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Journal articles on the topic 'Transportation Transportation and state Environmental policy'
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1
Downing, Donna, and Robert B. Noland. "Environmental Consequences of Reducing the Federal Role in Transportation: Legal Framework." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1626, no. 1 (January 1998): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1626-01.
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The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) currently provides transportation grants to states financed by the Highway and Mass Transit Trust Funds and establishes a variety of requirements that seek to make environment a key factor in transportation planning and implementation. Devolution of the federal role would make states responsible for financing highway and transit improvements and for making related policy and program decisions. Although ISTEA is not primarily an environmental law, it contains numerous provisions that take into account the environmental implications of authorized activities. In addition, federal funding can trigger requirements for “major investment study” and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) processes that consider environmental impacts of proposed projects and allow for public comment. Devolution could affect the number of transportation projects subject to such scrutiny, where federal funding is the sole element that “federalizes” a project enough to make major investment study or NEPA requirements apply. And, although many other federal and state laws provide environmental protection, they typically do not focus on achieving an environmentally friendly transportation system. The impacts that devolution could have on environmental protection are explored here. The environmental provisions currently in ISTEA are reviewed and the potential role of NEPA and the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act in a devolution environment is identified. Other federal or state laws that may be available to “stand in” for environmental provisions eliminated or weakened by devolution are explored, and the potential environmental impacts of a reduced federal role in transportation oversight are discussed.
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Xu, Jintao, and Peter Berck. "China's environmental policy: an introduction." Environment and Development Economics 19, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x13000624.
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AbstractThis special issue covers several important aspects of China's environmental policy, ranging from evaluation of government programs (biogas and the Sloping Land Conversion Program) that aim directly to enhance the rural environment, to the reform of natural resource sectors (collective and state forest reforms) that set foundations for the sustainable use of natural resources, and to the impacts of urban environmental policies (including urban transportation management and industrial pollution control policy). We provide an overview of the topic and a brief introduction to each of the contributed papers.
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Gao, Jingkang, and Jinhua Zhao. "Normative and image motivations for transportation policy compliance." Urban Studies 54, no. 14 (September 13, 2016): 3318–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016664829.
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Compliance with laws and regulations intended to protect common pool resources in the urban context is essential in tackling problems such as pollution and congestion. A high level of non-compliance necessitates investigation into motivations behind compliance. The long-held instrumental theory emphasising the dependence of compliance on tangible deterrence measures fails to adequately explain empirical findings. More recently established compliance models incorporate normative, instrumental and image factors as motivations for compliance. We investigate the importance of normative and image motivations for transportation policy compliance, and the influence of the hukou (China’s household registration) on the composition of motivations. Through a case study of Shanghai’s license auction policy to inhibit car growth, we use a structural equation model and data from a survey ( n = 1389) of policy attitudes and compliance behaviour. The results show that both locals and migrants comply because of instrumental motivation. However, for locals, normative and image motivations not only influence compliance but do so to a greater degree than instrumental motivations. This stands in stark contrast with the fact that there was no statistical relationship between normative and image motivations and compliance for migrants. The significant contribution of normative and image motivations to compliance in locals bears positive implications for compliance, but the absence of that in migrants is worrying. If only instrumental motivations matter, then the government is really constrained in how it can go about keeping social order. Compliance obtained strictly through social control indicates an unsustainable state of governance.
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Waqas, Muhammad, Qian-li Dong, Naveed Ahmad, Yuming Zhu, and Muhammad Nadeem. "Understanding Acceptability towards Sustainable Transportation Behavior: A Case Study of China." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103686.
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Nowadays, increased usage of motorized vehicles has become a cause of serious environmental and health problems which results in noise pollution, air pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases. Sustainable transportation options such as green public buses, subways and public cycling have been introduced to improve environmental quality. However, their adoption is still in the initial stage. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the consumer attitude towards sustainable transportation, and their willingness to choose different environmentally friendly options like cycling and public green transportation by applying a norm activation model (NAM). More specifically, this study explored the role of different predictors (sustainable transport benefits awareness, traffic problem awareness, government policies and symbolic motives of using a car) affecting citizen’s acceptability to sustainable transportation options with mediating role of environmental concern and moderating role of self-transcendence and self-enhancement. A questionnaire-based survey conducted in four major metropolitan cities of China including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Xi’an found that acceptability towards sustainable transportation is derived from sustainable transport benefits awareness and traffic. Symbolic motives of the car have a negative association with acceptability towards sustainable transportation. The mediating effect of environmental concerns was proved, which extends the role of NAM in this study. Self-transcendence and self-enhancement have positive and negative moderating effects consecutively towards the acceptability of sustainable transportation. This study has potential implications for the government of China, transportation, and urban planning departments in order to take necessary measures to promote sustainable transportation behavior in Chinese citizens.
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Ryan, Christopher. "Application of Environmental Justice Analysis in a Statewide Freight Plan." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2654, no. 1 (January 2017): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2654-04.
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Executive Order 12898 and subsequent U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) orders require all state DOTs to complete environmental justice analyses to identify disproportionately high and adverse effects of programs, polices, and activities on minority populations and low-income populations. Many analysis techniques have emerged in practice and academic literature, but no official guidance has designated a preferred analysis approach. The passage of the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act introduced a number of new freight provisions for state DOTs, including a requirement to develop state freight plans to be eligible for funding through the National Highway Freight Program. This paper reviews the existing guidance for environmental justice analyses and documents the application of this guidance to an environmental justice analysis for the Minnesota Statewide Freight System Plan. The plan provides strategies and a policy framework for statewide freight stakeholders to guide planning efforts and investments in the state freight system. The paper concludes with a discussion of further considerations, strategies, and challenges facing freight planning practitioners in future freight environmental justice analyses.
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Smith, Timothy J., and Marion Butler. "Streamlining Success of Southeast Arkansas Interstate 69 Connector Project." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1941, no. 1 (January 2005): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105194100118.
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Streamlining the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and FHWA's transportation planning process is a goal of all state departments of transportation as well as a presidential goal and directive (Executive Order 13274, Environmental Stewardship and Transportation Infrastructure Project Reviews). One section of the nationally designated Interstate 69 (I-69) corridor, the proposed north–south interstate from Canada to Mexico, used a project study process that combined innovative geographic information system (GIS) technology with early, proactive coordination with state and federal resource agencies, Native American tribes, and the public to expedite the NEPA project development process. The Southeast Arkansas I-69 Connector Project (I-69 connector) successfully integrated the development and management of a project-specific GIS with early and continuous stakeholder outreach. This approach fostered a cooperative project atmosphere in which alternatives were developed that responded to the concerns of all stakeholders. This approach proved invaluable in consensus building and in achieving concurrence in a compressed time frame from the public and regulatory resource agencies on the ultimate location of the new facility.
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Mattos, M. Beatriz C. "APPLICATION OF OIL SPILL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSES TO BRAZILIAN ROAD NETWORKS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-169.
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ABSTRACT Roads provide the main means of transportation in Brazil. According to data from the Brazilian Department of Infrastructure and Transport, 96.2% of the passenger transportation and 61.8% of the cargo transportation are based on road infrastructure. However, three quarters of the Brazilian roads are in terrible, unsatisfactory or generally inadequate condition. Poor road conditions are responsible for a great number of accidents with severe consequences for the population and the environment. Given the importance of this matter, there is a need to develop an intelligent system for automatic classification of social and environmental sensitivity maps in order to support actions that respond to emergencies and to help in transportation planning, especially considering the heavy movement of hazardous cargo, such as petroleum and its derivates. For this, tools such as GIS (Geographic Information System) allow social-environmental and traffic engineering characterization maps to be analyzed on a unified, georeferenced digital base. This way, administrators can estimate which stretches of the network are more environmentally sensitive and which pose greater risks, and therefore draw inferences on the most socially and environmentally vulnerable. Social and environmental vulnerability data not only help in the classification of the areas which pose the greater risks, but also make it possible to decide on emergency support points, creating a culture of prevention in the area of hazardous cargo transportation. The case study on the state of Rio Grande do Norte provides a measure of the importance of such work. The city of Natal - the state capital - and the Guamarí petrochemical facility are interconnected by 180 Km Road, on which more than 100 tanker trucks loaded with diesel and its derivates travel every day. This road is classified as in poor conditions and, according to the Brazilian Roads Police, it is one of the most dangerous. The relevance of this work is to show how information consolidated to a single database, georeferenced in a GIS, can assist planning for the safe transport of oil and hazardous cargos, benefiting not only the state'S population but the environment as a whole.
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Johnston, Robert A., Mike McCoy, Marjorie Kirn, and Matthew Fell. "Streamlining the National Environmental Policy Act Process Through Cooperative Local-State-Federal Transportation and Land Use Planning." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1880, no. 1 (January 2004): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1880-16.
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Borders, Stephen, Craig Blakely, Linda Ponder, and David Raphael. "Devolution's Policy Impact on Non-emergency Medical Transportation in State Children's Health Insurance Programs." Social Work in Public Health 26, no. 2 (February 28, 2011): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19371911003776704.
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Bardman, Cynthia A. "Applicability of Biodiversity Impact Assessment Methodologies to Transportation Projects." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1601, no. 1 (January 1997): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1601-06.
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Human activities often adversely affect natural landscapes or ecosystems. Natural landscapes typically consist of habitats differing in size, shape, structure, and composition. These components create biodiversity, which is broadly defined as the variety of the world’s organisms. Impacts on biodiversity—including direct impacts from development, secondary impacts, and impacts from active consumption—are increasing as the human population continues to grow. Impact on biodiversity is emerging as a concern of environmental groups. Highway construction may contribute to biodiversity loss because transportation corridors tend to disrupt normal patterns in the landscape. Transportation agencies, such as the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, are interested in evaluating the need to analyze the effects on habitat fragmentation and biodiversity caused by roadway construction projects. Evaluation of such effects is a relatively new issue. There are currently no regulatory requirements to perform these types of evaluations. Therefore, the opportunity exists to develop rational and practical guidance to use on transportation projects. Even though no formal guidance exists, a number of similar methods in use could be modified for analyzing and quantifying impacts on biodiversity caused by highway projects. The decision whether to assess biodiversity for a project depends on the existing environment and the types of impacts the project will have on that environment. Whether mitigation of these biodiversity impacts should occur depends on the overall impacts on all resources by the proposed project. Much work still needs to be done in the development of an acceptable method for assessing the potential impacts of transportation projects on biodiversity. The general state analysis should be molded into an acceptable method for use by state departments of transportation. This method would need support in the form of a new mandate for implementation under the National Environmental Policy Act.
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Koelle, Alexandra. "Intimate Bureaucracies: Roadkill, Policy, and Fieldwork on the Shoulder." Hypatia 27, no. 3 (2012): 651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2012.01295.x.
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Over the last twenty years, wildlife biologists and transportation planners have worked with environmental groups and state and tribal governments to mitigate the effects of human transportation arteries on animal habitats and movements. This paper draws connections between this growing field of road ecology and feminist science studies in order to accomplish two things. First, it aims to highlight the often unacknowledged roots that the interdisciplinary field of animal studies has in feminist theory. Second, it seeks to contribute to conversations in the humanities and social sciences on roadkill and on wildlife biology by steering us into a world of practice that foregrounds mundane details. I approach this topic through interdisciplinary methods, including interviews with tribal and state wildlife biologists and participation in fieldwork on a western painted turtle tagging project. Although engaging in science and formulating policy are often understandably regarded by nonspecialists as practices that distance observers from their topic, in the world of roadkill prevention, I argue that the opposite is the case. What I call “intimate bureaucracies” are formed: arrangements of papers, policies, and people that bring a world of counting, and accountability, into being.
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Velazquez, Luis, Nora E. Munguia, Markus Will, Andrea G. Zavala, Sara Patricia Verdugo, Bernd Delakowitz, and Biagio Giannetti. "Sustainable transportation strategies for decoupling road vehicle transport and carbon dioxide emissions." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, no. 3 (April 13, 2015): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-07-2014-0120.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify research priorities to guide transportation stakeholders in their practice, education, and research. Design/methodology/approach – A literature review of published, conference proceedings, agency reports, books, and web site documents was conducted, aiming at the identification of the diverging strategies and practices undertaken by transportation stakeholders in order to be able to generate initial meaningful insights about a sustainable transportation system. Findings – Sustainable transportation systems are in certain way a new paradigm where a business-as-usual approach is not possible. Vehicle makers produce more energy efficient vehicles. Nevertheless, fossil fuel is still the predominant source of energy. Regarding the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, non-motorized transport modes are preferable over motorized transport modes, and public transportation modes preferable to private transportation modes. It is also import to include environmental consideration along the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the transportation infrastructure. While vehicles powered by alternate fuel such as biofuel, electricity, and/or fuel cell are becoming more popular, shifting to more sustainable transport modes would also require changes on commuter behaviors and individual preferences. Practical implications – The paper discusses the efforts that are underway for decoupling transport and CO2 emissions, being useful for transportation stakeholders to implement or improve the effectiveness of their potential or current sustainability transport initiatives through the identification of strategies, opportunities, and barriers. Originality/value – Although there is plenty of good information about sustainability and transportation modes in literature, most of the articles analyzed focus on specific factors of the whole transportation system. The originality/value of this paper is found in the holistic perspective, here presented, of the state of the art issues that a sustainable transport system would encompass.
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Montero, Sergio. "Study tours and inter-city policy learning: Mobilizing Bogotá’s transportation policies in Guadalajara." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 2 (September 28, 2016): 332–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x16669353.
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While modern urban planning has traditionally been shaped by policies and instruments from European and North American cities, in recent decades there has been an increase in South-South policy learning and a number of cities of the global South have emerged as alternative urban planning models. Yet, less is known about the practices through which urban policy actors in cities of the South learn from other Southern cities’ policies. This paper examines the case of Guadalajara, Mexico, where different local public and private actors introduced a new policy issue—sustainable transportation—in the local and state government agenda making extensive references to Bogotá, Colombia. Study tours are identified as key practices that facilitated the adoption of Bogotá’s transportation policies in Guadalajara. Using qualitative and ethnographic methods, I show that study tours were powerful instruments to promote policy change thanks to their capacity to: (1) educate the attention of influential local policy actors through hands-on “experiential learning”; (2) expand local coalitions through the building of trust and consensus around a policy model; and (3) mobilize public opinion through references to already existing policies. In doing so, I suggest that study tours should be conceptualized as both learning and governance instruments that a variety of actors can use to translate their shifting beliefs of how the city should be organized into public policy. The analysis of the actors that organized these tours also reveals the friction between local and transnational agendas shaping the apparent South-South circulations of Bogotá's transportation policies.
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Eyler, Amy, Jamie Chriqui, Jay Maddock, Angie Cradock, Kelly R. Evenson, Jeanette Gustat, Steven Hooker, et al. "Opportunity Meets Planning: An Assessment of the Physical Activity Emphasis in State Obesity-Related Plans." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, no. 1 (January 2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0037.
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Background:In the United States, health promotion efforts often begin with state-level strategic plans. Many states have obesity, nutrition, or other topic-related plans that include physical activity (PA). The purpose of this study was to assess PA content in these state plans and make recommendations for future plan development.Methods:Publically available plans were collected in 2010. A content analysis tool was developed based on the United States National PA Plan and included contextual information and plan content. All plans were double coded for reliability and analyzed using SPSS.Results:Forty-three states had a statewide plan adopted between 2002 and 2010, none of which focused solely on PA. Over 80% of PA-specific strategies included policy or environmental changes. Most plans also included traditional strategies to increase PA (eg, physical education, worksite). Few plans included a specific focus on land use/community design, parks/recreation, or transportation. Less than one-half of plans included transportation or land use/community design partners in plan development.Conclusions:Though the majority of states had a PA-oriented plan, comprehensiveness varied by state. Most plans lacked overarching objectives on the built environment, transportation, and land use/community design. Opportunities exist for plan revision and alignment with the National PA Plan sectors and strategies.
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Tang, Zhongming, Xingxing Liu, and Ying Wang. "Integrated Optimization of Sustainable Transportation and Inventory with Multiplayer Dynamic Game under Carbon Tax Policy." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (June 29, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4948383.
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Growth in environmental sustainability has prompted the logistics industry to seek sustainable development, and carbon tax policies are considered an effective approach to reducing carbon emissions. This study investigates the optimization of sustainable transportation and inventory under a carbon tax policy and explores effective methods for coordinating the interests of governments and enterprises. The results can provide insights into sustainable logistics for decision-making by enterprises and policy-making by governments. We first examine a Stackelberg game model and design an iterative solution to optimize sustainable transportation and inventory under the carbon tax policy. We then establish a three-stage dynamic game model to optimize the wholesale price, carbon tax rate, and proportion of sustainable investment shared by the government. Furthermore, we perform a simulation to identify the optimal solution of the three-stage game, and we compare the simulation results with a numerical example. The results indicate that a carbon tax policy can improve social welfare and the sustainability of transportation and inventory but could hinder corporate profits. An appropriate sustainable investment-sharing strategy could compensate for the shortcomings of the carbon tax policy and result in positive outcomes for governments and enterprises.
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Vasconcellos, E. A. "The Making of the Middle-Class City: Transportation Policy in São Paulo." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 2 (February 1997): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a290293.
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The adaptation of urban spaces to cope with increased automobile traffic has been called the ‘building of automobile cities’. This is a vague and otherwise politically naive interpretation of these important changes in capitalist societies. Cars do not run on their own and one has to ask who is behind the wheels, and for what purposes. I argue that these spatial transformations are definite economic and political undertakings related to capitalist modernization processes, in which the middle classes, as preferential partners of ruling classes, play the most important role. In these contexts, the automobile turns out to be an essential means for the reproduction of the middle classes in their pursuit of social mobility. Therefore I argue that these large transformations should instead be seen as the ‘building of middle-class cities’. This paper is about how São Paulo was transformed into a middle-class city. In it I emphasize the period from 1960 to 1980, when the city population increased from 3.6 million to 8.5 million, and 1.6 million new automobiles were put into circulation. In this period Brazil experienced a highly dynamic capitalist modernization process, with high rates of GNP growth, under authoritarian (and often repressive) political rule. New middle-class sectors were generated, supported by the concentration of income and by their ideological commitment to the new regime. The city space was physically transformed to allow for a new pattern of circulation which was directly related to the new economic activities and the new lifestyle of these middle-class sectors, for whom the automobile became a vital means of social reproduction. The middle classes were represented, inside the state, by transportation planners who promoted the ideology of modernization. The space was then reshaped in a way which favored the circulation needs of the middle class population, in its prime role of driver, rather than the needs of the majority of the population, in their primary roles of pedestrian and captive public transportation user. Moreover, the mobility and fluidity needs of these selected middle-class sectors were pursued regardless of the safety and environmental consequences of the new circulation pattern. Similar processes can be identified in the developing world where other middle-class cities have been created. In spite of social and political differences, these processes share the objective of readapting space to ease the circulation of the social sectors which are relevant to economic accumulation and political legitimation.
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Guersola, Mariana, Maria Teresinha Arns Steiner, and Cassius Tadeu Scarpin. "A methodology for minimizing LPG transportation impact." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 28, no. 6 (September 11, 2017): 807–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-07-2016-0050.
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Purpose Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) transportation risks depend on aspects such as the total length of the trip and population density along the route. Choosing to deliver the product on non-busy days and reducing distances travelled may help to reduce these risks and lower the level of air pollution generated by the transportation trucks. The purpose of this paper is to reduce LPG delivery impact. Design/methodology/approach A three-stage methodology is proposed. First, rules are created in order to choose which clients have to be visited each day to avoid deliveries in downtown areas during business days. Second, an Iterated Local Search (ILS) metaheuristic is proposed for the capacitated p-median problem to group the chosen customers. Finally, another ILS is proposed to solve the Travelling Salesman Problem, for each truck to follow a better route while visiting its customers. Findings The methodology resulted in a 24.8 per cent reduction in distances travelled, representing an annual reduction of 32,716 kg in CO2 emissions. The average amount of product sold per kilometre travelled improved by 72 per cent. Originality/value The literature shows a clear need for companies to consider sustainability in their daily decisions. However, especially in developing countries, there is a fear that protecting the environment may cost money. This main contribution of this paper is that it presents a real solution, serving as a guide for companies to improve their transportation system, resulting in environmental and economic benefits.
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Gorman, Mark, Sion Jones, and Jeffrey Turner. "Older People, Mobility and Transport in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review of the Research." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (November 4, 2019): 6157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216157.
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Older populations are rising globally, which in high-income countries has helped to generate a growing literature on the impact of ageing on travel requirements and transport policy. This article aims to provide an initial assessment of the state of knowledge on the impact on transportation policy and usage of the increasing numbers of older people in low- and middle-income countries (LAMICs), through a review of the literature relating to older people and transportation. As both the academic and policy/practice-related literature specifically addressing ageing and transport in LAMICs is limited, the study looks beyond transportation to assess the state of knowledge regarding the ways in which older people’s mobility is affected by issues, such as health, well-being, social (dis)engagement and gender. We find significant knowledge gaps, resulting in an evidence base to support the implementation of policy is lacking. Most research in low-income countries (LICs) is either broad quantitative analysis based on national survey data or small-scale qualitative studies. We conclude that, although study of the differing contexts of ageing in LAMICs as they relate to older people’s mobilities and transport use has barely begun, institutions which both make and influence policymaking recognise the existence of significant knowledge gaps. This should provide the context in which research agendas can be established.
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Wallace, Daniel P., and Joseph S. Shalkowski. "Post-National Environmental Policy Act Monitoring of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Commitments." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1626, no. 1 (January 1998): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1626-04.
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Post-National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) phase tracking tools have been developed and applied successfully to monitor changes in environmental impacts and mitigation commitments identified during the NEPA process as transportation projects advance and are refined through the highway final design process. The tools have been used effectively on two Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC) expansion projects currently under development in the Monongahela River Valley region of southwestern Pennsylvania. The tools include a set of computerized spreadsheet/database tracking tables that identify the environmental impacts and mitigation commitments contained in the final environmental impact statement (FEIS), the memorandum of agreement for cultural resources, the FHWA record of decision, and the Pennsylvania Agricultural Land Condemnation Approval Board adjudication. As refinements were made to the project and its right-of-way requirements during final design, any associated changes to environmental impacts were recorded. The tables provided the PTC, state, and federal agencies with a means to efficiently evaluate the resulting environmental impacts for the projects and assess the applicability of the mitigation commitments as defined in the FEIS. Any refinements needed in the mitigation commitment were incorporated into the final design plans. The rationale behind the development of these tools in conjunction with their functional value to the NEPA process is presented.
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Ragusa, Angela T., and Andrea Crampton. "Alternative Transportation Enterprises for Rural Australia: An Organizational Study of Greener Options and Use." International Journal of Rural Management 15, no. 2 (October 2019): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973005219872934.
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Economic and social norms/behaviours challenge ‘greener’ transportation alternatives in rural Australia’s car-dependent society. Surveys ( n = 412) and interviews ( n = 44) conducted at a rural Australian organization reveal experiences with, and perceptions about, carpooling, public transportation, greener cars and walking/cycling campaigns. Infrastructure, cultural norms and life-stage demands competed against pro-environmental transportation actions, even if self-identifying as ‘pro-environment’. Discussed amid cognitive dissonance and impression management theory, findings support ‘attitude/action’ gaps in environmental psychology research. Interview participants knew vehicles degraded the environment and 81 per cent surveyed used environmental ratings in car purchasing decisions. Thus, deficit-based communication theory and public health campaigns are limiting approaches. Change management requires innovative solutions, not awareness-raising campaigns, to achieve organizational carbon neutrality goals beyond ‘offsetting’ and address the reasons—inconvenience and social/physical undesirability—interviewees shared about their ability/willingness to walk/cycle/share-drive.
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Harvey, John T., Ali A. Butt, Mark T. Lozano, Alissa Kendall, Arash Saboori, Jeremy D. Lea, Changmo Kim, and Imad Basheer. "Life Cycle Assessment for Transportation Infrastructure Policy Evaluation and Procurement for State and Local Governments." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 6377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226377.
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Climate change is one of the defining challenges of our time, and achieving mitigation targets requires urgent action to identify and implement strategies for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, identifying, quantifying, and then selecting among the many possible strategies to achieve GHG reductions is difficult, especially without a standardized approach for comparison. Presenting alternatives in a mitigation supply curve is an approach that has been used previously to compare the costs and magnitude of mitigation potential for different strategies. Some of the critiques of this approach include the lack of a consequential perspective in determining mitigation and the lack of a life cycle perspective in quantifying mitigation and economic costs. This research uses the principles of consequential life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis to improve on the mitigation supply curve concept to support evaluation and procurement decisions for transportation infrastructure. Results from pilot studies for road infrastructure indicate that a consequential life cycle approach for mitigation supply curves is feasible and can support agency decision-making and communication regarding those decisions.
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Wang, Siqi, Jingbo Yin, and Rafi Ullah Khan. "The Multi-State Maritime Transportation System Risk Assessment and Safety Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 5728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145728.
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Maritime transportation has a pivotal role in the foreign trade and hence, the world’s economic growth. It augments the realization of “Maritime Silk Road” strategy. However, the catastrophic nature of the maritime accidents has posed a serious threat to life, property, and environment. Maritime transportation safety is a complex system and is prone to human, equipment, and environment-based risks. In the existing literature, the risk assessment studies aimed at the analysis of maritime traffic safety usually consider the state of system as two ultimate states—one is the normal state and the other is the complete failure state. In contrast to the conventional approaches, this study incorporates a multistate criterion for system state giving consideration to the near or partial failures also. A Markov Chain-based methodology was adopted to determine the variations in state system and define the instant at which a low probability incident transforms into a high-risk intolerable event. The analysis imparts critical time nodes that could be utilized to reduce the risk and evade accidents. This study holds practical vitality for the concerned departments to circumvent the potential dangers and devise systematic preemptive procedures before the accident takes place. The results of this study could be employed to augment safety and sustainability of maritime traffic and decrease the associated pollution.
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Sun, Xiaoqian, and Sebastian Wandelt. "Robustness of Air Transportation as Complex Networks:Systematic Review of 15 Years of Research and Outlook into the Future." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 6, 2021): 6446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116446.
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Air transportation systems are an important part of the critical infrastructure in our connected world. Accordingly, a better understanding and improvements in the resilience of the overall air transportation system are essential to the well-functioning of our society and overall sustainability of human beings. In the literature, network science is increasingly used to better understand the resilience dynamics of air transportation. Given the wide application of tools for network science and the importance of designing resilient air transportation systems, a rich body of studies has emerged in recent years. This review paper synthesizes the related literature that has been published throughout the last 15 years regarding the robustness of air transportation systems. The contributions of this work consist of two major elements. The first part provides a comprehensive discussion and cross-comparison of the reported results. We cover several major topics, including node importance identification, failure versus attack profiles, recovery and improvement techniques, and networks of networks approaches. The second part of this paper complements the review of aggregated findings by elaborating on a future agenda for robust air transportation research. Our survey-style overview hopefully contributes toward a better understanding of the state of the art in this research area, and, in turn, to the improvement of future air transportation resilience and sustainability.
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Behbahani, Hamid, and Farshidreza Haghighi. "PRESENTATION OF LAND‐USE AND TRAFFIC EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT/ŽEMĖNAUDOS IR TRANSPORTO EFEKTYVUMO VERTINIMAS/ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ЗЕМЛЕПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ И СИСТЕМ ТРАНСПОРТИРОВАНИЯ." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-6897.2009.17.ia-ii.
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Extensive research has shown that land use and transportation features are linked by a complex, yet identifiable, set of relationships, hence, in order to interpret this link and relationship, there are just a few investigations and models, especially in IRAN. Nowadays, Transportation Plans rarely acknowledge any feedback effects from transportation improvements on land use, and thereby ignore these effects in plan evaluation. This omission has the potential consequence of exaggerating mobility and environmental benefits of transportation projects and undervaluing the potential benefits of land use or transportation policies. This paper uses the main concepts of transportation efficiency of metropolitan transportation systems. It offers a neural model to measure and assess land use and transportation system efficiency. Besides the fact that many different factors work simultaneously, shaping our land use and its transportation efficiency, such as agricultural features, socioeconomic parameters, environmental parameters and so on, but in order to evaluate land use‐transportation efficiency, it is useful to consider just transportation infrastructure parameters. As long as through a region, land use conditions (especially transportation facility efficiencies) results in different travel behaviors, the region were divided into zones and are defined by individual or combinations of land use and transportation variables, such as network connectivity, pedestrian environment, density of activities, and other transportation infrastructure attributes. This neural‐based model uses GIS‐based data for each parcel of land use to evaluate its transportation efficiencies and result in percent of SOV (Self Occupancy Vehicle) trips through the region. SOV trip rates serve as a tool currently used for the evaluation of any land use and transportation efficiency through the region. The main concept of such an evaluation index is based on the fact that in a region, fulfilling the transportation accessibility needs will result in less use of SOV trips and vice versa. The model was calibrated and validated in neural network based on Tehran city's GIS data and evaluated. In order to increase the accuracy of the results, the AHP Model was applied to operationlize various effects of input parameters into the neural model. The aim of this study was to increase acknowledgement of any feedback effects of transportation improvements on land use and providing such a tool for Transportation departments at state, federal and local levels. This model is a powerful tool to guide decision‐makers about whether to build new transportation facilities or maintain or improve the existing ones, evaluation of the land‐use efficiency and also comparing regions by some transportation facilities. Santrauka Išsamūs tyrimai parodė, kad žemėnaudą ir transportavimo ypatumus sieja visuma identifikuojamų sąsajų, vis dėlto, siekiant paaiškinti tas sąsajas ir jų santykį, bent Irane, yra mažai tyrimų ir modelių. Nūdienos transporto planuose retai kada atsižvelgiama į transporto patobulinimą, įtaką žemėnaudai. Perdėtai teigiama transporto projektų nauda mobilumui ir aplinkai, nepakankamai įvertinant galimą žemėnaudos arba transporto politikos naudą. Straipsnyje remiamasi pagrindinėmis transporto efektyvumo didmiesčio transportavimo sistemoje sąvokomis. Siūlomas modelis išmatavus įvertinti žemėnaudą ir transportavimo sistemos efektyvumą. Kad būtų galima įvertinti transportavimo kiekviename žemėnaudos sklype efektyvumą ir nustatyti procentais privačių transporto priemonių reisus regione, naudojamasi GIS duomenimis. Pagal privačių transporto priemonių reisų dažnį pastaruoju metu vertinama žemėnauda ir transportavimo efektyvumas regione. Šio vertinimo esmė yra tai, kad regione, kuriame tenkinami transportavimo prieinamumo poreikiai, mažiau naudojama privačių transporto priemonių, ir atvirkščiai. Modelis buvo kalibruotas ir patvirtintas remiantis Teherano miesto GIS duomenimis ir įvertinimais. Siekiant padidinti rezultatų tikslumą AHP modelis buvo pritaikytas modeliuojant įvairią įvesties parametrų įtaką. Šio tyrimo tikslas – išryškinti transportavimo gerinimo žemės naudojimo atžvilgiu svarbą pristatant metodą valstybės, federalinės ir vietinės valdžios transporto departamentams. Šis modelis yra efektyvi priemonė, padedanti sprendimų priėmėjams nuspręsti, ar statyti naujas transportavimo infrastruktūras, ar atnaujinti, pagerinti esamas, jis paremtas žemės naudojimo efektyvumo įvertinimu ir leidžia palyginti regionus pagal kai kuriuos transportavimo ypatumus. Резюме Исследования показали, что землепользование и особенности транспортирования тесно взаимосвязаны. Для объяснения этой взаимосвязи в Иране существует несколько моделей. В настоящее время транспортные парки редко учитывают возможное, более совершенное применение земельных территорий. Это преувеличивает значение транспортных проектов для мобильности и окружающей среды и недостаточно учитывает возможную пользу от землепользования и транспортной политики. В статье основывались на концепциях эффективности транспортных систем больших городов. Предложена модель для оценки эффективности землепользования и систем транспортирования. Несмотря на то, что эффективность землепользования и транспортирования формируется на основании нескольких различных факторов (особенностей сельского хозяйства, социально-экономических, природоохранных параметров и др.), для оценки эффективности землепользования и транспортирования целесообразно оценивать лишь параметры транспортной инфраструктуры. Условия землепользования в масштабе региона обуславливают разное поведение при передвижении. Регион был поделен на зоны и охарактеризован индивидуальными и общими переменными, а именно: густотой сети, условиями для пешеходов, частотой транспортной инфраструктуры и другими чертами. Эта модель, основанная на структуре нервной системы, для каждого участка земли применяет данные ГИС для того, чтобы оценить эффективность транспортной системы и в процентном отношении эффективность рейсов транспортных средств в регионе. Частота самоходных транспортных средств в последнее время является средством оценки эффективности землепользования для транспортных нужд в регионе. Суть такой оценки заключается в том, что в регионе, в котором удовлетворяются потребности в возможностях транспортирования, используется меньше самоходных транспортных средств и наоборот. Модель была калибрована и утверждена на основании данных ГИС города Тегерана и соответствующих оценок. Целью исследования было выявить возможности улучшения транспортных условий с учетом землепользования и представить метод государственным, федеральным транспортным департаментам и местным властям. Модель может служить эффективным средством при принятии решения о том, создавать новые транспортные инфраструктуры или совершенствовать имеющиеся на основании оценки эффективности землепользования и сравнения регионов по особенностям транспортирования.
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Moudon, Anne Vernez, and Chanam Lee. "Walking and Bicycling: An Evaluation of Environmental Audit Instruments." American Journal of Health Promotion 18, no. 1 (September 2003): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.21.
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Purpose. This paper reviews existing environmental audit instruments used to capture the walkability and bikability of environments. The review inventories and evaluates individual measures of environmental factors used in these instruments. It synthesizes the current state of knowledge in quantifying the built environment. The paper provides health promotion professionals an understanding of the essential aspects of environments influencing walking and bicycling for both recreational and transportation purposes. It serves as a basis to develop valid and efficient tools to create activity-friendly communities. Data Sources. Keyword searches identified journal articles from the computer-based Academic Citation Databases, including the National Transportation Library, the Web of Science Citation Database, and MEDLINE. Governmental publications and conference proceedings were also searched. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. All instruments to audit physical environments have been included in this review, considering both recreation- and transportation-related walking and bicycling. Excluded are general methods devised to estimate walking and cycling trips, those used in empirical studies on land use and transportation, and research on walking inside buildings. Data Extraction Methods. Data have been extracted from each instrument using a template of key items developed for this review. The data were examined for quality assurance among three experienced researchers. Data Synthesis. A behavioral model of the built environment guides the synthesis according to three components: the origin and destination of the walk or bike trip, the characteristics of the road traveled, and the characteristics of the areas surrounding the trip's origin and destination. These components, combined with the characteristics of the instruments themselves, lead to a classification of the instruments into the four categories of inventory, route quality assessment, area quality assessment, and approaches to estimating latent demand for walking and bicycling. Furthermore, individual variables used in each instrument to measure the environment are grouped into four classes: spatiophysical, spatiobehavioral, spatiopsychosocial, and policy-based. Major Conclusions. Individually, existing instruments rely on selective classes of variables and therefore assess only parts of built environments that affect walking and bicycling. Most of the instruments and individual measures have not been rigorously tested because of a lack of available data on walking and bicycling and because of limited research budgets. Future instrument development will depend on the acquisition of empirical data on walking and bicycling, on inclusion of all three components of the behavioral model, and on consideration of all classes of variables identified.
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Negev, Maya. "Air Pollution Policy in Israel." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101065.
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Since its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel has been oriented towards economic development and industrialization, with a transportation sector increasingly focused on private cars. In 1961, initial awareness of environmental risks led to the adoption of the Abatement of Nuisances Law, which served as the platform for air pollution policy for several decades, even as population growth and growth of the industrial sector, including fossil fuel power plants, led to a continuous increase in air pollution. In the early 2000s, the environmental movement in Israel criticized local air pollution policy as being out of date and started to promote a new Clean Air Law. The law, which was adopted in 2008 and came into force in 2011, was a watershed in air pollution policy in Israel. It includes ambient air quality values for 28 contaminants, emission permits for the industrial sector based on best available techniques (BAT), an enforcement system, and a unified and transparent monitoring system. This paper reviews the history of air pollution policy in Israel from 1948, through the 1961 and 2008 landmark legislations and their strengths and weaknesses, to the present. The paper ends with recommendations for future air pollution policy in Israel.
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Kirby, A. M. "High-Level Nuclear Waste Transportation: Political Implications of the Weakest Link in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 6, no. 3 (September 1988): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c060311.
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By focusing primarily on the USA but also drawing upon examples from Europe and Australia, the author examines the technical, political, and constitutional issues which surround the question of high-level nuclear waste transportation. It is revealed that there are major questions of safety and public perception which are not being addressed by state institutions, and there is a discussion of the ways in which state and professional actors have attempted to limit the political discourse on these and related policy-relevant issues.
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Liu, Qiongzhi, and Chan Luo. "The Impact of Government Integrity on Investment Efficiency in Regional Transportation Infrastructure in China." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 6747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236747.
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This paper examines the efficiency of China’s transportation infrastructure investment to explain regional differences in efficiency on the basis of government integrity. First, we used a three-stage DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model to eliminate the influence of environmental factors and statistical noise and measured the investment efficiency of transportation infrastructure in 31 provinces of China from 2007 to 2017. In addition, we used a truncated regression to calculate the efficiency of infrastructure investment in relation to government integrity to explain the regional differences in investment efficiency. The research results show that, (1) after excluding the environmental and random factors, the adjusted sample investment efficiency value is significantly improved in comparison to the traditional DEA. This shows that environmental factors in various provinces reduce government investment efficiency, which suggests that a traditional DEA model would underestimate investment efficiency. (2) The provinces with higher efficiency in transportation infrastructure investment include, among others, Guangdong, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, and Tianjin; all are located at the efficiency frontier, while regions with better economic development, such as Beijing and Shanghai, exhibit rather low investment efficiency values. This may be due to the fact that transportation infrastructure investment in these regions has become saturated, resulting in an inevitable decrease in efficiency when investment continues to flow. (3) Low degree of government integrity significantly reduces the efficiency of infrastructure investment. On average, reduction of 1% in government integrity would lead to a decrease of 0.16 percentage points of the technical efficiency of government transportation infrastructure investment.
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Choi, Jaehyun. "Road User Costs for Highway Construction Projects Involving a Lane Closure." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2020): 3084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083084.
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While for years most American State Highway Agencies (SHAs) have performed Road User Cost (RUC) calculations, no uniformity from state to state has been established. There is scant research available that documents the testing and validation of existing RUC calculation methods for highway rehabilitation projects. Especially scarce are studies addressing the unique problem of accurately calculating RUC in the event of lane closures. This research addresses this problem by describing and comparing two methods of making such calculations: A manual method developed by the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI), and adopted by many other state agencies, such as the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), and a commercial software package.
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Mościcka, Albina, Krzysztof Pokonieczny, Anna Wilbik, and Jakub Wabiński. "Transport Accessibility of Warsaw: A Case Study." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (October 8, 2019): 5536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195536.
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In this study, we detected which means of transportation is beneficial from a travel time perspective in specific districts of Warsaw, Poland. To achieve this goal, we proposed a framework to perform a spatial analysis to describe the as-is situation in the city (the state that the situation is in at the present time). The framework contains the following elements: attractiveness analysis, travel time and speed analysis, and potential accessibility analysis. The relationship between the averaged nominal travel speed and the number of residents was also investigated. We used data from a journey planner, as well as land use and population statistics, and employed descriptive analytics. The results are presented as maps of travel times, travel speed, and potential accessibility, as well as scatter plots of dependencies between travel speed and number of residents. Unfortunately, public transportation ranks behind car and bike transport in terms of travel time, speed, and potential accessibility. The largest positive influence on effectiveness of traveling by public transportation is the metro and railway system; also, bikes can perfectly complement the public transportation system. The obtained results can be used to indicate directions of changes in the transportation system of Warsaw.
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St-Louis, Evelyne, and Adam Millard-Ball. "Cap-and-trade, crowding out, and the implications for municipal climate policy motivations." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 34, no. 8 (July 26, 2016): 1693–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263774x16636117.
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Cities have emerged as important actors in climate change policy, implementing measures to reduce emissions from transportation, buildings, and waste. More recently, states such as California have implemented cap-and-trade programs to control greenhouse gases. However, a state-level cap handcuffs cities: by fixing emissions at the level of the cap, it precludes local governments from further reducing aggregate emissions. In this paper, we examine whether cities respond to the changed incentives presented by state-level programs. We find no evidence for crowding out: cities plan their emission reductions in similar ways regardless of state-level cap-and-trade programs. Our results suggest that cities likely have a range of motivations for their climate policy efforts- not simply a altruistic desire to improve the global environment.
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Slifko, J., and D. L. Rigby. "Industrial Policy in Southern California: The Production of Markets, Technologies, and Institutional Support for Electric Vehicles." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 27, no. 6 (June 1995): 933–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a270933.
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The Southern California economy is at a crossroads. The end of the Cold War has meant significant reductions in defense investment and the downsizing of the region's aerospace-electronics industrial complex. Although the region is technology rich, it lacks the institutional support and corporate know-how necessary to develop new markets, new industrial relations, and new production systems. To remedy these failings, a rare mix of institution building and policy initiatives is tending to cohere around advanced-ground-transportation technologies and in particular the development of an electric vehicle industry. In this paper we examine federal, state, and local policy efforts to develop an electric vehicle industrial complex in Southern California.
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Baltrėnas, Pranas, Mindaugas Kvasauskas, and Klaus-Dieter Frőhner. "INFLUENCE OF STEVEDORING OPERATIONS OF LIQUID AND POWDERY FERTILIZERS AT KLAIPEDA STATE SEAPORT ON THE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2006.9636880.
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Economic operations carried out at Klaipeda State Seaport negatively affect the quality of the ambient air. To assess the atmosphere pollution in northern Klaipeda caused by economic operations at the Port, investigation was carried out from June to November. This paper surveys the influence of stevedoring and transportation of liquid and powdery fertilizers on the ambient air. Measurements of ammonia and phosphorus acid concentrations in the air showed that the concentrations and distribution of ammonia concentrations were for the most part influenced by meteorological conditions – the wind force and relative air humidity – as well as by transportation of liquid fertilizers. The largest excess of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of ammonia concentration was recorded in June: at daytime and in the evening it was higher 1,1 time, and at night – 2,2 times. In September, October and November ammonia concentrations in the ambient air did not exceed the MPC. Excess of phosphorus acid concentrations in the ambient air was detected in June (1,2 time at daytime) and July (at daytime and in the evening) in the closest proximity of the Liquid Fertilizer Transhipment Terminal.
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ZHU, TAN, JING WU, and I.-SHIN CHANG. "REQUIREMENTS FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN CHINA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 07, no. 01 (March 2005): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333205001906.
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The Environmental Impact Assessment Law (EIA Law) of the People's Republic of China was adopted on 28 October 2002. It is the most progressive legislation addressing environmental issues in China to be developed over the past decade. The new EIA Law explicitly states that environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required for both new construction projects and plans. The types of plans covered by the new EIA Law include: (1) integrated plans for land use and regional development, development of drainage areas and marine areas; (2) specific plans for industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, energy, water management, transportation, urban construction, tourism and the development of natural resources. EIA for construction projects has been implemented in China for more than 20 years. Through this new EIA Law, the legal status of EIA for construction projects has been elevated from administrative legislation to State Law. EIA for plans is a type of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) where the concept of SEA is for the first time being advocated by the State at this level. This paper emphasises the legal requirements of SEA set forth by this new EIA Law, such as major purposes, key elements and procedures of EIA for plans.
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McLeod, Douglas S. "Integrating Transportation and Environmental Planning: Extending Applicability of Corridor and Subarea Studies and Decisions on Design Concept and Scope." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1552, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155200101.
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FHWA and FTA have proposed a combined process for integrating transportation and environmental planning. A major feature of the process is conducting corridor and subarea studies to reach a decision on design concept and scope in planning before a project enters a preliminary engineering phase. These corridor and subarea studies facilitate decisions by metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) and refinement of their long-range plans, analyses of alternatives, and analyses of demand reduction and operations required of congestion management systems. As developed to date, the combined process is seen primarily as applying to major investment studies. As part of its congestion management system, Florida (the Department of Transportation, MPOs, and others) addressed corridor and subarea studies, major investment studies, and the proposed combined process. Furthermore, the Florida congestion management system task team found that the combined process may have many beneficial aspects, addressed state and MPO institutional roles in reaching decisions on design concept and scope, and is evaluating the extension of the combined process to arterial investments and interchange justification analyses. By extending the process to these other projects and reaching a decision on design concept and scope in planning, the needs and alternatives analyses required by the National Environmental Policy Act could be obtained earlier, possibly improving and shortening the decision-making process. Overviews of the combined process and Florida actions that may lead to extending the process beyond major investment studies are presented. Florida actions include supporting pilot arterial investment studies to be coordinated by MPOs with funding provided by the state.
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Eyler, Amy A., Elizabeth Budd, Gabriela J. Camberos, Yan Yan, and Ross C. Brownson. "State Legislation Related to Increasing Physical Activity: 2006–2012." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, no. 2 (February 2016): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0010.
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Background:Strategies to improve physical activity prevalence often include policy and environmental changes. State-level policies can be influential in supporting access and opportunities for physical activity in schools and communities. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence of state legislation related to physical activity and identify the correlates of enactment of this legislation.Methods:An online legislative database was used to collect bills from 50 states in the U.S. from 2006 to 2012 for 1010 topics related to physical activity. Bills were coded for content and compiled into a database with state-level variables (eg, obesity prevalence). With enactment status as the outcome, bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.Results:Of the 1,542 bills related to physical activity introduced, 30% (N = 460) were enacted. Bills on public transportation and trails were more likely to be enacted than those without these topics. Primary sponsorship by the Republican Party, bipartisan sponsorship, and mention of specific funding amounts were also correlates of enactment.Conclusion:Policy surveillance of bills and correlates of enactment are important for understanding patterns in legislative support for physical activity. This information can be used to prioritize advocacy efforts and identify ways for research to better inform policy.
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Ricardianto, Prasadja, Reza Fauzi Jaya Sakti, Honny Fiva Akira Sembiring, and Zaenal Abidin. "SAFETY STUDY ON STATE SHIPS AND COMMERCIAL SHIPS ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF SOLAS 1974." Journal of Economics, Management, Entrepreneurship, and Business (JEMEB) 1, no. 1 (May 4, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52909/jemeb.v1i1.2.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the safety performance of state ships and commercial ships according to the requirements of Solas 1974. The requirements of Solas 1974 in the context of international shipping are mainly related to safety and security issues related to the tools and types of shipping safety. Application of the 1974 Solas Convention and the 2018 Solas Consolidation with the scope of discussion on international shipping is especially related to maritime protection. This study uses the Plan, Do, Check and Action (PDCA) evaluation model. The data was collected through the interview survey method and continued with statistical testing with the factor analysis technique. Respondents consisted of crews of commercial ships with a weight of over 500 GT and crews of pioneer ships as state ships anchored at the Port of Tanjung Priok. Research respondents totaled 57 crew members, consisting of 23 crew members of state ships and 34 crew members of commercial ships. The results of this research can be used as reference material in terms of safety and security as well as protection against environmental damage, in accordance with the transportation management system policy which includes; manuals, implementation policies, supporting implementation procedures, and work instructions for all stakeholders. The research output can be used as a basis for providing recommendations related to corrective actions to improve the marine transportation management system through the implementation of Solas 1974.
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Wu, Dayong, Changwei Yuan, and Hongchao Liu. "The decoupling states of CO2 emissions in the Chinese transport sector from 1994 to 2012: A perspective on fuel types." Energy & Environment 29, no. 4 (February 14, 2018): 591–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18756669.
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This paper analyzes the decoupling states between CO2 emissions and transport development in China from 1994 to 2012. The results indicate that, at the aggregate level, the Chinese transport sector is far from reaching the decoupling state. Negative decoupling or non-decoupling years account for 72.2% of the study period. At the disaggregated level, the decoupling states between CO2 emissions and eight primary fuels are as follows: raw coal and coke are in the absolute decoupling state; crude oil, gasoline and diesel are in the weak negative state; and the other three types (kerosene, heavy fuel oil, and natural gas) are in the strong negative decoupling state. Policy implications underneath the identified decoupling states are also revealed to help China build a more sustainable transportation system.
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Titz, Michael A. "Port state control versus marine environmental pollution." Maritime Policy & Management 16, no. 3 (January 1989): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088838900000059.
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Al-Thani, Soud, Alexandre Amato, Muammer Koç, and Sami Al-Ghamdi. "Urban Sustainability and Livability: An Analysis of Doha’s Urban-form and Possible Mitigation Strategies." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030786.
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This study examines the concept of sustainability and livability at the neighborhood level in a low-density city such as Doha. In its current form, Metropolitan Doha, Qatar’s capital and where 80% of the population resides, is neither sustainable nor ranked highly in many city livability indices of international cities, although Qatar aims to become a truly sustainable state as envisioned in its Qatar National Vision (QNV) 2030 and endorsed in its National Development Strategies 2012 and 2018. Doha remains a fractured city; its rapid growth has led to unrestrained, extensive urban sprawl with high dependency on private transportation mainly by large SUVs, continually instigated by the absence of public transportation. Doha is also a relatively low-density city where the main driver of its urban sprawl is the inhabitants’ deep-set desire for privacy, and hence, home ownership of single-family detached villas, which have become the predominant residential building-block of neighborhoods with little to no provisions of in-neighborhood community services and amenities such as basic shopping, health, education, and recreation. Consequently, this urban form has resulted in long and frequent commutes for individuals and families, increasing the number of vehicles in traffic almost every hour of every day, traffic congestion, high transportation-related CO2 emissions, additional expenses, and loss of quality family time, among several other environmental, social, and economic sustainability impacts. The findings of this study, which are based on a behavioral survey, illustrate the residents’ views on neighborhood improvement and changes in the transportation modes, as well as their willingness to change their habits for the benefit of common and future generations.
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Basyrov, I. M. "Strategic tools to improve of environmental friendliness of logistics chains." Transport Technician: Education and Practice 2, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.46684/2687-1033.2021.2.191-202.
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The transport of goods contributes to an increase in global greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the fact that its share is much less than that of industries, there is significant legislative pressure to reduce emissions from transport. A review and critical analysis of strategies to reduce or completely eliminate the negative impact of international logistics supply chains on the environment was carried out.Comparative characteristics of transport modes are presented, taking into account their negative impact on the environment. An extended review of scientific and practical publications on the topic of “green supply chain management” was carried out in order to reduce the negative impact of cargo transportation on the environment. Strategic solutions have been identified and analyzed to reduce emissions associated with the transportation of goods. Highlighted strategies, the attitude towards which in society has changed for the worse.The main method used is critical analysis. The subject of research is the area according to the passport of the scientific specialty 05.22.01 “Transport and transport-technological systems of the country, its regions and cities, organization of production in transport”, p. 6 “Protection of the environment from the polluting effects of transport”.The scientific novelty of the research lies in the proposed theoretical foundations and the identification of operational “tools” for improving the environmental friendliness of supply chains in the form of combined strategies.The relevance of the work is substantiated by environmental priorities in the state policy of the Russian Federation. In 2019, a large-scale national project “Ecology” was launched in our country, the main goal of which is to change the negative impact on the environment by 2030 and create comfortable living conditions for people in the country.It has been found that the available modes of transport vary greatly in emissions, with slower modes of transport generally having fewer emissions than faster ones.
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Wilson, Amanda, Charles Z. Levkoe, Peter Andrée, Kelly Skinner, Andrew Spring, Sonia Wesche, and Tracey Galloway. "Strengthening Sustainable Northern Food Systems: Federal Policy Constraints and Potential Opportunities." ARCTIC 73, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 292–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic70869.
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This paper explores how Canadian federal policy and frameworks can better support community-based initiatives to reduce food insecurity and build sustainable food systems in the North. Through an examination of the current state of food systems infrastructure, transportation, harvest, and production in the Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Nunavik, and Nunatsiavut, we argue in favour of a multi-sector approach that supports diversified food systems, including traditional/country food production and distribution, in a way that values and prioritizes community-led initiatives and Indigenous peoples’ self-determination and self-governance. The challenge of developing sustainable, northern food systems requires made-in-the-North solutions that are attuned to cultural, geographic, environmental, and political contexts. Recent policy developments suggest some progress in this direction, however much more work is needed. Ultimately, sustainable northern food systems must be defined by and for Northerners at community, local, and regional levels, with particular attention paid to treaty rights and the right to self-determination of First Nations and other Indigenous communities.
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Gumbo, Trynos, and Thembani Moyo. "Exploring the Interoperability of Public Transport Systems for Sustainable Mobility in Developing Cities: Lessons from Johannesburg Metropolitan City, South Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 22, 2020): 5875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12155875.
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There have been growing concerns with regards to the state public transportation systems, particularly in the cities of developing countries. Chief among these concerns has been the lack of well-coordinated, efficient, and reliable transportation systems. The city of Johannesburg, just like any other fast-growing municipality in developing and emerging economies, has not been spared with regards to incessant public transport challenges. Consequently, there have been collective efforts from both public and private stakeholders to invest immensely in both innovative rail and road transport systems in the past decade. This article sought to achieve twin objectives. First, the work identified the state of connectivity between the rapid rail transportation and rapid bus transit systems based on Geoweb 2.0 data. Second, the work visualized the level of connectivity between these two modes to develop and formulate policy frameworks in integrating public transit systems in cities of the developing world, learning from the metropolitan city of Johannesburg. A mixed-method approach consisting of spatial and quantitative aspects was used to examine the state of connectedness and the promotion of access and mobility between the two modes. The local Moran’s I index was used to compute node clusters within the public transport system. Results from the analysis demonstrated that both high-clusters and low-clusters exist in the public transportation network, which have a high degree of centrality. It was revealed that commuters navigate from these nodes/stops with relative ease due to the short walking radius. However, the work revealed that most rail networks and bus routes, as well as the stations and bus stops, are not connected and are not significant in the local Moran’s I index, thus, making it difficult for commuters to conveniently move from the Gautrain to the Rea Vaya bus. There are, therefore, gaps with regards to the sharing of infrastructure between the two public transport modes and systems.
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Zolnik, Edmund. "A longitudinal analysis of the effect of public rail infrastructure on proximate residential property transactions." Urban Studies 57, no. 8 (May 7, 2019): 1620–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019836564.
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Value capture offers the promise of recouping the additional value that public transportation infrastructure investments confer to local property. The totality of the empirical evidence supports the contention that such investments do indeed add value to proximate residential property. However, little research to estimate just how much any additional property value changes from year to year is evident in the empirical literature. The absence of evidence on the reliability of accessibility premiums is problematic from a policy perspective because transit operators need dedicated sources of funds to compensate for the retrenchment of government sources. Adoption of a multilevel approach expands the temporal scale of analysis to more than a decade and the spatial scale of analysis to an entire heavy rail system, Metro in Washington, District of Columbia (DC), in order to estimate just how much accessibility premiums change year over year. Results advance the state of knowledge on value capture since public rail infrastructure adds property value across an entire heavy rail system, but the additional value is modest and the year-to-year changes are dramatic. Overall, a strategy to capture any additional property value to fund public transportation may technically qualify as a dedicated source of funds, but it is not a reliable source of funds.
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Wolbertus, Rick, Maarten Kroesen, Robert van den Hoed, and Caspar G. Chorus. "Policy effects on charging behaviour of electric vehicle owners and on purchase intentions of prospective owners: Natural and stated choice experiments." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 62 (July 2018): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.03.012.
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Bask, Anu, and Mervi Rajahonka. "The role of environmental sustainability in the freight transport mode choice." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 47, no. 7 (August 7, 2017): 560–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-03-2017-0127.
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Purpose Transport is the European Union (EU) sector that produces the second highest amount of greenhouse gas emissions. In its attempts to promote the environmentally sustainable development of transport, the EU has focussed on intermodal transport in particular – but with limited success. It is important to understand how freight transport is selected, which criteria are used and what role environmental sustainability and intermodal transport play in the selection. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the role of environmental sustainability and intermodal transport in transport mode decisions. The authors look at this issue from the perspective of logistics service providers (LSPs) and buyers, as they are important stakeholders in guiding this process. Design/methodology/approach To gain a holistic view of the current state of research, the authors have conducted a systematic literature review of the role of environmental sustainability and intermodal transport in transport mode decisions. The authors have further examined the findings concerning requests for quotations (RfQs), tenders and transport contracts, as these are also linked to decisions on transport choice. Findings The findings from the literature review include the results of descriptive and structured content analysis of the selected articles. They show that the discussion on environmental sustainability and intermodal transport as a sustainable mode, together with the transport mode selection criteria, RfQs/tenders and transport contracts, is still a rather new and emerging topic in the literature. The main focus related to the selection of transport mode has been on utility and cost efficiency, and only recently have issues such as environmental sustainability and intermodal transport started to gain greater attention. The findings also indicate that the theoretical lenses most typically used have been preference models and total cost theories, although the theoretical base has recently become more diversified. Research limitations/implications There is still a need to extend the theoretical and methodological base, which could then lead to innovative theory building and testing. Such diverse application of methodologies will help in understanding how environmental sustainability can be better linked to mode choice decisions. Practical implications The findings will be of interest to policy makers and companies opting for environmentally sustainable transport solutions. Social implications If the EU, shippers and LSPs take a more active stance in promoting environmentally sustainable transformation models, this will have long-lasting societal impacts. Originality/value It seems that this systematic literature review of the topic is one of the first such attempts in the current body of literature.
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Balali, Vahid, Soheil Fathi, and Mehrdad Aliasgari. "Vector Maps Mobile Application for Sustainable Eco-Driving Transportation Route Selection." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 5584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145584.
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The decisions managing all modes of transportation are currently based on the traffic rate and travel time. However, other factors such as Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, the sustainability index, fuel consumption, and travel costs are not considered. Therefore, more comprehensive methods need to be implemented to improve transportation systems and support users’ decision making in their daily commute. This paper addresses current challenges by utilizing data analytics derived from our proposed mobile application. The proposed application quantifies various factors of each transportation mode including but not limited to the cost, trip duration, fuel consumption, and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions. All calculated travel costs are based on the real-time gas prices and toll fees. The users are also able to navigate to their destination and update the total travel costs in real-time. The emissions data per trip basis are aggregated to provide analytics of emissions usage. The traffic data is collected for the Southern California region and the effectiveness of the application is evaluated by twenty participants from California State University, Long Beach. The results demonstrate the application’s impacts on users’ decision-making and the propriety of the factors used in route selection. The proposed application can foster urban planning and operations vis-à-vis daily commutes, and as a result improve the citizens’ quality of life in various aspects.
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Bernardelli, Luan V., Brian E. Dollery, and Michael A. Kortt. "An Empirical Analysis of Scale Economies in Administrative Intensity in the Paraná State Local Government System in Brazil." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020591.
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A substantial empirical study has investigated scale economies in local government functions, most notably in local transportation, water, and wastewater provision. By contrast, relatively little effort has been directed at the empirical analysis of economies of scale in municipal administration, including in Brazilian local government, despite its significance for public policy on structural reform in local government. In order to address this gap in the literature, we investigate administrative scale economies in the Paraná state local government system in Brazil over the period 2006 to 2018. We find that there was a ‘U-shaped’ scale effect between council size by population and administrative intensity after controlling for a range of economic and social variables. Various public policy implications are considered.
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Bernardelli, Luan V., Brian E. Dollery, and Michael A. Kortt. "An Empirical Analysis of Scale Economies in Administrative Intensity in the Paraná State Local Government System in Brazil." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020591.
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A substantial empirical study has investigated scale economies in local government functions, most notably in local transportation, water, and wastewater provision. By contrast, relatively little effort has been directed at the empirical analysis of economies of scale in municipal administration, including in Brazilian local government, despite its significance for public policy on structural reform in local government. In order to address this gap in the literature, we investigate administrative scale economies in the Paraná state local government system in Brazil over the period 2006 to 2018. We find that there was a ‘U-shaped’ scale effect between council size by population and administrative intensity after controlling for a range of economic and social variables. Various public policy implications are considered.
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Faga Iglecias Lemos, Patricia, Fernanda da Rocha Brando, Paulo Almeida, Roberta Consentino Kronka Mülfarth, Tamara Maria Gomes Aprilanti, Luis Otávio do Amaral Marques, Nayara Luciana Jorge, and Tadeu Fabrício Malheiros. "The University of São Paulo on the 2017‘s GreenMetric Ranking." E3S Web of Conferences 48 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184802003.
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The University of São Paulo is a public University and the largest in Brazil. It is broadly organized into distinct campuses that are installed in different cities of the state of São Paulo, each one with its specific aspects. There are more than 95 thousand undergraduate and graduate regularly enrolled students, standing out as one of the best universities in Brazil and Latin America [2]. The performance of the University of São Paulo at the “UI GreenMetric World University Ranking” has improved considerably in 2017 (28th position) on the general ranking. The sustainability management process for USP is carried out considering the strengths each campus presents, but the USP governance process ensures standards and good practices are applied similarly to all areas under the university responsibility. As for example, the recent approval of the USP Environmental Policy, which process engaged the whole USP community, working together to understand the complex context of all campuses, what resulted at the end in very innovative arrangements for researching, teaching and practice for sustainability. Different of the past rankings, data provided for GreenMetric 2017 Ranking contemplated USP as a whole, because it is not possible to assess the university environmental sustainability performance in parts. This approach allowed showing the different enhanced efforts of the University as a whole. In addition, the USP’s environmental policy-making process brought about more integration between the campuses and effective actions were put into practice, helping to consolidate USP as a sustainable university. The highlight in the score was "Setting and Infrastructure": there are 76.4km2 of total area and only 2.6% from them are built-up. The University has been prioritizing the protection of green areas and biodiversity, in São Paulo city campus, totally surrounded by urban environment, but also in the other campuses in the countryside, some of them located in rural environment. This shows that USP’s campuses are environmentally responsible, providing students and staff with enjoyable, healthy and in close touch with nature places. On the topic “Transportation”, the University of São Paulo stands out also. Incentives to improve choice for public transportation and biking within the university community are among the constant concern of the University of São Paulo, which will be keeping up efforts for that.