Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transportation sharing economy platforms'

The sharing economy has become a widely known phenomena, however, the main focus has always been on sharing between consumers, with firms like Airbnb and Uber at the center of the conversation. There is plenty of material written on the sharing economy in a consumer context, however, there is a glaring gap in current literature when it comes to sharing between businesses. There is a need for an analysis of what drives sharing between businesses, in order to identify potential differences between the consumer and the business environment. This study aims to answer the following research question: Why and to what extent do the factors convenience, financial, sustainable and uncertainty entice or deter management participation in the B2B sharing economy? The factors investigated in the study is derived from current literature. From the literature a conceptual model was developed. To complement the secondary data interviews were held to get a better grasp of sharing in a business context. The results suggests that there is an importance hierarchy in between the factors from most to least important as follows; financial, uncertainty, convenience and sustainability. Finally, the study contributes with a revised conceptual model where data from the results are used to modify the model derived from previous literature. The revised conceptual model can guide business to business sharing platforms when developing marketing strategies for their platforms. In addition, the insights gained from the study can be used when developing a platform or business model by prioritizing the more important factors.

The rising trend of over consumption has led to threatening environmental consequences. A solution to this would be collaborative consumption, as it promotes environmentally friendly sharing behaviors. Collaborative consumption can be enabled with digital tools, such as digital sharing platforms. The purpose of this study is to generate knowledge about how digital sharing platforms can be successfully established in order to build a good foundation for collaborative consumption. This qualitative research, influenced by grounded theory as a method, aims to explore the question “what are the barriers for establishing a digital sharing platform?”. Based on related research and by investigating a digital sharing platform called Umigo, we conducted six semi-structured interviews based on three technological frames and identified multiple barriers. With this research we make two main contributions. Our first contribution is that digital sharing platforms are unique in comparison to other platform types and should therefore be studied further. We also found an overview of the barriers that could prevent the successful establishment of digital sharing platforms.

The sharing economy is a fast-growing movement where consumers share and exchange underutilised goods and services on digital platforms. Today, these sharing platforms are being dominated by millennials due to their inherent digital mindset and awareness of global issues. As a result of this movement, consumer attitudes and engagement are important to study as it helps us understand, influence and respond to the needs of consumers. To this end, the purpose of this paper is to further explore this concept of the sharing economy and to examine consumer attitudes and engagement towards sharing platforms. The research conducted in this study was exploratory and an abductive approach was used. Qualitative data was collected through five focus groups to understand different attitudes and perspectives in relation to sharing platforms. Results indicated that attitudes are generated differently among millennials due to various demographic and cultural differences. The study contributes with a revised attitude model and provides insights for businesses and entrepreneurs who seek to engage on sharing platforms. This research study provides new insights to the field of the sharing economy as no previous research, to the best of our knowledge, has been conducted on millennials’ attitudes and engagement. For future studies on the topic, we emphasise the importance to choose one or similar platforms and to distinguish the types of millennials so that a more targeted analysis can be conducted.

Global warming, increasing greenhouse gases emissions, global pollution, exhaustion of natural resources... Those are all consequences of human activities on the environment. Today's world is facing major environmental challenges and sustainability has become a burning topic during the last decades. In our consumption-focused society, the concept of the sharing economy has emerged as an alternative to existing consumption patterns. Advocating the "use rather than own" principle, this concept has a true potential in terms of changing the way we consume and produce to lead to more sustainable behaviors. Current literature has investigated the motivations influencing the decision to participate in the sharing economy. Three main motivations have been highlighted: economic, social and environmental. Indeed, the sharing economy offers the possibility to save or make money, strengthen social ties and reduce one's ecological impact. Even though the environmental aspect plays a part in the decision-making process, it is unclear whether it is a determining factor or only a secondary concern. Thus, our study aims at developing an in-depth understanding of the motivations that drive people's participation in the sharing economy and the role of environmental sustainability. To fulfill that purpose, we have formulated the following research question: How important is environmental sustainability among the motivations to participate in the peer-to-peer sharing economy? To answer our research question, we conducted a qualitative study. We interviewed six French users of the collaborative carpooling platform Blablacar. Questions about the sharing economy in general and use of this specific platform were asked. These interviews allowed us to understand users' perceptions and attitudes towards the sharing economy and to make the connection with the environmental motivation. Our findings reveal that the environmental motivation exists and is part of the decision- making process. We could note a behavior change as the willingness to use collaborative platforms in the future is increasing. At the same time, a growing environmental consciousness has been expressed. However, the economic motivation still strongly prevails over the environmental and social motivations to engage in sharing activities. This observation leads us to conclude about the uncertain future of the sharing economy as a more sustainable consumption pattern.

For many years, research on user acceptance of different technologies has been one of the most important topics within the field of information systems. In markets with the sheer size and uniqueness of the Chinese mobile economy fostered rapid development of sharing economy firms. Transportation Network Companies (TNC) can be regarded as a context of the sharing economy that focuses on personal transportation. Intrigued by the immense success of TNC and notorious competition between TNC companies Uber and DiDi in China, we study why users are susceptible to TNC. In this study, user acceptance is defined as intention to use TNC and the actual use of TNC. This study aims to examine what factors affect user acceptance of TNC in China and to what extent. By this, the thesis aims to provide TNC with adequate recommendations for success. The state of the art user acceptance model UTAUT2 has been used in this research with an explanatory purpose and a deductive approach. The UTAUT2 model consists of factors related to user acceptance, such as Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Facilitating Conditions, Hedonic Motivation, Price Value and Habit. These factors were individually tested with Simple Linear Regression to determine their influence on user acceptance. These calculations were executed upon quantitative data from an electronically distributed survey. Upon analysis of the findings, research and practical implications are provided such as managerial recommendations for how TNC can raise user acceptance and increase market share.

This senior thesis in environmental analysis explores the promise of sustainability of the sharing economy, its shortcomings from this positive potential, and possible policy solutions to help it reach its fullest, positive potential. At its core, the sharing economy enables shared access to goods and services that would otherwise sit in idle or underutilized capacity – popular platforms such as Uber, Lyft, Airbnb, and craigslist all fall within the sharing economy. By enabling affordable and convenient access to goods that would otherwise sit idle, the sharing economy encourages maximal use of a good that already exists rather than seeking out the production of new goods to meet demand. Unfortunately, as it grows, the sharing economy moves away from this key environmental promise because of two central challenges: first, a shift away from maximal resource use, the central pillar of its promise of sustainability, and second, negative side effects that arise from a lack of regulation of the decentralized economy. Therefore, appropriate public policy is needed to both regulate the decentralized economy to minimize negative behaviors and to encourage the positive behaviors of the sharing economy.

The Sharing Economy is an innovative social, economic and technological paradigm which is shaping worldwide production and consumption patterns of many industries. Its strength relies on factors of competitiveness such as the use of idle capacity, temporary access to resources without transfer of ownership, the flexibility and adaptability of its models, and the participation of a growing number of players allowed by peer-to-peer digital platforms. From the management perspective, the conditions for lasting competitiveness lies on sustainability, the paradigm integrating the supply, demand, and technological dimensions in a holistic, or ecosystem, perspective. Tourism is among the industries making extensive use of sharing digital platforms and experiencing changes that foster the sustainability debate. The PhD Thesis aims to investigate the relationships between competitiveness and sustainability in the tourism and hospitality accommodation industry in the Sharing Economy Era. Its investigation is multifaced and is addressed through three studies adopting a post-modernist perspective that builds on qualitative approaches and strategies for data collection and analysis. The Part I of the Thesis explores the Sharing Economy concept’s evolution and the sustainability issues through an in-depth review of the literature. Results reveal the leading economic-technological evolution of the paradigm over the social one, and its dual links with sustainability in relation to the extensive use of peer-to-peer digital platforms. Therefore, the evolution of the Sharing Economy activities have shown that today competitiveness is built on the interactions of an ever-increasing number of actors and factors, both off-line and on-line, within a complex ecosystem for the creation of – shared – value. The tourism industry strongly challenges this relationship between extended competition and sustainability. The Part II evaluates the competitiveness model and its evolution during the Sharing eTourism Era in the tourism and hospitality accommodation sector introducing an ecosystem perspective for the creation and distribution of shared value. Specifically, it investigates how the non-traditional and informal tourist services have affected the structure of the industry and have altered the competition among the actors, through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Results show that competitiveness is given by the balance among the complex interactions of internal and external ecosystem’s actors and factors. On a micro level this imply that businesses must adopts an ecosystem vision compensating for negative externalities which translate into the adoption of Business Models promoting sustainability for the creation of sustainable shared value. Therefore, the Part III investigates through the use of an illustrative case study how peer-to-peer digital platforms in the tourist accommodation service can boost profitability while strengthening economic, social and environmental sustainability by applying the innovative Business Model for Sustainability. The research sheds light on the complex Sharing Economy literature and lays the theoretical foundations for the implementation of managerial strategies aimed at promoting extended sustainable competition-cooperation.

The sharing economy, which has been receiving significant attention from research due to its unprecedented growth in the recent past, is being seen as a potential driving force to transform and rethink society’s unsustainable approach to consumption. Especially, the concept of food sharing as part of the sharing economy is being considered as essential for a more sustainable world and thus aims at counteracting the unsustainable consumption behaviour of individuals. Even though the importance of food sharing concepts for society is undisputed, academia lags extensive research of this domain from a consumer perspective.  The aim of this study is to investigate the behavioural intention of consumers to engage and use digital, for profit food sharing platforms in a business to consumer setting to obtain an in-depth understanding of the key determinants by extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Additionally, a cross-cultural comparison has been undertaken to acknowledge the international importance of this field.  For the purpose of data collection, an online survey has been conducted. This yielded 4353 responses of which 2995 have been taken into account for the data analysis procedures in SPSS and SmartPLS. The software SmartPLS has been utilized to perform a partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) assessing the measurement as well as structural model including the testing of the proposed hypotheses. Additionally, a multigroup analysis has been performed to investigate behavioural differences between cultures.  The empirical findings show that perceived usefulness and attitude are the strongest predictors of the behavioural intention followed by perceived behavioural control, economic benefit as well as subjective norm. Moreover, the attitude of consumers is strongly driven by sustainable considerations and the perceived trust of consumers towards digital food sharing platforms. Lastly, no statistically significant moderating effect could be identified with regards to culture.

Although shared mobility services provide benefits such as minimizing congestion as well as pollution and costs of transportation, barriers such as trust and convenience are blocking these services from reaching a broader audience. In this paper, considerations for a new service that aims to bring together familiar strangers to share rides to and from the airport is presented using a Research through Design approach. The familiar strangers investigated in this study are frequent travelers of Scandinavian airlines (SAS). Interviews, ideation workshops, prototyping, and feedback sessions are the design activities that were used to understand motivations behind their choice of transportation to and from the airport, and current pain points that motivate the need for such a service, as well as to guide the design directions of the service to tackle the problems of trust and convenience current shared mobility services face. The findings showed that SAS travelers are willing to share rides with others belonging to their community when living far away from transit services to and from the airport, arriving uncomfortable hours at a new destination, when there’s a potential to make new business contacts as well as when traveling with loved ones. The final design presented in this paper serves as a framework on how to design services to enable people who share common physical spaces and similar travel behavior, to share rides together.
Även om “shared mobility” tjänster ger fördelar som att minimera trafikstockningar samt föroreningar och transportkostnader, finns det hinder som tillit och bekvämlighet som blockerar dessa tjänster från att nå en större publik. I den här uppsatsen presenteras omständigheter för en ny tjänst som syftar till att samla “familiar strangers” för att dela transportsätt till och från flygplatsen med hjälp av ett Research Through Design-metod. De “familiar strangers” som undersöktes i denna studie är frekventa resenärer av Scandinavian Airlines (SAS). Intervjuer, ideation workshops, prototyper och feed-back möten är de designaktiviteter som användes för att förstå motivation bakom resenärers val av transport till och från flygplatsen och aktuella smärtpunkter som motiverar behovet av en sådan tjänst samt för att styra designbeslut för tjänsten för att ta itu med problemen med förtroende och bekvämlighet som nuvarande “shared mobility” tjänster stöter på. Resultaten visade att SAS-resenärer är villiga att dela resor med andra som tillhör deras gemenskap när de bor långt ifrån transit tjänster till och från flygplatsen, när de anländer i ett nytt resmål vid obehagliga timmar, när det finns möjlighet att skapa nya affärskontakter såväl som när de reser med sina nära och kära. Den slutliga designen som presenteras i denna uppsats fungerar som en ram för hur man utformar tjänster för att möjliggöra för personer som delar gemensamma fysiska utrymmen och liknande resebeteenden, att dela resor tillsammans.

The aim of this master thesis is to analyze the present condition of sharing economy and design a critical success factors model on a IT startups which operate as a transportation network companies. The result is finally validated on few representative businesses. The problem is solved by the modified qualitative critical success factors method whose author is John F. Rockart. The gained factors were finally used in the causal model which is based on the principles of system dynamics. The outcomes of this thesis are enabling to understand the relations which are hidden behind success of transportation network companies in the area of sharing economy. The information can be useful not only for startups but also for academic sphere and possible investors.

Facilitée par les plateformes de pair à pair, l’économie collaborative s’est ancrée dans les habitudes des Français. Airbnb, Blablacar, Leboncoin... ces plateformes sont désormais bien connues des Français. Cette thèse a pour ambition d’apporter davantage d’éléments, théoriques et empiriques, afin d’éclairer les débats actuels autour de ces plateformes. Ce travail de thèse commence par exploiter des données d’enquête afin de mesurer l’importance de l’utilisation des plateformes collaboratives en France, et établir les caractéristiques socio-économiques des utilisateurs. Ensuite, cette thèse s’intéresse aux dynamiques de développement d’une plateforme collaborative, à travers l’exemple de la plateforme française de covoiturage domicile-travail, iDVROOM. L’objectif est d’étudier le rôle complémentaire des effets de réseau, des effets spatiaux et des effets de communauté sur le développement de la plateforme. La suite de cette thèse s’intéresse à la concurrence entre la plateforme de location Airbnb et les hôteliers, à Paris. L’effet de la densité de l’offre sur la plateforme collaborative sur le prix pratiqué par un hôtelier fait l’objet d’une première étude empirique, avant d’être modélisé de façon théorique afin de discuter des effets possibles de différents moyens de réguler de l’activité de la plateforme. Enfin la concurrence entre deux plateformes est analysée lorsque celles-ci ont la possibilité de mettre en place des stratégies de discrimination tarifaires destinées à encourager l’exclusivité côté offreurs. La conclusion revient sur les implications de ces résultats pour les décideurs publics, les plateformes et la recherche académique
Facilitated by peer-to-peer platforms, the sharing economy has become part of the French way of life. Airbnb, Blablacar, Leboncoin... these platforms are now well known in France. This thesis aims to provide more elements, both theoretical and empirical, to inform the current debates around these platforms. This thesis work begins by using survey data to measure the importance of the use of collaborative platforms in France, and to establish the socio-economic characteristics of users. Then this thesis focuses on the dynamics of developing a collaborative platform,through the example of the French home-to-work ride-sharing platform, iDVROOM. The objective is to study the complementary role of network effects, spatial effects and community effects on the development of the platform. The rest of this thesis focuses on the competition between the short-term rental platform Airbnb and the hotel industry in Paris. The effect of the density of hosts on the collaborative platform on the price charged by an hotel is the subject of a firstempirical study, before being modeled in a theoretical way to discuss the possible effects of a set of alternative regulations of the platform’s activity. Finally, competition between two platforms is analysed when they have the possibility of implementing tariff discrimination strategies designed to encourage supplier exclusivity. The conclusion develops the implications of these results forpolicy makers, platforms and academic research

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Avaliar a atratividade de um mercado é fundamental em decisões sobre investimento em uma determinada empresa ou segmento de negócio. Setores específicos requerem conhecimentos particulares, nem sempre percebidos em estudos de viabilidade conduzidos com base em premissas generalistas. Recentemente, um súbito crescimento da oferta de novas empresas de economia compartilhada competindo como plataformas de agendamento de consultas médicas fez levantar a questão sobre a atratividade desse negócio para o mercado de saúde. Esse estudo apresenta os fatores sociais, econômicos e tecnológicos que explicam essa intensificação de competidores e, também, as barreiras que ainda dificultam a expansão dessas plataformas no Brasil. Mais do que compreender o fenômeno, os resultados apresentam um cenário atual sobre o ambiente de saúde e percepção dos usuários. É, portanto, conhecimento que pode ser aplicado a estudos de viabilidade de outros produtos ou serviços que desejam competir no segmento de saúde. A análise, embasada na literatura pesquisada e nos dados combinados de questionário dirigido, entrevista e cliente oculto, conclui pela tendência de arrefecimento do interesse em investimentos em empresas que atuem exclusivamente como plataformas de agendamento de consultas, e aponta para uma organização do mercado mais concentrada, com pequenos concorrentes diversificando seus produtos e serviços para se manterem competindo.
The assessment of a market attractiveness is critical when deciding to invest in a new company or business segment. Specific sectors require specific knowledge, not always perceived in feasibility studies conducted on generalist assumptions. Recently, a sudden expansion of sharing economy companies offering online scheduling medical platforms has raised the issue of this particular market. This study presents the social, economic and technological factors that explain the increase of competitors and also explore the existing market barriers that makes the diffusion of this kind of platform so difficult in Brazil. More than understanding the phenomenon, the outcome presents a current overview about the Brazilian health environment and the users’ perception. Therefore, it’s a knowledge that can be applied to feasibility studies of other products or services that wish to compete in the Health sector. The analysis based on evidence from researched literature, interviews, survey and observation (hidden customer) concludes in direction to the lessen of interest by investments in companies that act exclusively on online-scheduling medical platforms based on sharing economy; and point to a more concentrated market with fewer small competitors who need to diversify their products and services in order to keep themselves competitive.

Digital platforms and tools have already taken over a large part of human daily lives and with the latest pandemic of COVID-19 it is clear how these technological trends have just increased, in both intensity and complexity, across most of the different aspects that comprehend our everyday activities. For instance, people are staying more at home and people now socialize, consume and work with help of different digital tools, which in other words means that the homes’ original role is changing to a more multifaceted and integral function. Based on such reality, this master thesis aims to investigate how property owners of housing rentals in Stockholm could extract value from these mentioned trends and context by incorporating new alternative income streams in their current business models. Moreover, this academic inquiry also intends to investigate the financial effect that these streams incorporation could have on a property valuation in the housing rental sector of Stockholm.  This thesis project follows two different, yet subsequential, lines of research, where the first one is an interview with local industry experts that provided insights in which kind of potential new value streams that property owners could incorporate in their current business models. They also shared information regarding which kind of digital tools are needed nowadays to make the new offering to the tenants in the most effective way within the Stockholm Private Rental Sector context. The industry experts also gave estimations of the cash flows enhancements that these service incorporation could bring to the owner . This information created the foundation that was used to later interview property owners. The property owners gave information of which kind of digital tools they used today, and what their view was about incorporating the new services and contracts that the industry experts had pointed out as possible new income streams. Both sets of interviews were analyzed with help of finding themes and reviewed literature that allowed the authors of this project to move on to evaluate the financial effect on a housing rental property in Stockholm whenever the new cash flows of the filtered income streams were considered.  The thesis has reached the conclusion that an incorporation of provision of services can create value for both the tenant and the property owner, even though specific services that should be incorporated aren't pointed out. The market was, at the time this thesis was written, immature and fast moving, which makes it hard to say which services will be successful in the Swedish market. Despite this are the results pointing out that contracts as home-electricity and insurances are among the services that have the lowest barrier to implement, and have already been tried by some actors in the industry. For those actors that have started an incorporation of provision of services have already noticed new cash-flows streams, even if they today are minor. The second conclusion is that those cash-flows will in the future trigger higher property values as properties will be a more attractive asset to possess. To be able to identify the demand and extract value from it in a successful way is a user-centered approach a key aspect, as the transaction must create new value for all actors involved
Digitala plattformer och verktyg har redan tagit över en stor del av människors dagliga liv och med den senast Corona-pandemin är det tydligt hur teknologiska trender har ökat, i både intensitet och komplexitet, och påverkar de flesta människors vardagsaktiviteter. Under Corona-pandemin har människor spenderat mer tid hemma och människor har socialiserar, konsumerar och arbetar med hjälp av olika digitala verktyg, vilket innebär att hemmets originella funktion har förändrats till en mer mångfacetterad funktion i människors liv. Baserad på detta så undersöker denna masteruppsatsen hur fastighetsägare, av hyresrätter i Stockholm, kan extrahera värde från dessa nämnda trender genom att inkorporera nya intäktsströmmar i deras befintliga affärsmodell. Denna akademiska uppsats undersöker också vilken påverkan dessa nya intäktsströmmar har på fastighetsvärden i hyresrättssektorn i Stockholm.  Metoden för att nå en slutsats är uppdelad i två processer, där den första är att intervjua vad som benämns i uppsatsen som industri-experter inom ämnet proptech. Dessa bidrar med insikt kring vilka nya intäktsströmmar som möjliga att inkorporera i fastighetsägares nuvarande affärsmodell. Dom understödjer också med information kring vilka digitala verktyg som är nödvändiga för att kunna inkorporera tjänsteförmedling på ett effektivt sätt till hyresgäster i Stockholms privata hyressektor. Utöver detta så ger industri-experterna estimeringar kring vilka värden som kunde tillfalla fastighetsägarens för varje enskild tjänsteförmedling. Denna information används som ett underlag vid nästa skede av intervjuprocessen med fastighetsägarna. Fastighetsägarna bidrar med information kring vilka digitala verktyg dom använde, vid tidpunkten denna uppsats skrevs, och deras syn på att inkorporera förmedling av de tjänster och kontrakt som industri-experterna pekar ut under första intervjuprocessen. Intervjuerna analyseras med hjälp av tematisk analys och parallellt med detta analyseras litteratur, vilket skapade möjlighet att utvärdera vilka finansiella effekter som en inkorporering av tjänsteförmedling kan få på hyresrättssektorn i Stockholm.  Uppsatsen når slutsatsen att inkorporering av tjänsteförmedling kan skapa värde för både hyresgästen och fastighetsägaren, även om de specifika tjänsterna inte pekas ut. Marknaden var vid tidpunkten när denna uppsats skrevs omogen och utvecklades snabbt vilket gör det svårt att svara på vilka tjänster som kommer vara framgångsrika i en svensk marknad. Trots detta pekar resultat på att kontakt som hushållsel och hemförsäkring hade låga ingångsbarriärer i marknaden att implementera, och vissa fastighetsägare har redan påbörjat denna process. Denna inkorporering har för dessa aktörer inneburit vissa nya intäktsströmmar, som dock är väldigt begränsade. Den andra slutsatsen är att de nya intäktsströmmar i framtiden kommer utlösa högre fastighetsvärderingar då fastigheter kommer bli en attraktivare tillgång att inneha. För att kunna identifiera efterfrågan och extrahera värdet ur en tjänsteförmedlingen, på ett framgångsrikt sätt, är en användarcentrerad strategi en viktig aspekt då transaktionerna som sker mellan fastighetsägaren och hyresgästen måste vara värdeskapande för alla inblandade aktörer.

La littérature des plateformes de co-création s’est généralement focalisée sur les participants (i.e., la foule) et a investigué leurs motivations, leurs caractéristiques et les stratégies qu’ils peuvent adopter (i.e., coopération, compétition, coopétition). C’est ainsi que les chercheurs ont négligé l’étude de l’opportunisme malgré que son importance ait été évoquée dans certains travaux de recherche. Pour combler ce gap théorique, notre recherche a pour objectif d’explorer et de comprendre le comportement opportuniste des acteurs de co-création (i.e., marques, plateformes et participants) dans le contexte virtuel, plus particulièrement celui des plateformes de co-création, et ce en utilisant la méthode de la Netnographie sur deux plateformes de co-création internationales et un forum de discussion dédié à différents créateurs. Le cadre théorique de notre travail de recherche, les principaux résultats et les apports théoriques, méthodologiques et managériaux sont présentés dans les chapitres correspondants
The literature on co-creation platforms has been mainly focused on studying the crowds (i.e., participants) and that by investigating their motivations, their characteristics, and the strategies they use (i.e., cooperation, competition, coopetition). Therefore, researchers did not study opportunism even if its importance has been emphasized in prior research. To fill this gap, our research aims to explore and understand opportunistic behavior of actors or co-creators (i.e., brands, platforms, and participants) in the virtual context, especially that of co-creation platforms, using the method of Netnography in two famous co-creation platforms and a forum which is dedicated to different creators. Our research background, the main results as well as theoretical, methodological, and practical implications are presented in the related chapters

碩士
靜宜大學
法律學系
107
Since sharing economy developed from 2008, there has been a conflict between the sharing economic development and current legal system. Especially issues about which field of the platform company belonging to, and legal relationships between the platform company and two-side users of the platform services, are public concerned topics. In addition, it is a major challenge for countries around the world, when a transaction established through the platform is involved in a tort. The question is what kind of responsibility of the platform company should take for such damages. Should the platform company bear employer responsibility to pay for damages? This is one of the questions this study tries to answer. This study first explores theories about the "responsibility of other people's behavior", or “vicarious liability”, and relevant theories about ‘respondeat superior’ or employer’s liability. In accordance with Article 188 of Taiwan's Civil Code, the employer is presumed liable for its employee’s tort in the course of employment. In U.S., however, the employer’s liability is strict. The employer has to take vicarious liability once its employee commits tort in the course of employment regardless of the employer’s fault or negligence. This study therefore takes Taiwan and U.S. as research targets for a more complete sphere to discuss vicarious liability under the platform mode. This study further explores the essence of the information industry and the vehicle transportation industry, which both relate to Uber, in order to analyze the legal relationship in the field of vehicle transportation in Taiwan and the legal relationship under the platform operation mode. This study also organizes Insights and Disputes from court verdicts, and brings out the principles and procedure for specifying the vicarious liability of the platform company under the platform mode. At last, by referencing an American Uber case in tort, and applying above principles and procedure brought up by the author, this study demonstrates how to clearly attribute liability by virtue of domain essence, as well as how to test employment and in the course of employment step by step. This study also sums up some findings and suggestion subsidiary to this research.

Literature on sharing economy is still very limited and lacks clear boundaries to which businesses should and should not be included in its sphere. The present study defines the differences and similarities between the business models of pure sharing economy platforms, such as Turo, and collaborative consumption platforms, such as DriveNow, as both are frequently included in the sharing economy sphere. Using the business model canvas framework to compare each of the nine elements that constitute both business models, results show that the customer interface is the only similarity between the two business models while the value proposition, infrastructure management and financial aspects differ significantly between sharing economy and collaborative consumption platforms. Based on these results, it is clear that pure sharing economy platforms and collaborative consumption platforms should not be treated indifferently as part of the sharing economy sphere as generalizations would lead to wrong conclusions based on incorrect assumptions.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
104
Leasing is the wide concept of sharing economy, but how could this abstract sharing economy concept applied to the concrete administration legislation? This paper will attempt to define the type of sharing economy and to see how concrete legislation react to this issue, therefore, the sharing economy is divided into two categories: 1) The first one is sharing economy in a general sense, which is business leasing behavior, there are quite a lot legislations in Civil Code or Consumer Protection Act regarding this topic; 2) The second one is sharing economy in a narrow sense, meaning share the cost, and it’s purely an action of sharing benefits, there isn’t much control over this action in terms of legislation. This paper is based on transportation control, to discuss how sharing economy concept should be applied in the domestic law and the connection between Uber and sharing economy, and how transportation industry should treat Uber. To understand Uber character, two categories are discussed: Uber business itself and the cars as well as drivers who join this industry; this paper also provides a comparison regarding Uber of car-pool and taxies with reference of Taxi management policy and the strategies to deal with Uber conducted by USA, China and other European countries.Finally, this article make recommendations by means of call-the-yellow-cab app for example,in order to introduce taxi reservation platform management into domestic transportation regulation,as well as perspective of transportation industries classification management. First of all, this article defines that cars which joined Uber business is regarded as a business behavior, it also appears to the Court that Uber business is based on commercial purposes, not car- pool to share the cost in a narrow sense; besides, cars and drivers for commercial purposes should all meet to the current legislation. As for Uber business, Uber claims that it’s only information sharing platform, this article provides comparison of definition of information service and transportation, Uber recruits drivers and sets fair rates through their platform, it already got involved into authorized transportation industry, and it’s no longer purely information platform, a permission or an approval should still be applied for authorized business. Secondly, Government has already started to regulate online car reservation with reference of worldwide taxi and Uber policies; should Government get involved in the management of purely online car reservation platform? And how to make regulations regarding this topic? What kind of responsibilities the owners of these platforms should take as to torts? This article is to give analysis of the problems mentioned above and to bring up suggestions regarding management of online car rental reservation platform.

Motivated by the imbalance between demand (i.e., passenger requests) and supply (i.e., available vehicles) in the ride-hailing market and severe traffic congestion faced by modern cities, this dissertation aims to improve the efficiency of the sharing economy by building an agent-based methodological framework for optimal decision-making of distributed agents (e.g., autonomous shared vehicles), including passenger-seeking and route choice. Furthermore, noticing that city planners can impact the behavior of agents via some operational measures such as congestion pricing and signal control, this dissertation investigates the overall bilevel problem that involves the decision-making process of both distributed agents (i.e., the lower level) and central city planners (i.e., the upper level). First of all, for the task of passenger-seeking, this dissertation proposes a model-based Markov decision process (MDP) approach to incorporate distinct features of e-hailing drivers. The modified MDP approach is found to outperform the baseline (i.e., the local hotspot strategy) in terms of both the rate of return and the utilization rate. Although the modified MDP approach is set up in the single-agent setting, we extend its applicability to multi-agent scenarios by a dynamic adjustment strategy of the order matching probability which is able to partially capture the competition among agents. Furthermore, noticing that the reward function is commonly assumed as some prior knowledge, this dissertation unveils the underlying reward function of the overall e-hailing driver population (i.e., 44,000 Didi drivers in Beijing) through an inverse reinforcement learning method, which paves the way for future research on discovering the underlying reward mechanism in a complex and dynamic ride-hailing market. To better incorporate the competition among agents, this dissertation develops a model-free mean-field multi-agent actor-critic algorithm for multi-driver passenger-seeking. A bilevel optimization model is then formulated with the upper level as a reward design mechanism and the lower level as a multi-agent system. We use the developed mean field multi-agent actor-critic algorithm to solve for the optimal passenger-seeking policies of distributed agents in the lower level and Bayesian optimization to solve for the optimal control of upper-level city planners. The bilevel optimization model is applied to a real-world large-scale multi-class taxi driver repositioning task with congestion pricing as the upper-level control. It is disclosed that the derived optimal toll charge can efficiently improve the objective of city planners. With agents knowingwhere to go (i.e., passenger-seeking), this dissertation then applies the bilevel optimization model to the research question of how to get there (i.e., route choice). Different from the task of passenger-seeking where the action space is always fixed-dimensional, the problem of variable action set emerges in the task of route choice. Therefore, a flow-dependent deep Q-learning algorithm is proposed to efficiently derive the optimal policies for multi-commodity multi-class agents. We demonstrate the effect of two countermeasures, namely tolling and signal control, on the behavior of travelers and show that the systematic objective of city planners can be optimized by a proper control.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
資訊管理學研究所
107
For companies providing grocery and food delivery, some choose to become two-sided platforms and let part-time people deliver for consumers. While some platforms also hire full-time deliverers, some rely solely on part-time deliverers. It is crucial to explain the difference and identify factors to be considered in making the staffing decision. We consider a delivery platform who may hire full-time deliverers or subsidizing part-time ones to induce their participation. While solving the staffing problem, it also solves the pricing problem with respect to consumers by taking cross-side network externality into consideration. We find that hiring both part-time and full-time employees is suboptimal when the wage for full-time deliverers is too high. Interestingly, hiring only full-time employees is never optimal no matter how low the wage is. We also find that when the two demand levels of the transaction orders differ a lot, the flexibility of part-time contractors is quite helpful. Our analysis helps us justify the popularity of delivery platforms and may guide platform deliverers to determine their staffing policies.

碩士
南臺科技大學
財經法律研究所
105
The rapid development of science and technology for human beings has brought lots of convenience but also brought lots of controversy. The shared economy is nowadays irresistibly outspreading around the world. Emerging industries derived from shared economies are new economics patterns that have never been seen before. And therefore which caused the sudden impact of the original industry and the current laws and regulations. Emerging industries seem to bend the rules and it might be possible to exploits legal loopholes or become problems which at our wits’ end. How to manage and adjust these new industries and the original ones are the biggest issues and how to manage and handle the original industry also depends on the government. Technology continues to make progress, it remands unknown that what kind of industry will be the next impact. Because of the legal control and regulations of speed is far less than the rapid changes in science and technology, we are not sure either that if we should promote the scientific and technological development so people can live more convenient or limit the rapid development of existing. And the whole world is also encountering the related issues as well. This study will research Uber’s problems and current industry impact caused by Uber and also compares Uber to current taxi industry and analyzes the legal issues. This study will also discuss and analyze Uber issues and solving methods in foreign countries and provide advice and reference for the domestic passenger transport industry-related issues. And this study as well make a response to the impact of emerging industries ,relatively for China’s “law ”,“China’s current industrial problems ”,“ foreign problems and treatment ”comparative analysis , the development of recommendations and solutions to prevent future problems . Keyword：Share the economy；Uber；Taxi；Moto transportation industry

O projeto 2WASH está relacionado com o tema economia de partilha, um termo mencionado pela primeira vez em 1986 por Weitzman, no volume “The share economy – Conquering stagflation”, quando o autor alterou um sistema alternativo do tradicional pagamento de salários, para um sistema onde as empresas eram incentivadas a contratar mais trabalhadores partilhando uma fração de dividendos da empresa. Nos dias de hoje, a economia de partilha evoluiu ao ponto de qualquer pessoa poder partilhar os seus bens e serviços através de plataformas online. Com a aceleração do mercado e a necessidade de criar uma economia mais sustentável e um planeta mais limpo, o modelo de economia de partilha está a substituir o tradicional modelo de posse do bem. Deixando de ser uma simples tendência e tornando-se numa atividade que envolve muitos utilizadores em todo mundo. Assim, este projeto tem como principal objetivo estudar a viabilidade da criação de uma plataforma inserida na economia de partilha em Portugal. Para que fosse possível chegar à resposta sobre a viabilidade do projeto, estudou-se o estado atual do tema “economia de partilha” (sharing economy) através da revisão de literatura baseada em artigos recentes, recolheu-se dados de um estudo acerca da perceção da economia de partilha e das plataformas da Universidade de São Galo (University of St. Gallen) e analisou-se o ambiente externo e interno onde a plataforma se insere. Com a ajuda da análise do tema, dos dados recolhidos no focus group e na análise das plataformas que operam na Europa, foi possível o desenvolvimento do plano estratégico e financeiro. Com o estudo do tema e com o planeamento desenvolvido, é possível comprovar e estimar resultados aproximados à realidade.
The 2WASH project is related with the trend of sharing economy, the first time this theme was mentioned was in 1986 when Weitzman referred to it in the volume "The share economy - Conquering stagflation". In this volume, Weitzman found an alternative system of traditional wage payment for a system where companies were encouraged to hire more workers by sharing a fraction of the company's dividends. Nowadays, sharing economy has evolved to the point where anyone can share their goods and services through online platforms. With the acceleration of the market and the need to create a more sustainable economy and a cleaner planet, the sharing economy model is replacing the traditional model of ownership. From a simple trend and becoming an activity, that involves many users around the world. Thus, this project has as main objective to study the feasibility of creating a platform inserted in the sharing economy in Portugal. In order to arrive at an answer about the viability of the project, the current state of the subject "sharing economy" was studied through a literature review based, data from a study about perception the economics of sharing and the platforms of the University of St. Gallen and analyzed the external and internal environment where the platform is inserted. With the help of the analysis of the theme, the data gathered in the focus group and the analysis of the platforms that operate in Europe, it was possible to develop the strategic and financial plan. With the study of the theme and with the planning developed, it is possible to prove and estimate approximate results to reality.

The continuous increasing traffic volume, global warming challenges, and shift in urban society values, demand to rethink and forge a new framework of urban development. Sharing has emerged as one of the most proponent solutions for a principle of sustainable development to be embraced by the contemporary society. Fueled by information communication technologies, shared mobility transport platforms are drastically reshaping the urban landscape. Nonetheless, the literature on this topic is still limited to a few numbers of fragmented studies exploring distinct aspects of micromobility. Therefore, this research aims to fulfill this knowledge gap by exploring what factors are influencing the consumer adoption of shared e-scooter platforms. Drawn from a theoretical established and relevant literature, a research model was built upon the frameworks of Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behavior. Subsequently, empirical data was gathered from 201 contributors through a questionnaire and, the hypothesized relationships between the variables were tested employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of this study indicate that Subjective Norm was the strongest predictor regarding intention to adopt shared e-scooters, followed by Attitude that revealed similar correlation toward intention, and Perceived Behavioral Control. In contrast to the designed research model, Perceived Usefulness does not contribute significantly to Behavioral Intention. Additionally, the results demonstrate that Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use positively influence Attitude, as well as Perceived Ease of Use influences Perceived Usefulness.
O aumento do volume de tráfego urbano, o aquecimento global e as mudanças nos valores da sociedade, exigem uma reestruturação do desenvolvimento urbano. A partilha surgiu então como uma solução para a necessidade de uma evolução sustentável. As plataformas de mobilidade partilhada, alimentadas pelas tecnologias de comunicação e informação, têm vindo a transformar a maneira como nos deslocamos em meios urbanos. No entanto, a literatura referente a este tema é ainda limitada, e está fragmentada em estudos que exploram diferentes aspetos da mobilidade partilhada. Posto isto, esta tese de mestrado visa preencher a lacuna existente na literatura, explorando os fatores que influenciam a adoção de plataformas de trotinetes elétricas partilhadas pelo consumidor. Assente em estudos passados, contruiu-se um modelo de investigação baseado nos princípios estabelecidos pelos modelos teóricos de Technology Acceptance Model e Theory of Planned Behavior. Com vista à recolha de dados, realizou-se um questionário online, do qual se recolheram 201 respostas. Consequentemente, as diferentes correlações entre as variáveis estabelecidas no modelo de investigação foram testadas, aplicando o modelo de equações estruturais. Em suma, os resultados deste estudo indicam que Subjective Norm foi a variável que mais contribuiu para a intenção de adotar trotinetes elétricas partilhadas, seguida pela variável Attitude, que mostrou uma correlação similar. A variável Perceived Behavioral Control, por sua vez também mostrou influenciar, com menor intensidade a intenção dos usuários em adotar os sistemas partilhados. Por outro lado, e em contraste com o modelo de pesquisa, a variável Perceived Usefulness não contribui significantemente para a intenção em adotar a plataforma.

Recently, a shift away from ownership towards pay-per-use concepts could be noticed throughout all industries. In the field of mobility, this trend is seen mainly in car sharing, a vehicle service for assigned members. The urban mobility sector has been transforming itself throughout the last years: car sharing has been growing tremendously, but there is still a big room to foster its position as sustainable mean of transport. In the following work project, the German car sharing market is put into focus, delivering profound insights about consumer perceptions and profiles. The objective is to give recommendations on how this sector can leverage and increase significance. This is done by an analysis about the value car sharing is offering to its consumers, while assessing their expectations and experiences by an empiricalquantitative approach. Recommendations to increase popularity for car sharing among consumers are elaborated based on the results of this project.

Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Statistics and Information Management, specialization in Marketing Research e CRM
The consumption pattern in digital world is changing due to emerging platforms that allow individuals to share their underutilized assets so that others can access them without having any liability. These platforms based on collaborative consumption (CC) definitely provide economic gains but how consumers take this entire journey on CC platform is the focus of this research. To understand this phenomenon in detail, we first identified the key determinants of CC Platforms and then estimated the multiple relationships using partial least squares path modelling. The theoretical section included the dimension of consumer trust, social media and other relevant constructs along with technology acceptance theory, which further supported in developing the research model. In order to test the model, we conducted a detailed survey and validated the hypotheses. The outcome variables were sharing intention, user behaviour, trust, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. The explanation all the dependent variables was exceptionally good. In addition, we conducted a mediation analysis and found satisfaction as a mediator variable.

Trabalho de Projeto do Mestrado em Economia apresentado à Faculdade de Economia
O aparecimento de novas formas de transporte de passageiros, as chamadas plataformas eletrónicas como o UBER e o Cabify, vieram intensificar a concorrência ao mercado dos táxis. O mercado dos táxis é considerado um monopólio onde os lucros deveriam ser elevados e, portanto, onde não deveria haver incentivo à saída de taxistas. Com o crescimento das zonas urbanas, cresceu também a concentração de taxistas nessas zonas, levando ao excesso de trabalhadores a operar e onde deixou de haver dos lucros, de tal forma que há saída de taxistas. A situação crítica deste tipo de transportes está associada ao crescimento da taxa de motorização ao longo dos anos, resultado da alteração da forma de vida da população. O aparecimento do transporte em veículo descaracterizado a partir de plataforma eletrónica (TVDE) nas grandes metrópoles veio derrubar o mercado dos táxis o que poderá significar o fim da utilização dos táxis. A atenção dada a estas plataformas a operarem na Europa torna interessante uma análise num contexto económico, especialmente pela demora na intervenção por parte das autoridades competentes da concorrência.Este trabalho de projeto pretende analisar as novas aplicações de partilha e a forma como influenciam o mercado dos táxis, bem como as críticas dos taxistas e as propostas de resolução por parte do governo, a análise de modelos de concorrência presentes nos sectores apresentados, sobre o ponto de vista da organização industrial. A análise referida anteriormente será de carácter mais teórico, com recurso a bibliografia de vários autores, de modo a cobrir uma pesquisa mais ampla. Devido à extrema novidade destas plataformas em Portugal e à falta de artigos científicos aplicados ao caso português, será utilizada também uma análise a notícias de carácter económico. O período em análise, e dado o carácter recente da presença em Portugal destas plataformas, será de 2014 até ao presente.
The emergence of new forms of passenger transport, the so-called UBER and Cabify digital platforms, have made difficult the competition in the taxi market. The taxis market is considered a monopoly where profits should be high and therefore where there should be no incentive for taxi drivers to leave the market. With the growth of urban areas, the concentration of taxi drivers in these areas has also increased. This has lead to an excess of workers operating thus making it difficult to distribute profits leading to dismissals. The critical situation of this type of transport is associated with the development of other means of transport over the years, resulting from the change in the way of life of the population. The appearance of Uber and Cabify in large metropolises has taken much of the market share from taxis in what could mean the end of the use of taxis. The attention given to these platforms operating in Europe makes them convenient to analyze in an economic context, especially by the delay of intervention by the competent authorities of competition.This project work intends to analyze the sharing economy and the way they influence the taxi market, as well as taxi drivers' dissatisfaction and the proposals of resolution by the government, the analysis of models of competition present in the sectors presented and the point of view of industrial organization. The analysis will be of a more theoretical nature, using bibliographies of several authors, in order to cover a broader research. Due to the extreme novelty of these platforms in Portugal and the lack of scientific articles applied to the Portuguese case, an analysis of economic news will be used as well. The period analyzed and due to the recent presence of this platforms in Portugal, will be since 2014 to the present.

Digitalisation and online platforms enabled transactions between private individuals in various services, including the hospitality sector. Airbnb, a prime example for the success and robust growth of peer-to-peer platforms, connects two sides of the market: travellers looking for accommodation and hosts with available space. While Airbnb has been initially described as a sharing economy platform, providing services based on under-utilized assets, over time the role of professional hosts increased. The impressive growth and the increasing professionalisation of Airbnb raise crucial questions about its overall impact on local residents and the hotel industry in urban environments. The thesis examines the accommodation services provided via Airbnb in the context of their economic impact in major European cities. It consists of a preface and four research articles that empirically investigate the characteristics of Airbnb supply; its relationship with the hotel industry; the role of location in prices; and the changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The first paper focuses on key attributes of Airbnb in Warsaw and compares its size and spatial distribution to the traditional hotel industry. Based on web-scraped data, the study finds that the vast majority of Airbnb offers are entire homes, and a significant share belongs to hosts with more than 4 listings. These results signal that the majority of Airbnb offers are business services that do not constitute part of the sharing economy. The analysis of listing locations reveals that Airbnb is strongly concentrated in the city centre, while in suburban areas the distance from metro stations is an important attribute. These findings also support the major role of professional hosts investing in the most attractive locations for tourists. The results also show that the district-level distribution of Airbnb bed places is correlated with the traditional hotel industry, although the two models complement one another in a number of residential districts. The second paper expands these insights by widening the sample with the cities of Paris, Berlin and Barcelona. The study includes web-scraped data on hotel and Airbnb offers, enabling the comparison of location and prices at the level of service providers. The results support the finding on the high share of business services in Airbnb, however, the study also reveals that the degree of professionalisation is the highest in Warsaw. The paper shows that while Airbnb facilitates the spread of tourism to areas not covered by the traditional hotel industry, it is also highly concentrated in central neighbourhoods, contributing to pressure from tourism in city centres. The analysis of prices reveals that Airbnb and traditional hotels compete for tourists across a wide range of market segments. On the other hand, the significant price differences between the two providers at specific city areas suggest a more complementary relationship. Therefore, the article shows that the degree of substitutability between Airbnb and the traditional hotel sector is dependent on location. The third paper identifies the determinants of Airbnb prices in 10 major EU cities, focusing on the role of location. The results confirm that attributes related to size, quality, host and location are all significant drivers of Airbnb rates. The analysis supports that Airbnb prices are spatially dependent, as Airbnb hosts take into consideration the price and attributes of neighbouring listings when setting their rates. In order to accurately estimate the influence of different listing characteristics, the study implements different spatial regression models. Novel indices based on TripAdvisor data are presented to measure the attractiveness of neighbourhoods, and the results show a more robust impact on price than in the case of standard location variables based on selected points of interest. The article reveals that investing in real-estate outside the city centre, but relatively close to popular tourist attractions can be highly profitable in the long run. The analysis also supports that professional hosts provide significant shares of listings, investing in specific city areas and setting higher prices. Finally, the fourth contribution examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the traditional hotel industry and Airbnb in 9 major European cities. The results present important differences between the two models during the summer of 2020: while hotel supply almost returned to the pre-pandemic levels, the number of active active Airbnb listings decreased on average by more than 15%. Furthermore, the analysis of prices shows that Airbnb rates fell significantly less than hotel prices. These findings support that Airbnb supply is more flexible and a significant share of hosts pivoted from short-term accommodation provision. While the results support that the role of longer stays increased (min. 14 night stays), the article finds no robust evidence for the emergence of new use-cases, such as listings for home-office or self-isolation.
Technologie cyfrowe oraz platformy umożliwiły zawieranie transakcji pomiędzy prywatnymi osobami w zakresie różnych usług, w tym także w sektorze turystycznym. Airbnb jest głównym przykładem sukcesu oraz dynamicznego rozwoju platformy peer-to-peer, łączącej dwie strony rynku: podróżnych szukających noclegów i gospodarzy lokali dysponujących wolnymi miejscami noclegowymi. Chociaż Airbnb pierwotnie było postrzegane jako platforma działająca w ramach ekonomii współdzielenia świadcząca usługi oparte na niewykorzystanych zasobach, z czasem rola profesjonalnych gospodarzy wzrosła. Imponujący wzrost i rosnąca profesjonalizacja Airbnb rodzą kluczowe pytania dotyczące jej ogólnego wpływu na lokalnych mieszkańców i branżę hotelarską w środowiskach miejskich. Niniejsza praca doktorska bada usługi noclegowe świadczone przez platformę Airbnb w kontekście ich ekonomicznego wpływu w głównych miastach europejskich. Praca składa się ze wstępu oraz czterech artykułów, które empirycznie badają charakterystykę podaży Airbnb; jej relacje z sektorem hotelowym; rolę lokalizacji nieruchomości na kształtowanie się cen wynajmu; oraz zmiany, jakie zaszły w trakcie pandemii COVID-19. Pierwszy artykuł skupia się na kluczowych atrybutach Airbnb w Warszawie i porównuje rozmiar sieci Airbnb oraz koncentrację przestrzenną ofert z tradycyjną branżą hotelarską. Analiza wykonana na podstawie danych pozyskanych metodą web-scraping wykazała, że zdecydowaną większość ofert platformy Airbnb stanowią całe mieszkania, a ich istotna część jest własnością gospodarzy dysponujących więcej niż czterema ofertami. Wyniki te sygnalizują, że większość ofert Airbnb stanowią usługi biznesowe, które nie są częścią ekonomii współdzielenia. Analiza lokalizacji ofert Airbnb ujawniła, że są one silnie skoncentrowane w centrach miast, natomiast w dzielnicach od nich oddalonych istotnym atrybutem jest ich odległość od stacji metra. Wyniki te wspierają również tezę, że na rynku wynajmu Airbnb istotną rolę pełnią profesjonalni gospodarze, którzy inwestują w nieruchomości zlokalizowane w miejscach najbardziej atrakcyjnych dla turystów. Wyniki pokazują również, że rozkład miejsc noclegowych Airbnb na poziomie dzielnicy jest skorelowany z tradycyjną branżą hotelarską, natomiast oba modele są komplementarne względem siebie w wielu dzielnicach mieszkaniowych. Drugi artykuł rozwija powyższe wnioski, rozszerzając próbę na inne duże miasta Europy: Paryż, Berlin oraz Barcelonę. Badanie zostało przygotowane w oparciu o bazę danych z ofertami hotelowymi oraz ofertami Airbnb, przygotowaną metodą web-scraping, pozwalającą na porównanie lokalizacji i cen na poziomie dostawców usług. Wyniki potwierdziły założenie o wysokim udziale ofert biznesowych w ogóle ofert Airbnb. Wykazały również, że poziom profesjonalizacji usług jest największy w Warszawie. Wyniki badania potwierdziły także, że usługi Airbnb wspierają rozwój turystyki na terenach znajdujących się poza zasięgiem tradycyjnego przemysłu hotelowego. Z drugiej strony jednak, oferty Airbnb są wysoko skoncentrowane w centralnych dzielnicach, zwiększając przeciążenie turystami w centrach miast. Analiza cen uwidoczniła, że Airbnb konkuruje z hotelami o klientów dzięki obecności w szerokim zakresie segmentów cenowych. Z drugiej strony, znaczne różnice cen pomiędzy dwoma modelami usług w określonych obszarach miast sugerują bardziej komplementarną relację. Podsumowując, artykuł pokazał, że stopień substytucyjności tradycyjnych usług hotelarskich usługami Airbnb zależy od lokalizacji ofert. Trzeci artykuł identyfikuje determinanty cen Airbnb w 10 największych miastach Unii Europejskiej, przewodnią rolę nadając lokalizacji ofert. Wyniki potwierdzają, że atrybuty związane z rozmiarem nieruchomości, jego standardem, właścicielem oraz lokalizacją są istotnymi czynnikami wpływającymi na ceny noclegów. Analiza potwierdza, że ceny oferowane przez Airbnb są zależne przestrzennie, ponieważ właściciele przy ustalaniu stawek biorą pod uwagę ceny i atrybuty sąsiednich ofert noclegowych. W celu dokładnego oszacowania wpływu poszczególnych cech ofert, w opracowaniu zastosowano różne modele regresji przestrzennej. Nowatorskie wskaźniki oparte na danych z portalu TripAdvisor zostały wprowadzone w celu pomiaru atrakcyjności dzielnic, a wyniki badania wskazują na silniejszy wpływ tychże wskaźników na cenę niż w przypadku standardowych zmiennych lokalizacji opartych na wybranych punktach turystycznych. Z artykułu wynika, że inwestowanie w nieruchomości poza centrum miasta, ale stosunkowo blisko atrakcji turystycznych, może być w dłuższej perspektywie czasu bardzo opłacalne. Analiza potwierdza również, że profesjonalni gospodarze posiadają istotną część ofert, inwestując w określonych obszarach miasta i ustalając wyższe ceny. Czwarty artykuł analizuje wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na tradycyjny sektor hotelarski oraz usługi Airbnb w 9 największych europejskich miastach. Wyniki pokazują istotne różnice między tymi dwoma modelami latem 2020 r.: podczas gdy podaż hoteli prawie powróciła do poziomu sprzed pandemii, liczba aktywnych ofert Airbnb spadła średnio o ponad 15%. Ponadto analiza cen pokazuje, że stawki Airbnb spadły znacznie mniej niż ceny hoteli. Wyniki te potwierdzają, że podaż ofert Airbnb jest bardziej elastyczna, a znaczna część gospodarzy odeszła od świadczenia najmu krótkoterminowego. Choć wyniki potwierdzają, że wzrosła rola dłuższych pobytów (min. 14 nocy), w artykule nie znaleziono solidnych dowodów na pojawienie się nowych usług, jak oferty lokali do pracy zdalnej czy odbycia kwarantanny.

The thesis focuses on professional and didactical points of view on digitalization in high school social science education. The aim of the thesis is to create a series of lessons for high schools (grammar schools) based on research on digitalization, which is supposed to aid students in better orientation at the labour market. At the same time, the didactical part is designed to be used and adapted by teachers interested in the topic. The theoretical part presents the professional background of the prepared lessons including key words, corresponding arguments and the general work basis of the author. Professional topics are transformed into a form didactically appropriate at the chosen level of secondary education (grammar schools). The practical part consists of a series of lessons focusing on changes in the labour market related to digitalization and technology development. Individual lessons are dedicated to online sharing economy platforms such as Uber and Airbnb, which change the concept of work in today's society and determine new working conditions of employees. The professional background of the prepared series of lessons defines the key terms and points to the historical context of work development in individual chapters; furthermore, it focuses on the following topics: the meaning of work...

Selected aspects of sharing economy with emphasis on Airbnb and Uber Abstract This paper focuses on the legal regulation of digital platforms which are used to arrange short-term accommodation (the most popular representative is Airbnb) and passenger transport (where Uber is the best-known platform). In the introduction the author explains why he considers it inappropriate to say these platforms are part of "sharing economy", although this term is currently widely used. In addition, the author examines the benefits of Airbnb and Uber platforms in general, such as user comfort, a rating system that allows quality control of provided services, lower prices for the customer than with traditional service providers and a simple way to earn some extra money. At the same time, the author mentions negative aspects of these platforms, such as lower collection of taxes and fees, poor protection of employees and potentially also customers, or reduction of availability and quality of housing. In the next part of the paper the author focuses on each of the mentioned platforms and evaluates the regulation of these platforms, or rather service providers that use these platforms, in the light of both Czech and European case law. The author concludes that the use of apartments for the continuous provision of accommodation...

In today's digital age there are new approaches and tools to address different social issues, and this market gap is not an exception. Currently, the process of matching supply and demand of these general services is cumbersome for both parties. Despite the existence of tools such as social media, there have been very rare cases of clear success, and no clear solution in the Portuguese market. After an initial and preliminary market analysis, a clear gap was identified between general service providers (e.g. electricians, plumbers, babysitters, house cleaning, etc.) and consumers of those services. Once this gap was identified, a thorough analysis of the situation was done and, from this analysis, the idea to develop a platform that helps link these two groups allowing them to easily access each other was born. The idea behind LANA is of an online platform (mobile app or website) where people can post the services they need provided and suppliers can cater to these needs. Therefore, the proposed project in LANA's Business Plan is an innovative business solution based on the observed market and behavioral trends. The increase in popularity of the sharing and gig economy is a clear opportunity and, aligned with the digital growth that is currently taking place, a differentiating offer can be launched onto the market. The project consists of the development of the marketing and operations components of the business. In the financial analysis, three different scenarios were evaluated in order to evaluate the possible levels of success. The developed model proves the economic viability of the project, indicating it is a project worthy of investment.
A atual época digital oferece cada vez mais abordagens e ferramentas para abordar questões sociais, e este caso não é exceção. Atualmente, o processo de satisfazer a procura e oferta destes serviços gerais é uma tarefa pesada para ambos os participantes. Apesar da existência de ferramentas como as redes sociais, são raros os casos bem-sucedidos e não existe nenhuma solução clara no mercado Português. Uma primeira análise do mercado conduziu à identificação de um hiato no que concerne ao acesso facilitado entre os prestadores de serviços (e.g. eletricistas, canalizadores, baby-sitters, serviços de limpeza, etc.) e os consumidores desses mesmos serviços. Uma vez identificada esta lacuna, foi desenvolvida uma análise aprofundada da situação em causa, da qual surgiu a ideia de desenvolver uma plataforma que ajude a unir as duas partes, diminuindo o espaço que as separa. A ideia de fundo da LANA é uma plataforma online (aplicação móvel ou website) onde as pessoas podem expor os serviços que precisam que sejam prestados e os prestadores podem satisfazer essas necessidades. Desta feita, o projeto proposto no plano de negócios da LANA é uma solução inovadora que tem como base as tendências de mercado e comportamentais observadas. O aumento da popularidade do conceito de economia partilhada é uma oportunidade evidente que, alinhada com o atual crescimento, torna esta uma oferta diferenciadora que pode ser lançada no mercado. O projeto consiste no desenvolvimento das componentes operacionais e de marketing do negócio. Na análise financeira, são detalhados três cenários distintos para que se possa observar os diferentes níveis de potencial sucesso. O modelo proposto comprova a viabilidade financeira do projeto, indicando assim que se trata de um projeto merecedor de investimento.

A noção de Economia de Partilha como a conhecemos atualmente, facilitou novas formas de consumo sem a necessidade de propriedade e transformou sectores económicos tradicionais. Fortemente impactado por esta mudança, encontra-se o sector dos transportes, que viu nascer as alternativas de mobilidade partilhada. A disponibilização destas novas alternativas aos meios de transporte já existentes, veio consciencializar os indivíduos para a existência de mais opções viáveis de locomoção para realizar um determinado trajeto. Como em Portugal a maioria dos indivíduos utilizam o veículo próprio para viajar, este estudo aplicou um questionário de realização própria a indivíduos da AML, incluindo cenários hipotéticos de mobilidade, com o intuito de perceber a forma como estas alternativas partilhadas têm impactado as decisões de mobilidade dos consumidores e em que circunstâncias é mais provável ocorrer a transferência de mobilidade em veículo próprio para estas alternativas. Para esse efeito, o presente estudo recorreu à análise estatística dos dados e da estimação de modelos estatísticos através da regressão multinomial logit, que permitiu obter as variáveis de maior relevância na decisão do consumidor, como o conforto, e os fatores mais pertinentes do perfil socioeconómico, e, demográfico do inquirido, nomeadamente, os gastos mensais e a idade. Adicionalmente, esta investigação reúne também os cenários em que os consumidores têm maior propensão para escolher as alternativas de mobilidade partilhada em detrimento do veículo privado, tais como, os indivíduos habilitados a conduzir, mas confrontados com o pagamento de quantias elevadas de estacionamento e horários de cumprimento obrigatório no destino.
The notion of Sharing Economy as we know it today, simplified new ways of consumption without the need for ownership and transformed traditional economic sectors. Strongly impacted by this change is the transportation sector, which saw the emergence of shared mobility alternatives. The availability of these new alternatives together with the existing means of transportation, made individuals aware of the existence of more viable options to perform a certain route. This study surveyed individuals from AML with hypothetical mobility scenarios, to understand how these shared alternatives have impacted the consumer mobility decisions and under which circumstances the consumer is more likely to transfer their mobility from a private vehicle to these alternatives, given that in Portugal most individuals use their own vehicle. For this purpose, this study uses data statistical analysis and estimation of statistical models through multinomial logit regression, which enabled the determination of the most relevant variables, such as comfort, and the most relevant factors of the socioeconomic profile and demographic of the consumer, such as their monthly expenses and age. Additionally, this investigation also brings together the scenarios in which consumers are more likely to choose shared mobility alternatives compared to private vehicle, such as, the individuals with the ability to drive, but faced with high levels of parking fees and strict schedules at their destination.