters such as flow patterns, phase velocity, pressure gradient, critical transport velocity, drag & lift forces, flow rate requirements and tiebacks sizing for transient multiphase flow. A new multiphase flow loop is being developed which will be used to generate experimental database for building and validating the theoretical models for use in a proposed integrated simulator for deepwater applications.
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Lu, Minyuan, Cameron Wheeler, and Stephanie Weir. "Cryogenic expansion joint for LNG service." APPEA Journal 57, no. 1 (2017): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16186.
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Pipelines transporting cryogenic liquids, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), are typically constructed with metal components with a relatively high thermal expansion coefficient. Pipelines contract in length due to the large temperature differential that occurs. To accommodate this thermal contraction, LNG plants, offloading jetties, and other facilities typically utilise expansion loops and/or conventional in-line expansion joints (e.g. bellows). However, expansion loops require a large amount of space and support platforms, which can be costly and/or disruptive to an LNG facility construction. Additionally, conventional bellows-type expansion joints offer very little torsional strength, which may lead to catastrophic failure in the joint. Engineers at Clough Limited have patented two unique embodiments of a cryogenic expansion joint: a sliding concentric pipe-in-pipe cryogenic expansion joint; and a torsional cryogenic expansion joint. Both designs utilise inherent material properties to seal sequential pipeline segments together at cryogenic conditions. The pipe-in-pipe expansion joint provides large axial and unlimited torsional movement. The torsional expansion joint provides unlimited radial and some axial movement. These embodiments eliminate the large conventional expansion loops and reduce project capital expenditure.
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Sklyarenko, E. V., L. Y. Vorobiov, D. A. Kirzhner, and S. V. Plashykhin. "TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTS OF USED TIRES THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 41, no. 4 (December 24, 2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.4.2019.8.
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Introduction. Utilization of worn tires in the world is of great economic and ecological importance for all developed countries. This is due to the fact that worn tires are a source of long-term pollution of the environment by toxic components and a causative agent of the sanitary-epidemiological situation in their places of storage.
Today, the most common method for disposing of tires is to burn them to produce energy that requires special technologies and combustion plants and exhaust gas cleaning systems. In addition, the disadvantage of this method is the increased CO2 emissions.
One of the promising ways to dispose of tires is the technology of full carbon recycling by means of a preliminary thermochemical conversion, the result of which is the physico-chemical transformation of the organic part of the raw material into new gaseous, liquid and solid carbon-based energy products that can be used in the industry. In order to reduce the cost of transporting worn tires to large processing enterprises, promising is developing mobile thermochemical conversion units, which can carry out the processing of tires in places where they accumulate.
The main way to control the quality of the products obtained is to determine their calorific value, by calorimetric and technical analysis.
The purpose of the work is to determine the thermal characteristics of samples of pyrolysis of worn tires in a mobile conversion plant and to evaluate their potential use for energy purposes.
Research results. The humidity, ash content and heat of combustion of raw materials in the form of crushed rubber of worn tires and products of its pyrolysis - liquid fuel and solid carbon have been investigated. High and net heat of combustion of analytical sample, fuel in dry state and in working condition of delivery is determined using the data of experimental measurements, taking into account corrections for the formation of sulfuric and nitric acid. The value of the net heat of combustion in the state of delivery for the crushed rubber of tires, liquid and solid pyrolysis products, respectively, amounted to 30.36; 40.79; 24.37 MJ / kg.
Conclusion. The conducted studies showed high energy characteristics of the studied samples, which can be used as alternative fuels. The use of pyrolysis products does not require special installations. Their combustion can be carried out in existing installations without significant reconstruction.
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Jang, Sunpil, Fatima Reyna, Kaito Shigemasa, Takuto Araki, Kensaku Nagasawa, and Shigenori Mitsushima. "Visualization of Hydrogen Bubbles in Porous Transport Layer in Toluene Direct Electro-Hydrogenation Electrolyzer Using X-Ray CT System." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 40 (October 9, 2022): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02401464mtgabs.
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Introduction Currently, the use of renewable energy is being promoted as an approach to decarbonization. However, renewable energy requires stable energy storage and supply because the amount of electricity is affected by time and climate. One of the solutions is use of hydrogen as an energy source. As the demand for hydrogen increases in the future, a large amount of hydrogen will be needed, and the storage and transportation of large amounts of hydrogen will also be necessary. However, the methods for storing and transporting large amounts of hydrogen have not yet been established, and this is one of the challenges in the current hydrogen utilization. One of the methods for storing and transporting large amounts of hydrogen is the organic hydride method. The organic hydride method is a method of storing and transporting hydrogen using hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of organic compounds. Among these, the use of toluene and methylcyclohexane (MCH) has attracted attention. The advantages of using toluene and MCH include the following: because toluene and MCH are liquids at normal temperature and pressure, they can be transported at about 1/500th the volume of direct hydrogen gas transport; toluene and MCH can be reused; hydrogenation and dehydrogenation are the only reactions, so no byproducts are generated; and they can be transported in the same way as petroleum. Hydrogen can be transported in the same way as petroleum. Therefore, it is expected to be used as a storage and transport medium for hydrogen. A toluene direct electro hydrogenation electrolyzer is available as a means of hydrogenating toluene. In the toluene direct electro hydrogenation electrolyzer, hydrogen and toluene are supplied to the electrolyzer, and electricity is applied to protonate the hydrogen and supply it to toluene to produce MCH. The advantages are that cost and time losses can be reduced because water electrolysis and toluene hydrogenation can be performed simultaneously, there is no heat loss in the reaction, and the theoretical decomposition voltage can be reduced compared to electrolysis of water and hydrogenation of toluene separately. However, during hydrogenation of toluene, a part of the water being electrolyzed is transferred to the toluene reaction surface, reducing the reaction efficiency to MCH. In addition, part of the protonated hydrogen becomes hydrogen bubbles, which inhibit the fuel supply and reduce the reaction area. Furthermore, the phenomena of water movement and hydrogen bubbles in toluene hydrogenation have not yet been studied. In this study , we aim to understand the generation of hydrogen bubbles by visualizing the phenomena in toluene hydrogenation using a toluene direct electro hydrogenation electrolyzer with an X-ray CT system, and to provide a guideline for future research on the suppression of hydrogen bubble generation and water movement. Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the toluene direct electro- hydrogenation electrolyzer used in this experiment. The electrolyzer consists of a catalyst layer, a gas diffusion layer (GDL), and a separator, in that order. The electrolyzer is operated by supplying toluene to the anode side and hydrogen to the cathode side, and electricity is supplied. Visualization of the interface between the GDL and catalyst layer on the cathode side of the electrolyzer during operation using an X-ray CT system allows the phenomena on the reaction surface to be visualized. Figure 2 Visualization of the inside of the electrolyzer during operation. Fig. 2 (a) shows the electrolyzer filled with MCH and (b) shows the electrolyzer filled with toluene. The toluene electrolyzer generates fewer hydrogen bubbles, which confirms that the reaction is normal, and the correlation between the current density and the generation of hydrogen bubbles is examined. Figure 1
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MIRONOVA, TATIANA Yu. "ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF THE REDUCTION AND USE OF MANURE-BEARING WASTEWATER FROM THE MILKING PARLOUR." Agricultural engineering, no. 5 (2022): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2022-5-47-51.
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The abatement of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production is an important task of today. One solution is to reduce the generated amount of organic waste and the number of operations required for its transportation and application as they contribute to lower fuel consumption. A mitigation measure of carbon dioxide emissions is to cut down the quantity of manure-bearing wastewater from milking parlors and use it most effectively. The study aimed to assess the environmental effect of this measure. The carbon dioxide emissions were assessed by comparing two technologies. Technology 1 included the use of milking parlor wastewater in a greenhouse and the field application of manure. Technology 2, the basic one, featured the field introduction of milking parlor wastewater mixed with manure. A mathematical optimization model was applied to calculate the carbon dioxide emissions per ton of milk. The optimization problem solving showed that these emissions from the farm with 600-650 milking cows may differ by 4.9% depending on the technology option. The normative data and theoretical research results were used to calculate the carbon dioxide emissions from the fertilizer application units for a farm with 640 milking cows and a specific wastewater output of 7 l/cow/day. The planned milk productivity was 25 kg/cow/day. The MZHT-23 fertilizer application machine aggregated by T-150K tractor was employed. This machine unit transported the liquid organic fertilizers over a distance of 7 km and had a capacity of 22.9 t/h. The study established that the technology with manure management in the greenhouse (Technology 1) will reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the units transporting organic fertilizers to the fields by 11.1%, as compared with the basic technology.