Relevant bibliographies by topics / Transport competition

Academic literature on the topic 'Transport competition'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Transport competition"

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Koryagin, M. E. "Competition of transport flows." Automation and Remote Control 67, no. 3 (March 2006): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0005117906030118.

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Nigrin, Tomáš. "Open Competition or Discrimination on Tracks? Examples of Anti-Competitive Behaviour of The Deutsche Bahn." Review of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2014-0002.

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Abstract The article provides an analysis of a competitive situation in railway transport in Germany and defines areas where the Deutsche Bahn holding, which integrates both infrastructure operators and carriers, may behave in an anti-competitive way. First of all, conditions of liberalisation in German railways and position of competition in partial sections of transport are introduced. Subsequently, areas which are - from the economic point of view - necessary for operation of competition in the railway sector are identified: it is the height of fees charged for utilisation of transport routes, fees for the use of railway stations, and finally, traction energy fees, too. On the basis of research into development in the last two decades, steps which are possible to consider to be (minimally) concealed anti-competitive behaviour of the Deutsche Bahn, was were revealed in all areas. This is substantiated by decisions of several decisive regulatory authorities, most predominantly of Bundesnetzagentur and courts, which have repeatedly ordered Deutsche Bahn to revise price lists and other terms. In consequence, the example of Deutsche Bahn demonstrated a great disadvantage of an integrated company including infrastructure administrator and carrier, as it is offered a great space for influencing competitive environment. In the German example, this often comprised in raising competitor´s costs which, however, do not manifest themselves in economic results of the holding company. Should transport policies of the state decide to separate the infrastructure administrator and the carrier, a great deal of hard-to-reveal and thus punishable “complications” preventing establishment of conditions of free competition on the railway market shall cease to exist.
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Schneider, Scott. "An EU Perspective of ‘Fair Competition’ in Global Air Transport." Air and Space Law 45, Issue 4/5 (September 1, 2020): 431–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2020061.

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This article discusses the framework of the European Union (EU) prohibition on anti-competitive behaviour in the context of benefits and risks to actors within its air transport market. The significance of third countries endorsing variant regulatory frameworks as the EU begs the question of what constitutes ‘fair competition’. The lack of a universal meaning of this concept may be an opportunity for the EU to lead a discussion in reaching a global approach to ‘fair competition’ in line with the foundations of its internal framework while also appealing to the wider, international, industry. The recent initialling of a comprehensive air services agreement between Qatar and the EU provides discussion on a proactive way forward for reconciling EU competition policy to the approaches among the external air transport market. Ultimately, this article considers whether the EU’s model of promoting competition is fit for a global air transport market and whether or not there may be another approach to bring about a cohesive playing field not only within Europe but among the international air transport market worldwide. competition, aviation, transport, market, regulation.
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Koryagin, M. E. "Competition of public transport flows." Automation and Remote Control 69, no. 8 (August 2008): 1380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0005117908080109.

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Molin, Eric J. E., Diana M. VonkNoordegraaf, Fieke Mol, and Harry J. P. Timmermans. "Competition between Egress Transport Modes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1972, no. 1 (January 2006): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198106197200103.

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Clark, Derek John, Finn Jørgensen, and Terje Andreas Mathisen. "Competition in complementary transport services." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 60 (February 2014): 146–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2013.12.004.

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Nedbaeva, I. A. "Results of the VI International Competition "University Book - 2021. Transport”." Transport Technician: Education and Practice 2, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46684/2687-1033.2021.4.476-480.

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The information about the organization and holding of the VI International competition of publications for educational organizations and institutions of higher education engaged in training in enlarged groups of specialties and areas of training “Transport” “University Book - 2021” within the framework of the All-Russian competition “University Book” by the Educational and Methodological Center for Education in Railway Transport with the support of the Federal Agency for Railway Transport and the editorial board of the journal “University BOOK” is presented. The article names the participants: 27 publishing collectives of universities and structural divisions, 16 author collectives, 2 domestic publishing houses, 2 organizations.The Expert Council of the competition conducted serious work on the study of competitive materials according to the following criteria: evaluation of the publication apparatus, editorial and publishing preparation, structure, language and style, compliance with the analyzed genres, illustrative material, didactic apparatus, design, technical and printing performance, novelty and relevance. In total, 182 competitive publications were considered for all types of transport (railway, automobile, aviation, water). The title of the Winner of the competition was awarded to Rostov State University of Railways by the total number of well-deserved awards.
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Krawczyk, Grzegorz. "Conditions for the functioning of regulated competition on the public urban transport market in Poland." Transport Economics and Logistics 80 (December 31, 2018): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/etil.2018.80.13.

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The public urban transport market takes the form of a natural monopoly. In some cases, especially in the situation of supply of a relatively large volume of operation work, the implementation of competitive solutions may result in: improving the quality of services or reducing the cost of vehicle-kilometers. The purpose of the article is to present the determinants of functioning of regulated competition on the public urban transport market in Poland. The conducted analysis focuses on the issue of market openness and access to participation in competitive procedures of private operators. The research covered urban transport markets in cities over 200.000 inhabitants and their characteristics in the scope of: the model of public transport organization (with particular emphasis on the level of opening of markets), the level of competition on the operator market and the method of selecting operators. On the basis of the conducted research, the scope of applying pro-competitive solutions in the scope of contracting services by the largest organizers of public urban transport in Poland was characterized.
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Spruogis, Ernestas. "THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EU AND LITHUANIAN LEGAL TRANSPORT REGULATIONS." TRANSPORT 20, no. 1 (February 28, 2005): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2005.9637994.

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The significance of the transport economy determines such a fact that the State and its institutions have a duty to look over this economic branch very narrowly. This duty is especially important while guaranteeing conditions for the fair competition in the transport sector. The author presents the analysis of the EU and Lithuanian legal transport competition regulations. The conclusion is drawn that the national legal competition regulation complies with the EU legal competition regulation; the EU legal transport competition regulation is much more detailed than national legal transport competition regulation in Lithuania.
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Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. "Competition and Liberalisation in Air Transport." World Competition 24, Issue 4 (December 1, 2001): 607–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/390134.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transport competition"

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Vigren, Andreas. "Competition in Public Transport : Essays on competitive tendering and open-access competition in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Transportvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217267.

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The results of this work show that the cost efficiency of tendered bus services is similar across all Swedish counties, except for the more high-density counties where efficiency is lower. Considerably lower efficiency is also found for contracts with services run in-house by the Public Transport Authority (PTA), compared to when the same service is run by a private actor. With respect to the competitive environment, it was found that many contract design factors have little or no effect on the number of bids that the PTA sees in their tenders. No measure that could be imposed by a single PTA was found to increase the total number of bidders by more than 0.5 bidders. However, the results suggest that PTAs as a collective could try to avoid tendering too many contracts at the same time because this was shown to reduce participation by up to about two bidders. In addition, these studies show that the local competitive environment is important for the PTAs to consider. The way in which contract areas are defined will also affect the participation rate as operators were found to participate in tenders to a lower extent the farther their workplaces are from the contract area. While larger operators appear to be less sensitive with respect to such distances, the fact that smaller operators are, and that they often bid as one unit as members of cooperation companies, makes the competitive environment important. The results suggest that depots could be included in the contract to stimulate participation, but this is by no means the only nor an easy solution. This thesis has also analyzed the entry made in 2015 by MTR Express (MTR) on the Stockholm-Gothenburg railway line. The overall conclusion is that customers are indeed facing lower prices one and a half years after the entry. MTR's prices are on average 100 SEK lower than the incumbent SJ's prices. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the incumbent’s prices have also gone down, by almost 13 percent, following the entry.

QC 20171106

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Walter, Matthias. "Efficiency and Competition in Public Transport." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-27042.

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Bus and other road-bound services like tram and light railway are the backbone of the German local public transport sector. Based on the characterization of high deficits and fragmentation, five main research questions and hypotheses are investigated in this dissertation. First, advanced Stochastic Frontier models which account for unobserved heterogeneity and heterogeneous output variables are used to study cost efficiency and its determinants such as the vehicle utilization rate. Second, economies of scale and scope are evaluated. Third, based on the finding of substantial economies of scale, potential gains from hypothetical mergers are calculated using Data Envelopment Analysis. Fourth, I focus on competitive tendering, another option to increase efficiency in this sector. Analyzing operator changes, I find in majority regional bus services tendered out and structural conditions significantly increasing the probability for operator changes, like tendering in bigger volumes. Fifth, internal and external cost advantages for express coach services as a diversification option for public transport are confirmed. In conclusion, the results of my research are relevant to the strategic decision process of firm management as well as regulators.
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Wong, Kam. "Public transport competition between bus and rail." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3159475X.

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黃鑑 and Kam Wong. "Public transport competition between bus and rail." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3159475X.

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Traytak, Sergey D. "Time-dependent competition effects in diffusion-limited crystal growth: Time-dependent competition effects in diffusion-limitedcrystal growth." Diffusion fundamentals 6 (2007) 47, S. 1-2, 2007. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14226.

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Traytak, Sergey D. "Time-dependent competition effects in diffusion-limited crystal growth." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-193781.

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Chen, Ching-Fu. "Intermodal transport competition in Taiwan : empirical and theoretical issues." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322882.

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Johansson, Erik. "Competetive Tendering of Public Transport : Estimating Effects of Competition." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-106971.

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Singh, Manoj. "Competition in intermodal rail transport : the case of Indian railways." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496204.

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Duporge, François-Xavier (François-Xavier Pierre Henri) 1964. "Competition in tendering of urban public transport services in France." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65714.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-89).
The French tendering system for urban public transport services, introduced by the Sapin law in 1993, has often been criticized for its lack of competition. In order to check the relevance of this criticism, this thesis examines the degree of competition in the French market, using two surveys of the outcomes of tenders in the urban public transport networks outside the Paris region. The first one was conducted by the CER TU ( Centre d'Etudes sur les Reseaux, les Transports, l'Urbanisme Et les Constructions Publiques) in 1996. The second survey, undertaken in 1999 as part of this thesis research, focused on networks serving a population over 200,000 inhabitants and is based on the official minutes of the organizing authorities on the deliberation of the delegation of urban public transport services, and interviews conducted with organizing authorities, operators, and several organizations involved in urban public transport in France. Based on these two surveys, it is established that there is a small number of participants in most French tenders and that the operators in general lack competitive behavior. From this evidence, the thesis identifies five reasons for the lack of competition in the French tendering system. One obstacle is regulatory: labor law L122.12, which imposes the renewal of employment contracts on the new incumbent. The other four obstacles are: asymmetries among bidders, high tendering costs, high operation risks, and the OA' s perceived failure to conduct a fair selection. A literature review of the relevant theories on competition, industry concentration and tendering, is conducted in order to support the analysis of obstacles to competition in French tendering with the necessary theoretical background. It is then shown that all the five factors are barriers to entry, and that they should be removed, or at least reduced, in order to stimulate the entry of new competitors and therefore true competition. The thesis concludes with a presentation of a set of three strategies to improve the competition in the French market, that could be implemented within the current regulatory framework, that is to say, without modifying labor law L122-12. For each strategy, the tradeoffs between increased competition and effectiveness and quality of service are discussed. The first strategy consists of the reduction in the bundle size of service to be tendered out. The second strategy proposes a reduction of contract duration, and the third strategy consists in the improvement of the specification and selection process. It is recommended to combine all three strategies together for maximum impact on competition; this impact may however be modest, as a major barrier to entry, labor law L122-12, has not been removed. The modest increase in the number of bidders that could be achieved may still lead to an improvement in competition, and therefore in price.
by François-Xavier Duporge.
S.M.
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Books on the topic "Transport competition"

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Beck, Arne. Competition for Public Transport Services. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2802-3.

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Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. Competition and Investment in Air Transport. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24372-6.

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Air transport and E.C. competition law. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1994.

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Goh, Jeffrey. European air transport law and competition. Chichester: J. Wiley, 1997.

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Molokovitch, Anatoli. Logistics and transport competitiveness in Kazakhstan. Geneva: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2019.

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INTERTANKO. Safe transport, cleaner seas and free competition. Oslo: INTERTANKO, 1999.

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1956-, Houtte Ben van, ed. EC competition law in the transport sector. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

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1960-, Preston John, Lawton Smith Helen, and Starkie, D. N. M. 1942-, eds. Integrated transport policy: Implications for regulation and competition. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.

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Competition policy and the deregulation of road transport. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1990.

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Forum, International Transport, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and SourceOECD (Online service), eds. Integration and competition between transport and logistics businesses. Paris: OECD/ITF, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Transport competition"

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Mallard, Graham, and Stephen Glaister. "Monopolistic Competition." In Transport Economics, 125–35. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06823-1_7.

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Mallard, Graham, and Stephen Glaister. "Competition and Contestability." In Transport Economics, 91–102. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06823-1_5.

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Glaister, Stephen, June Burnham, Handley Stevens, and Tony Travers. "Competition and Investment." In Transport Policy in Britain, 225–62. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27002-6_9.

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Höltgen, Daniel. "The Transport Multimodal — European Transport Network." In Towards Competition in Network Industries, 539–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60189-7_23.

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Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. "Competition in Air Transport." In Regulation of Air Transport, 27–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01041-0_2.

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Rydzkowski, Wlodzimierz. "Competition Policy and Transport — The Polish Case." In Rediscovering Competition, 137–44. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-12339-2_10.

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Tánczos, Katalin. "Competition Policy and Transport — The Hungarian Case." In Rediscovering Competition, 145–52. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-12339-2_11.

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Reggiani, Aura, Peter Nijkamp, and Enrico Sabella. "Evolutionary Algorithms for Modelling Interregional Transport Flows." In Regional Competition, 159–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04234-2_8.

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Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. "Competition and Safety." In Competition and Investment in Air Transport, 53–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24372-6_4.

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Vickerman, Roger. "Intercity modal competition." In The Routledge Handbook of Public Transport, 61–71. New York: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367816698-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Transport competition"

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KILJUNEN, MATTI. "A FINNISH ROAD DESIGN COMPETITION BASED ON THE SERVICE LEVEL METHOD." In URBAN TRANSPORT 2017. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut170321.

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Hochstetler, Ronald. "Establishment of a Transport Airship Competition." In 7th AIAA ATIO Conf, 2nd CEIAT Int'l Conf on Innov and Integr in Aero Sciences,17th LTA Systems Tech Conf; followed by 2nd TEOS Forum. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-7882.

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Tiarto, Tiarto. "ANALYSIS OF LION AIR'S COMPETITIVE STRATEGY IN BUSINESS COMPETITION FOR SCHEDULED AIR TRANSPORT SERVICES IN INDONESIA." In Global Research on Sustainable Transport (GROST 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/grost-17.2018.18.

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Jarocka, Marta, and Urszula Ryciuk. "PRICING IN THE RAILWAY TRANSPORT." In Business and Management 2016. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.76.

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The pricing policy seems to be very important part of the strategy of the entire enterprise. The company’s position on a competitive market depends on the ability to make optimal pricing decisions. The article discusses the determinants of transport services’ prices and methods of their calculation (cost method, demand method and method based on competition). The main objective of the paper is the identification of the pricing determinants in the context of the rail transport. According to the authors, the most important determinants of rail transport services prices are mainly connected to prime cost, but also to factors classified into following groups: transportation enterprise, customer, market and competition. The introduction to the research was the examination of the largest rail operators in Poland and their pricing models.
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Jírová, Viktorie, and Zdenek Ríha. "Competition In Transport And The Cross Elasticity." In The 8th International Conference "Transbaltica ‘2013". Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House Technika, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transbaltica2013.019.

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Li, Jing, and Bingquan Fan. "Nash Equilibrium of Public Transport Service Competition." In First International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40932(246)153.

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VOROBIEFF, PETER, and JANE LEHR. "USING THE SOLAR SPLASH COMPETITION TO TRAIN THE NEW GENERATION OF MARITIME ENGINEERS IN SOLAR POWER USE." In MARITIME TRANSPORT 2019. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/mt190191.

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Mašek, Jaroslav, and Martin Kendra. "Experiences with Providing Transport Services by a Private Carrier in the Regional Railway Transport." In Regulovaná a neregulovaná konkurence na kolejích. Regulated and Unregulated Competition on Rails. Masaryk University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-6425-8.

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Zhang Tingfa, Zhang Liangzhi, Zhang Licai, and Zhao Qingzhen. "Container transport network optimization model under container port competition." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics (ICAL). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ical.2008.4636534.

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Stanojević, Miloš, Uroš Stanimirović, Branislav Bošković, and Mirjana Bugarinović. "PSO contract management – achievements and challenges." In TRANSPORT FOR TODAY'S SOCIETY. Faculty of Technical Sciences Bitola, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/tts2021.1.1.21.p19.

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Abstract – Introducing competition in the railway passenger market is still a complex problem, especially with certain, insufficiently addressed aspects of PSO contract management. Considering this have a significant influence on the performance of the rail traffic, this paper reviews the practice in relevant EU countries and the Republic of Serbia in terms of PSO contract management. Keywords – PSO, contract management, passenger traffic.
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Reports on the topic "Transport competition"

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Cai, Yongyang, William Brock, Anastasios Xepapadeas, and Kenneth Judd. Climate Policy under Cooperation and Competition between Regions with Spatial Heat Transport. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24473.

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Navajas, Fernando, Hildegart Ahumada, Santos Espina-Mairal, and Guillermo Bermúdez. Productivity Growth and Infrastructure-Related Sectors: The Case of Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003606.

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This technical note examines the interactions between infrastructure and productivity growth in Mexico. To address this relation, we follow an approach that seek to tie down infrastructure productivity improvements in terms of the impact of particular types of infrastructure on particular sectors, thus providing the basis for informed decisions on investment priorities for economic growth. We have been able to identify significant relations between labor and capital productivity improvements, or capital deepening (i.e., investment) in infrastructure-related sectors and labor productivity improvements in other sectors. Sectoral infrastructure priorities can be found in the transport and energy sectors, broadly defined, with effects that have regional differences. The nature of our results points to complementary policies and the need to improve the regulatory compact for infrastructure in Mexico. Our results recommend special attention to the regulatory/competition policy approach in transport, and the electricity wholesale market.
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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, and Yona Chen. Interactions of engineered nanoparticles with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and organic contaminants in water. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699863.bard.

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Background: Engineered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are expected to be increasingly released into the environment with the rapid increase in their production and use. The discharged CNTs may interact with coexisting contaminants and subsequently change environmental behaviors and ecological effects of both the CNTs themselves and the contaminants. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a critical role in the transport of CNTs in the aquatic environment, affecting both CNT's surface properties through adsorption, and its colloidal stability in solution. Therefore, CNT-bound DOM complexes may interact with coexisting contaminants, thus affecting their environmental fate. With increasing production and use of CNTs, there is an increasing risk that humans could be exposed to CNTs mainly through ingestion and inhalation. Since CNTs can be carriers of contaminants due to their high adsorption affinity and capacity, the distribution of these nanoparticles in the environment holds a potential environmental and health risk. Project objectives: The overall goal of this project was to gain a better understanding of the environmental behavior of engineered nanoparticles with DOM and organic pollutant in aqueous systems. The scope of this study includes: characterizing various types of engineered nanoparticles and their interaction with DOM; binding studies of organic contaminants by nanoparticles and DOM-nanoparticle complexes; and examining interactions in DOM-nanoparticles-contaminant systems. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: DOM has a pronounced effect on colloidal stability of CNTs in solution and on their surface chemistry and reactivity toward associated contaminants. The structure and chemical makeup of both CNTs and DOM determine their interactions and nature of formed complexes. CNTs, contaminants and DOM can co-occur in the aquatic environment. The occurrence of co-contaminants, as well as of co-introduction of DOM, was found to suppress the adsorption of organic contaminants to CNTs through both competition over adsorption sites and direct interactions in solution. Furthermore, the release of residual contaminants from CNTs could be enhanced by biomolecules found in the digestive as well as the respiratory tracts, thus increasing the bioaccessibility of adsorbed contaminants and possibly the overall toxicity of contaminant-associated CNTs. Contaminant desorption could be promoted by both solubilization and sorptive competition by biological surfactants. Scientific and agricultural implications: The information gained in the current project may assist in predicting the transport and fate of both CNTs and associated contaminants in the natural environment. Furthermore, the results imply a serious health risk from contaminant-associated CNTs.
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Aiginger, Karl, Andreas Reinstaller, Michael Böheim, Rahel Falk, Michael Peneder, Susanne Sieber, Jürgen Janger, et al. Evaluation of Government Funding in RTDI from a Systems Perspective in Austria. Synthesis Report. WIFO, Austria, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2009.504.

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In the spring of 2008, WIFO, KMU Forschung Austria, Prognos AG in Germany and convelop were jointly commissioned by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth to perform a systems evaluation of the country's research promotion and funding activities. Based on their findings, six recommendations were developed for a change in Austrian RTDI policy as outlined below: 1. to move from a narrow to a broader approach in RTDI policy (links to education policy, consideration of the framework for innovation such as competition, international perspectives and mobility); 2. to move from an imitation to a frontrunner strategy (striving for excellence and market leadership in niche and high-quality segments, increasing market shares in advanced sectors and technology fields, and operating in segments of relevance for society); 3. to move from a fragmented approach to public intervention to a more coordinated and consistent approach(explicit economic goals, internal and external challenges and reasoning for public intervention); 4. to move from a multiplicity of narrowly defined funding programmes to a flexible, dynamic policy that uses a broader definition of its tasks and priorities (key technology and research segments as priority-action fields, adequate financing of clusters and centres of excellence); 5. to move from an unclear to a precisely defined allocation of responsibilities between ministries and other players in the field (high-ranking steering group at government level, monitoring by a Science, Research and Innovation Council); 6. to move from red-tape-bound to a modern management of public intervention (institutional separation between ministries formulating policies and agencies executing them, e.g., by "progressive autonomy").
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Chen, Yona, Jeffrey Buyer, and Yitzhak Hadar. Microbial Activity in the Rhizosphere in Relation to the Iron Nutrition of Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7613020.bard.

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Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the soil, but since it forms insoluble hydroxides at neutral and basic pH, it often falls short of meeting the basic requirements of plants and microorganisms. Most aerobic and facultative aerobic microorganisms possess a high-affinity Fe transport system in which siderophores are excreted and the consequent Fe complex is taken up via a cognate specific receptor and a transport pathway. The role of the siderophore in Fe uptake by plants and microorganisms was the focus of this study. In this research Rhizopus arrhizus was found to produce a novel siderophore named Rhizoferrin when grown under Fe deficiency. This compound was purified and its chemical structure was elucidated. Fe-Rhizoferrin was found to alleviate Fe deficiency when applied to several plants grown in nutrient solutions. It was concluded that Fe-Rhizoferrin is the most efficient Fe source for plants when compared with other among microbial siderophores known to date and its activity equals that of the most efficient synthetic commercial iron fertilizer-Fe EDDHA. Siderophores produced by several rhizosphere organisms including Rhizopus Pseudomonas were purified. Monoclonal antibodies were produced and used to develop a method for detection of the siderophores produced by plant-growth-promoting microorganisms in barley rhizosphere. The presence of an Fe-ferrichrome uptake in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. was demonstrated, and its structural requirements were mapped in P. putida with the help of biomimetic ferrichrome analogs. Using competition experiments, it was shown that FOB, Cop B and FC share at least one common determinant in their uptake pathway. Since FC analogs did not affect FOB or Cop-mediated 55Fe uptake, it could be concluded that these siderophores make use of a different receptor(s) than FC. Therefore, recognition of Cop, FOB and FC proceeds through different receptors having different structural requirements. On the other hand, the phytosiderophores mugineic acid (MA and DMA), were utilized indirectly via ligand exchange by P. putida. Receptors from different biological systems seem to differ in their structural requirements for siderophore recognition and uptake. The design of genus- or species-specific drugs, probes or chemicals, along with an understanding of plant-microbe and microbe-microbe relationships as well as developing methods to detect siderophores using monoclonal antibodies are useful for manipulating the composition of the rhizosphere microbial population for better plant growth, Fe-nutrition and protection from diseases.
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Conti, Amedeo, and Robert Dross. Transport Studies Enabling Efficiency Optimization of Cost-Competitive Fuel Cell Stacks (aka AURORA: Areal Use and Reactant Optimization at Rated Amperage). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1165462.

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Dudley, Lynn M., Uri Shani, and Moshe Shenker. Modeling Plant Response to Deficit Irrigation with Saline Water: Separating the Effects of Water and Salt Stress in the Root Uptake Function. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586468.bard.

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Standard salinity management theory, derived from blending thermodynamic and semi- empirical considerations leads to an erroneous perception regarding compensative interaction among salinity stress factors. The current approach treats matric and osmotic components of soil water potential separately and then combines their effects to compute overall response. With deficit water a severe yield decrease is expected under high salinity, yet little or no reduction is predicted for excess irrigation, irrespective of salinity level. Similarly, considerations of competition between chloride and nitrate ions have lead to compensation hypothesis and to application of excess nitrate under saline conditions. The premise of compensative interaction of growth factors behind present practices (that an increase in water application alleviates salinity stress) may result in collateral environmental damage. Over-irrigation resulting in salinization and elevated ground water threatens productivity on a global scale. Other repercussions include excessive application of nitrate to compensate for salinity, unwillingness to practice deficit irrigation with saline water, and under-utilization of marginal water. The objectives for the project were as follows: 1) To develop a database for model parameterization and validation by studying yield and transpiration response to water availability, excessive salinity and salt composition. 2) To modify the root sink terms of an existing mechanism-based model(s) of water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, and salt chemistry. 3) To develop conceptual and quantitative models of ion uptake that considers the soil solution concentration and composition. 4) To develop a conceptual and quantitative models of effects of NaCl and boron accumulation on yield and transpiration. 5) To add a user interface to the water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, chemistry model to make it easy for others to use. We conducted experiments in field plots and lysimeters to study biomass production and transpiration of com (Zeamays cv. Jubilee), melon (Cucumismelo subsp. melo cv. Galia), tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill. cv. 5656), onion (Alliumcepa L. cv. HA 944), and date palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L. cv. Medjool) under salinity combined with water or with nitrate (growth promoters) or with boron (growth inhibitor). All factors ranged from levels not limiting to plant function to severe inhibition. For cases of combined salinity with water stress, or excess boron, we observed neither additive nor compensative effects on plant yield and transpiration. In fact, yield and transpiration at each combination of the various factors were primarily controlled by one of them, the most limiting factor to plant activity. We proposed a crop production model of the form Yr = min{gi(xi), where Yr = Yi ym-1 is relative yield,Ym is the maximum yield obtained in each experiment, Xi is an environmental factor, gi is a piecewise-linear response function, Yi is yield of a particular treatment. We selected a piecewise-linear approach because it highlights the irrigation level where the response to one factor ceases and a second factor begins. The production functions generate response "envelopes" containing possible yields with diagonal lines represent response to Xi alone and the lines parallel to the X-axis represent response to salinity alone. A multiplicative model was also derived approximating the limiting behaviour for incorporation in a hydrochemical model. The multiplicative model was selected because the response function was required to be continuous. The hydrochemical model was a better predictor of field-measured water content and salt profiles than models based on an additive and compensative model of crop response to salinity and water stress.
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Hsueh, Gary, David Czerwinski, Cristian Poliziani, Terris Becker, Alexandre Hughes, Peter Chen, and Melissa Benn. Using BEAM Software to Simulate the Introduction of On-Demand, Automated, and Electric Shuttles for Last Mile Connectivity in Santa Clara County. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1822.

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Despite growing interest in low-speed automated shuttles, pilot deployments have only just begun in a few places in the U.S., and there is a lack of studies that estimate the impacts of a widespread deployment of automated shuttles designed to supplement existing transit networks. This project estimated the potential impacts of automated shuttles based on a deployment scenario generated for a sample geographic area: Santa Clara County, California. The project identified sample deployment markets within Santa Clara County using a GIS screening exercise; tested the mode share changes of an automated shuttle deployment scenario using BEAM, an open-source beta software developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to run traffic simulations with MATSim; elaborated the model outputs within the R environment; and then estimated the related impacts. The main findings have been that the BEAM software, despite still being in its beta version, was able to model a scenario with the automated shuttle service: this report illustrates the potential of the software and the lessons learned. Regarding transportation aspects, the model estimated automated shuttle use throughout the county, with a higher rate of use in the downtown San José area. The shuttles would be preferred mainly by people who had been using gasoline-powered ride hail vehicles for A-to-B trips or going to the bus stop, as well as walking trips and a few car trips directed to public transport stops. As a result, the shuttles contributed to a small decrease in emissions of air pollutants, provided a competitive solution for short trips, and increased the overall use of the public transport system. The shuttles also presented a solution for short night trips—mainly between midnight and 2 am—when there are not many options for moving between points A and B. The conclusion is that the automated shuttle service is a good solution in certain contexts and can increase public transit ridership overall.
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Salavisa, Isabel, Mark Soares, and Sofia Bizarro. A Critical Assessment of Organic Agriculture in Portugal: A reflection on the agro-food system transition. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2021.05.

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Over the last few decades, the organic agriculture sector has experienced sustained growth. Globally, as well as in the European Union and Portugal, organic production accounts for just under 10% of total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) (FiBL, 2019; Eurostat, 2019; DGADR, 2019; INE, 2019; GPP, 2019). This growth has been seen in terms of production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports and exports. This article attempts to build on the multi-level perspective (MLP) of the socio-technical (ST) transitions theory by employing a whole systems analysis (Geels, 2018) of organic agriculture in Portugal, which defends an integrated vision of the systems, where multiple interactions occur within and among the niche, the regime and the landscape levels. This approach has been employed in order to develop a critical analysis of the current state of the Portuguese organic agriculture sector, stressing the multiplicity of elements that are contributing to the agro-food system´s transformation into a more sustainable one. In fact, the agro-food system is related with climate change but also has connections with other domains such as public health, water management, land use and biodiversity. Therefore, it is affected by shifts in these areas. This analysis considers developments in increasing domestic organic production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports, exports, market innovations, and the sector´s reconfiguration. The organic sector´s increase has been attributed to European regulation, institutionalization, standardization, farmer certification, external (government) subsidy support programs, incremental market improvements (visibility and product access), the emergence of new retailers, the rise of supporting consumers and a shift away from conventional agriculture (Truninger, 2010; DGADR, 2019; Pe´er et al, 2019). However, together with positive incentives, this sector also faces numerous barriers that are hindering a faster transformation. Difficulties for the sector to date have included: product placement; a disconnect between production, distribution and marketing systems; high transport costs; competition from imports; European subsidies focused on extensive crops (pastures, olive groves, and arable crops), entailing a substantial growth in the area of pasture to the detriment of other crops; the fact that the products that are in demand (fresh vegetables and fruit) are being neglected by Portuguese producers; expensive certification procedures; lack of adequate support and market expertise for national producers; the hybrid configuration of the sector; and price. Organic agriculture as a niche-innovation is still not greatly contributing to overall agricultural production. The low supply of organic products, despite its ever-increasing demand, suggests that a transition to increased organic production requires a deeper and faster food system reconfiguration, where an array of distinct policies are mobilized and a diversity of actions take place at different levels (Geels, 2018; Pe´er et al, 2019). This paper will attempt to contribute an overall critical assessment of the organic sector´s features and evolution and will identify some of the main obstacles to be overcome, in order to boost the sustainability transition of the agro-food system in Portugal.
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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter, et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.

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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.
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