Relevant bibliographies by topics / Transport Resource Allocation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Transport Resource Allocation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023
Last updated: 7 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Transport Resource Allocation"

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Jones, Benjamin T., Andrew Solow, and Rubao Ji. "Resource Allocation for Lagrangian Tracking." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 6 (June 2016): 1225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0115.1.

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AbstractAccurate estimation of the transport probabilities among regions in the ocean provides valuable information for understanding plankton transport, the spread of pollutants, and the movement of water masses. Individual-based particle-tracking models simulate a large ensemble of Lagrangian particles and are a common method to estimate these transport probabilities. Simulating a large ensemble of Lagrangian particles is computationally expensive, and appropriately allocating resources can reduce the cost of this method. Two universal questions in the design of studies that use Lagrangian particle tracking are how many particles to release and how to distribute particle releases. A method is presented for tailoring the number and the release location of particles to most effectively achieve the objectives of a study. The method detailed here is a sequential analysis procedure that seeks to minimize the number of particles that are required to satisfy a predefined metric of result quality. The study assesses the result quality as the precision of the estimates for the elements of a transport matrix and also describes how the method may be extended for use with other metrics. Applying this methodology to both a theoretical system and a particle transport model of the Gulf of Maine results in more precise estimates of the transport probabilities with fewer particles than from uniformly or randomly distributing particle releases. The application of this method can help reduce the cost of and increase the robustness of results from studies that use Lagrangian particles.
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Kong, Yan, and Shuzhen Pan. "Intelligent Prediction Method for Transport Resource Allocation." Sensors and Materials 31, no. 6 (June 7, 2019): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.18494/sam.2019.2339.

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Shariat-Mohaymany, Afshin, and Mohsen Babaei. "AN APPROXIMATE RELIABILITY EVALUATION METHOD FOR IMPROVING TRANSPORTATION NETWORK PERFORMANCE." TRANSPORT 25, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2010.24.

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Considering the importance of maintaining network performance at desired levels under uncertainty, network reliability, as a new approach to assessing the performance of degradable urban transportation networks, has become increasingly developed in two recent decades. In this paper, a method for optimizing resource allocation to meet the required levels of transportation network reliability is proposed. The worked out method consists of two stages: at stage one, a method for computing the reliability of network connectivity based on the reliability of computing arc performance with an assumption that capacities are random variables for each arc is presented. These random variables are assumed to be conformed to especial probability density functions which can be modified through investing to improve the performance reliability of the arcs. At stage two, a mixed integer nonlinear programming model is developed to optimize resource allocation in the network. Numerical results are also provided in a simple network to demonstrate the capability of the employed method.
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Feng, Cheng-Min, and Cheng-Hsien Hsieh. "Effect of Resource Allocation Policies on Urban Transport Diversity." Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 24, no. 7 (October 2009): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2009.00608.x.

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Gong, Xiaofeng, Li Kun, and C. H. Lai. "Optimal resource allocation for efficient transport on complex networks." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 83, no. 2 (June 20, 2008): 28001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/83/28001.

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Späth, Jan. "Dynamic routing and resource allocation in WDM transport networks." Computer Networks 32, no. 5 (May 2000): 519–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1286(00)00014-1.

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Su, Yang, Zhan-qi Xu, and Zeng-ji Liu. "Joint routing and resource allocation in optical transport networks." Optoelectronics Letters 2, no. 6 (November 2006): 449–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03033639.

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Pereira, Rickson, Azzedine Boukerche, Marco A. C. da Silva, Luis H. V. Nakamura, Heitor Freitas, Geraldo P. Rocha Filho, and Rodolfo I. Meneguette. "FORESAM—FOG Paradigm-Based Resource Allocation Mechanism for Vehicular Clouds." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 24, 2021): 5028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155028.

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The Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) has the objective quality of transportation improvement through transportation system monitoring and management and makes the trip more comfortable and safer for drivers and passengers. The mobile clouds can assist the ITS in handling the resource management problem. However, resource allocation management in an ITS is challenging due to vehicular network characteristics, such as high mobility and dynamic topology. With that in mind, we propose the FORESAM, a mechanism for resources management and allocation based on a set of FOGs which control vehicular cloud resources in the urban environment. The mechanism is based on a more accurate mathematical model (Multiple Attribute Decision), which aims to assist the allocation decision of resources set that meets the period requested service. The simulation results have shown that the proposed solution allows a higher number of services, reducing the number of locks of services with its accuracy. Furthermore, its resource allocation is more balanced the provided a smaller amount of discarded services.
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Wilczarska, Joanna, Szymon Wedda, and Julyi Boiko. "Efficiency of resource allocation to tasks in a transport company." MATEC Web of Conferences 375 (2023): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337502007.

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The modern market makes the competition between economic entities very high. There are a lot of companies with a similar profile and size. Therefore, it is necessary to compete on many levels. Efficiency, both in terms of the use of material resources and human resources, becomes a key aspect. In the case of the use of material resources, the subject is very widely discussed and crucial for most enterprises. Companies try to keep vehicles in use for as long as possible.
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Sanyal, Soumendra Nath, Izabela Nielsen, and Subrata Saha. "Multi-Objective Human Resource Allocation Approach for Sustainable Traffic Management." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 4, 2020): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072470.

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Efficient human resource deployment is one of the key aspects of road traffic management for maintaining the lifelines of any metropolitan city. The problem becomes relevant when collaboration between human resources with different skills in day-to-day operations is necessary to maintain public and commercial transport, manage various social events and emergency situations, and hence reduce congestion, injuries, emissions, etc. This study proposes a two-phase fuzzy multi-objective binary programming model for optimal allocation of five different categories of human resources to minimize the overall operational cost, maximize the allocation to accident-prone road segments, minimize the number of volunteer personnel and maximize the direct contact to reduce emissions and road traffic violations, simultaneously. A binary programming model is formulated to provide an efficient individual manpower allocation schedule for multiple road segments at different shifts. A case study is proposed for model evaluation and to derive managerial implications. The proposed model can be used to draw insights into human resource allocation planning in traffic management to reduce road traffic congestion, injuries and vehicular emissions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transport Resource Allocation"

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Kontothanasis, Epameinondas. "Dynamic Optical Resource Allocation in Transport Networks Based on Mobile Traffic Patterns." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-207139.

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Mobile traffic increases rapidly. Based on Ericsson’s forecast [1], mobile traffic is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate on percentage of 45% as the number of smartphone subscriptions and the consumption per subscriber increase. The monthly data traffic volume is expected to grow 6 times between 2015 and 2021. As demand increases, new technologies are investigated and deployed to cover the user requirements. Intense effort is given by researchers for the arrival of fifth generation (5G) network. High performance and increased capacity requirements drive research to heterogeneous networks. With the term “heterogeneous network”, a network that consists of different technologies and architectures is described. A heterogeneous wireless network involves the combination of macro and micro cells to improve coverage and capacity. All the traffic generated from the mobile network should be transferred from the antenna, through an access network, to the main office and from there to the backbone network. Optical networks are considered as the ideal solution for this purpose and research drives technology towards the usage of optical networks in the Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC) architectures. The FMC architectures are proposed architectures [2] that focus to converge the fixed, mobile access and aggregation networks into a single transport network. In this study, we analyze the FMC architecture. We particularly analyze the Fronthaul architecture in combination with transport technologies such as Next Generation – Passive Optical Network 2 (NG-PON2) and Wavelength Routed Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON (WR-WDM-PON). We also take under consideration traffic patterns of mobile networks generated in various urban areas in the city of Stockholm, based in different use of land. Based on the traffic pattern, the number of small cells needed per area is calculated. In this thesis project, the traffic patterns from the mobile network and the transport network architectures are studied. The purpose of this thesis is to create an algorithm and study different sharing scenarios of the underlying transport infrastructure. The results of this algorithm will reveal if sharing and reusing resources in the transport infrastructure is beneficial in terms of saving resources.
Mobiltrafik ökar snabbt. Baserat på Ericssons prognos [1], väntas mobiltrafiken få en årlig tillväxttakt på 45% i samband med att antalet smartphone-abonnemang och förbrukning per abonnent ökar. Den månatliga volymen av datatrafik väntas att öka sexfaldigt mellan 2015 och 2021. Allteftersom efterfrågan ökar, undersöks och distribueras ny teknik för att möta användarnas krav. Intensivt forskningsarbetearbete bedrivs inför av femte generationens (5G) nätverk. Högt ställda krav på prestanda och kapacitet är de drivande faktorerna i forskningen av heterogena nätverk. Med heterogena nätverk menas nätverk som består av olika teknologier och arkitekturer. Ett heterogent trådlöst nätverk involverar kombinationen av makrooch mimkroceller för att förbättra täckning och kapacitet. All trafik som genereras i mobila nätverk ska överföras från antennen, genom ett accessnät, till huvudkontoret, och därifrån till backbone-nätverket. Optiska nätverk betraktas som den idealiska lösningen för detta ändamål, och forskare driver teknologin mot användning av optiska nätverk i Fixed Mobile Convergence(FMC) arkitekturer. FMC arktekturer är föreslagna arkitekturerna som fokuserar på att konvergera fasta, mobila och aggregerings-nätverk till ett enda transportnät. I denna studie, analyserar vi FMC-arkitekturen. Vi analyserar särskilt Fronthaul-arkitekturen i kombination med transportteknologier, så som Next Generation Passive Optical Network 2 (NG-PON2) och Wavelength Routed Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON (WR-WDM-PON). Vi tar också hänsyn till trafikmönster i mobila nätverk i olika sorters urbana områden i Stockholm. Baserat på trafikmönstret räknas antalet små celler som behövs per område ut. I detta examensarbete är det trafikmönster från mobila nätverk och transportnätverksarkitekturer som studeras. Syftet med denna avhandling är att skapa en algoritm, och studera olika olika scenarion där den underliggande transportinfrastrukturens resurser delas. Resultatet av denna algoritm avslöjar om delning och återanvändning av resurser i transportnätverket är fördelaktigt när det gäller att spara resurser.
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Pederzolli, Federico. "Resource allocation and modeling in spectrally and spatially flexible optical transport networks." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/367953.

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The world's hunger for connectivity appears to be endlessly growing, yet the capacity of the networks that underpin that connectivity is anything but endless. This thesis explores both short and long term solutions for increasing the capacity of the largest and most capacious of these networks, the backbones upon which the Internet is built: optical transport networks. In the short term, Flexi-grid technology has emerged as the evolution of fixed-grid WDM optical networks, providing higher potential throughput but suffering from an aggravated form of the spectrum ragmentation problem that affects fixed-grid networks. A novel path-based metric to better evaluate the fragmentation of spectral resources in flexi-grid networks is presented, which considers both the fact that free spectrum slices may not be available on all the links of a path, and the likelihood that an end-to-end spectral void is usable to route incoming connections, and tested by means of simulations, finding that it outperforms existing ones from literature. For the longer term, Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) is a promising solution to overcome the looming fiber capacity crunch, and, perhaps more importantly, can offer a beneficial ratio between the expected capacity gains and the resulting increase in the cost of the network thanks to Joint and Fractional Joint Switching architectures and integrated transceivers and amplifiers. A model for such network is presented, and multiple heuristics for solving the Routing, Space and Spectrum Allocation problem are described, studied via simulations and iteratively improved, with the objective of quantifying the likely performance of several SDM architectures under multiple traffic scenarios. In addition, possible improvements to joint switching architectures, and an experimental SDN control plane for SDM networks, are presented and characterized, again by means of simulations. SDM is shown to be an attractive technology for increasing future transport networks capacity, at a reasonable cost.
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Pederzolli, Federico. "Resource allocation and modeling in spectrally and spatially flexible optical transport networks." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2018. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/3000/1/main.pdf.

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The world's hunger for connectivity appears to be endlessly growing, yet the capacity of the networks that underpin that connectivity is anything but endless. This thesis explores both short and long term solutions for increasing the capacity of the largest and most capacious of these networks, the backbones upon which the Internet is built: optical transport networks. In the short term, Flexi-grid technology has emerged as the evolution of fixed-grid WDM optical networks, providing higher potential throughput but suffering from an aggravated form of the spectrum ragmentation problem that affects fixed-grid networks. A novel path-based metric to better evaluate the fragmentation of spectral resources in flexi-grid networks is presented, which considers both the fact that free spectrum slices may not be available on all the links of a path, and the likelihood that an end-to-end spectral void is usable to route incoming connections, and tested by means of simulations, finding that it outperforms existing ones from literature. For the longer term, Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) is a promising solution to overcome the looming fiber capacity crunch, and, perhaps more importantly, can offer a beneficial ratio between the expected capacity gains and the resulting increase in the cost of the network thanks to Joint and Fractional Joint Switching architectures and integrated transceivers and amplifiers. A model for such network is presented, and multiple heuristics for solving the Routing, Space and Spectrum Allocation problem are described, studied via simulations and iteratively improved, with the objective of quantifying the likely performance of several SDM architectures under multiple traffic scenarios. In addition, possible improvements to joint switching architectures, and an experimental SDN control plane for SDM networks, are presented and characterized, again by means of simulations. SDM is shown to be an attractive technology for increasing future transport networks capacity, at a reasonable cost.
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Khan, Mohammad Irfan. "Multi-Service Resource Orchestration for Vehicular Safety Communications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS639.

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Le contrôle de congestion des canaux sans fil pour la communication véhiculaires (V2X) basée sur IEEE 802.11p ont été conçus pour un seul service de sécurité routière notamment ‘Cooperative Awareness’. Les futurs véhicules connectés seront basés sur plusieurs services V2X, avec un besoin de communication hétérogène, auxquels les mécanismes existants ne répondent pas. Dans cette thèse, on analyse plusieurs protocoles de contrôle de congestion et d’allocation de ressources de canaux, normalisés en Europe pour le déploiement V2X initial. Nous présentons des problèmes liés à l’approche existante, notamment l’utilisation inefficace de la capacité des canaux, la coordination dans la pile protocolaire, la gestion des ressources parmi plusieurs services et l’allocation des ressources pour un besoin asymétrique par les véhicules. On propose des améliorations en tenant compte des exigences des futurs scénarios V2X. Nous montrons les limites de la classification statique des services V2X pour la qualité de service et proposons une classification dynamique. Nous concevons un orchestrateur de ressources afin d'améliorer la coordination dans la pile protocolaire et de répartir dynamiquement la ressource de canal parmi plusieurs services d'un véhicule. En outre, on présente un mécanisme permettant d'orchestrer de manière décentralisée les ressources de canal parmi une distribution mixte de véhicules ayant des exigences d'utilisation de canal diverse, dans un canal de communication congestionné. Les résultats analytiques et résultats par simulations montrent la validité de notre approche qui améliore la performance des applications V2X, par rapport aux protocoles standardisés existants
Wireless channel congestion control and decentralized resource allocation for 802.11p based V2X communication have been widely investigated for a single Cooperative Awareness service, considering mostly homogenous communication requirement per vehicle. Future connected vehicles will be based on multiple V2X services, with heterogenous number of services and communication needs, which existing resource allocation mechanisms does not address. In this thesis, we analyze several decentralized congestion control and channel resource allocation protocols standardized in Europe for initial V2X deployment. We present issues with the existing approach, in particular the inefficient channel capacity utilization, problematic cross layer coordination, inability to balance resources among multiple V2X safety services and distributed resource allocation for asymmetric number of services per vehicle. We propose improvements to the shortcomings, considering the requirements of future V2X scenarios. We demonstrate the limitations of classifying V2X services using static priority for Quality of Service and propose dynamic prioritization. We design a resource orchestrator at the Service Layer to improve cross layer coordination and dynamically distribute the limited channel resource among multiple services of a vehicle. Furthermore, we present a mechanism to decentrally orchestrate channel resource among a mixed distribution of vehicles with diverse channel usage requirements under channel congestion. Analytical and simulation-based results show the validity of our proposed approach, and the V2X application performance improvement it renders, compared to existing standardized protocols
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Hatzenbühler, Jonas. "Transition Towards Fixed-Line Autonomous Bus Transportation Systems." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272008.

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In the last years the steady development of autonomous driving technology has enabled the deployment of more mature autonomous vehicles. These vehicles have been applied in several pilot projects worldwide, most commonly in the form of small buses. At the same time, the amount of people traveling in especially urban areas is continuously growing, resulting in more trips in the transportation system. An efficient transportation system is therefore required to serve the growing passenger demand. Autonomous buses (AB) are assumed to have lower operational costs and with that public transport (PT) systems can potentially be designed more efficiently to facilitate the increased demand better. In this study, an AB specific simulation-based optimization framework is proposed which allows analyzing the impacts AB have on line-based PT systems. The thesis focuses on the transition from existing PT systems towards line-based PT systems operated partially or exclusively by AB. Existing work on PT service design is extended so that realistic AB systems can be investigated. This is achieved by (i) using AB specific operator cost formulations, (ii) integrating infrastructure costs required for AB operations, (iii) utilizing a dynamic, stochastic and schedule-based passenger assignment model for the simulation of PT networks and by (iv) formulating a multi-objective optimization problem allowing to investigate the stakeholder-specific impacts of AB. In Paper I the effects of AB, concerning service frequency and vehicle capacity, on fixed-line PT networks are investigated. Among other metrics, the changes are evaluated based on differences in level of service and passenger flow. Additionally, the sequential introduction of AB in existing PT systems is studied. The framework addresses a case study in Kista, Sweden. The study confirmed the initial hypothesis that the deployment of AB leads to an increase in service frequency and a marginal reduction in vehicle capacity. Furthermore, it could be seen that the deployment of AB increases the passenger load on AB lines and that passengers can shift from other PT modes towards the AB services. Paper II incorporates a multi-objective heuristic optimization algorithm in the simulation framework. The study investigates changes in transport network design based on the deployment of AB. The differences in user-focused and operator-focused network design are analyzed and the impact of AB on these is quantified. This study is applied to a case study in Barkarby, Sweden where a full-sized, line-based PT network is designed to exclusively operate AB. Among other findings, we show that the autonomous technology reduces the number of served bus stops and reduces the total PT network size. Additionally, average passenger waiting time can be reduced when deploying AB on user-focused PT networks, which in turn leads to a further reduction of user cost.
De senaste årens framsteg inom autonom körteknik har lett till mer mogna autonoma fordon. Dessa fordon har setts tillämpas i flera pilotprojekt över hela världen, oftast i form av små bussar. Samtidigt växer mängden människor som reser, särskilt i stadsområden, kontinuerligt vilket resulterar i fler resor i transportsystemet. Därför krävs ett effektivt transportsystem för att tillgodose det växande antalet passagerare. Autonoma bussar (AB) antas ha lägre driftskostnader och därmed kan system för kollektivtrafik (public transport, PT) potentiellt utformas mer effektivt för att underlätta den ökade efterfrågan bättre. I denna studie föreslås ett AB-specifikt simuleringsbaserat optimeringsramverk som gör det möjligt att analysera effekterna AB har på linjebaserade PT-system. Avhandlingen fokuserar på övergången från befintliga PT-system till linjebaserade PT-system som delvis eller uteslutande drivs av AB. Befintligt arbete med PT-tjänstdesign utvidgas så att realistiska AB-system kan undersökas. Detta uppnås genom att (i) använda AB-specifika operatörskostnadsformuleringar, (ii) integrera infrastrukturkostnader som krävs för AB-verksamhet, (iii) använda en dynamisk, stokastisk och schemabaserad modell för att tilldela passagerare vid simulering av PT-nät samt genom att (iv) formulera ett multifunktionellt optimeringsproblem som gör det möjligt att undersöka AB: s intressespecifika effekter. I artikel I undersöks effekterna av AB, med avseende på servicefrekvens och fordonskapacitet, på fasta linjer i PT-nät. Förändringar utvärderas bland annat utifrån skillnader i servicenivå och passagerarflöde. Dessutom studeras den sekventiella introduktionen av AB i befintliga PT-system. Det föreslagna ramverket tillämpas på en fallstudie i Kista, Sverige. Studien bekräftade den initiala hypotesen att utplaceringen av AB leder till en ökning av servicefrekvensen och en marginell minskning av fordonens kapacitet. Vidare kunde man se att utplaceringen av AB ökar passagerarbelastningen på AB-linjer och att passagerare kan skifta från andra PT-former mot AB-tjänsterna. Artikel II integrerar en multifunktionell heuristisk optimeringsalgoritm i ramverket för simuleringen. Studien undersöker förändringar i transportnätverkets design baserat på implementeringen av AB. Skillnaderna i användarfokuserad och operatörsfokuserad nätverksdesign analyseras och AB: s inverkan på dessa kvantifieras. Denna studie tillämpas på en fallstudie i Barkarby, Sverige, där ett fullstort linjebaserat PT-nät är utformat för att exklusivt driva AB. Vi visar bland annat att den autonoma tekniken reducerar antalet använda busshållplatser och reducerar den totala PT-nätstorleken. Dessutom kan implementeringen av AB på användarfokuserade PT-nät ytterligare förbättra servicenivån främst genom att minska den genomsnittliga väntetiden per passagerare.
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Brulard, Nicolas. "Outils d'aide à la conception de systèmes de production maraîchers urbains optimisés pour la vente en circuits courts et de proximité." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI002.

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Pour accompagner le développement des fermes urbaines professionnelles et des circuits courts et de proximité dans les grandes métropoles, nous proposons des outils à base de programmes mathématiques d'aide à la conception de fermes maraîchères diversifiées ciblant les demandes de différents types de clients en fruits et légumes frais locaux. Les solutions techniques de culture en ville se développent rapidement, mais compte-tenu des contraintes fortes de la production agricole urbaine (foncier limité, coûts opérationnels élevés), la définition de modèles économiques viables pour des fermes pérennes est un vrai défi pour les maraîchers urbains. Trois modèles en programmation linéaire mixte sont présentés et confrontés aux résultats du terrain : un modèle de dimensionnement stratégique annuel, un modèle de sélection de la meilleure combinaison de clients et un modèle de dimensionnement stratégique pluri-annuel des fermes maraîchères. Des résultats numériques et les performances des modèles sont présentés à partir de cas concrets multi-produits, multi-techniques et multi-périodes. Nos contributions résident dans la prise en compte de la périssabilité des produits frais dans le dimensionnement stratégique des systèmes de production, incluant le dimensionnement de la main d’œuvre agricole
To support the urban farm emergence trend in large metropolises, we propose decision support tools based on mathematical programs to design market gardening farms targetting the demands of different categories of clients in local fresh fruits and vegetables. Technical solutions develop rapdily, but the strong constraints linked to urban farming, such as limited surface and high operating costs, make difficult to define viable and sustainable business models for urban market gardeners. Three mixed integer linear programming models are presented: An annual strategic sizing model, a client combination selection model and a plurennial strategic sizing model for diversified fruit and vegetable farms. Numerical results and model performances are presented, based on multi-products, multi-techniques and multi-periods real cases. Our main contributions are the consideration of the perishable nature of fruits and vegetables in strategic production systems sizing models, including notably the investments and workforce sizing
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Jackson, Joshua J. "OPTIMAL USES OF BIOMASS RESOURCES IN DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/34.

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Biomass production is spatially distributed resulting in high transportation costs when moving dedicated biomass crops and crop residues. A multifaceted approach was taken to address this issue as the low bulk and energy density of biomass limits transportation efficiency. Two systems were analyzed for the conversion of biomass into a denser feedstock applicable to on-farm use. Pelletization was able to densify the material into a solid fuel. Using a pilot scale flat ring pellet mill, the density of the material was able to be increased to at least 4.4 times that of uncompressed material. Pellet durability was found to be strongly related to the moisture content of the material entering the mill. Unlike with ring roller pellet mills, a higher durability was typically seen forbiomass materials with a preconditioned moisture content of 20% (w.b.). From a liquid fuel standpoint, the conversion of lignocellulosic material into biobutanol on-farm was the second method investigated. For the pretreatment of biomass, alkaline hydrogen peroxide spray was demonstrated to be an effective enhancer of saccharification. The viability of on-farm biobutanol preprocessing bunker facilities within Kentucky was analyzed using Geographic Information systems (GIS) to specifically address transportation related factors. The spatial variability of corn field production, size, and location were resolved by utilizing ModelBuilder to combine the various forms of data and their attributes. Centralized and Distributed preprocessing with Centralized refining (DC) transportation systems were compared. Centralized was defined as transport of corn stover directly from the field to a refinery. Distributed-Centralized was specified as going from the field to the biobutanol bunker with corn stover and from the bunker to the refinery with a dewatered crude biobutanol solution. For the DC design, the location of the field and refinery were fixed with the biobutanol bunker location being variable and dependent upon differing maximum transportation (8-80 km) cutoffs for biomass transport from the field to biobutanol bunkers. The DC designs demonstrated a lower (38 - 59%) total transportation cost with a reduced fuel use and CO2 emissions compared to the centralized system.
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Leckström, Kristin. "Maximising defence capacities by allocating societal resources : Balancing the objectives in planning for a total defence structure." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9433.

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This thesis aims to investigate how the objectives of neoliberal economic thought and total defence structure are relatable in defence planning. With a theoretical base in research on outsourcing of military logistics, the thesis sets out to contribute to the field of research by conceptualising the objectives of a total defence structure as a way of understanding the defence posture in Sweden since 2015. This is analysed through an in-depth study of Swedish defence planning reports and interviews with relevant actors using a thematic approach of data analysis.  The research identifies that the objectives of neoliberal economic thought and total defence structure correlate to a certain extent but there are also some discrepancies that affect the defence planning and ability. The result indicates that there is a potential to combine the objectives more efficiently if the conceptualisations were developed to fit the current societal structure where outsourcing is a common practice.
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Cazenave, Paul. "Synthèse de contrôleurs pour des classes de réseau de Petri à contrôlabilité et observabilité partielles : application au contrôle automatisé des trains." Thesis, Centrale Lille Institut, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLIL0012.

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Les collisions et les blocages sont des situations que l'on souhaite éviter dans beaucoup d'application de transport. Les méthodes de synthèse de contrôleurs peuvent garantir qu'un système en boucle fermé ne puisse pas atteindre de telles situations. Les méthodes issues de l'approche historique de Ramadge et Wonham permettent de traiter cette problématique mais font face à l'explosion combinatoire, qui empêche leurs applications sur les systèmes de grandes tailles. Dans le cadre de l'évitement des blocages, la grande majorité des approches font l'hypothèse que le système est sous contrôlabilité et observabilité totales. Cependant, cette hypothèse n'est pas vérifiée pour tous les systèmes. Cette thèse propose des méthodes de synthèses de contrôleurs applicables sur des systèmes sous observabilité et contrôlabilité partielles sans souffrir de l'explosion combinatoire. Ces méthodes se basent sur le formalisme des Réseaux de Petri, et concernent uniquement des classes pour la modélisation de systèmes d'allocation de ressources. Pour ne pas avoir recours à l'exploration des états, ces méthodes identifient les situations de blocages grâce à la résolution d'un problème d'optimisation mixte en nombres entiers. Ces méthodes sont par la suite utilisées pour le routage des trains dans un nœud ferroviaire. Une méthode systématique de modélisation de la circulation des trains dans un nœud ferroviaire est proposée. Le modèle ainsi obtenu est un Réseau de Petri pour la modélisation des systèmes d'allocation de ressources. Pour éviter les collisions et les blocages au seins de ce modèle, une méthode de synthèse reposant sur les apports théoriques de cette thèse est appliquée
Collisions and deadlocks are unwanted situations in many transport applications such as railway systems. Control synthesis methods can assure that a closed-loop system cannot lead to deadlock situations. Methods issued from the historical approach of Ramadge and Wonham allow dealing with this issue but encounter the problem of combinatorial explosion, that prevents its use on large systems. In the case of deadlock avoidance, the majority of approaches are based on the assumption of total controllability and observability. However, this assumption is not verified in all kinds of systems. This thesis proposes control synthesis methods that do not suffer from the combinatorial explosion. These methods are based on the formalism of Petri nets and uniquely concern classes of resource allocation systems. In a way to not resort to state exploration, these methods identify deadlock situations by resolving a mixed integer programming problem. These methods are then used for routing trains in a railway node. A systematic modeling approach of the trains' circulations in a railway node is developed. The model obtained is a Petri net for resources allocation system. To avoid collisions and deadlocks in the model, a control synthesis method, based on the theoretical background developed, is proposed
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Cazenave, Paul. "Synthèse de contrôleurs pour des classes de réseau de Petri à contrôlabilité et observabilité partielles : application au contrôle automatisé des trains." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECLI0012.

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Les collisions et les blocages sont des situations que l'on souhaite éviter dans beaucoup d'application de transport. Les méthodes de synthèse de contrôleurs peuvent garantir qu'un système en boucle fermé ne puisse pas atteindre de telles situations. Les méthodes issues de l'approche historique de Ramadge et Wonham permettent de traiter cette problématique mais font face à l'explosion combinatoire, qui empêche leurs applications sur les systèmes de grandes tailles. Dans le cadre de l'évitement des blocages, la grande majorité des approches font l'hypothèse que le système est sous contrôlabilité et observabilité totales. Cependant, cette hypothèse n'est pas vérifiée pour tous les systèmes. Cette thèse propose des méthodes de synthèses de contrôleurs applicables sur des systèmes sous observabilité et contrôlabilité partielles sans souffrir de l'explosion combinatoire. Ces méthodes se basent sur le formalisme des Réseaux de Petri, et concernent uniquement des classes pour la modélisation de systèmes d'allocation de ressources. Pour ne pas avoir recours à l'exploration des états, ces méthodes identifient les situations de blocages grâce à la résolution d'un problème d'optimisation mixte en nombres entiers. Ces méthodes sont par la suite utilisées pour le routage des trains dans un nœud ferroviaire. Une méthode systématique de modélisation de la circulation des trains dans un nœud ferroviaire est proposée. Le modèle ainsi obtenu est un Réseau de Petri pour la modélisation des systèmes d'allocation de ressources. Pour éviter les collisions et les blocages au seins de ce modèle, une méthode de synthèse reposant sur les apports théoriques de cette thèse est appliquée
Collisions and deadlocks are unwanted situations in many transport applications such as railway systems. Control synthesis methods can assure that a closed-loop system cannot lead to deadlock situations. Methods issued from the historical approach of Ramadge and Wonham allow dealing with this issue but encounter the problem of combinatorial explosion, that prevents its use on large systems. In the case of deadlock avoidance, the majority of approaches are based on the assumption of total controllability and observability. However, this assumption is not verified in all kinds of systems. This thesis proposes control synthesis methods that do not suffer from the combinatorial explosion. These methods are based on the formalism of Petri nets and uniquely concern classes of resource allocation systems. In a way to not resort to state exploration, these methods identify deadlock situations by resolving a mixed integer programming problem. These methods are then used for routing trains in a railway node. A systematic modeling approach of the trains' circulations in a railway node is developed. The model obtained is a Petri net for resources allocation system. To avoid collisions and deadlocks in the model, a control synthesis method, based on the theoretical background developed, is proposed
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Book chapters on the topic "Transport Resource Allocation"

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Ignatov, Aleksei. "On the Resource Allocation Problem to Increase Reliability of Transport Systems." In Mathematical Optimization Theory and Operations Research, 169–80. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35305-5_11.

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Pasha, Junayed, Maxim A. Dulebenets, Prashant Singh, Ren Moses, John Sobanjo, and Eren E. Ozguven. "Safety and Delays at Level Crossings in the United States: Addressing the Need for Multi-Objective Resource Allocation." In Sustainable Rail Transport 4, 65–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82095-4_4.

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Daoud, Alaa, Hiba Alqasir, Yazan Mualla, Amro Najjar, Gauthier Picard, and Flavien Balbo. "Towards Explainable Recommendations of Resource Allocation Mechanisms in On-Demand Transport Fleets." In Explainable and Transparent AI and Multi-Agent Systems, 97–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82017-6_7.

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Dou, Zhiyi, Waishan Qiu, Wenjing Li, and Dan Luo. "Evaluation Process of Urban Spatial Quality and Utility Trade-Off for Post-COVID Working Preferences." In Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication, 223–32. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8637-6_19.

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AbstractThe formation of cities, and the relocation of workers to densely populated areas reflect a spatial equilibrium, in which the higher real consumption levels of urban areas are offset by lower non-monetary amenities [1]. However, as the society progress toward a post-COVID stage, the prevailing decentralized delivery systems and location-based services, the growing trend of working from home, with citizens’ shifting preference of de-appreciating densities and gathering, have not only changed the possible spatial distribution of opportunities, resources, consumption and amenities, but also transformed people’s preference regarding desirable urban spatial qualities, value of amenities, and working opportunities [2, 3].This research presents a systematic method to evaluate the perceived trade-off between urban spatial qualities and urban utilities such as amenities, transportation, and monetary opportunities by urban residence in the post-COVID society. The outcome of the research will become a valid tool to drive and evaluate urban design strategies based on the potential self-organization of work-life patterns and social profiles in the designated neighbourhood.To evaluate the subjective perception of the urban residence, the study started with a comparative survey by asking residence to compare two randomly selected urban contexts in a data base of 398 contexts sampled across Hong Kong and state their living preference under the presumption of following scenarios: 1. working from home; 2. working in city centre offices. Core information influencing the spatial equilibrium are provided in the comparable urban context such as street views, housing price, housing space, travel time to city centre, adjacency to public transport and amenities, etc. Each context is given a preference score calculated with Microsoft TrueSkill Bayesian ranking algorithm [4] based on the comparison survey of two scenarios.The 398 contexts are further analysed via GIS and image processing, to be deconstructed into numerical values describing main features for each of the context that influence urban design strategies such as composition of spatial features, amenity allocation, adjacency to city centre and public transportations. Machine learning models are trained with the numerical values of urban features as input and two preference scores for the two working scenarios as the output. The correlation heat maps are used to identify main urban features and its p-value that influence residence’s preference under two working scenarios in post–COVID era. The same model could also be applied to inform the direction of urban design strategies to construct a sustainable community for each type of working population and validate the design strategies via predicting its competitiveness in attracting residence and developing target industries.
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Abramov, A. V., Y. M. Goldovsky, B. V. Zhelenkov, I. E. Safonova, and N. A. Tsyganova. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPEN INTEGRAL DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT FOR PROVIDING TRANSPORTATION ACCORDING TO THE VOLUME ASSESSMENT OF APPLICATIONS USERS AND TECHNICAL MEANS." In Intellectual Transport Systems, 18–24. Russian University of Transport, Moscow, Russian Federation, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/9785002182794-2023-18-24.

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The open integral digital environment for providing transportation is considered. The parameters influencing the distribution of resources of the integrated digital environment are analyzed. The dependences of the distribution of resources of the environment platform for a set of user requests are presented. The problem of resource allocation is formulated. It is shown that the solution of the problem is reduced to the classical transport problem. The main stages of the operation of the algorithm are proposed, which makes it possible to draw up the necessary plan for solving a given set of problems.
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"Optimal allocation of response resources model verification on the example of oil spill on the Pomeranian Bay." In Towards Green Marine Technology and Transport, 299–304. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18855-40.

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Bhavsar, Sejal Atit, and Kirit J. Modi. "Design and Development of Framework for Platform Level Issues in Fog Computing." In Research Anthology on Architectures, Frameworks, and Integration Strategies for Distributed and Cloud Computing, 429–51. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5339-8.ch019.

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Fog computing is a paradigm that extends cloud computing services to the edge of the network. Fog computing provides data, storage, compute and application services to end users. The distinguishing characteristics of fog computing are its proximity to the end users. The application services are hosted on network edges like on routers, switches, etc. The goal of fog computing is to improve the efficiency and reduce the amount of data that needs to be transported to cloud for analysis, processing and storage. Due to heterogeneous characteristics of fog computing, there are some issues, i.e. security, fault tolerance, resource scheduling and allocation. To better understand fault tolerance, we highlighted the basic concepts of fault tolerance by understanding different fault tolerance techniques i.e. Reactive, Proactive and the hybrid. In addition to the fault tolerance, how to balance resource utilization and security in fog computing are also discussed here. Furthermore, to overcome platform level issues of fog computing, Hybrid fault tolerance model using resource management and security is presented by us.
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Bailey, Nick, and Maria Gannon. "More similarities than differences: poverty and social exclusion in rural and urban locations." In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK: Vol 1. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447332152.003.0011.

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Urban and rural locations may have different levels of poverty or social exclusion but also different combinations of problems or forms of exclusion. Understanding these differences is important both for the allocation of resources but also for the development of appropriate policies or interventions. Overall, this chapter argues that the similarities between urban and rural areas are greater than the differences. There are substantial levels of poverty in urban and rural locations although most measures show higher levels in more urban locations. There are notable differences between measures, however, with low income measures inflating estimates of poverty in more rural locations compared with other measures, notably those based on deprivation. Contrary to expectations in much of the literature, we do not find strong differences in the forms of exclusion in different areas: some aspects are worse in urban locations (notably neighbourhood problems and subjective well-being), while others are worse in rural places (notably transport and access to services). The experience of poverty is equally shaming in urban and rural locations. The main message for policy is the need to focus on core national policies to tackle poverty and exclusion in rural and urban locations alike.
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"inputs in the same regions. Further, some of these areas, especially Shoa, form the industrial backbone of Ethiopia. This is due, of course, to Addis Ababa and its strong gravitational pull on new industries. The danger with such extreme concentrations is that they tend to soak up a wide range of scarce resources. Indeed, from a short run point of view, allocational choices could further exacerbate the position. The availability of a reliable and relatively efficient infrastructure would no doubt invite planners to place important new industrial enterprises in this heartland, just as the need to extract a high marketed proportion from incremental agricultural output would further divert scarce chemical fertilisers to the already developed and high income agricultural regions. And inexorably small-scale industries also prosper in these developed areas. Thus, of the total number 1,485 private manufacturing establishments, 1,164 are located in Addis Ababa, Shoa and Eritrea; these account for 82 per cent of the 15200 persons employed. It is also clear that some agriculturally prosperous regions score well on certain nutritional indicators, while highly industrialised ones do better than most on other indicators which are dependent on urban services. Those which are neither fare poorly. These data also point out the abysmally low general levels of these indicators across the board (see Saith [1983: Tables 2, 3]). One major source of regional disparities lies in the variations in geo-natural conditions. Areas with variable weather are not conducive to agricultural or local industrial growth. The scattered and semi-nomadic populations of Wollo, Hararghe and Sidamo are thus subjected to frequent disasters through droughts which decimate both people and livestock. It has been argued in the case of Wollo and Hararghe that the famines of 1974/5 were due to exchange entitlement failures (see Sen [1981: Chapter 7]). While the stricken population certainly lost most of its purchasing power, this should not hide the fundamentally fragmented nature of the Ethiopian regional economy. This implies a lack of market integration of an extreme kind. Very considerable grain movements would be required in normal times to compensate for the wide regional variations in the degree of self-sufficiency in foodgrains [Ghose, this volume: Table 7]. In theory, the flow of such movements would be governed by regional price variations which would invite food inflows up to a point where the disposition of supplies would equilibrate prices after adjusting for transport costs. Reality appears to follow a rather different course. Tables 1 and 2 reveal remarkably high price differentials across the board. The average quotations are taken from important markets at awraja or woreda levels in October 1981, and hence can be used as an index of market integration. Gojjam displays the lowest variability in intra-regional prices for most crops, while Tigrai, Wollo, Gamo Goffa and Bale seem highly volatile. The food deficit areas expectedly show higher prices, but the differentials are remarkably high, as a comparison of Hararghe and Tigrai with Gojjam and Gondar reveals. The variability is generally greater in the case of the four inferior crops on which the poorer population depends. Thus, teff and wheat have the lowest coefficients of variation, and sorghum the highest. Relative prices of the different crops also alter ranks frequently. Detailed data indicate a remarkably dissimilar price structure and growth rates even between contiguous, well-connected awrajas of the same province, with." In The Agrarian Question in Socialist Transitions, 159–61. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203043493-19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Transport Resource Allocation"

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Weikai Liu, Zhi-Hong Guan, and Ruiquan Liao. "Optimal resource allocation on heterogeneous complex transport networks." In 2010 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2010.5498680.

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Yevsieieva, Oksana, and Yevgen Ilyashenko. "Hierarchical approach to resource allocation in multitenant transport optical network." In 2016 13th International Conference on Modern Problems of Radio Engineering. Telecommunications and Computer Science (TCSET). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcset.2016.7452223.

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Barasz, Mihaly, Zsolt Fekete, Alpar Juttner, Marton Makai, and Jacint Szabo. "QoS Aware and Fair Resource Allocation Scheme in Transport Networks." In Proceedings of 2006 8th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icton.2006.248443.

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Li, Ming, Phuong Nga Tran, Huseyin Kerem Tutuncuoglu, and Andreas Timm-Giel. "QoE-based radio resource allocation in LTE femtocell considering transport limitations." In 2015 20th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communication (ISCC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscc.2015.7405553.

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Hughes, Jason, and Juntao Chen. "Fair and Distributed Dynamic Optimal Transport for Resource Allocation over Networks." In 2021 55th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciss50987.2021.9400236.

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Hughes, Jason, and Juntao Chen. "Differentially Private ADMM-Based Distributed Discrete Optimal Transport for Resource Allocation." In GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10001511.

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Li, Ming, Phuong Nga Tran, Huseyin Kerem Tutuncuoglu, and Andreas Timm-Giel. "Coordinated radio resource allocation in LTE femtocell cluster considering transport limitations." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing for Communications (ICC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2015.7248802.

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Wachs, Matthias, Fabian Oehlmann, and Christian Grothoff. "Automatic transport selection and resource allocation for resilient communication in decentralised networks." In 2014 IEEE Thirteenth International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/p2p.2014.6934301.

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Li, Xin, Yongli Zhao, Yajie Li, Sabidur Rahman, Feng Wang, Xinghua Li, and Jie Zhang. "Multi-Objective Routing and Resource Allocation Based on Reinforcement Learning in Optical Transport Networks." In Asia Communications and Photonics Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/acpc.2020.m4a.205.

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Tang, Ying, Xin Li, Shanguo Huang, Bingli Guo, Xiaojian Zhang, Pengfei Yu, and Peng Wu. "Optical steganography oriented routing and resource allocation approach for stealth services in optical transport networks." In 2017 Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) and Photonics Global Conference (PGC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oecc.2017.8114800.

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Reports on the topic "Transport Resource Allocation"

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Riggs, William, Vipul Vyas, and Menka Sethi. Blockchain and Distributed Autonomous Community Ecosystems: Opportunities to Democratize Finance and Delivery of Transport, Housing, Urban Greening and Community Infrastructure. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2165.

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This report investigates and develops specifications for using blockchain and distributed organizations to enable decentralized delivery and finance of urban infrastructure. The project explores use cases, including: providing urban greening, street or transit infrastructure; services for street beautification, cleaning and weed or graffiti abatement; potential ways of resource allocation ADU; permitting and land allocation; and homeless housing. It establishes a general process flow for this blockchain architecture, which involves: 1) the creation of blocks (transactions); 2) sending these blocks to nodes (users) on the network for an action (mining) and then validation that that action has taken place; and 3) then adding the block to the blockchain. These processes involve the potential for creating new economic value for cities and neighborhoods through proof-of-work, which can be issued through a token (possibly a graphic non-fungible token), certificate, or possible financial reward. We find that encouraging trading of assets at the local level can enable the creation of value that could be translated into sustainable “mining actions” that could eventually provide the economic backstop and basis for new local investment mechanisms or currencies (e.g., local cryptocurrency). These processes also provide an innovative local, distributed funding mechanism for transportation, housing and other civic infrastructure.
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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.

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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.
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