Journal articles on the topic 'Transportation systems infrastructure engineering for autonomous vehicles'
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1
Hjalmarsson-Jordanius, Anders, Mikael Edvardsson, Martin Romell, Johan Isacson, Carl-Johan Aldén, and Niklas Sundin. "Autonomous Transport: Transforming Logistics through Driverless Intelligent Transportation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 7 (September 17, 2018): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118796968.
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How can autonomous technology be used beyond end-customer autonomous driving features? This position paper addresses this problem by exploring a novel autonomous transport solution applied in the automotive logistics domain. We propose that factory-complete cars can be transformed to become their own autonomous guided vehicles and thus transport themselves when being moved from the factory for shipment. Cars equipped with such a system are driverless and use an onboard autonomous transport solution combined with the advanced driver assistance systems pre-installed in the car for end-customer use. The solution uses factory-equipped sensors as well as the connectivity infrastructure installed in the car. This means that the solution does not require any extra components to enable the car to transport itself autonomously to complete a transport mission in the logistics chain. The solution also includes an intelligent off-board traffic control system that defines the transport mission and manages the interaction between vehicles during systems operation. A prototype of the system has been developed which was tested successfully in live trials at the Volvo Car Group plant in Gothenburg Sweden in 2017. In the paper, autonomous transport is positioned in between autonomous guided vehicles and autonomous driving technology. A review of the literature on autonomous vehicle technology offers contextual background to this positioning. The paper also presents the solution and displays lessons learned from the live trials. Finally, other use areas are introduced for driverless autonomous transport beyond the automotive logistics domain that is the focus of this paper.
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Ding, Zhizhong, Chao Sun, Momiao Zhou, Zhengqiong Liu, and Congzhong Wu. "Intersection Vehicle Turning Control for Fully Autonomous Driving Scenarios." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21123995.
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Currently the research and development of autonomous driving vehicles (ADVs) mainly consider the situation whereby manual driving vehicles and ADVs run simultaneously on lanes. In order to acquire the information of the vehicle itself and the environment necessary for decision-making and controlling, the ADVs that are under development now are normally equipped with a lot of sensing units, for example, high precision global positioning systems, various types of radar, and video processing systems. Obviously, the current advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) or ADVs still have some problems concerning high reliability of driving safety, as well as the vehicle’s cost and price. It is certain, however, that in the future there will be some roads, areas or cities where all the vehicles are ADVs, i.e., without any human driving vehicles in traffic. For such scenarios, the methods of environment sensing, traffic instruction indicating, and vehicle controlling should be different from that of the situation mentioned above if the reliability of driving safety and the production cost expectation is to be improved significantly. With the anticipation that a more sophisticated vehicle ad hoc network (VANET) should be an essential transportation infrastructure for future ADV scenarios, the problem of vehicle turning control based on vehicle to everything (V2X) communication at road intersections is studied. The turning control at intersections mainly deals with three basic issues, i.e., target lane selection, trajectory planning and calculation, and vehicle controlling and tracking. In this paper, control strategy, model and algorithms are proposed for the three basic problems. A model predictive control (MPC) paradigm is used as the vehicle upper layer controller. Simulation is conducted on the CarSim-Simulink platform with typical intersection scenes.
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Zeng, Yi, Haofan Yi, Zijie Xia, Shaoshi Wang, Bo Ai, Dan Fei, Weidan Li, and Ke Guan. "Measurement and Simulation for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications at 3.5 GHz for 5G." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (December 5, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8851600.
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Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is more and more crucial in the modern transportation field, such as the applications of autonomous vehicles, dynamic traffic light sequences, and automatic road enforcement. As the upcoming fifth-generation mobile network (5G) is entering the deployment phase, the idea of cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) is proposed. The same 5G networks, coming to mobile phones, will also allow vehicles to communicate wirelessly with each other. Hence, 3.5 GHz, as the main sub-6 GHz band licensed in 5G, is focused in our study. In this paper, a comprehensive study on the channel characteristics for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) link at 3.5 GHz frequency band is conducted through channel measurements and ray-tracing (RT) simulations. Firstly, the channel parameters of the V2I link are characterized based on the measurements, including power delay profile (PDP), path loss, root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread, and coherence bandwidth. Then, the measurement-validated RT simulator is utilized to conduct the simulations in order to supplement other channel parameters, in terms of the Ricean K-factor, angular spreads, the cross-correlations of abovementioned parameters, and the autocorrelation of each parameter itself. This work is aimed at helping the researchers understand the channel characteristics of the V2I link at 3.5 GHz and support the link-level and system level design for future vehicular communications of 5G.
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Hanzl, Jiří, Patrik Gross, Ladislav Bartuška, and Jan Pečman. "Simulation of Autonomous Mobility of Connected Vehicles in the Context of Real Conditions – a Case Study." LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2021-0021.
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Abstract By designing road infrastructure, it is necessary to adapt the real situation to current development trends and respond accordingly to the intensity of traffic on the transport network. The development of the traffic situation is generally very dynamic, difficult to predict and influenced by a number of other factors. Modern technologies enable adaptive traffic flow management based on the sharing and evaluation of traffic information obtained in real time from traffic monitoring systems or even from vehicles as such (e.g. thanks to “Connected Vehicles” technology). The article first carries out a literature review of professional literature and scientific articles dealing with the issue of autonomous mobility and autonomous management of transport processes. That is followed by a description and creation of own algorithm for autonomous control of vehicles at the level crossing, including description of used data, methods and proposed solutions. Finally, the developed method (algorithm) is tested by the Anylogic simulation program in a real environment, as a case study of autonomous vehicle decision-making at the level crossing.
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Khan, Mohammad Zubair, Arindam Sarkar, Hamza Ghandorh, Maha Driss, and Wadii Boulila. "Information Fusion in Autonomous Vehicle Using Artificial Neural Group Key Synchronization." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 20, 2022): 1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041652.
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Information fusion in automated vehicle for various datatypes emanating from many resources is the foundation for making choices in intelligent transportation autonomous cars. To facilitate data sharing, a variety of communication methods have been integrated to build a diverse V2X infrastructure. However, information fusion security frameworks are currently intended for specific application instances, that are insufficient to fulfill the overall requirements of Mutual Intelligent Transportation Systems (MITS). In this work, a data fusion security infrastructure has been developed with varying degrees of trust. Furthermore, in the V2X heterogeneous networks, this paper offers an efficient and effective information fusion security mechanism for multiple sources and multiple type data sharing. An area-based PKI architecture with speed provided by a Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) is given in especially for artificial neural synchronization-based quick group key exchange. A parametric test is performed to ensure that the proposed data fusion trust solution meets the stringent delay requirements of V2X systems. The efficiency of the suggested method is tested, and the results show that it surpasses similar strategies already in use.
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Desta, Robel, and Janos Toth. "Macroscopic Experiments on Coexistence of Autonomous Vehicle Behavior on Various Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (October 22, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3552167.
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Automated vehicles (AVs) are likely to bring paradigm shift in the future of transportation and in the transformation of urban space as they could reduce traffic accidents, energy consumption, and pollution while also lowering congestion expenses. To provide meaningful insights, there is a substantial need for investigation into the macroscopic evaluation of various evolutions of AVs using several measures of effectiveness. The main focus of this study is to evaluate the macroscopic operational impacts of AVs in terms of their driving logics, automation levels, and roadway type, all of which are adopted based on their passenger car unit (PCU) factors at various penetration rates, in order to assess the coexistence of AVs with heterogeneous traffic. The daily vehicle hours travelled, daily vehicle kilometers travelled, sum of delays on links, speed variation, and sum of vehicle volumes on links are used as measures of effectiveness parameters based on outputs of PTV Visum scenario manager. The results of the various scenario combinations depicted an overall improvement with advancement of driving logics, automation levels, and roadway types for each studied parameter. For instance, for better roadway condition with the motorway scenario and at higher AV penetration, the cautious driving behavior negatively affects the network performance, whereas favorable improvements are observed for the parameters of the normal and aggressive driving behaviors. Decision makers could make use of the insights obtained from the results to further shape the AV deployment aspects and extend the study considering infrastructure AV-readiness along with AV communication systems.
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Algarni, Abdullah, and Vijey Thayananthan. "Improvement of 5G Transportation Services with SDN-Based Security Solutions and beyond 5G." Electronics 10, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 2490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202490.
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The transportation industries forecast that by 2050 more than 50% of vehicles on the road will be autonomous vehicles, and automotive services will dynamically support all vehicles. All of them will be serviced using the latest technology, which includes the Software Defined Network (SDN) and available new generations (5G+ or 6G) at the time. Although many transportation services and rapid facilities are achievable dynamically, transportation services with automation and intelligent actions are still not mature because the legacy of transport services cannot be corporate with the 5G+. These expected problems can be improved through the following possible and manageable approaches: flexible framework of 5G automotive services from the legacy systems, designing energy-efficient and intelligent infrastructures with SDN, and managing security solutions that evolve with the emerging technology. An efficient model (flexible framework) is proposed to secure smart transportation services with a secure and intelligent connected system and security solutions based on the 5G concept. Although 5G is considered in this framework, the method and steps of design and solution phases will be adaptable to the 5G+ framework. Furthermore, the basic properties of SDN allowed us to design a novel approach for measuring data traffic related to transport services and transport management, such as the priority of the transportation services. With the emergence of 5G+ capabilities, transportation services expect more challenges through future user requirements, including dynamic security solutions, minimum latency, maximum energy efficiency (EE), etc. Future automotive services depend on many sensors and their messages received through secure communication systems with 5G+ capabilities. As a result, this theoretical model will prove that 5G capabilities provide security facilities, better latency, and EE within the transportation system. Moreover, this model can be extendable to improve the 5G+ transportation services.
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Algarni, Abdullah, and Vijey Thayananthan. "Improvement of 5G Transportation Services with SDN-Based Security Solutions and beyond 5G." Electronics 10, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 2490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202490.
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The transportation industries forecast that by 2050 more than 50% of vehicles on the road will be autonomous vehicles, and automotive services will dynamically support all vehicles. All of them will be serviced using the latest technology, which includes the Software Defined Network (SDN) and available new generations (5G+ or 6G) at the time. Although many transportation services and rapid facilities are achievable dynamically, transportation services with automation and intelligent actions are still not mature because the legacy of transport services cannot be corporate with the 5G+. These expected problems can be improved through the following possible and manageable approaches: flexible framework of 5G automotive services from the legacy systems, designing energy-efficient and intelligent infrastructures with SDN, and managing security solutions that evolve with the emerging technology. An efficient model (flexible framework) is proposed to secure smart transportation services with a secure and intelligent connected system and security solutions based on the 5G concept. Although 5G is considered in this framework, the method and steps of design and solution phases will be adaptable to the 5G+ framework. Furthermore, the basic properties of SDN allowed us to design a novel approach for measuring data traffic related to transport services and transport management, such as the priority of the transportation services. With the emergence of 5G+ capabilities, transportation services expect more challenges through future user requirements, including dynamic security solutions, minimum latency, maximum energy efficiency (EE), etc. Future automotive services depend on many sensors and their messages received through secure communication systems with 5G+ capabilities. As a result, this theoretical model will prove that 5G capabilities provide security facilities, better latency, and EE within the transportation system. Moreover, this model can be extendable to improve the 5G+ transportation services.
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Shan, Mao, Karan Narula, Yung Fei Wong, Stewart Worrall, Malik Khan, Paul Alexander, and Eduardo Nebot. "Demonstrations of Cooperative Perception: Safety and Robustness in Connected and Automated Vehicle Operations." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010200.
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Cooperative perception, or collective perception (CP), is an emerging and promising technology for intelligent transportation systems (ITS). It enables an ITS station (ITS-S) to share its local perception information with others by means of vehicle-to-X (V2X) communication, thereby achieving improved efficiency and safety in road transportation. In this paper, we present our recent progress on the development of a connected and automated vehicle (CAV) and intelligent roadside unit (IRSU). The main contribution of the work lies in investigating and demonstrating the use of CP service within intelligent infrastructure to improve awareness of vulnerable road users (VRU) and thus safety for CAVs in various traffic scenarios. We demonstrate in experiments that a connected vehicle (CV) can “see” a pedestrian around the corners. More importantly, we demonstrate how CAVs can autonomously and safely interact with walking and running pedestrians, relying only on the CP information from the IRSU through vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. This is one of the first demonstrations of urban vehicle automation using only CP information. We also address in the paper the handling of collective perception messages (CPMs) received from the IRSU, and passing them through a pipeline of CP information coordinate transformation with uncertainty, multiple road user tracking, and eventually path planning/decision-making within the CAV. The experimental results were obtained with manually driven CV, fully autonomous CAV, and an IRSU retrofitted with vision and laser sensors and a road user tracking system.
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Thorncharoensri, P., W. Susilo, and Y. Chow. "Secure and Efficient Communication in VANETs Using Level-Based Access Control." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (March 29, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8736531.
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In recent years, the development of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) has received much attention in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Unlike traditional ad-hoc networks, VANETs are emerging with unique characteristics that share similar technology with autonomous vehicles (AVs) and automated driving systems (ASDs). Communication between vehicles and the surrounding infrastructure unit, such as a roadside unit (RSU), must be secured, concise, and authentic. Hence, an access control system for the ad-hoc environment is required. We introduced a level-based controlled signcryption (LBS) scheme, which can be easily constructed and implemented into an access control system for VANETs environment. Our encrypted message has a short and constant size, which is better when compared with other attribute-based signcryption or encryption. Confidentiality, privacy, and authenticity are also provided in our scheme to ensure secure and authentic communication. Therefore, our scheme has addressed communication cost, scalability, security, and privacy issues in VANETs. This primitive can be applied to simplify attribute-based access control, as the only attribute required is an integer representing the security level. Our objective is to improve the quality and security of VANET communication. Moreover, an optional privacy mechanism in our scheme provides flexibility in controlling node privacy in VANETs.
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Kim, Wooseong, and Kyungho Ryu. "autoCoin: Secure Content Sharing Based on Blockchain for Vehicular Cloud." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121477.
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A future smart car will be more than a means of transportation, as it will not only move people to a destination without requiring them to drive but will enable people to work or enjoy a trip with entertainment. For this, smart vehicles need to deal with various types of data for safety and infotainment, such as real-time traffic, multi-media contents, documents and weather information. Recently, a fleet of vehicles connected to other vehicles and infrastructure (i.e., road side units) using a legacy or 5G mmWave spectrum has been considered as a platform to cooperate for those new tasks, known as the vehicular cloud or fog. Within the vehicular cloud, data management should consider security, high availability and interoperability between vehicles. However, these are not easily achievable without a centralized service provider; it is difficult for an autonomous P2P system to guarantee data integrity, and it cannot compensate drivers that actively participate in the vehicular cloud. Fortunately, the many successes achieved in the field of crypto-currency raise the possibility of defining incentives that are necessary for a sustainable digital economy. In this paper, we propose autoCoin—an approach that aims to encourage smart vehicles to cooperate to create and exchange infotainment data securely under the assumption of rationality. We introduce a scalable blockchain architecture for autoCoin and a smart contract to exchange contents without third-parties using an off-chain technique.
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Tsiktsiris, Dimitris, Nikolaos Dimitriou, Antonios Lalas, Minas Dasygenis, Konstantinos Votis, and Dimitrios Tzovaras. "Real-Time Abnormal Event Detection for Enhanced Security in Autonomous Shuttles Mobility Infrastructures." Sensors 20, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 4943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174943.
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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are already operating on the streets of many countries around the globe. Contemporary concerns about AVs do not relate to the implementation of fundamental technologies, as they are already in use, but are rather increasingly centered on the way that such technologies will affect emerging transportation systems, our social environment, and the people living inside it. Many concerns also focus on whether such systems should be fully automated or still be partially controlled by humans. This work aims to address the new reality that is formed in autonomous shuttles mobility infrastructures as a result of the absence of the bus driver and the increased threat from terrorism in European cities. Typically, drivers are trained to handle incidents of passengers’ abnormal behavior, incidents of petty crimes, and other abnormal events, according to standard procedures adopted by the transport operator. Surveillance using camera sensors as well as smart software in the bus will maximize the feeling and the actual level of security. In this paper, an online, end-to-end solution is introduced based on deep learning techniques for the timely, accurate, robust, and automatic detection of various petty crime types. The proposed system can identify abnormal passenger behavior such as vandalism and accidents but can also enhance passenger security via petty crimes detection such as aggression, bag-snatching, and vandalism. The solution achieves excellent results across different use cases and environmental conditions.
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Vrbanić, Filip, Edouard Ivanjko, Krešimir Kušić, and Dino Čakija. "Variable Speed Limit and Ramp Metering for Mixed Traffic Flows: A Review and Open Questions." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 13, 2021): 2574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062574.
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The trend of increasing traffic demand is causing congestion on existing urban roads, including urban motorways, resulting in a decrease in Level of Service (LoS) and safety, and an increase in fuel consumption. Lack of space and non-compliance with cities’ sustainable urban plans prevent the expansion of new transport infrastructure in some urban areas. To alleviate the aforementioned problems, appropriate solutions come from the domain of Intelligent Transportation Systems by implementing traffic control services. Those services include Variable Speed Limit (VSL) and Ramp Metering (RM) for urban motorways. VSL reduces the speed of incoming vehicles to a bottleneck area, and RM limits the inflow through on-ramps. In addition, with the increasing development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and Connected AVs (CAVs), new opportunities for traffic control are emerging. VSL and RM can reduce traffic congestion on urban motorways, especially so in the case of mixed traffic flows where AVs and CAVs can fully comply with the control system output. Currently, there is no existing overview of control algorithms and applications for VSL and RM in mixed traffic flows. Therefore, we present a comprehensive survey of VSL and RM control algorithms including the most recent reinforcement learning-based approaches. Best practices for mixed traffic flow control are summarized and new viewpoints and future research directions are presented, including an overview of the currently open research questions.
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Bingham, Brian S., Jeffrey M. Walls, and Ryan M. Eustice. "Development of a Flexible Command and Control Software Architecture for Marine Robotic Applications." Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.3.4.
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AbstractThis paper reports the implementation of a supervisory control framework and modular software architecture built around the lightweight communication and marshalling (LCM) publish/subscribe message passing system. In particular, we examine two diverse marine robotics applications using this modular system: (i) the development of an unmanned port security vehicle, a robotic surface platform to support first responders reacting to transportation security incidents in harbor environments, and (ii) the adaptation of a commercial off-the-shelf autonomous underwater vehicle (the Ocean-Server Iver2) for visual feature-based navigation. In both cases, the modular vehicle software infrastructures are based around the open-source LCM software library for low-latency, real-time message passing. To elucidate the real-world application of LCM in marine robotic systems, we present the software architecture of these two successful marine robotic applications and illustrate the capabilities and flexibilities of this approach to real-time marine robotics. We present benchmarking test results comparing the throughput of LCM with the Mission-Oriented Operating Suite, another robot software system popular in marine robotics. Experimental results demonstrate the capacity of the LCM framework to make large amounts of actionable information available to the operator and to allow for distributed supervisory control. We also provide a discussion of the qualitative tradeoffs involved in selecting software infrastructure for supervisory control.
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Halili, Rreze, Maarten Weyn, and Rafael Berkvens. "Comparing Localization Performance of IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V V2I Communications." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 13, 2021): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062031.
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The future of transportation systems is going towards autonomous and assisted driving, aiming to reach full automation. There is huge focus on communication technologies expected to offer vehicular application services, of which most are location-based services. This paper provides a study on localization accuracy limits using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication channels provided by IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V, considering two different vehicular network designs. Real data measurements obtained on our highway testbed are used to model and simulate propagation channels, the position of base stations, and the route followed by the vehicle. Cramer–Rao lower bound, geometric dilution of precision, and least square error for time difference of arrival localization technique are investigated. Based on our analyses and findings, LTE-V outperforms IEEE 802.11p. However, it is apparent that providing larger signal bandwidth dedicated to localization, with network sites positioned at both sides of the highway, and considering the geometry between vehicle and network sites, improve vehicle localization accuracy.
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Han, Biao, Sirui Peng, Celimuge Wu, Xiaoyan Wang, and Baosheng Wang. "LoRa-Based Physical Layer Key Generation for Secure V2V/V2I Communications." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 26, 2020): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030682.
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In recent years, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication brings more and more attention from industry (e.g., Google and Uber) and government (e.g., United States Department of Transportation). These Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies are widely adopted in future autonomous vehicles. However, security issues have not been fully addressed in V2V and V2I systems, especially in key distribution and key management. The physical layer key generation, which exploits wireless channel reciprocity and randomness to generate secure keys, provides a feasible solution for secure V2V/V2I communication. It is lightweight, flexible, and dynamic. In this paper, the physical layer key generation is brought to the V2I and V2V scenarios. A LoRa-based physical key generation scheme is designed for securing V2V/V2I communications. The communication is based on Long Range (LoRa) protocol, which is able to measure Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) in long-distance as consensus information to generate secure keys. The multi-bit quantization algorithm, with an improved Cascade key agreement protocol, generates secure binary bit keys. The proposed schemes improved the key generation rate, as well as to avoid information leakage during transmission. The proposed physical layer key generation scheme was implemented in a V2V/V2I network system prototype. The extensive experiments in V2I and V2V environments evaluate the efficiency of the proposed key generation scheme. The experiments in real outdoor environments have been conducted. Its key generation rate could exceed 10 bit/s on our V2V/V2I network system prototype and achieve 20 bit/s in some of our experiments. For binary key sequences, all of them pass the suite of statistical tests from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
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Egea-Roca, Daniel, Antonio Tripiana-Caballero, José López-Salcedo, Gonzalo Seco-Granados, Wim De Wilde, Bruno Bougard, Jean-Marie Sleewaegen, and Alexander Popugaev. "Design, Implementation and Validation of a GNSS Measurement Exclusion and Weighting Function with a Dual Polarized Antenna." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 4483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124483.
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Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) have become a ubiquitous tool for our modern society to carry out vital tasks such as transportation, civil engineering or precision agriculture. This breath has reached the realm of safety-critical applications such as time management of critical infrastructures or autonomous vehicles, in which GNSS is an essential tool nowadays. Unfortunately, current GNSS performance is not enough to fulfill the requirements of these professional and critical applications. For this reason, the FANTASTIC project was launched to boost the adoption of these applications. The project was funded by the European GNSS agency (GSA) in order to enhance the robustness and accuracy of GNSS in harsh environments. This paper presents the part related to the development of a weighting and exclusion function with a dual circularly polarized antenna. The idea is to reduce the effects of multipath by weighting and/or excluding those measurements affected by multipath. The observables and other metrics obtained from a dual polarized antenna will be exploited to define an exclusion threshold and to provide the weights. Real-world experiments will show the improvement in the positioning solution, using all available constellations, obtained with the developed technique.
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Noorvand, Hossein, Guru Karnati, and B. Shane Underwood. "Autonomous Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2640, no. 1 (January 2017): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2640-03.
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With ongoing technological improvements and research in the field of autonomous vehicles, it is becoming evident that the technology has the potential to substantially affect the transportation sector. Although the potential benefits with respect to productivity increases, cost decreases, and safety are evident, the potential for these vehicles to negatively or positively affect the transportation infrastructure is unclear. In this study, the influence of truck loadings positioning on the long-term performance of transportation infrastructure was estimated by carrying out performance simulations of pavement structures. Scenarios considering both full and partial use by autonomous trucks were considered. In all cases, performance was estimated with respect to rutting, fatigue cracking, and overall pavement smoothness, and the results were compiled in terms of reduced pavement thickness. It was found that if controlled appropriately, autonomous trucks could be highly beneficial for the pavement infrastructure design, and they would be most effective when they represented more than 50% of the total truck traffic. It was also found that in the absence of appropriate control, specifically by repeatedly positioning trucks in the same location, the amount of damage could be highly detrimental, and noticeable influences may occur at autonomous truck volumes as low as 10%.
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Bhavsar, Parth, Plaban Das, Matthew Paugh, Kakan Dey, and Mashrur Chowdhury. "Risk Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles in Mixed Traffic Streams." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2625, no. 1 (January 2017): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2625-06.
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The introduction of autonomous vehicles in the surface transportation system could improve traffic safety and reduce traffic congestion and negative environmental effects. Although the continuous evolution in computing, sensing, and communication technologies can improve the performance of autonomous vehicles, the new combination of autonomous automotive and electronic communication technologies will present new challenges, such as interaction with other nonautonomous vehicles, which must be addressed before implementation. The objective of this study was to identify the risks associated with the failure of an autonomous vehicle in mixed traffic streams. To identify the risks, the autonomous vehicle system was first disassembled into vehicular components and transportation infrastructure components, and then a fault tree model was developed for each system. The failure probabilities of each component were estimated by reviewing the published literature and publicly available data sources. This analysis resulted in a failure probability of about 14% resulting from a sequential failure of the autonomous vehicular components alone in the vehicle’s lifetime, particularly the components responsible for automation. After the failure probability of autonomous vehicle components was combined with the failure probability of transportation infrastructure components, an overall failure probability related to vehicular or infrastructure components was found: 158 per 1 million mi of travel. The most critical combination of events that could lead to failure of autonomous vehicles, known as minimal cut-sets, was also identified. Finally, the results of fault tree analysis were compared with real-world data available from the California Department of Motor Vehicles autonomous vehicle testing records.
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Levin, Michael W., Eugene Wong, Benjamin Nault-Maurer, and Alireza Khani. "Parking infrastructure design for repositioning autonomous vehicles." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 120 (November 2020): 102838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2020.102838.
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Obaid, Mohammed, Arpad Torok, and Jairo Ortega. "A Comprehensive Emissions Model Combining Autonomous Vehicles with Park and Ride and Electric Vehicle Transportation Policies." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094653.
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Several transport policies reduce pollution levels caused by private vehicles by introducing autonomous or electric vehicles and encouraging mode shift from private to public transport through park and ride (P&R) facilities. However, combining the policies of introducing autonomous vehicles with the implementation of electric vehicles and using the P&R system could amplify the decrease of transport sector emissions. The COPERT software has been used to calculate the emissions. This article aims to study these policies and determine which combinations can better reduce pollution. The result shows that each combination of autonomous vehicles reduces pollution to different degrees. In conclusion, the shift to more sustainable transport modes through autonomous electric vehicles and P&R systems reduces pollution in the urban environment to a higher percentage. In contrast, the combination of autonomous vehicles has lower emission reduction but is easier to implement with the currently available infrastructure.
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Lukáš, Hanko, Magdolen Ľuboš, Danko Ján, Milesich Tomáš, Križan Peter, and Skyrčák Robert. "Simulation of Pedestrian Detection in Urban Environment." Strojnícky časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 71, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2021-0023.
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Abstract Autonomous systems have great potential for future transportation. Even though we have third level autonomous vehicles, that are able to move from place A to place B without drivers’ intervention in present, we have still a long journey ahead to complete autonomy. In this article we are dealing with analysis of potential of autonomous vehicles in city transportation. According to high density of pedestrians in urban traffic it is very important to note autonomous vehicles safety.
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Cottam, Bobby J. "Transportation Planning for Connected Autonomous Vehicles: How It All Fits Together." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 51 (March 29, 2018): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118756632.
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As connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) technology continues to evolve and rapidly develop new capabilities, it is becoming increasingly important for transportation planners to consider the effects that these vehicles will have on the transportation network. It is evident that this trend has already started; over 60% of long-range transportation plans in the largest urban areas now include some discussion of CAVs, up from just 6% in 2015. There are also numerous CAV pilot programs currently underway that entail testing vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) interaction in both isolated and real-world environments. In this review of the current assessments for CAV impacts, two primary trends are identified. First, there is a great deal of uncertainty that is not being explicitly considered and properly accounted for in the transportation-network planning process. Second, the predictions that are being made are not considering potential policy or planning actions that could shape or affect the impacts of CAVs. This paper provides a picture of how ongoing CAV research interacts with current transportation planning practices by examining how the methods, the ranges of predictions, and the different sources of uncertainty in each method impact the planning process and potential system outcomes. Finally, it will identify best practices from decision analysis to help plan the best possible future transportation networks.
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Dresner, K., and P. Stone. "A Multiagent Approach to Autonomous Intersection Management." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 31 (March 31, 2008): 591–656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.2502.
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Artificial intelligence research is ushering in a new era of sophisticated, mass-market transportation technology. While computers can already fly a passenger jet better than a trained human pilot, people are still faced with the dangerous yet tedious task of driving automobiles. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the field that focuses on integrating information technology with vehicles and transportation infrastructure to make transportation safer, cheaper, and more efficient. Recent advances in ITS point to a future in which vehicles themselves handle the vast majority of the driving task. Once autonomous vehicles become popular, autonomous interactions amongst multiple vehicles will be possible. Current methods of vehicle coordination, which are all designed to work with human drivers, will be outdated. The bottleneck for roadway efficiency will no longer be the drivers, but rather the mechanism by which those drivers' actions are coordinated. While open-road driving is a well-studied and more-or-less-solved problem, urban traffic scenarios, especially intersections, are much more challenging. We believe current methods for controlling traffic, specifically at intersections, will not be able to take advantage of the increased sensitivity and precision of autonomous vehicles as compared to human drivers. In this article, we suggest an alternative mechanism for coordinating the movement of autonomous vehicles through intersections. Drivers and intersections in this mechanism are treated as autonomous agents in a multiagent system. In this multiagent system, intersections use a new reservation-based approach built around a detailed communication protocol, which we also present. We demonstrate in simulation that our new mechanism has the potential to significantly outperform current intersection control technology -- traffic lights and stop signs. Because our mechanism can emulate a traffic light or stop sign, it subsumes the most popular current methods of intersection control. This article also presents two extensions to the mechanism. The first extension allows the system to control human-driven vehicles in addition to autonomous vehicles. The second gives priority to emergency vehicles without significant cost to civilian vehicles. The mechanism, including both extensions, is implemented and tested in simulation, and we present experimental results that strongly attest to the efficacy of this approach.
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Lebedeva, Ol'ga, and Vasilisa Kuzminykh. "STRUCTURE OF THE STREET ROAD NETWORK IN THE FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM." Bulletin of the Angarsk State Technical University 1, no. 15 (January 12, 2022): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-777x-2021-1-15-155-159.
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The road network constitutes the main part of the transport system for both passenger and freight traffic. Achieving a sustainable road transport system including multimodal terminals, autonomous vehicles, intelligent transport systems, infrastructure are considered to be important design areas. The efficient use of the transport system is essential in terms of economic, environmental and social sustainability. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods for optimizing the transportation process
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Goel, Mansi, Nargis Warsi, Bhavesh Batra, and Aman Singla. "A Review Paper on Development of e-Vehicles." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 952–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47995.
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Abstract: In this paper, we present a detailed chronological analysis of the achievements in autonomous automation, which is an area of interest for researchers. This paper can be useful for understanding the trends in autonomous vehicletechnology in the past, present, and future. The technology of autonomous vehicles has drastically changed since the 1920s, when radio controlled vehicles first appeared. Electric cars powered by embedded circuits on the road became fairly autonomous in the next few decades. By the 1960s, autonomous cars had similar electronic guide systems. The 1980s saw the introduction of vision guided autonomous vehicles, a major milestone in technology that we continue to use today. In modern cars, semi-autonomous features such as lane keeping,automatic braking, and adaptive cruise control are based on these systems. An extensive network of visionguided systems is the future of autonomous vehicles. It is predicted that the majority of companieswill launch fully autonomous vehicles by the turn of the century. We are entering an era of safe, comfortable, and efficient transportation with autonomous vehicles.
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Asaul, M. A., and R. R. Safiullin. "Theoretical framework of building systems for operational management of the freight transport transportation process at implementation of 5G-V2X technologies." Вестник гражданских инженеров 18, no. 2 (2021): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2021-18-2-189-196.
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The article considers some conceptual approaches to improving the management system of the functional capabilities of intelligent technical objects and vehicles on the highway. The authors propose using a scheme for constructing a system for managing the transportation process of freight transport with the introduction of the Smart Highway 5G-V2X technologies, taking into account the probabilistic nature of the system-forming factors. The transport infrastructure of ITS is presented on the basis of introducing the 5G-V2X technologies in order to improve the automation and traffic control systems in road transport. The authors substantiate using the promising areas of research aimed at improving functionality of the software and hardware systems in the autonomous movement of vehicles through the use of intelligent automated systems. There has been worked out the sequence of constructing the system of autonomous traffic operational management at the operation of commercial vehicles platooning into convoys, and the time intervals needed for data transfer regarding the transport flow.
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Zawodny, Michał, and Maciej Kruszyna. "Proposals for Using the Advanced Tools of Communication between Autonomous Vehicles and Infrastructure in Selected Cases." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 6579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186579.
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The purpose of this paper is to describe solutions to yet unsolved problems of autonomous vehicles and infrastructure communication via the Internet of Things (IoT). The paper, in the form of a conceptual article, intentionally does not contain research elements, as we plan to conduct simulations in future papers. Each of the many forms of communication between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I) or vice versa offers different possibilities. Here, we describe typical situations and challenges related to the introduction of autonomous vehicles in traffic. An investment in V2I may be necessary to keep the traffic of autonomous vehicles safe, smooth, and energy efficient. Based on the review of existing solutions, we propose several ideas, key elements, algorithms, and hardware. Merely detecting the road infrastructure may not be enough. It is also necessary to consider a new form of travel called the Personal Transporter (PT). The introduction of new systems and solutions offers benefits for both autonomous vehicles and vehicles with a low degree of automation.
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Gouda, Maged, Ishaat Chowdhury, Jonas Weiß, Alexander Epp, and Karim El-Basyouny. "Automated assessment of infrastructure preparedness for autonomous vehicles." Automation in Construction 129 (September 2021): 103820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103820.
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Quack, Tobias, Michael Bösinger, Frank-Josef Heßeler, and Dirk Abel. "Infrastructure-based digital maps for connected autonomous vehicles." at - Automatisierungstechnik 66, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2017-0100.
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Abstract One major key to autonomous driving is reliable knowledge about the vehicle's surroundings. In complex situations like urban intersections, the vehicle's on-board sensors are often unable to detect and classify all features of the environment. Therefore, high-precision digital maps are widely used to provide the vehicle with additional information. In this article, we introduce a system which makes use of a mobile edge computing architecture (MEC) for computing digital maps on infrastructure-based, distributed computers. In cooperation with the mobile network operator Vodafone an LTE test field is implemented at the Aldenhoven Testing Center (ATC). The proving ground thus combines an urban crossing with the MEC capabilities of the LTE test field so that the developed methods can be tested in a realistic scenario. In the near future the LTE test field will be equipped with the new 5G mobile standard allowing for fast and reliable exchange of map and sensor data between vehicles and infrastructure.
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Gumzej, Roman. "Intelligent logistics systems in E-commerce and transportation." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 20, no. 2 (2022): 2348–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2023110.
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<abstract><p>Smart coordination of production, logistics, transport and governance aims to move, store, supply and use physical objects throughout the world in a manner that is economically, environmentally and socially efficient, secure and sustainable. To achieve this, intelligent Logistics Systems (iLS) are needed, providing for transparency and interoperability in Society 5.0's smart environments by Augmented Logistics (AL) services. iLS are high-quality Autonomous Systems (AS), represented by intelligent agents that can easily take part in and learn from their environments. Smart logistics entities, such as smart facilities, vehicles, intermodal containers and distribution hubs represent the infrastructure of the Physical Internet (PhI). In this article the role of iLS in e-commerce and transportation is discussed. New behavioural, communication and knowledge models of iLS and their AL services in relation to the PhI OSI model are presented.</p></abstract>
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Akar, Gulsah, and Gregory D. Erhardt. "User response to autonomous vehicles and emerging mobility systems." Transportation 45, no. 6 (November 2018): 1603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9943-y.
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Beirigo, Breno A., Frederik Schulte, and Rudy R. Negenborn. "Integrating People and Freight Transportation Using Shared Autonomous Vehicles with Compartments." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 9 (2018): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.07.064.
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Kurte, Kuldeep, Anne Berres, Srinath Ravulaparthy, Jibonananda Sanyal, and Gautam Thakur. "The 13th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Computational Transportation Science (IWCTS 2020)." SIGSPATIAL Special 12, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3447994.3448005.
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Today's growth in big data, edge computing, high-performance computing, and machine learning has opened tremendous opportunities for advances in mobility. The 13 th International Workshop on Computational Transportation Science (IWCTS 2020) is particularly timely given the prominence of connected automated vehicles technologies in the global auto industry's near-term growth strategies, of big data analytics, unprecedented access to sensing data of mobility, and of integration of this analytics into the optimization of mobility and transport. These developments (as listed below) are deeply computational. • Transportation Planning & Modeling: travel behavioral analysis, modeling and simulation of population movements and freight transportation systems. • Transportation Operations: Connected and Autonomous (CAVs), Computational traffic flow models and control algorithms, role of transportation in community spread of a pandemic (COVID-19). • Infrastructure Sensing: Digital Twin, Data-driven approaches to transportation systems operations • Other Technologies: Urban sensing technologies, Geoinformatics and Regional Science
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Dargahi, Tooska, Hossein Ahmadvand, Mansour Naser Alraja, and Chia-Mu Yu. "Integration of Blockchain with Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: Vision and Challenge." Journal of Data and Information Quality 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3460003.
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Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) are introduced to improve individuals’ quality of life by offering a wide range of services. They collect a huge amount of data and exchange them with each other and the infrastructure. The collected data usually includes sensitive information about the users and the surrounding environment. Therefore, data security and privacy are among the main challenges in this industry. Blockchain, an emerging distributed ledger, has been considered by the research community as a potential solution for enhancing data security, integrity, and transparency in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). However, despite the emphasis of governments on the transparency of personal data protection practices, CAV stakeholders have not been successful in communicating appropriate information with the end users regarding the procedure of collecting, storing, and processing their personal data, as well as the data ownership. This article provides a vision of the opportunities and challenges of adopting blockchain in ITS from the “data transparency” and “privacy” perspective. The main aim is to answer the following questions: (1) Considering the amount of personal data collected by the CAVs, such as location, how would the integration of blockchain technology affect transparency , fairness , and lawfulness of personal data processing concerning the data subjects (as this is one of the main principles in the existing data protection regulations)? (2) How can the trade-off between transparency and privacy be addressed in blockchain-based ITS use cases?
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Vasirani, M., and S. Ossowski. "A Market-Inspired Approach for Intersection Management in Urban Road Traffic Networks." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 43 (April 24, 2012): 621–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.3560.
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Traffic congestion in urban road networks is a costly problem that affects all major cities in developed countries. To tackle this problem, it is possible (i) to act on the supply side, increasing the number of roads or lanes in a network, (ii) to reduce the demand, restricting the access to urban areas at specific hours or to specific vehicles, or (iii) to improve the efficiency of the existing network, by means of a widespread use of so-called Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). In line with the recent advances in smart transportation management infrastructures, ITS has turned out to be a promising field of application for artificial intelligence techniques. In particular, multiagent systems seem to be the ideal candidates for the design and implementation of ITS. In fact, drivers can be naturally modelled as autonomous agents that interact with the transportation management infrastructure, thereby generating a large-scale, open, agent-based system. To regulate such a system and maintain a smooth and efficient flow of traffic, decentralised mechanisms for the management of the transportation infrastructure are needed. In this article we propose a distributed, market-inspired, mechanism for the management of a future urban road network, where intelligent autonomous vehicles, operated by software agents on behalf of their human owners, interact with the infrastructure in order to travel safely and efficiently through the road network. Building on the reservation-based intersection control model proposed by Dresner and Stone, we consider two different scenarios: one with a single intersection and one with a network of intersections. In the former, we analyse the performance of a novel policy based on combinatorial auctions for the allocation of reservations. In the latter, we analyse the impact that a traffic assignment strategy inspired by competitive markets has on the drivers' route choices. Finally we propose an adaptive management mechanism that integrates the auction-based traffic control policy with the competitive traffic assignment strategy.
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Kong, Peng-Yong. "Computation and Sensor Offloading for Cloud-Based Infrastructure-Assisted Autonomous Vehicles." IEEE Systems Journal 14, no. 3 (September 2020): 3360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2019.2959703.
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Rohács, József, and Dániel Rohács. "TOTAL IMPACT EVALUATION OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS." Transport 35, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12640.
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Impact assessment, in general, includes the environmental safety and security considerations, and cost/cost-benefit analysis of the used sources. As usual, the impact is evaluated at two levels: (1) impact during operation (usage) related to a chosen operational unit (e.g., running distance [km], operational time [h] or calendar time [h]), (2) the life-cycle (project life-cycle) impact. The environmental impact is characterized by the chemical and noise emissions. Safety and security are estimated by risks. Costs are calculated based on the required financial support and caused losses. All these calculations are related to the individual vehicles or vehicles with average behaviours. The investigation of sustainability impact requires a wider evaluation and approach, for example, by also including production and recycling beside the operational aspects. This paper generalizes the impact analysis. At first, it considers all types of impacts including the direct (e.g., accidents) and indirect long-term effects (e.g., health problems caused by emissions). All the impacts are expressed as costs. The defined Sustainable Transportation Performance Index (STPI) is the Total Life-Cycle Cost (TLCC) related to the unit of transport work. As such, it combines the life-cycle emissions evaluation and transport costing methods. It contains the total operational and total impact costs. The proposed approach introduces three new specific features in the impact analysis: (1) the impact is evaluated on the transportation system level, (2) the impact is estimated as the total value (including all the related sub-systems and elements, like vehicles, transport infrastructure, transport flow control, etc.), (3) proposes a unique index to describe the total impact. The paper describes the general equations and the developed methodology for the estimation of the total impact and analyses its applicability. The preliminary results demonstrate the applicability of the defined index and its evaluation methodology. It also shows the limitations of traditional cost models. Further test results and wider application of the methodology will be provided in a series of follow up papers by the research team.
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Lehoczký, Peter, Matej Janeba, Marek Galinski, and Lukáš Šoltés. "Testing the Readiness of Slovak Road Infrastructure for the Deployment of Intelligent Transportation." Strojnícky časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 72, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2022-0020.
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Abstract In the recent years, we observe huge effort to develop new technologies for modern road vehicles in order to improve the level of safety for all passengers in the vehicle. Many of these systems are sooner or later becoming mandatory for the vehicles to be allowed to drive on the European roads. These are for example Lane Keeping Assistants (LKA) or Intelligent Speed Assist (ISA). Although there is huge effort on development and continuous improvement of these systems in the new vehicles, much less effort is put into the analysis of the infrastructure itself in the terms of its readiness for being used by these technologies. This study, in cooperation with the government authorities set as a goal an evaluation of sensoric readability of the horizontal and vertical road signs on the Slovak road infrastructure together with a public dataset to be released after the study will be completely done.
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Kocsis, Bence, Gábor Vida, Zsolt Szalay, and György Ágoston. "Novel Approaches to Evaluate the Ability of Vehicles for Secured Transportation." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 49, no. 1 (October 24, 2019): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.13785.
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The assurance of process safety plays an important role in the field of information technology. Securing the information has become one of the biggest challenges in the present day. Whenever we think about the protected systems the first thing that comes to our mind can be malicious interventions which are increasing immensely day by day. Nowadays we live the world of huge automotive developments with the appearance of the demand for autonomous vehicles. On the other hand, technological developments also provide a lot of advantages for the society. The benefits of autonomous cars include reduced mobility costs, increased safety, increased mobility, significant reduction of traffic collisions. However, it cannot be forgotten that the extension of cyberspace affects the transportation increasingly. Accordingly, cars are produced with high level of connectivity and automation. Therefore, the risks arriving from the cyberspace can now endanger the safe and secured transportation. These tendencies shall motivate manufacturers and developers to permanently improve the ability of vehicles to protect themselves and their passengers.
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Chaveesuk, Singha, Wornchanok Chaiyasoonthorn, Nayika Kamales, Zdzislawa Dacko-Pikiewicz, Wiesław Liszewski, and Bilal Khalid. "Evaluating the Determinants of Consumer Adoption of Autonomous Vehicles in Thailand—An Extended UTAUT Model." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020855.
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This study explores the effects of autonomous cars and how they may affect the design of transportation systems. The research investigated the determinants of consumer adoption of autonomous vehicles in Thailand. The research was driven by increasing environmental protection awareness and the need to conserve it through revolutionary technology. The study adopted the extended UTAUT model, where a quantitative method was adopted using primary data from 381 respondents. The results indicated that consumer adoption of autonomous vehicles in Thailand is influenced by performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, environmental benefits, and purchase subsidy. The recommendations developed were that, to enhance the consumers’ intention to adopt autonomous vehicles, the concerned stakeholders should improve on aspects, such as the ability to improve job performance, increase productivity, ease of use, flexibility, clarity, and understanding, as well as improve social status. The government should also consider subsidizing autonomous vehicles as this would encourage consumption. A limitation of the study is the generalization of the findings as it is limited to Thailand.
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García, Alfredo, and Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa. "Influence of Lane Width on Semi- Autonomous Vehicle Performance." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 9 (June 30, 2020): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120928351.
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In the medium-term, the number of semi-autonomous vehicles is expected to rise significantly. These changes in vehicle capabilities make it necessary to analyze their interaction with road infrastructure, which has been developed for human-driven vehicles. Current systems use artificial vision, recording the oncoming road and using the center and edgeline road markings to automatically facilitate keeping the vehicle within the lane. In addition to alignment and road markings, lane width has emerged as one of the geometric parameters that might cause disengagement and therefore must be assessed. The objective of this research was to study the impact of lane width on semi-autonomous vehicle performance. The automatic lateral control of this type of vehicle was tested along 81 lanes of an urban arterial comprising diverse widths. Results showed that the semi-autonomous system tended to fail on narrow lanes. There was a maximum width below which human control was always required—referred to as the human lane width—measuring 2.5 m. A minimum width above which automatic control was always possible—the automatic lane width—was established to be 2.75 m. Finally, a lane width of 2.72 m was found to have the same probability of automatic and human lateral control, namely the critical lane width. Following a similar methodology, these parameters could be determined for other vehicles, enhancing the interaction between autonomous vehicles and road infrastructure and thus supporting rapid deployment of autonomous technology without compromising safety.
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Loken, Andrew E., Joshua S. Steelman, Scott K. Rosenbaugh, and Ronald K. Faller. "Autonomous Vehicle Safe Operating Speeds on the Automated Skyway Express in Jacksonville, Florida." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2675, no. 6 (February 17, 2021): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198121991834.
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Autonomous vehicles (AV) differ significantly from traditional passenger vehicles in both their behavior and physical characteristics. As such, the validity of the guidance provided in the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware, Second Edition (MASH 2016) is questionable in AV applications. Impact angles, speeds, and vehicle weights specified in MASH 2016 are inextricably linked to the traditional vehicles underlying the estimates. For AV applications, these parameters must be estimated from the ground up, stepping outside the guidance of MASH 2016. In this paper, a conservative method for evaluating existing infrastructure to support AV traffic is proposed. The method integrates traditional structural analyses with unconventional methods of estimating impact conditions. This methodology was developed for the Jacksonville Transportation Authority, who, when faced with unique challenges in maintaining and expanding their Automated Skyway Express, opted to convert the system from monorail to AV traffic. Leading AV developers were surveyed to develop a portfolio of potential candidates for the conversion. Estimated impact conditions were then compared against the capacity of the system’s existing concrete parapets. Ultimately, safe operating speeds for each AV candidate were recommended on the bases of structural capacity and vehicle stability. All but one AV candidate were deemed capable of safely operating at the desired speed of 25 mph without any modifications to the barrier. Although the methodology was developed for a particular case, it is applicable to future implementations of AVs on existing infrastructure, provided the roadway is confined similarly to the Skyway deck.
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Miclea, Razvan-Catalin, Ciprian Dughir, Florin Alexa, Florin Sandru, and Ioan Silea. "Laser and LIDAR in a System for Visibility Distance Estimation in Fog Conditions." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 6322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216322.
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Visibility is a critical factor for transportation, even if we refer to air, water, or ground transportation. The biggest trend in the automotive industry is autonomous driving, the number of autonomous vehicles will increase exponentially, prompting changes in the industry and user segment. Unfortunately, these vehicles still have some drawbacks and one, always in attention and topical, will be treated in this paper—visibility distance issue in bad weather conditions, particularly in fog. The way and the speed with which vehicles will determine objects, obstacles, pedestrians, or traffic signs, especially in bad visibility, will determine how the vehicle will behave. In this paper, a new experimental set up is featured, for analyzing the effect of the fog when the laser and LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) radiation are used in visibility distance estimation on public roads. While using our experimental set up, in the laboratory, the information offered by these measurement systems (laser and LIDAR) are evaluated and compared with results offered by human observers in the same fog conditions. The goal is to validate and unitarily apply the results regarding visibility distance, based on information arrives from different systems that are able to estimate this parameter (in foggy weather conditions). Finally, will be notifying the drivers in case of unexpected situations. It is a combination of stationary and of moving systems. The stationary system will be installed on highways or express roads in areas prone to fog, while the moving systems are, or can be, directly installed on the vehicles (autonomous but also non-autonomous).
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Saveliev, Anton I., Konstantin D. Krestovnikov, and Aleksei A. Erashov. "Analysis of approaches to functioning of an autonomous unmanned vehicle and a surface ship in joint missions." Analysis and data processing systems, no. 4 (December 27, 2022): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2782-2001-2022-4-49-62.
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Autonomous unmanned vehicles can successfully solve a variety of civil, scientific and military tasks. Robotic complexes of this class demonstrate their high efficiency when performing seismic surveys, hydrochemical monitoring of water areas and inspection of technical facilities of various purposes. Vehicles powered by a rechargeable battery, as a rule, have a very limited power reserve, and require periodic replenishment of the battery charge. The physical properties of the operating environment impose significant limitations on the communication methods used, which complicates the transfer of information between the operator and an autonomous unmanned submersible. Delivery of the vehicle to the mission site, as well as providing power to the vehicle and information exchange with the operator require some additional infrastructure. This paper focuses on finding and selecting solutions for transportation, power and communications support for autonomous underwater vehicles. The constructional solutions of underwater docks and general principles of building systems for ensuring the operation of this type of vehicles are considered, and a classification of approaches to the energy supply of underwater vehicles is made. Based on the analysis the most perspective solutions ensuring long-term autonomous operation were selected. Docking stations with the ability to lift and dive an underwater vehicle directly inside the station have a number of operational advantages. The use of contact methods for energy and information transfer requires high accuracy of underwater vehicle positioning and complication of its sensor system, as well as application of special methods for protection of contact pairs from environmental impacts. These disadvantages are deprived by wireless solutions, which are actively introduced at present.
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de Souza, Allan M., Guilherme Maia, Torsten Braun, and Leandro A. Villas. "An Interest-Based Approach for Reducing Network Contentions in Vehicular Transportation Systems." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102325.
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Traffic management systems (TMS) are the key for dealing with mobility issues. Moreover, 5G and vehicular networking are expected to play an important role in supporting TMSs for providing a smarter, safer and faster transportation. In this way, several infrastructure-based TMSs have been proposed to improve vehicular traffic mobility. However, in massively connected and multi-service smart city scenarios, infrastructure-based systems can experience low delivery ratios and high latency due to packet congestion in backhaul links on ultra-dense cells with high data traffic demand. In this sense, we propose I am not interested in it (IAN3I), an interest-based approach for reducing network contention and even avoid infrastructure dependence in TMS. IAN3I enables a fully-distributed traffic management and an opportunistic content sharing approach in which vehicles are responsible for storing and delivering traffic information only to vehicles interested in it. Simulation results under a realistic scenario have shown that, when compared to state-of-the-art approaches, IAN3I decreases the number of transmitted messages, packet collisions and latency in up to 95 % , 98 % and 55 % respectively while dealing with traffic efficiency properly, not affecting traffic management performance at all.
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Suto, Jozsef. "Real-Time Lane Line Tracking Algorithm to Mini Vehicles." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 22, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2021-0036.
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Abstract Autonomous navigation is important not only in autonomous cars but also in other transportation systems. In many applications, an autonomous vehicle has to follow the curvature of a real or artificial road or in other words lane lines. In those application, the key is the lane detection. In this paper, we present a real-time lane line tracking algorithm mainly designed to mini vehicles with relatively low computation capacity and single camera sensor. The proposed algorithm exploits computer vision techniques in combination with digital filtering. To demonstrate the performance of the method, experiments are conducted in an indoor, self-made test track where the effect of several external influencing factors can be observed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm works well independently of shadows, bends, reflection and lighting changes.
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Terry, Jacob, and Chris Bachmann. "Quantifying the Potential Impact of Autonomous Vehicle Adoption on Government Finances." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 5 (April 3, 2019): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119837218.
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There is some understanding that autonomous vehicles will disrupt public sector policies and the existing transportation industry, but this disruption is often loosely defined and tends to ignore how it would affect governments financially. The primary objective of this paper is to quantify the short-term impact of introducing autonomous vehicles on government finances. The analysis focuses on eight Canadian governments, encompassing four government tiers. Public discourse and academic literature are used to generate nine predicted changes (forecast variables) in future adoption scenarios. Using the predicted rate of autonomous vehicle adoption, the remaining variables are converted into financial changes by combining them with government financial records, infrastructure inventory datasets, and project cost estimates. The results suggest that, while revenue impacts are fairly minimal, and mostly impact Canadian provinces, the cost of implementing the expected vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication upgrades could be expensive for governments with smaller populations, especially municipalities. The revenue analysis indicates the biggest shift is likely to be a loss in gas tax, which affects federal and provincial revenues, yet this share is relatively small compared with the size of these governments’ budgets. The expense analysis suggests that, although provinces have extensive road networks, the cost of upgrading all of their highways may not be unreasonable compared with their yearly revenue intake. On the other hand, municipalities would require substantial new funds to be able to make the same upgrades.
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Shibuya, Shuetsu, Toshihiro Yoshida, Zuiki Yamashiro, and Makoto Miyawaki. "Fast Emergency Vehicle Preemption Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1739, no. 1 (January 2000): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1739-06.
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In an automotive society that increasingly depends on cars, the National Police Agency is tackling the problem of operation support of emergency vehicles for incidents, accidents, and other emergency cases in order to manage traffic appropriately. This support of emergency vehicle operations is considered to be one of nine developing fields in Japan’s intelligent transportation systems. Recently, to deal with an increasing crime rate, a growing number of accidents, and problems with the elderly, more and more emergency vehicles are being dispatched. Against this background, it is indispensable for the police administration, as the manager of traffic and as an important instrument for maintaining peace and order, to help emergency vehicles in urgent situations reach the scene at the earliest possible moment and to prevent accidents during operations. Fast emergency preemption systems have a two-way communication function through the use of an infrared beacon, which is the key infrastructure of a traffic control system. Such a system supports the operation of emergency vehicles in a safe and effective manner by using route guidance and priority signal control; it also warns civilian vehicles about approaching emergency vehicles.
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Barsi, Árpád, András Csepinszky, János Máté Lógó, Nikol Krausz, and Vivien Potó. "The Role of Maps in Autonomous Driving Simulations." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 48, no. 4 (August 13, 2020): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.15852.
Full textAbstract:
The vehicles of the conditional, high, and full automation levels have a common unique sensor, the map. The term map has undergone a significant change because the spatial resolution has been increased considerably, the road infrastructure and its neighborhood are represented with higher accuracy in 3D. The development of these vehicles requires enormous efforts, where computer-based techniques, like the simulations, can offer a helping hand. The autonomous simulations will be supported by high-quality map information, which generates interest in the best field data-capturing techniques. The paper provides an overview of the available modern surveying methodologies, then introduces the most preferred data formats – both in physical information storage and in exchanging information content between mapping systems. Some examples are presented to demonstrate the usage of the relevant map-making outputs in automotive simulators.