Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transportation - Greenhouse gas; Management'
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Fulzele, Vijayta. "Performance management system for sustainable freight transportation." Thesis, IITD, 2019. http://eprint.iitd.ac.in:80//handle/2074/8105.
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Miyaoka, Mark. "Sustainability Assessment for Strategic Material Flows Between Planned Construction Projects in the Stockholm County." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Energivetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-29316.
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Urban development demands on construction aggregates are set to rise dramatically over the coming years within the Stockholm region and a significant environmental challenge will be associated with the large flows of construction aggregates and excavated materials in and out of future development projects respectively. Material banks receive construction and demolition waste (CDW), process this waste and supply recycled aggregates to the construction industry helping to reduce the demand on natural construction minerals. The transportation of these material flows between the material banks and development areas is predominantly by road in the Stockholm region. With the transport sector responsible for almost one third of green-house-gas (GHG) emissions in Sweden, there is a motivation for investigating the environmental benefits of minimising transportation distances of construction aggregates. Quantities of CDW in the form of excavated granular soil and rock from future development locations within a case-study area comprising three municipalities; Botkyrka, Huddinge and Haninge, in the south of Stockholm, have been estimated based on their municipal comprehensive plans up to the year 2030. This has been done with the assistance of an earthworks estimation tool, the ESAR model, developed by Ecoloop AB. Distances between existing and planned material banks and future development areas together with the estimated material quantities have been combined to approximate total vehicle-kilometres for the transportation of these materials under a business-as-usual scenario up until 2030. A comparison has been made to an alternative scenario of strategically located material banks within the case-study area, whereby a methodology has been developed within this study to strategically locate material banks utilising GIS software ArcMap together with land availability map layers for siting material banks previously developed under a separate related study. In comparison to the business-as-usual scenario, one strategically located material bank within the case-study area reduces total material haulage distances of excavated granular soils and rocks from development areas to the material banks by approximately 42% or 3.67 million vehicle-kilometres, equating to a reduction of 3478 tonnes of CO2e throughout the time horizon of this study. Another output from the ESAR model is the estimated construction aggregate demand for sub-surface earthworks backfilling activities. A material flow analysis for the strategically located material bank indicates that the material bank is able to satisfy the sub-surface backfilling construction aggregate demand in the form of recycled aggregates throughout its operation. Considering the flow of recycled aggregates back to development areas for backfilling earthworks activities, a total combined reduction of 45% or 5.54 million vehicle-kilometres of material haulage distance is achievable, equating to a saving of 5248 tonnes of CO2e. Reductions in GHG emissions from strategically located material banks are likely to also be significant beyond the boundaries of this study and warrant further research.
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Stepp, Matthew. "Limiting transportation sector greenhouse gas emissions : the role of system interaction on policy portfolio effectiveness /." Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10633.
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Murphy, Rose. "Analysis of measures for reducing transportation sector greenhouse gas emissions in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0012/MQ61475.pdf.
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Ricci, Patricia. "Greenhouse gas emissions from contrasting beef production systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9370.
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Agriculture has been reported to contribute a significant amount of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere among other anthropogenic activities. With still more than 870 million people in the world suffering from under-nutrition and a growing global food demand, it is relevant to study ways for mitigating the environmental impact of food production. The objective of this work was to identify gaps in the knowledge regarding the main factors affecting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from beef farming systems, to reduce the uncertainty on carbon footprint predictions, and to study the relative importance of mitigation options at the system level. A lack of information in the literature was identified regarding the quantification of the relevant animal characteristics of extensive beef systems that can impact on methane (CH4) outputs. In a meta-analysis study, it was observed that the combination of physiological stage and type of diet improved the accuracy of CH4 emission rate predictions. Furthermore, when applied to a system analysis, improved equations to predict CH4 from ruminants under different physiological stages and diet types reduced the uncertainty of whole-farm enteric CH4 predictions by up to 7% over a year. In a modelling study, it was demonstrated that variations in grazing behaviour and grazing choice have a potentially large impact upon CH4 emissions, which are not normally mentioned within carbon budget calculations at either local or national scale. Methane estimations were highly sensitive to changes in quality of the diet, highlighting the importance of considering animal selectivity on carbon budgets of heterogeneous grasslands. Part of the difficulties on collecting reliable information from grazing cattle is due to some limitations of available techniques to perform CH4 emission measurements. Thus, the potential use of a Laser Methane Detector (LMD) for remote sensing of CH4 emissions from ruminants was evaluated. A data analysis method was developed for the LMD outputs. The use of a novel technique to assess CH4 production from ruminants showed very good correlations with independent measurements in respiration chambers. Moreover, the use of this highly sensitive technique demonstrates that there is more variability associated with the pattern of CH4 emissions which cannot be explained by the feed nutritional value. Lastly, previous findings were included in a deterministic model to simulate alternative management options applied to upland beef farming systems. The success of the suggested management technologies to mitigate GHG emissions depends on the characteristics of the farms and management previously adopted. Systems with high proportion of their land unsuitable for cropping but with an efficient use of land had low and more certain GHG emissions, high human-edible returns, and small opportunities to further reduce their carbon footprint per unit of product without affecting food production, potential biodiversity conservation and the livelihood of the region. Altogether, this work helps to reduce the uncertainty of GHG predictions from beef farming systems and highlights the essential role of studies with a holistic approach to issues related to climate change that encompass the analysis of a large range of situations and management alternatives.
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Rahman, Md Nobinur. "A trip-based approach to modelling urban transportation greenhouse gas emissions for municipalities." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59128.
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Transportation has always been a major source of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions all over the world. The fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported that the transportation sector was responsible for 14% of the total emissions in 2010. In Canada, transportation has been the second largest source of GHG emissions in 2012. Therefore, cutting transportation-related GHG emissions has become a top priority on the international agenda. Many international governments have announced aggressive GHG emissions reduction targets. In response, numerous research efforts have looked at developing tools to model the effect of various transportation and land use policies on GHG emissions reduction. However, most of the developed models are context specific and vary greatly in complexity (e.g. network-wide, corridor-wide, etc.) and level of detail (i.e. macro, meso, and micro). Thus, they cannot be used in other settings. In addition, little has been reported on monitoring progress towards meeting municipal GHG emissions reduction targets. To contribute to this issue, this research presents a TRIp-Based Urban Transportation Emissions (TRIBUTE) model for municipalities. TRIBUTE integrates two main components: a discrete mode choice/shift model and an emissions forecasting model. Given personal, modal, and land use information, the mode choice/shift model calculates the proportion of trips made by different travel options (e.g. car, bus, walk, etc.). The total Vehicle Kilometres Travelled (VKT) by each mode is then calculated by multiplying the proportion of trips made by each mode by respective average VKT. Finally, total GHG emissions are calculated by multiplying the total VKT by each mode by respective average emissions factors. TRIBUTE is intended to assist municipalities (especially those with no detailed transportation network model) explore the impacts of various transportation and land use planning policies on changing travel behavior, and subsequently GHG emissions from passenger transportation. The City of Kelowna, BC, Canada is selected as a case study. The model validation results show a difference of only 0.3% in GHG emissions between the model prediction and the historical data.Applied Science, Faculty of
Engineering, School of (Okanagan)
Graduate
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Gaudreault, Catherine. "Minimizing greenhouse gas emissions in long haul transportation by synchronization, consolidation and coordination." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68160.
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Ce mémoire vise à définir et quantifier les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) émises par le réseau de transport logistique de notre partenaire industriel. En parallèle, nous détaillons plusieurs scénarios d'optimisation possibles afin de réduire son empreinte carbone. Cela se fait par optimisation mathématique, par laquelle les déplacements entre l'entreprise et ses différents partenaires, de l'approvisionnement à la livraison au client final, pour différents types de produits et différents transporteurs avec différents types de véhicules sont considérés. Plus précisément, notre objectif est de décrire et de représenter la différence entre la situation actuelle et la solution obtenue en optimisant le réseau en termes de distance parcourue, de GES émis, de consolidation des livraisons ainsi que de production et de stocks nécessaires. Suite à l'analyse quantitative et qualitative des résultats, nous sommes en mesure de fournir de nombreuses suggestions d'amélioration à l'entreprise en ce qui concerne la gestion de son transport interne et externe. Un certain nombre d'indicateurs de performance clés sont également évalués, les plus importants étant l'inventaire et le nombre de voyages effectués. Ceux-ci sont considérablement réduits dans notre scénario optimisé. Pour garantir des résultats commerciaux optimaux, nous proposons un modèle de résolution en deux étapes comprenant une modélisation mathématique du problème suivie d'une amélioration manuelle de la solution. De plus, les méthodes de calcul utilisées pour mesurer les émissions de GES sont basées sur la distance parcourue ainsi que sur la capacité utilisée de chaque véhicule, attribuant ainsi l’utilisation du véhicule à l’entreprise (tandis que la capacité restante est utilisée par d’autres compagnies lorsque le transporteur consolide ses opérations). Cela nous permet d'estimer les émissions générées même lorsque la construction des routes de différents transporteurs n'est pas exactement connue. La coordination, la consolidation et la synchronisation des différents voyages liés aux activités de l’entreprise nous ont permis de réduire les émissions de GES jusqu’à 23%, soit 3,438.64 tonnes de CO2e économisées sur une base annuelle, soit 2,733,354 km. De plus, nos observations des résultats ont mis en évidence une multitude de recommandations concernant l’utilisation des transporteurs, la réduction des stocks et le contrôle des flux de transport au sein de l’entreprise.This thesis aims to define and quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission emitted by our industrial partner’s logistics transportation network. Next to that, we detail several possible optimization scenarios in order to reduce its carbon footprint. This is done via mathematical optimization, in which the trips between the company and its various partners, from supply to delivery to the end customer, for different types of products and different carriers with different types of vehicles are considered. More specifically, our purpose is to describe and represent the difference between the current situation and the solution obtained by optimizing the network in terms of distance traveled, GHG emitted, consolidation of deliveries as well as production and stock needed. Following the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results, we are able to provide numerous suggestions for improvements to the company with regard to the management of its internal and external transport. A number of key performance indicators are also evaluated, most importantly inventory and the number of trips. These are drastically reduced in our optimized scenario. To ensure optimal business results, we propose a two-step resolution model that includes mathematical modeling of the problem followed by manual improvement of the solution. In addition, the calculation methods used to measure GHGs emitted are based on the distance traveled as well as the capacity used of each vehicle, thus assigning vehicle usage to the company (while the remaining vehicle space is to be used by other companies when the carrier consolidates its operation). This allows us to estimate the emissions generated even when the construction of routes of different carriers is not exactly known. The coordination, consolidation and synchronization of the various trips related to the company’s activities allowed us to reduce the GHGs emitted by up to 23%, which translates into 3,438.64 tons of CO2e saved on a yearly basis, or 2,733,354 km. In addition, our observations of the results highlighted a multitude of recommendations regarding the use of carriers, the reduction of inventory and the control of transport flows within the company.
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Wang, Haifeng. "The reduction cost of GHG from ships and its impact on transportation cost and international trade." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 242 p, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1997524141&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Dente, Sebastien. "Greenhouse Gas emission from Transportation associated with French Consumption : An input-output analysis approach." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12875.
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This thesis applies the framework of input-output analysis to the transportation of goods driven by the consumption of French household.It was found that transportation of goods amounts to 7 % of the average 22,4 tons of CO2 emitted by French households and that78 % of the emissions occured inside the EU 15, France included.In fact, 92 % of the tons consumed by French households are produced inside the EU 15 and are mainly transported via roadwhereas the remaining tons, coming from other countries, are mainly transported by ships.Consequently, the carbon efficiency of the transportation inside the EU15 is low compared to imports from other countriessince road transportation emits 40 times more carbon dioxide per tonne-kilometer transported.This demonstrates the need for an ambitious policy of transfer from road to rail, water or maritime ways via the development of the appropriate infrastructure and the combination of theadvantages of the different modes, flexibility of the road transporation associated with mass and environmentally friendly transportation of rail, waterway and maritime mode.Furthermore, the study gives some knowledge on the indirect emissions associated with French households, which correspond to the combination of the emissions driven by the transportation of goods withthe emissions associated with the production of these goods. It was found that petroleum products, food related sectors and the coal sector are the main contributor of the indirect emissions associated with French households representing as much as 57 % of them. As a result, future studies should focus on those sectors in order to isolate path of improvement both in production, consumption and transportation patterns.
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Schmidt, Nicholas Andrew. "Climate change and transportation challenges and opportunities /." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24677.
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Rosen, Cassandra Vivian. "Scenario based lifecycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum-derived transportation fuels in 2050." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111224.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2017.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 88-96).
Petroleum-derived fuels made up 93% of the energy demand for the transportation sector in 2013, and are projected to remain a significant source in the future (65% to 90% in the year 2040) [1]. These fuels contribute significantly to global green house gas (GHG) emissions, both from their production and combustion emissions. Production emissions make up one fifth of the emissions associated with the entire petroleum fuel lifecycle. Although the current non-combustion production lifecycle emissions of these fuels are well understood, their future lifecycle emissions have yet to be quantified. In this thesis, a global, scenario-based analysis of petroleum-derived transportation fuels is carried out to estimate lifecycle emissions in the year 2050. The 2050 scenarios differ by the stringency of environmental policies, including no new additional policies, "moderate" new policies, and "'strong" new policies. Data from existing projections for the energy sector in 2050 is used to create lifecycle inventories for the three 2050 scenarios. The production lifecycle emissions for the year 2050 are calculated to be 14.3 - 19.2 g CO2e/MJ for jet fuel, 17.2 - 24.9 g CO2e/MJ for diesel, and 21.1 - 26.8 g CO2e/MJ for gasoline. The production emissions in 2050 could deviate from 2020 values by as much as +20% to -21%, depending on future policy choices. If these production emissions are applied to global fuel demand, the range of emissions reductions from these policy scenarios spans 8.5% of all GHG emissions in 2013.
by Cassandra Vivian Rosen.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Brown, Emma Louise. "Greenhouse gas flux response to restoration management in UK lowland peatlands." Thesis, Bangor University, 2017. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/greenhouse-gas-flux-response-to-restoration-management-in-uk-lowland-peatlands(a448692d-7b3a-46aa-8496-4ed339d5de17).html.
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Peatland restoration seeks to re-establish a number of ecosystem services, with carbon (C) sequestration key following the inclusion of emissions from rewetted peatlands in national GHG reporting. Few studies address the effects of restoration on GHG fluxes or quantify annual emissions from peatlands undergoing restoration. This research focuses on the response of CO2 and CH4 fluxes from degraded lowland peatlands in Wales to restoration measures; vegetation removal, topsoil removal and rewetting. Fluxes were quantified from three locations using closed-chamber measurements, with annual fluxes estimated using empirical models. The effect of vegetation removal on CO2 and CH4 fluxes was closely coupled to water table depth, with the method of vegetation removal determining plant community composition. The removal of nutrient-enriched topsoil resulted in a net C emission, but this was assumed to be temporary as a small net C sink was observed where vegetation recolonisation occurred. The effect of rewetting was studied at a cutover raised bog and a grassland on peat. CO2 and CH4 fluxes from microforms created during historical hand-cutting were analogous to natural hummock-hollow complexes; CO2 fluxes were greater from higher drier areas, whereas lower wetter conditions favoured higher CH4 emissions. Rewetting at the cutover bog increased CH4 fluxes where the water table was close to the surface and aerenchymatous vegetation was present, however under inundated conditions where vegetation was absent, CH4 fluxes were relatively low. The rewetted grassland on peat was a significantly stronger CO2 sink compared to a shallow-drained grassland, attributed to high nocturnal CO2 emissions from the latter. CH4 emissions were greater from the rewetted grassland, though the high CO2 uptake resulted in a net GHG balance. Annual emissions derived from this research are comparable to UK lowland peatlands, but lower than IPCC emission factors, highlighting the importance of deriving UK-specific emission factors for future reporting.
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Chan, Sabrina. "Evaluating greenhouse gas emissions benefits of emerging green technologies in passenger transportation in the Quebec context." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114385.
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The transport produces 43.5% of Quebec's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; more than half of these emissions come from passenger transportation. In Quebec, transport emissions have grown by 30% from 1990 to 2009. Accordingly, this research evaluates the impact on GHG of alternative fuels and technologies in public transit and personal motor vehicles in the Quebec context using link-level GHG estimation methods. The transit technologies examined were analyzed using a lifecycle approach, mainly focusing on fuel production and vehicle operation phases, with the aid of GHGenius and MOVES. The demand for hybrid vehicles, its determinants as well as some potential market penetration scenarios were also investigated for Quebec City and the Island of Montreal. Different sources of data were combined to generate GHG inventories and estimate motor vehicle travel demand including: GPS, train and vehicle fleet fuel consumption rates, the Canadian Census, origin-destination surveys, and vehicle registration records.The results demonstrate that the use of alternative technologies can lead to significant GHG reductions. Among the bus technologies, it was found that hybrid buses are the best option with savings of 43.3%, followed by compressed natural gas (20.5%) and biodiesel (12.5%). For commuter rail, electric technology can reduce emissions by 98%; however, hydrogen fuel cell trains may be competitive in terms of cost-benefit ratio. Although hybrid personal vehicles have the potential for great GHG reductions, the limited spatial distribution of purchasers indicates that this technology will have a more modest impact than what might be expected. From an optimistic perspective where the vehicle fleet is composed of 25% hybrid vehicles, the impact would only lead to a 10% decrease in GHGs.Le secteur des transports contribue 43,5 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) au Québec; plus que la moitié de ses émissions vient du transport de passager. Les émissions du secteur des transports a accrue par 30% entre 1990 et 2009. En conséquence, cette recherche évalue l'impact des carburants et technologies alternatives en transport collectif et les véhicules personnels sur les GES dans le contexte québécois en utilisant les méthodes d'estimations de GES aux niveaux des liens. Les technologies des transports communs sont analysées en utilisant l'analyse de cycle de vie, particulièrement la production du carburant et l'opération du véhicule, avec l'aide de GHGenius et MOVES. Le marché pour les véhicules hybrides, ses déterminants et puis des scénarios potentiels de pénétration du marché sont examinés pour la ville de Québec et l'Ile de Montréal. Différents sources de données sont combinés pour générer l'inventaire de GES et estimer la demande de transport incluant le GPS, le taux de consommation des carburant, le Census, les enquêtes origine-destination et l'enregistrement de véhicules automobiles.Les résultats démontrent que les technologies alternatives réduient effectivement les émissions de GES. Parmi les technologies d'autobus, les autobus hybrides sont les meilleurs choix avec des réductions de 43,3 %, suivi par le gaz à naturel compressé (20,5 %) et le biodiesel (12,5 %). Pour les trains de banlieue, les trains électriques peuvent diminuer les émissions par 98%; pourtant, les trains à hydrogène sont compétitifs selon le rapport cout-bénéfice. Bien que les véhicules hybrides ont la potentiel d'éviter beaucoup de GES, la distribution spatiale du marché des véhicules hybrides indiquent que cette technologie aura un impact modeste. Dans le cas optimiste, le remplacement de 25% du parc d'automobiles vont mener à une baisse de 10% des GES.
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SANTOS, SIDNEY PEREIRA DOS. "LOGISTIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR NATURAL GAS TRANSPORTATION BY PIPELINE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11900@1.
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Uma gestão eficaz da cadeia de negócio do gás natural com
logística de transporte por gasodutos, considerando os
principais agentes, como Carregador, Produtor, Transportador
e Distribuidor, requer a utilização de tecnologia de
informação e sistemas de suporte à decisão. Este trabalho
apresenta um Sistema de Gestão de Logística de Transporte de
Gás Natural por Gasodutos - SGLT, composto de módulos ou
subsistemas integrados que propiciam maximizar a
comercialização do gás natural e mitigar a ocorrência de
perdas de receitas e multas contratuais devido a
contingências que podem gerar falha de entrega do
gás natural ao Distribuidor. Permite também avaliar o nível
ótimo econômico de confiabilidade que deve ser mantido pelo
Transportador, através da implantação de redundâncias, para
mitigar sua exposição aos riscos de perdas de receitas e
multas contratuais por parte dos agentes envolvidos na
cadeia do negócio de gás natural. O sistema proposto é
fundamentado na simulação Monte Carlo de falhas
de equipamentos da malha de gasodutos de transporte e de
restrições de oferta e demanda de gás natural, bem como os
fechamentos acidentais de válvulas de
bloqueio de gasodutos e de falhas nos pontos de entrega de
gás natural de modo a quantificar seus impactos na Cadeia do
Negócio do Gás Natural. O sistema proposto é constituído de
(i) um Sistema de Informação Geográfico - SIG, (ii)
um modelo de dados de gasodutos (Arc Pipeline Data Model -
APDM), (iii) um simulador termo-hidráulico de escoamento de
gás por dutos em regime permanente e transiente - Pipeline
Studio 3.0, (iv) uma base de dados dos resultados das
simulações termohidráulicas, (v) um modelo de simulação
Monte Carlo para avaliação da confiabilidade do sistema de
transporte utilizando o software @Risk 4.5, (vi) um modelo
econômico com simulação Monte Carlo utilizando o software
@Risk 4.5 e (vii) um otimizador, baseado em programação
linear, para maximização da comercialização de gás e para
minimização de perdas de receitas e multas contratuais
devido a cortes de fornecimento de gás decorrentes de
situações contingenciais. Este trabalho permitiu
identificar, quantificar e justificar economicamente a
implantação de unidades compressoras reservas nas estações
de compressão do Gasoduto Bolívia-Brasil, e aumentar a
disponibilidade do sistema de compressão, reduzindo
acentuadamente a exposição do Transportador a perdas de
receita e penalidades contratuais por redução de capacidade
de transporte decorrentes da entrada em manutenção de
unidades compressoras e de falhas não-programadas de tais
equipamentos. Foram também identificadas e quantificadas as
falhas de válvulas de bloqueio de gasoduto e das estações de
entrega de gás, não cabendo, nestes casos, a
implantação de redundância.An efficient management of the natural gas business chain, based on pipeline transmission network and taking into consideration the interaction between the main players such as Shippers, Suppliers, Transmission Companies and Local Distribution Companies, requires the use of information technology and decision-making support systems. This work presents a Natural Gas Logistic Transportation Management System, composed of integrated modules or subsystems that allow maximizing natural gas commercialization and allow mitigating revenue losses and contractual penalties due to contingencies that may cause failures in gas delivery to Local Distribution Companies. The proposed system also allow evaluating the optimum economic level of availability to be maintained by the Transmission Company by using stand-by equipment to mitigate its risk exposures to revenue losses and contractual penalties from the agents of the natural gas chain. The proposed system is based on Monte Carlo simulation of equipment failures of the gas transmission network, on the supply/delivery unexpected shortfalls, unexpected block valves closing and failures on the city-gates in order to quantify their impact on the natural gas business chain. The proposed system is made of (i) a geographic information system - GIS, (ii) a pipeline data model (Arc Pipeline Data Model - APDM), (iii) a gas pipeline thermo-hydraulic simulation for steady and transient states - Pipeline Studio 3.0, (iv) a data base of thermohydraulic simulation results and (v) a Monte Carlo simulation model to evaluate the reliability of the transmission system by using @Risk 4.5 and (vi) an economic model with Monte Carlo simulation using @Risk 4.5 and (vii) an optimizer, based on linear programming, for gas commercialization maximization and minimization of revenue losses and contractual penalties for not delivering the gas volumes at the contracted level. This work has identified, quantified and proved feasible the installation of stand-by compressor units at the Bolivia-Brail Gas Pipeline compressor stations and therefore improved the transmission system availability. As a direct benefit has reduced the Transmission Company risk exposure to revenue losses and contractual penalties due to reduction of pipeline transmission capacity as consequence of compressor units scheduled and nonscheduled outages. Failures of pipeline block valves and city-gates have also been identified and quantified but redundancy improvements were not required.
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Rickwood, Peter. "The impact of physical planning policy on household energy use and greenhouse emissions." Electronic version, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/1085.
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This thesis investigates the impact of physical planning policy on combined transport and dwelling-related energy use by households. Separate analyses and reviews are conducted into dwelling-related and transport-related energy use by households, before a model is developed to investigate the city-wide implications of different land-use scenarios in Sydney, Australia. The analysis of household energy use in Chapter 3 suggests that medium density housing (i.e. lose-rise apartments, townhouses, and terraces) is likely to result in the lowest per-capita energy use, while also allowing for sufficient densities to make frequent public transport service viable. The analysis of transport energy in Chapter 4 confirms that increasing urban density is associated with decreased car ownership and use, independent of other factors. However, land use changes alone are likely to result in modest changes to travel behaviour. The results of the scenario modelling in Chapters 7-9 support the view that changes to land use alone can reduce household energy consumption, but the changes, even over a long time period (25 years) are small (~0-10%) for all but the most extreme land-use policies. Instead, a coordinated (land-use/transport and other policy levers) approach is much more effective. The results confirm that it is transport energy that is most sensitive to planning policy, but that a combined consideration of dwelling-related and transport-related energy use is still useful. The micro-simulation model developed to assess the impact of different land-use planning scenarios allows the establishment of a lower-bound estimate of the effect that housing policy has on household energy use, assuming ‘business as usual’ transport policy, household behaviour, and technology.
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Hall, Edith Carol Sonne. "Greenhouse gas emissions from Pacific Northwest forestry operations : implications for forest management /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5596.
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Bastian, Lawin. "Waste management options associated with greenhouse gas emissions reduction and dioxins control." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/174909.
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Simoes, Barneze Arlete. "Interactive effects of climate change and management on grassland greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2018. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/126417/.
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Climate warming has the potential to alter carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling affecting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and a range of other ecosystem functioning in grasslands. This will be particularly important for the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems due to its role in global food security and soil C sequestration. The interaction between climate warming and grassland management is highly important and needs to be addressed as it may change the direction and strength of the effects on GHG emissions by changing plant productivity (either above and/or below-ground) and plant-soil properties. Plant species composition also plays a key role affecting the nutrient cycling thus GHG emissions in grasslands. The aim of this thesis is to understand how grassland management will influence C and N cycling under future climate change. The interactive effect of climate warming and grassland management is investigated in a field experiment over two growing seasons with varied microclimate effects, and the effect of plant composition manipulation in a controlled temperature mesocosm experiment. Overall, interactions between warming and management significantly affected GHG fluxes and plant-soil properties with important single treatment effects. The role that below-ground components plays on GHG emissions was less evident, becoming unclear the mechanisms related to gas releases to the atmosphere. Increases in legume proportions in grass-legume mixtures reduced ecosystem respiration in fertilised soils, with no effects in unfertilised soils. N cycling was not affected by increases in legume proportions. Plant productivity including above- and below-ground biomass had a non-linear relationship with relative legume proportion. Either grassland management or different plant species compositions approach may improve C sequestration and reduce GHG emissions.
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Aher, Gabriel Garang. "Winter Wheat Management for Improving Soil Quality and Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27092.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations in the atmosphere have greatly increased in recent times. Intensive agricultural practices, combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, and wetland drainage have been linked to increased greenhouse gases (GHG) levels. Although scientists are not unanimous in their belief that the increases in GHG is a cause behind recent global temperature rise, there is evidence that increases in GHG might directly increase global temperatures and unpredictable weather occurrences. Since human activity may be partially behind the rise in GHG emissions, it follows that changes in agricultural management might reduce the rate of GHG increases or even mitigate existing increases. Agricultural management practices proposed to mitigate GHG emissions in agricultural soils include conservation tillage, diversified cropping systems, and crop residue management. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of high-residue no-till systems in a diverse rotation using seven cropping systems in which winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was included or not included. The study was imposed on existing rotations present at the Conservation Cropping Systems Project (CCSP) farm near Forman, ND. The CCSP site was established in 2001 under no-till production and managed by the Wild Rice Soil Conservation District. Analysis of 2006 and 2010 soil organic carbon (SOC) data showed no significant difference between winter wheat rotation treatments and rotation treatments without winter wheat. Analysis of 2012 SOC data resulted in greater SOC in the corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation and lower SOC in the spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-cover crop-soybean rotation. Some rotations had greater SOC than others, but the differences were not related to whether or not winter wheat was included in the rotations. Analysis of residue showed a greater C:N ratio and greater potential N requirement for the subsequent crop in fresh residue compared to aged residue. The COMET-VR model used to estimate SOC levels overestimated SOC in greater diversified rotations and underestimated SOC in lower diversified rotations. No-till production and crop residue retention can increase SOC levels, improve soil quality, and increase SOC sequestration in cropping systems.
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Agerhäll, Isabella, Malin Kindmark, and Cecilia Stern. "Towards Climate Neutral Facility Management : Improved Greenhouse Gas Emission Calculations for Ihus." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413768.
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Uppsala municipality has set a goal in line with the UN’s 2030 Agenda for sustainable development to be fossil-free by 2030. To achieve this a lot of local companies have signed the Uppsala Climate Protocol. One of these companies is the municipal facility management company AB Uppsala Kommun Industrihus, Ihus. This project aimed to help Ihus map their emissions connected to facility maintenance and management and to enable them to reach their goal of becoming climate neutral by 2030. The daily facility management was split up into the categories gardening, ventilation and installation, cleaning and facility work, materials and products, renovations, and painting. A sustainability spend analysis was performed on Ihus’ organisation and emissions per spent MSEK were calculated for each category by researching Ihus’ suppliers. By using those emission intensities, the two categories with the highest emissions could be identified as renovations and materials and products with intensities of 84.48 and 57.56 tonnes CO2e/MSEK, respectively. The remaining categories all had intensities below 3 tonnes CO2e/MSEK. Sensitivity analyses were performed on the results by tweaking the values of which the emissions were based on. The results showed that to lessen Ihus’ climate impact the areas of improvement are life cycle assessments for their facilities and overseeing transports.
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Moran, Madeline Elyse. "An environmental and cost comparison between polypropylene plastic drinking straws and a "greener" alternative: An Oberlin case study." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1526393902586631.
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Chithambo, Lyton Chiyembekezo W. "The extent and determinants of greenhouse gas reporting in the United Kingdom." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2013. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/21380/.
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The study investigates the extent and determinants of greenhouse gas voluntary disclosures by FTSE350 United Kingdom (UK) listed companies from both theory and practitioners’ views. In accomplishing the aim, the study has the following objectives: (1) to analyse the extent of voluntary disclosure of GHG information in annual and sustainability reports of FTSE350 companies over a four year period i.e. 2008-2011; (2) to establish whether voluntary GHG disclosures are influenced by corporate governance characteristics (board size, non-executive directors, environmental committee, audit committee, ownership concentration and director ownership) and firm characteristics (company size, profitability, gearing, liquidity and industry); and (3) To investigate whether practitioners consider the determinants (as in objective two above) motivates the extent of voluntary GHG disclosures. To accomplish the objectives, the study uses a mixed-method approach on data derived from a sample of 215 FTSE 350 companies listed on London Stock Exchange. Firstly, an econometric model was developed based on a set of explanatory factors i.e. the governance and company characteristics and a dependent variable of disclosure index drawn from a multiple GHG voluntary reporting frameworks. Panel regression was then employed to examine the relationship between the explanatory factors and the actual disclosures. Secondly, through survey questionnaire, company executives were asked to rate their perception of the extent to which a list of determinants derived from largely secondary data literature influenced voluntary GHG disclosure. The results indicate an increasing trend in GHG disclosures from 2008 to 2011 perhaps suggesting positive impact of the government initiatives on GHG disclosures in the UK. Overall there is more disclosure of qualitative information in particular information on company action on GHG and climate change rather than actual emission disclosures. Companies have also not been proactive in disclosing quantified estimates of all forms of risks emanating from climate change. Results of the econometric model show that there is no support for the influence of traditional board characteristics such as Non-executive Directors, board size, and audit committee whereas both forms of ownership had a significant negative influence. The presence of an environmental committee was only significant in enhancing qualitative information and not quantitative information. In addition, as in other voluntary disclosures, size plays a vital role in determining the extent of the disclosures and that highly geared companies disclose less GHG information than less geared firms. Liquidity and profitability have no significant influence. The survey results suggest that according to the practitioners, board environmental committee and firm size are the only determining factors to have received wide support by the respondents while all other factors were firmly rejected. The findings that other determinants do not influence disclosure of GHG from a practitioner point of view suggests the need for an in-depth investigation into the determinants of voluntary disclosures beyond the evidence as derived from secondary data based studies. The study contributes knowledge to the voluntary disclosure studies in a number of ways. First, through mixed data approach, it has brought additional insights into the determinants of GHG disclosures. For example, through the primary survey data approach, evidence is documented that confirm and also contradict the secondary data approach findings in respect of both some governance and company variables. This suggests the need for more research using the mixed-method approach in an attempt to reveal why the results contradict. Secondly the results enrich voluntary disclosure literature by bringing disclosure determinants evidence through longitudinal data. Insights obtained from both the data triangulation and longitudinal study setting will help inform existing debate on policy options with regard to GHG emission disclosure. Finally the study contributes to the GHG disclosure literature by developing a comprehensive GHG voluntary disclosure index drawn from a various reporting guidelines. Such a comprehensive index will help ensure that adequacy of company GHG disclosures is assessed based on robust instrument.
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Bottoms, Emily L. "Soil greenhouse gas emissions and soil C dynamics in bioenergy crops." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=194783.
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The second generation bioenergy crops Miscanthus x giganteus and short rotation coppice (SRC) willow are the two main bioenergy crops in the UK and have become an integral part of legislation to provide an alternative to fossil fuels and to reduce national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To reach emission targets, it is estimated that approximately 350,000 ha of land could be made available for bioenergy crops by 2020. Despite the promise of these crops, there have been very few field-studies regarding soil GHG (CO2, CH4 and N2O) emissions and many of the published studies are life cycle analyses or modelled fluxes from soils using default values from the IPCC. The first aim of this research was to quantify the in situ soil GHG budget and to establish the drivers of these GHG fluxes for Miscanthus and SRC willow. The second aim of this research was to provide a more in-depth understanding of C cycling under Miscanthus i.e. litter and roots through two field experiments. Overall, the results from this work confirm minimal emissions of CH4 and N2O from soil under Miscanthus and SRC willow. CO2 flux was found to be the major efflux from soils and it was found in Miscanthus, that the majority of this flux was derived from below ground respiration. Litter played an important part in providing nutrients to the soil, which is vital in systems that are not fertilised. Litter also contributed to SOM accumulation on the soil surface and may promote long-term C sequestration. The results from this work combined with other literature would suggest that these second generation crops offer advantages to first generation crops, but more field-based studies are required to say if they can offer the large-scale GHG savings needed to be a viable alternative to fossil fuels.
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Grubor, Petar. "The role of bus transportation in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, a case study of the National Capital Area." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/MQ57728.pdf.
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Grubor, Petar Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Civil and Environmental. "The role of bus transportation in reducing greenhouse gas emissions; a case study of the National Capital Area." Ottawa, 2000.
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Tate, Terry Geonnie. "U.S. Corporate Energy Productivity, Greenhouse Gas Productivity, and Return on Equity." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5662.
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Corporate leaders are expected to engage in corporate social responsibility by some stakeholders, but there is no consistent evidence that corporate social performance relates to financial performance. Grounded in instrumental stakeholder theory, the purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship among energy productivity, greenhouse gas productivity, and return on equity. The 2016 Newsweek Green Ranking U.S. 500 was the population for this study, which consisted of the largest companies in the United States with the highest corporate social performance scores. The secondary data were collected from Newsweek.com and Morningstar.com for this study. The multiple linear regression was used in the data analysis for the study. This study's model was F(2,104) = 1.028, p = .361, Adjusted R2 = .001 and represented that there was not a statistically significant relationship among energy productivity, greenhouse gas productivity, and return on equity. The implications for positive social change include the potential to provide corporate leaders with additional evidence to inform fact-based decisions related to the strategic allocation of resources to manage corporate energy productivity and greenhouse productivity. Effectively managing energy productivity and greenhouse gas productivity could contribute to reducing global warming, which would improve the quality of lives of U.S residents.
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Kalita, Neelnayana. "Comparison of Control Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Public Transit Buses in Ohio and its Climatic Implications." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1470140810.
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Maucieri, Carmelo. "Greenhouse gas emissions from constructed wetlands and agronomic management of urban wastewater and digestate." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424646.
Full textAbstract:
The awareness of and interest in human activities environmental impact, in the framework of the ongoing climate change, has imposed the need to evaluate waste disposal in terms of greenhouse gases emission, in addition to the productive processes.
Constructed wetlands (CW) are a low environmental impact technology to treat wastewater with little or no energy input, increasingly used as a natural-like treatment system that is applicable in urban and/or production contexts. CW systems reproduce the physical, chemical and biological self-purification process of the soil-plant-microorganism systems that characterize aquatic habitats and natural wetlands.
Depuration processes, largely operated in these systems by rhizosphere microorganisms that contribute to the reduction of organic and nitrogen wastewater load, determine gaseous compounds release into the atmosphere, some of which act as greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The evaluation of greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from CWs, influenced by CW and wastewater types and vegetation and species presence in the beds, has been investigated for about 15 years in CWs in central-northern European Countries, while few experiments, and mostly at laboratory scale, have been conducted in the Mediterranean Basin, and none in Italian CWs.
With this in mind, the main aim of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the role of the main components used in the construction of CWs on GHGs emission in the more widespread (full scale or pilot plants) Italian CW systems. For this purpose in two different Italian bioclimatic contexts, Sicily and Veneto, two CW sites were selected that treated urban wastewater and digestate fluid fraction respectively. Particular attention was paid in the research to the role of vegetation on CWs GHGs emission studying different species (Arundo donax L., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud., Cyperus papyrus L., Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty and Mischantus x giganteus Greef et Deu.).
The results obtained in the Sicilian context showed a species specific effect on CO2 and CH4 emissions. Significantly higher CO2 emissions (median value 16.5 g m-2 d-1) were monitored in the beds vegetated with A. donax, M. giganteus and P. australis, than those vegetated with C. papyrus and C. zizanioides and the unvegetated bed (median value 5.2 g m-2 d-1). The M. giganteus presence in the bed and the absence of vegetation both determined significantly higher CH4 emissions than those monitored with C. papyrus. At the end of the two trial years all vegetated beds showed a CO2(eq) positive balance with better values calculated for A. donax (21.4 kg CO2(eq) m-2), whereas the unvegetated bed showed a net emission into the atmosphere of 5.5 kg CO2(eq) m-2.
The CW system in Veneto that treated digestate fluid fraction coming from an anaerobic digester for biogas production fed with livestock slurry and energy crops biomass, showed no significant depuration performance differences between P. australis and A. donax vegetation, but the latter did not regrow in the second year, thus determining a significant increase in CH4 emissions.
The digestate fluid fraction, characterized by a high organic matter and nitrogen content, can also be considered as an agronomic resource in a region where land availability is not a limiting factor and considering the limit on its spreading imposed by Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991. In fact, the intensive mineral fertilization and deep soil tillage that were typical of Italian agriculture in the second half of last century, have caused some problems in the agro-ecosystems, including the loss of organic carbon. The addition of soil organic matter and the use of agricultural techniques to directly or indirectly reduce CO2 emissions, may be a response to soil organic carbon loss with a positive effect on the environment.
Taking this into account, an additional investigation topic of the PhD research has been to evaluate the effect exerted by the digestate fluid fraction application on agricultural soil CO2 emissions by: 1) soil texture (sandy loam vs. clay loam) and preparatory tillage (plowing vs ripping) after splash-plate spreading; 2) the digestate fluid fraction injection depth into the soil (10, 25 and 35 cm).
The results have shown a CO2 emission peak one hour after digestate distribution and emission values reaching those of un-amended soils after 3 days, using both application methods. Considering the splash-plate technique in the two weeks following spreading, significantly higher CO2 emissions were found in sandy loam than clay loam soil, the preparatory soil tillage showed no significant effect. Digestate fluid fraction soil injection determined after one hour of application, an opposite trend with injection depth, with lower emissions at increasing depth.La consapevolezza e l'interesse verso l'impatto ambientale delle attività antropiche ha imposto la necessità di valutare in termini di emissione di gas ad effetto serra, oltre ai processi di produzione, anche i processi di gestione e smaltimento dei reflui prodotti. Per il trattamento delle acque reflue la fitodepurazione, una tecnologia a ridotto impatto ambientale con scarsi o nulli input energetici, si sta sempre più diffondendo come sistema di trattamento naturale applicabile in vari contesti urbani e/o produttivi. Essa si basa sulla riproduzione dei processi fisici, chimici e biologici di autodepurazione del sistema suolo-piante-microrganismi che caratterizzano gli habitat acquatici e le zone umide naturali. I processi depurativi, in larga parte operati dai microrganismi che si sviluppano nella rizosfera e che in questi sistemi contribuiscono alla riduzione del carico organico e azotato delle acque reflue, determinano il rilasciano in atmosfera di diversi composti gassosi alcuni dei quali ad effetto serra, in particolare anidride carbonica (CO2), metano (CH4) e protossido di azoto (N2O). La valutazione delle emissioni in atmosfera determinate da questi impianti, influenzate dalla tipologia impiantistica, dalla natura/tipologia dell'acqua reflua trattata e dalla presenza e specie vegetale impiegata, è studiata in Europa da circa 15 anni in impianti perlopiù siti nei Paesi del centro-nord, mentre poche sperimentazioni, e per lo più a scala di laboratorio, sono state condotte nell’area del Bacino del Mediterraneo; e con nessuno studio presso impianti di fitodepurazione Italiani. In considerazione di quanto sopra, scopo principale del lavoro di tesi è stato quello di valutare il ruolo delle diverse componenti dei sistemi di fitodepurazione maggiormente diffusi in Italia (in scala reale o pilota) nelle emissioni di gas serra. A tale scopo sono stati scelti due siti situati in due differenti contesti bioclimatici italiani, Sicilia e Veneto, che trattano rispettivamente acque reflue urbane e frazione fluida di digestato. Particolare attenzione è stata rivolta al ruolo della componente vegetale del sistema sulle emissioni studiando differenti specie adatte alla fitodepurazione (Arundo donax L., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Cyperus papyrus L., Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty e Mischantus x giganteus Greef et Deu.). Relativamente alle specie vegetali indagate, i risultati ottenuti nel contesto siciliano, hanno mostrato emissioni di CO2 e CH4 specie-specifiche con flussi di CO2 significativamente maggiori (mediana 16.5 g m-2 d-1) in presenza di A. donax, M. giganteus e P. australis, rispetto a C. papyrus e C. zizanioides e allo stesso letto non vegetato (mediana 5.2 g m-2 d-1). L’impiego di M. giganteus e l’assenza di vegetazione hanno determinato emissioni significativamente maggiori di CH4 rispetto a quelle monitorate con C. papyrus. Alla fine dei due anni di sperimentazione tutti i letti vegetati hanno mostrato un bilancio positivo della CO2(eq) con i valori più positivi calcolati per A. donax (21.4 kg CO2(eq) m-2) mentre il sistema non vegetato ha mostrato una emissione netta in atmosfera di 5.5 kg CO2(eq) m-2. In Veneto, nell’impianto di fitodepurazione per il trattamento della frazione fluida del digestato proveniente da un impianto di digestione anaerobica di reflui zootecnici e colture dedicate, sebbene la P. australis e l’A. donax non hanno mostrato differenze significative nelle prestazioni depurative, quest’ultimo dopo lo sfalcio non ha ricacciato nel secondo anno di attività, determinando un incremento significativo nelle emissioni di CH4 rispetto ai vaori monitorati impiegando P. australis. La frazione fluida di digestato, caratterizzata da un buon contenuto di sostanza organica e di azoto, può essere considerata anche come una risorsa da valorizzare mediante una sua gestione agronomica in un contesto dove la disponibilità di suolo non è un fattore limitante e tenuto conto dei limiti di sversamento imposti dalla Direttiva 91/676/CEE del 12 dicembre 1991. Infatti l’intensiva fertilizzazione minerale e le profonde lavorazione dei suoli agrari, caratteristiche dell’agricoltura italiana della seconda metà del secolo scorso, hanno determinato alcune criticità agli agro-ecosistemi, fra cui la perdita di carbonio organico. L’apporto di sostanza organica al suolo e l’impiego di tecniche agronomiche volte a ridurre le emissioni di CO2, sia direttamente che indirettamente, possono rappresentare una valida risposta alla perdita di carbonio organico con un effetto positivo anche sull’ambiente. Tenuto conto di ciò, un ulteriore settore di indagine delle attività di ricerca del dottorato è stato quello di valutare l’effetto esercitato dall’applicazione della frazione fluida di digestato sulle emissioni di CO2 da suolo agrario in relazione ai seguenti fattori: 1) dalla tessitura del suolo (franco sabbiosa vs franco argillosa) e dalle lavorazioni preparatorie del terreno adottate (aratura vs rippatura) a seguito dello spandimento superficiale; 2) dalla profondità di interramento (10, 25 e 35 cm) a seguito dell’apporto al suolo del digestato tramite iniezione al suolo. I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato, con entrambe le metodologie di applicazione, un picco di emissione di CO2 dopo un’ora dalla distribuzione ed emissioni che ritornano ai valori del suolo non ammendato dopo 3 giorni. Considerando la distribuzione in superficie, nelle due settimane successive allo spandimento, la tessitura franco sabbiosa ha determinato maggiori emissioni di CO2 rispetto alla tessitura franco argillosa mentre nessun effetto significativo ha mostrato il tipo di lavorazione preparatoria del terreno. L’iniezione al suolo del digestato ha determinato nella prima ora post-distribuzione flussi di CO2 in atmosfera con un andamento inverso alla profondità di interramento con minori emissioni al crescere della profondità.
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Tanthullu, Athmaram Kumaresh Babu. "Investigation of greenhouse gas reduction strategies by industries : an enterprise systems architecting approach." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70827.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M. in Engineering and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-89).
This thesis explores an enterprise systems architecting approach to investigate the greenhouse gas reduction strategies followed by industries, especially for automotive industry and Information Technology industry. The strategic dimensions of greenhouse gas reduction aspects-drivers, actions and challenges-faced by industries are identified and a survey was circulated among the senior and mid-level managers of both industries. The survey results are compiled and analyzed to understand the leading drivers, actions and challenges in addition to the ranking of the eight views of enterprise architecting. The results are then used to identify gaps between the current status and the envisioned future state of the companies, based on the survey results, internal assessments and prevailing state of the art greenhouse gas reduction strategies. Several candidate architectures are developed based on the identified gaps for both industries. An alignment matrix for all the eight views with the candidate architectures is also developed. Generic frameworks to evaluate candidate architectures using 'ilities' and weighting factors are discussed. Greenhouse gas profiles of both the industries are compared, and future research scope to extend this thesis is presented.
by Kumaresh Babu Tanthullu Athmaram.
S.M.in Engineering and Management
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Fernandes, Chester S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Modeling & learning from the design recommendations for California's Greenhouse Gas Cap-and-Trade System." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47857.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 71).
Climate Change has become a Major issue beginning with our generation. Governments the world over are now recognizing that industry cannot continue to pollute in a business-as-usual manner. Emitting Greenhouse gases has a global impact, unlike pollutants that are released into soil or water. Global warming created by the Greenhouse effect, amongst other things is causing an increase in the ambient global temperature, causing glaciers to melt and global weather patterns to change. At the same time the world population is increasing, the standard of living for an increasing percentage of the population is improving, and with that the global energy usage is going up and up. Currently, a large portion of the global energy is derived from fossil fuels. Combusting fossil fuels are the primary source of Greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge for governments then is two-fold. One is how to cap and/or reduce the Greenhouse gases from industry, and second, how to achieve this first goal without being detrimental to the industry in a large way, or as some say with the least cost. In the USA, due to lack of a federal standard, several states have either banded together or gone it alone, in defining their own attempt to address the Greenhouse gas problem. The state of California is one such state that has put together a committee of experts, to advise the state on how best to design a system with the two afore-said challenges in mind. A model has been put together to model Option A, Program Design 1 of the California Cap-and-Trade system.
(cont.) The goal of the model is to give the regulator an understanding of how by varying the main lever, which is the cap set, the regulator can influence the covered Electric entities in optimally meeting the cap, based on the headroom they have for abatement, and their actual ability to act and the degree to which they can act in abatement; and secondly how this main lever, can create a thriving market for trading allowances, by trying to have almost an equal number of players that want to buy the requisite number of allowances to meet the cap, or sell their excess allowances.
by Chester Fernandes.
S.M.
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Fentabil, Mesfin Mesganaw. "Water conservation management practices in vineyards and apple orchards : strategies for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57544.
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Micro-irrigation scheduling, fertigation and mulching can be used by growers to
improve the nutrient and water-use efficiency of crop production. Agriculture contributes to
global warming through emission of greenhouse gases CO₂ N₂O, and CH₄. There is little information about how management practices affect N₂O emissions from vineyard and
orchard soils. In a two year field experiment, N₂O fluxes from a grape (Vitis vinifera L.;
Merlot) vineyard and an apple (Malus domestica Borkh; Ambrosia) orchard under microirrigation in the semiarid Okanagan Valley of British Columbia were measured using static chambers. Soil mineral N and organic carbon, environmental variables and fruit yield were also monitored. Treatments in the grape vineyard involved micro-irrigation types (Drip or Micro-sprinkler), nitrogen sources (surface-applied compost or fertigated Urea; 40kg N ha‐¹), and two floor managements (surface-applied shredded bark and wood Mulch or Clean - bare soil). Treatments in the apple orchard involved drip irrigation frequency (twice per day or twice per day on every 2nd day) delivering the same total amount of water, orchard floor management (Mulch or Clean) and nitrogen application rate applied as calcium nitrate by fertigation (20 or 40 g N tree‐¹). Spring thaw accounted for 30 to 50% of annual emissions in both experiments. Over a period of two complete years in the grape vineyard Micro-sprinkler irrigation reduced growing season N₂O emissions by 29% (compared to Drip) and on an annual basis Mulch decreased them by 28% (compared to Clean ). In the apple orchard irrigation every 2nd day reduced N₂O emissions by 30% and application of Mulch reduced them by 20%. Reduced drip irrigation frequency and mulching may provide an opportunity for suppressing N₂O emissions from drip-irrigated vineyards and orchards. There was alsolarge spatial variability of N₂O and CO₂ emissions with respect to distance relative to the apple tree and dripper locations. The emission factor (N emitted as N₂O per unit of total
applied N) from the applied fertilizer (uncorrected for background emission) across all
treatments averaged 2.8% in the vineyard and 2.4% in the orchard. The 1% default IPCC
emission factor likely underestimates N₂O emissions from these systems.Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences (Okanagan)
Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department of (Okanagan)
Graduate
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Nagpal, Shreshth. "Auto-calibrated urban building energy models as continuous planning tools for greenhouse gas emissions management." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123574.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D. in Architecture: Building Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 109-117).
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with their buildings' energy use, owners frequently rely on building energy models that are calibrated to existing conditions for evaluation of potential energy efficiency retrofits. Development of such calibrated models requires the estimation of a series of building characteristics, a process which is extremely effort-intensive even for a single building and, therefore, almost prohibitive for large campus projects which often include hundreds of diverse-use buildings. There is a need for a framework that combines established urban energy model generation techniques with data-driven methods to reduce the manual and computational cost of developing calibrated baseline campus energy models, allow for real time evaluation of future building upgrades, and display their consequences to decision makers on an ongoing basis. This dissertation addresses this need by proposing new workflows for different development stages of models designed to evaluate future energy scenarios for large institutional campuses. First, the strengths and limitations of different urban modeling methodologies are assessed (modeling approach). Next, a methodology to employ statistical surrogate models is proposed for rapid estimation of unknown building properties (auto-calibration). Finally, a continuous energy performance tracking framework is presented to enable university campuses to manage their building related greenhouse gas emissions over time (continuous planning). As a proof of concept, the complete method has been implemented and tested at the author's home institution. Auto-calibration and continuous planning can be implemented independently or combined, and the dissertation includes a discussion about their possible impact if applied across the building stock.
by Shreshth Nagpal.
Ph. D. in Architecture: Building Technology
Ph.D.inArchitecture:BuildingTechnology Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture
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Momen, Mustafa. "Long-term supply mix planning of power systems accounting for greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115996.
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Recent scientific findings have generated considerable concern about the adverse effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the world's climate in general and global warming in particular. In Canada and many other countries, this concern has led to the adoption of legal and political steps with the aim of curbing GHG emissions. The first part of this thesis describes the steps taken by Canada in this regard.Such steps provide a strong incentive to Canadian power systems to incorporate reduction of GHG emissions in their planning process. Thus, in the second part of the thesis, a long-term supply mix planning model is developed. Since significant decrease in GHG emissions is unlikely to occur without removal of highly polluting power plants, this model allows for decommissioning these power plants.
Finally, the supply mix planning model is applied to evaluate the strategy of joint planning (as opposed to separate planning) of the power systems of Quebec and Ontario. Results obtained from the model leads to the conclusion that joint planning is preferable from the point of view of overall social and financial cost.
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Weigel, Brent Anthony. "Development of a commercial building/site evaluation framework for minimizing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of transportation and building systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44735.
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In urbanized areas, building and transportation systems generally comprise the majority of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption. Realization of global environmental sustainability depends upon efficiency improvements of building and transportation systems in the built environment. The selection of efficient buildings and locations can help to improve the efficient utilization of transportation and building systems. Green building design and rating frameworks provide some guidance and incentive for the development of more efficient building and transportation systems. However, current frameworks are based primarily on prescriptive, component standards, rather than performance-based, whole-building evaluations. This research develops a commercial building/site evaluation framework for the minimization of GHG emissions and energy consumption of transportation and building systems through building/site selection.
The framework examines, under uncertainty, multiple dimensions of building/site operation efficiencies: transportation access to/from a building site; heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and domestic hot water; interior and exterior lighting; occupant conveyances; and energy supply. With respect to transportation systems, the framework leverages regional travel demand model data to estimate the activity associated with home-based work and non-home-based work trips. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to quantify the dispersion in the estimated trip distances, travel times, and mode choice. The travel activity estimates are linked with a variety of existing calculation resources for quantifying energy consumption and GHG emissions. With respect to building systems, the framework utilizes a building energy simulation approach to estimate energy consumption and GHG emissions. The building system calculation procedures include a sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo analysis to account for the impacts of input parameter uncertainty on estimated building performance. The framework incorporates a life cycle approach to performance evaluation, thereby incorporating functional units of building/site performance (e.g energy use intensity).
The evaluation framework is applied to four case studies of commercial office development in the Atlanta, GA metropolitan region that represent a potential range of building/site alternatives for a 100-employee firm in an urbanized area. The research results indicate that whole-building energy and GHG emissions are sensitive to building/site location, and that site-related transportation is the major determinant of performance. The framework and findings may be used to support the development of quantitative performance evaluations for building/site selection in green building rating systems and other efficiency incentive programs designed to encourage more efficient utilization and development of the built environment.
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Tariq, Azeem. "Development and adaptation of water management systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from intensive rice production." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0021.
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Pour répondre à la demande de la population croissante, la production de riz doit être augmentée de 40% d’ici 2030. Cependant cette production émet des gaz à effet serre (GES), tel que le méthane (CH4), qui contribue au réchauffement climatique. Les stratégies de gestion, telles que le drainage des sols et la gestion durable des résidus, sont essentielles pour diminuer les émissions de GES des rizières, mais cela entrent souvent en conflit avec les pratiques de gestion des riziculteurs. L'objectif de ce projet était d'étudier le potentiel d'atténuation des GES par des pratiques de drainage et de gestion des résidus et par l’identification des opportunités et les contraintes auxquelles sont confrontés les petits exploitants dans la mise en œuvre des pratiques. Le projet a été élaboré en utilisant une approche interdisciplinaire incluant mésocosme en chambre climatique, des campagnes sur le terrain et une enquête après des agriculteurs au Vietnam. La première étude sur le mésocosme a été menée pour identifier l'impact du drainage en début et mi-saison sur les émissions de CH4 et de N2O par des sols amendés avec des résidus frais et compostés à différents niveaux de sol C (article I). La deuxième étude sur le mésocosme incluait des résidus de riz enrichis en 13C pour comprendre l'effet de la pré-plantation, d’un drainage précoce et à mi-saison sur la contribution des résidus C aux émissions de CH4 (article III). Des expériences de terrain ont été menées pendant deux saisons (printemps et été) pour documenter l'effet de la pré-plantation, du drainage en début et à mi-saison sur les émissions de CH4 et de N2O par des sols modifiés par l’apport de résidus dans deux systèmes de gestion d’eau: un système efficace de gestion de l'eau et un système de contrôle d'eau conventionnel (article II). Trente-cinq petits producteurs de riz ont été interviewés pour évaluer la diversité des pratiques de gestion des terres dans la région et comprendre leurs pratiques de culture, leurs défis et leurs contraintes à l'échelle de la rizière. Quatre ateliers ont été menés avec des agriculteurs, des conseillers agricoles locaux et régionaux pour concevoir et évaluer les pratiques de production de riz adaptées au climat, basées sur la gestion de l'eau et des résidus (article IV). Les études de laboratoire et de terrain ont montré que les pratiques de drainage (pré-plantation et drainage précoce) pouvaient atténuer les émissions de GES sans compromettre le rendement du riz. Au laboratoire, le drainage avant plantation a considérablement réduit les émissions de CH4 de 70 à 80%, alors que sur le terrain, le drainage se montre moins efficace dans la réduction des émissions de CH4 en raison des activités opérées par les agriculteurs avant transplantion. Dans l’étude de terrain, le drainage précoce et en mi-saison a diminué les émissions de CH4 de 67% et 43% dans les systèmes comprenant une gestion de l’eau efficaces et inefficaces. Au laboratoire, l’addition d’un drainage en début et mi-saison a réduit les émissions de CH4 de 75 à 90%. Sur le terrain, le système efficace de contrôle de l'eau associé avec une bonne aération des sols a considérablement augmenté le potentiel de diminution du CH4 des sols drainés et modifiés par les résidus. L'étude isotopique a indiqué que l'aération des sols au stade précoce (pré-plantation ou début de saison) réduit les émissions de CH4 dérivés des résidus de 57 à 87%. Cependant, les résultats ont mis en évidence que l’amélioration des pratiques de drainage impactaient très peu les émissions de N2O. Les résultats de l'étude participative ont souligné l'importance d'impliquer les agriculteurs et les acteurs locaux dans la conception des systèmes d'atténuation des GES. Ces résultats ont mis en évidence les contraintes et les opportunités possibles pour la mise en œuvre réussie des stratégies d'atténuation des GES dans les rizières des petits exploitantsRice production needs to increase by 40% to meet the demand of the world’s growing population by 2030, yet rice production contribute to global warming with elevated GHG emissions, particularly of methane (CH4). Management strategies, such as drainage of paddy soils & sustainable residue management are essential in order to mitigate GHG emission from rice systems, but they often conflict with the practical management preferences of rice farmers. The objective of this project was to investigate the GHG mitigation potential of drainage practices and residue management techniques, and to identify the constraints and opportunities faced by smallholders in the implementation of mitigation practices under local conditions. The project was formulated using an interdisciplinary approach that included two mesocosm studies in growth chamber, two field campaigns and a field survey of farmers in Vietnam. First mesocosm study was conducted to verify the impact of early season drainage and midseason drainage on CH4 and N2O emissions from fresh and composted residue-amended soils at different soil C levels (Paper I). Then second mesocosm study was conducted using 13C-enriched rice residue to understand the effect of pre-planting, early-season and midseason drainage on the residue carbon contribution to CH4 emissions (Paper III). Field experiments based on farmers’ field conditions were conducted for two seasons (spring and summer) to document the effect of pre-planting, early-season and midseason drainage on CH4 and N2O emissions from residue-amended soils under two field water management systems: an efficient field water control system and a conventional, inefficient field water control system (Paper II). Thirty-five smallholder rice farmers were interviewed to capture the diversity of different land management practices in the area and understand their cropping practices, challenges and constraints faced at field scale. Four workshops were conducted with farmers, local agricultural advisors and regional stakeholders to design and assess the climate-smart rice production practices, based on water and residue management (Paper IV). The lab and field studies showed that drainage practices (pre-planting and early season drainage) had the potential to mitigate GHG emissions without compromising rice yield. Pre-planting drainage greatly reduced CH4 emissions in the lab experiment by 70-80%, while in field condition pre-planting drainage had less effect on CH4 emission reduction due to constraints with farmers’ field operations before transplanting. Early season drainage reduced CH4 emissions in both lab and field experiments. In field study, early plus midseason drainage lowered the CH4 emissions by 67% and 43% in the efficient and inefficient field water management systems respectively. In lab, early plus midseason drainage lowered CH4 emissions by 75-90 %. The efficient field water control system and good soil aeration significantly increased the CH4 mitigation potential of the drainage regimes from residue-amended soils. The isotopic study in lab indicated that soil aeration in the early stage (pre-planting or early season) reduced the residue-derived CH4 emissions by 57-87%. The results highlighted that the effects of improved drainage practices on N2O emissions were very low when considering the total GHG effects of CH4 and N2O. The results of the participatory study highlighted the importance of involving farmers and local stakeholders in the process of designing the mitigating systems. The active involvement of farmers and local stakeholders in the process of designing, testing and assessing the water management systems highlighted the constraints and feasible options for successful implementation of GHG mitigation strategies in smallholders’ rice fields
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Steusloff, Tyler W. "Nitrogen Management Strategies to Improve Corn Growth and Reduce Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Claypan Soils." Thesis, University of Missouri - Columbia, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13850753.
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Adoption of nitrogen (N) management strategies to minimize gaseous N loss from agriculture while maintaining high yield production is increasingly important for an exponentially growing population. Agricultural management on poorly-drained claypan soils in the Midwestern U.S. make corn ( Zea mays L.) production even more challenging due to the subsoil’s low permeability, which may result in wetter soil conditions and relatively larger amounts of soil N2O emissions during the growing season. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of urea fertilizer placement with and without the addition of a nitrification inhibitor (NI) on corn yield, N use efficiency (NUE), and cumulative soil N2O emissions on a Northeastern Missouri claypan soil. The fertilizer strategies utilized in this study consisted of deep-banded urea (DB) or urea plus nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine] (DB+NI) at a depth of 20 cm compared to urea broadcast surface applied (SA) or incorporated to a depth of 8 cm (IA). The addition of a NI with deep-banded urea resulted in 27% greater apparent N recovery efficiency than all other N treatments. Additionally, DB+NI had 54 and 55% lower cumulative soil N2O emissions than IA and SA treatments in the two combined growing seasons. These results suggest that deep placement of urea with or without nitrapyrin is an effective management strategy for increasing corn yield and reducing N loss on a claypan soil.
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Goeschel, Tyler. "Quantifying Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Soil Carbon Storage To Determine Best Management Practices In Agroecosystems." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/644.
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Intensive agriculture, coupled with an increase in nitrogen fertilizer use, has contributed significantly to the elevation of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Rising GHG emissions usually mean a decrease in soil carbon. Currently, soil C is twice that of all standing crop biomass, making it an extremely important player in the C cycle. Fortunately, agricultural management practices have the potential to reduce agricultural GHG emissions whilst increasing soil C. Management practices that impact GHG emissions and soil C include various tillage practices, different N fertilization amounts and treatments (synthetic N, cattle manure, or a combination of both), the use of cover crops, aeration, and water levels. Employing agricultural best management practices (BMPs) can assist in the mitigation and sequestration of CO2, N2O and soil C. Measuring soil carbon storage and GHG emissions and using them as metrics to evaluate BMPs are vital in understanding agriculture's role in climate change. The objective of this research was to quantify soil carbon and CO2 and N2O emissions in agroecosystems (dairy, crop, and meat producing farms) under differing management practices.
Three farms were selected for intensive GHG emissions sampling: Shelburne Farm in Shelburne, VT, a dairy in North Williston, VT, and Borderview Farm in Alburgh, VT. At each site, I collected data on GHG (CO2 and N2O) emissions and soil carbon and nitrogen storage to a depth of 1 meter. Soil emissions of CO2 and N2O were taken once every two weeks (on average) from June 2015 through November, 2015 using static flux chambers and a model 1412 Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) gas analyzer (Innova Air Tech Instruments, Ballerup, Denmark). Fluxes were measured on 17 dates at Shelburne Farms, 13 dates at the Williston site, and 13 dates in the MINT trial. Gas samples were taken at fixed intervals over a 10-14 minute time frame, with samples normally taken every one or two minutes. I also measured soil carbon to a depth of 1m in six BMPs at Borderview Farm.
Overall, I found that manure injection increased N2O and CO2 emissions, but decreased soil C storage at depth. Tillage had little to no impact on N2O emissions, except at Shelburne Farms, where aeration tillage decreased N2O emissions (marginally significant, P < 0.1). No-till did, however, decrease CO2 emissions relative to other conservation tillage practices (strip and vertical tillage) but we were unable to detect a significant change in soil C due to tillage practices. At Borderview farm, N2O emissions increased with soil NO3 and soil moisture, while CO2 emissions increased with soil temperature and nitrate. At Williston, CO2 emissions only increased with temperature; at Shelburne CO2 emissions increased with nitrate. N2O fluxes at Shelburne and Williston were not associated with any of the measured covariates.
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Janz, Baldur [Verfasser], Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Kiese, and Heinz [Akademischer Betreuer] Rennenberg. "Greenhouse gas footprint of organic amendments and water management in rice cropping systems in Southeast Asia." Freiburg : Universität, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1209052229/34.
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Rodriguez, Henry. "A Comparison of Rainwater Harvesting Tank Sizing Methods: Optimizing to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions versus Maximizing System Reliability." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo151577155419202.
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Riedy, Christopher. "The eye of the storm an integral perspective on sustainable development and climate change response /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://adt.lib.uts.edu.au/public/adt-NTSM20050603.101829/.
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Li, Fang [Verfasser], Hans-Dietrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Haasis, and Herbert [Gutachter] Kotzab. "Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Management under Emission Trading / Fang Li ; Gutachter: Hans-Dietrich Haasis, Herbert Kotzab ; Betreuer: Hans-Dietrich Haasis." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1125583967/34.
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Li, Fang Verfasser], Hans-Dietrich [Akademischer Betreuer] [Haasis, and Herbert [Gutachter] Kotzab. "Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Management under Emission Trading / Fang Li ; Gutachter: Hans-Dietrich Haasis, Herbert Kotzab ; Betreuer: Hans-Dietrich Haasis." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1125583967/34.
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Pittendrigh, Alistair. "The potential impact of greenhouse gas emissions constraints on the Southern African primary aluminium business." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50666.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Kyoto protocol was signed early in 2005 whereby Annexure 1 industrialised countries committed to reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. South Africa signed the Protocol. however being a developing country it has no GHG emissions reduction target for the first commitment period until 2012. Primary aluminium is a GHG intensive global commodity to which Southem Africa contributes significantly. This dissertation aims to investigate how the profitability of the Southern African primary aluminium sector may be affected by Kyoto Protocol GHG restrictions even though the smelters are situated in non-Annexure 1 countries. A Delphi-type survey is conducted to gather opinions on identified pressures and drivers that could affect the industry. The survey respondents indicate that the greatest impact will occur from internal pressures from holding companies. Further pressure will originate from external sources namely government, Non Governmental Organisations, shareholders and investors. Direct manufacturing costs are not expected to increase as a result of the Protocol. Rather. industry changes are expected to be the result of internal and external pressures. Opportunities for Clean Development Mechanism (COM) projects are rated as highly importance and are strongly recommended. Various strategies are identified and presented in a matrix to compare the effect of each on the various identified pressures and drivers. From the matrix it is observed that the majority of the selected strategies have a profound impact on the internal and external pressures. From this research report it is recommended that a cooperative proactive strategy be followed . focusing initially on low cost GHG emissions reduction projects and rigorously pursuing COM projects.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Kyoto Protokol, waardeur Anneks 1 geindustraliseerde lande hul daartoe verbind het om hul kweekhuis gas (GHG) emissies te verminder, is vroeg in 2005 onderteken. Suidelike Afrika het die Protokol onderteken, maar weens sy status as ontwikkelende land, het dit geen GHG emissieverminderingsdoelwit vir die eerste verpligtingsfase tot en met 2012 nie. Primere aluminium is 'n GHG intensiewe globale kommoditeit waartoe Suidelike Afrika 'n groot bydrae lewer. Hierdie tesis poog om ondersoek in te stel na die impak van Protokol GHG beperkings op die winsgewendheid van die Suidelike Afrika primere aluminium sektor, ten spyle daarvan dat die smelters in nie-Annex 1 lande gelee is. 'n Delphi-tipe opname was geloods om opinies in te win oor geidentifiseerde drukpunte en drywers wat 'n impak kon he op die industrie. Die respondente het aangedui dat die grootste impak sal kom van interne druk van beheermaatskappye. Addisionele druk sal afkomstig wees van eksteme bronne soos die regering, Nie-regerings organisasies (NGO's), aandeelhouers en beleggers. Daar word nie verwag dat die direkte vervaardigingskoste sal eskaleer as gevolg van die Protokol nie. Daar word eerder verwag dat veranderinge in die industrie die gevolg sal wees van interne en eksterne druk. Geleenthede vir skoon-ontwikkelings meganisme (COM) projekte is geweldig belangrik en word sterk aanbeveel. Verskeie strategiee word geidentifiseer en voorgele in 'n matriks om sodoende 'n vergelyking te tref tussen die effek wat elk het op die onderskeie drukpunte en drywers. Uit die matriks kan afgelei word dat die meerderheid strategiee 'n diepgaande invloed het op die inteme en eksterne drukpunte. Hierdie navorsingsverslag beveel aan dat 'n samewerkende proaktiewe strategie gevolg word, wat aanvanklik sal fokus op lae-koste GHG emissieverminderingsprojekte, asook die nougesette najaag van CDM projekte.
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Shehu, Habiba. "Innovative hydrocarbons recovery and utilization technology using reactor-separation membranes for off-gases emission during crude oil shuttle tanker transportation and natural gas processing." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/3129.
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The increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere, as well as the high rate of depletion of hydrocarbon-based resources have become a global concern. A major source of emissions of hydrocarbon vapours occur during loading and offloading operations in crude oil shuttle tanker transportation. The emitted gases have a typical composition of 60 % N2, 10 % CO2, 5% O2, 5 % C3H8, 10% CH4, 5% C2H6 and 5 % higher hydrocarbons. As a result, various methods aimed to add value to GHG to produce valuable fuels and chemical feedstock are being developed. This work incorporates the use of silica, polyurethane/zeolite and y-type zeolite membrane on an alumina support to selectively permeate methane and carbon dioxide from inert gases and higher hydrocarbons. The recovered gas is upgraded by dry reforming reactions employing rhodium/alumina membrane incorporated into a shell and tube reactor. Mixed gas permeation tests have been carried out with the permeate and feed gases sent to the online gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a mass spectrometry (MS) detector and an automated 6-port gas sampling valve with a 30 mm HP- Plot Q column. The question is what mesoporous membrane can be highly selective for the separation of methane and carbon dioxide from inert gases and higher hydrocarbons, and what is the effect of temperature and feed gas pressure on the conversion of separated gases? Characterisation of the modified membranes was carried out using nitrogen physisorption measurements and showed the hysteresis isotherms corresponding to type IV and V, which is indicative of a mesoporous membrane. The surface area and the pore size were determined using the Barrett, Joyner, Halenda (BJH) desorption method, which showed the silica membrane had a larger surface area (10.69 m2 g-1) compared to zeolite (0.11 m2 g-1) and polyurethane/zeolite membrane (0.31 m2 g-1). Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis confirmed the asymmetric deposition of silica, polyurethane, rhodium and zeolite crystals in the matrix of the alumina support. Single gas permeation tests showed that the synthesised y-type zeolite membrane at 293 K had a CH4/C3H8 selectivity of 3.11, which is higher than the theoretical value of 1.65. The permeating CH4 and C3H8 flux at 373 K and a pressure of 1 x 105 Pa was 0.31 and 0.11 mol s-1 m-2 respectively proving that zeolite has molecular sieving mechanism for separation of methane and propane. The silica membrane exhibited higher effectiveness for the separation of CO2 than the other membranes. For methane dry reforming using a supported rhodium membrane, an increase of the reaction temperature from 973 K to 1173 K showed an increase in conversion rate of CO2 and CH4 from less than 20% to over 90% while increasing the gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) did not have a noticeable effect. The study revealed the high potential of the zeolite and rhodium membrane for gas separation and dry reforming reactions concept in creating value-added carbon-based products from CO2 and CH4.
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Campbell, Brittany Doreen. "Carbon budgets and greenhouse gas emissions associated with two long-term tillage and crop rotation sites in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354559256.
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Didjurgyte, Rasa. "Waste Management Options and Their Potential to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Case Study of Lithuania and Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-208580.
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This Master thesis connects two interrelated environmental issues – climate change and waste management. Both have been under discussion for few decades and are currently two of the top priorities on EU’s environmental agenda. The goal of this thesis is to find out in what ways waste management in Lithuania and Sweden can contribute towards reducing global warming and how the release of greenhouse gases could be reduced. Four different material flows – food, metal, plastic, and paper and cardboard – are examined and greenhouse gas reduction potentials are calculated, using data found in various reports. The case studies of Lithuania and Sweden help to find out the strong and the weak points of waste management systems in the two countries by comparing their differences. The results show that in Lithuania significant greenhouse gas reductions can be achieved by improving waste sorting and decreasing disposal rates, whereas in Sweden waste management is well-developed, but still could be upgraded by switching to more efficient waste treatment practices. The thesis is concluded by indicating the pros and cons of waste management in Lithuania and Sweden.
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Guo, Yi 1977. "Quebec hog producers' willingness to accept carbon credit revenue for adopting management practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112628.
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Canada's commitment to the Kyoto Protocol provides agricultural producers with an opportunity to supply carbon offset credits to a domestic carbon market and receive revenue from the sale of these credits. This study employed the multiple bounded discrete choice method to estimate Quebec hog producers' willingness to accept compensation to adopt two management practices that reduce carbon emissions; i.e. reduced protein feeding and adopting a manure storage cover. The average willingness to accept compensation for reduced protein feeding was $46.71 per tonne of CO2 equivalent and for the manure storage cover was $40.40 per tonne of CO2 equivalent. In addition, hog producers were asked what cost they would be willing to bear if they received $20 per animal unit in carbon offset credit revenue. The average cost they were willing to bear was $11.88. Key factors that influenced producers' decisions were identified. Results can be used to improve the institutional rules and public policy associated with developing a domestic carbon emission trading mechanism. Starting-point and sequencing bias were tested for with the convolution approach. Starting-point bias was found in all the hypothetical situations; while sequencing bias was not found.
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Hristeva, Polina. "Ontario feedlot operators' willingness to accept carbon credit revenue for adopting management practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101851.
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The Canadian agricultural sector was recognised as a potential seller of carbon offset credits in the domestic emission trading system. A number of beneficial management practices may reduce GHG emissions while increasing production efficiency and profitability of agricultural activities. A contingent valuation survey was used to estimate the carbon offset price at which feedlot operators in Ontario would adopt two management practices that reduce GHG emissions: adding roasted soybean seeds to a cattle diet and increasing the intensity of feedlot operations. The value elicitation questions to estimate the mean WTA compensation were designed using a multiple bounded discrete choice format developed by Welsh and Poe (1998).It was estimated that at a carbon offset price of $ 25.14/t CO2 e provided enough incentive for feedlot operators to intensify their operations and a price of $ 109.51/t CO2e to change their feeding strategies. The mean willingness to accept a cost to change a conventional practice to a greenhouse gas emissions reducing practice was estimated to be 62% of the carbon revenue. The regression analysis demonstrated that producers' willingness to accept compensation was influenced by the individual's characteristics, farm structure variables, and practice attributes. Policy makers may use these results in the design of greenhouse gas reduction strategies for the beef sector.
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Gacengo, Catherine N. Wood C. W. Shaw Joey N. "Agroecosystem management effects on carbon and nitrogen cycling across a coastal plain catena." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Agronomy_and_Soils/Dissertation/Gacengo_Catherine_2.pdf.
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Walia, Maninder Kaur. "GYPSUM AND CARBON AMENDMENT’S INFLUENCE ON SOIL PROPERTIES, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF RYEGRASS (Lolium perenne)." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437140322.
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